Underground Cable Fault Detection by using NodeMCU ESP8266 and Arduino

Name Registrartion #
Ansar Aslam BSET-FA18-049
Mubashar Hussain BSET-FA18-045
Hafiz Muhammad Saeed BSET-FA18-037
Mehran Younas BSET-FA18-018

Supervised by

Name_________________ Designation_______________

Department of Electrical Engineering Technology

The University of Faisalabad
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 Undertaking

We certified that report work titled

“Underground Cable Fault Detection by using NodeMCU ESP8266 and

Arduino”
It is our own work. No portion of the work presented in this project has been submitted in
support of another award or qualification either at this institution or elsewhere.

Candidate’s Signature

Ansar Aslam Date:

BSET-FA18-049

Mubashar Hussain Date:

BSET-FA18-045

Hafiz Muhammad Saeed Date:

BSET-FA18-037

Muhammad Mehran Younas Date:

BSET-FA18-018

Subscribed and solemnly declared before,

Supervisor’s Signature ___________________ Date: ________________

Name __________________________ Designation __________________

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

“In the name of Allah Almighty, the Most Beneficent and the Most Merciful”

It’s been a great honor and an immense pleasure for the members of this group to work under the
supervision of Engineer Hassan Raza (Lecturer, Department of Electrical Engineering
Technology, TUF Faisalabad) on this Report. He has been like a shadowing tree and a great
mentor, whose guidance has enlightened our path to carry out this research in a proper direction.
We are very privileged to benefit from his knowledge. He helped us at every point and showered
his knowledge and experience upon us throughout this research. His guidance has played a role
of corner stone in the completion of this research.

We are all very thankful to all those who have helped us in each regard of this research and it has
been a great and memorable experience working with all of them.

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Sr No. Figure Page No.

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Abstracts:
The Arduino based system is used to identify the exact and specific location of a fault in
an underground wire. The data is displayed on an LCD, and the message is also delivered
through Wi-Fi module to a mobile phone. Rather than using overhead lines, the metropolitan
area uses an underground line. However, it is difficult to identify the exact location of a fault in
an underground cable, which is difficult to repair. This system identifies the exact position of the
cable fault. Because we do not know the exact position of the fault, the entire cable must be dug
out for fault repair. Our proposal is to identify the exact location of the fault that will be repaired
more effectively. So, it saves a lot of time and money, as well as allows the better and
fast service of underground cable lines. When lines are shorted together, a fault is produced at
that location, and a specific voltage is generated based on the resistor network. The voltage
difference will be detected by the arduino, which sent a signal to the user. The fault is calculated
based on the voltage drop through the cables and Arduino microcontroller catches this
information, then the distance is found and displayed on the LCD and the same information as an
alert notification is sent to the mobile phone using Wi-Fi module. Some basic rules of electronics
such as voltage divider rule and resistance rule are playing major role in this project.

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Introduction:
 Statement of the Problems
There are many problems to the present system. For the detection of the fault in a cable
whole cable is checked whenever a fault occurs in a cable. It is time- consuming and requires a
lot of human efforts. This method is used by the short distance case only. During the repair work
the probability of mishappening increases. The interruption is caused due to striking of light on
overhead cables as they are vulnerable to it. The bare conductors are used which causes damage
if they break. The voltage drop is high and the maintenance cost is also high.

 Background
Power supply networks are constantly growing, and their reliability is more important.
Cable manufacturing technology is continuously improving, there are still factors that might
cause cable to break during testing and operation. Underground cables are used in metropolitan
areas rather than overhead lines. The faults in the underground cables are difficult to detect. The
Arduino, Wi-Fi Module and LCD are used in this project. This proposal saves a lot of time and is
very effective. Over time, researchers have made to design and implement an electronic
underground cable fault detector that will help in overcoming the problems and challenges
related with the use of underground cables and the detection of faults in underground cables, but
their designs have been limited.

For this reason, we designed and implemented an Arduino-based underground cable fault
detector that can run on both AC mains and a DC battery pack while displaying results on an
LCD module. Because it uses an Arduino, which requires sketch or source code, this design also
works on a computer software application. Transmission lines using the underground method and
applied across a large region. To ensure safety, underground cable is widely used. Underground
cable installation is more expensive than overhead cable, but it is more reliable, and underground
cable has a longer life than overhead lines.

Underground cables are not affected by adverse weather (storms, rain), and the
possibilities of a fault in underground lines are lower than in overhead lines. It is difficult to
identify a fault when it occurs in underground power cables. Short circuit faults, open circuit
faults, and earth faults are the three types of faults in three-phase wires. The project follows the

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basic idea of Ohms law, which states that when a low DC voltage is supplied at the feeder end
through a series resistor (Cable lines), current will vary based on where the fault in the cable is
located. If a short circuit occurs (Line to Ground), the voltage across series resistors changes,
which is then sent to the Arduino's inbuilt analog-to-digital converter (ADC), which provides
accurate digital data for display in kilometers set of resistors that represent the cable length in
kilometers, and a set of switches that create faults at every known km to double-check the
accuracy of the same. The fault that occurs at a specific distance, as well as the phase and
distance, are displayed on the LCD. The same data is delivered by GSM to the phone, which is
connected to the Arduino.

 Objective
This project deals with the location of fault occurs in the cable by using the Arduino
board that gives us the fault distance from the station. In common, urban region practices the
digging method to find the underground cable fault which consume huge amount of time to find
exact location of fault. The method used by underground lines fault detection is a technique for
locating the fault. This paper shows us the way to find the fault location which helps in avoiding
the digging method for the whole line. This will save time and reduce human effort.

Literature Review:
The goal of this project is to calculate and display the distance of an underground cable
fault from the base station in KM. Underground cable systems are widely used in big
metropolitan areas. When a defect occurs for whatever cause, the repairing process for that
particular cable is complicated owing to the exact position of the problem in the cable being
unknown. This technology is utilized to pinpoint the exact position of the defect and
communicate data via a Wi-Fi module while also displaying it on the LCD (Liquid Crystal
Display) screen. The project employs the OHM’s law, which involves applying a low DC
voltage through a series resistor to the feeder end. If there is a short circuit of LL, 3L, or LG, the
current will vary based on the length of the fault on the cable. The voltage drop of the series
resistor varies as a result, detecting the exact position of the problem for the purpose of fixing
that specific cable.

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 The proposed framework locates the fault at its exact position. An Arduino and a rectified
power supply are used in this setup. The current detecting circuits, which are made up of a series
of resistors, are connected to Arduino using the inbuilt ADC pin to provide digital data to the
Arduino, which represents the cable length in KM. The set of switches is responsible for the
error. The relay driver is used to control the relays. The information is shown on a 16x2 LCD
display linked to the Arduino. When a short circuit occurs, the voltage across series resistors
changes, which is then supplied to an ADC, which generates accurate digital data for a
programmed Arduino, which then shows the exact fault position from the base station in
kilometers.

The intended system is purposed not only for identification, but also to communicate
detailed information about the problem to the authorities through Wi-Fi module, as well as to
turn off the power at that specific spot. It may also be used to show the sort of issue on an LCD
display. The buzzer makes a sound if a cable problem occurs, alerting you to take action right
away.

Methodology:
Today in many metro cities underground cable system is largely familiar, where repairing
of cable it very problematic because finding the location of fault is really a tough task. With this
project, we can easily find exact position of fault. An LCD display and Wi-Fi module are two
important parts of this system. This system work on the principle of Ohms law, for example
whenever a small voltage (DC) is given through the network of resistor at the end of the cable,
then there is change in the current value which depend on the exact position of the fault within
the cable. If any short circuit occur, there is a voltage change across the resistors. This change in
voltage is given to A/D (Analog to Digital) convertor which generate the accurate digital data
and displayed on LCD. This project consists of the set of resistors which are connected in series
showing the length of the cable in km and switches are used to generate the fault at each km to
verify the perfection of this system. The location of the fault can be shown on the display of
LCD display which is connected to the Arduino Nano. There is change in the value of resistance
occur when the switches are open, and the fault distance is easily calculated. The distance can be
shown on the display of the LCD in Km. The Blynk App will show the location of faults.

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 Initialize

Tracking of Error

Error Found NO Operate normally and Display

“All wires are OK”

Categorize faulty wire

by color
(Red, Blue, Green)

Display the Error on

Track the fault location
LCD

Activate Wi-Fi Module

and send the Notification

Figure-1 Flow Chart (Methodology)

The system is switched
on.
 Initialization occurs in the first phase of the system. It indicates that the system starts up
and calibrates itself for use. When the system is ready, it expressed this, and operations
may begin.
 The proposed system begins by obtaining information on the lines and their faults (if
any).
 This stage is connected to the error-recovery stage. After the inspection, the proposed
system checks for errors and proceeds to the next stage; if no errors are detected, the
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is turned on and shows “All Wires are OK.”

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  Categorization is done at this level. Wires are divided into three categories: Red, Blue,
and Green. Red1, Red2, Green1, Green2, Blue1 and Blue2 are the names of the six wires.
 There are two parts of this stage. The first is to display the error on the LCD (Liquid
Crystal Display), and the second is to turn on Wi-Fi module and send the notification to
the mobile phone.
 Block Diagram
In this project the concept of OHMs law is used. When we applied low voltage
(DC) at the end in the resistors which are connected in series then the value of current
would depend on the length of fault of the cable. The changed voltage value in the circuit
is fed to an ADC which send the value to the arduino nano. We made this project with the
set of resisters which are connected in series that represent the length of cable in KMs.
This project is made in five major parts –Power supply, controlling, fault model circuit,
Array of relays, Wi-Fi module and display. Power supply which converts ac signal to dc
signal with desired voltage with the help of bridge rectifier. The set of switches which are
connected in series represent cable length and that represents faults in the cable. Arduino
Nano is the controller which send signals to the connected module and also make
calculation regarding fault. The LCD screen is used to show the fault location which is
connected to the arduino. Simultaneously arduino send message signal to the server by
using wi-fi module to the BLYNK application which maintain record and real time
analysis for the faults.

Fault Model Circuit

LCD
Display
Arduino
Neno
Wi-Fi
Array of
Module
Relays

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Power Supply Circuit
 Figure-2 Block Diagram

 Hardware Requirements
All the physical components, are essential to govern the flow of process by sensing the
values and send it to Arduino. Following hardware, we are going to use:

LCD Display:
LCD refers to Liquid Crystal Display, used in many devices (to display output).
Similar to gas-plasma technologies and light-emitting diode (LED), Unlike Cathode Ray
Tube (CRT), display of LCD is much thinner. It uses very low energy as compared to
LED(s), gas displays as LCD are based on the principle of intercepting beam of light in
spite of emitting the light. LCD is based on alphanumeric pattern. Meaning, this is able to
show alphabets, numbers and special symbols as well. This is very convenient device that
is used to display various
information.

Figure-3 LCD Display

Switches:
Push buttons switches are the tactile switches which allows to power the circuit
or make any connection within the circuit. These switches have power rating of 50mA
24V DC. In our project we use then to create fault in the circuit.

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 Figure-4 Switches (Push Buttons)

Voltage Regulator:
Voltage regulator is a device that gives the voltage of constant level itself. This
produces a voltage having constant magnitude. This constant voltage is fixed irrespective
of changes in load value or its input voltage.

Figure-5 Voltage Regulator

Transformer:
A transformer is an important part of circuit which is used to convert electrical
energy from one coil to another coil. This is based on the principle of mutual induction
among the coils. It can convert power from one circuitry to other having no alteration of
frequency, but there can be difference in the amplitude of voltage. It can either increase
or decrease amplitude of V or I in circuit. In today’s times, most of these devices

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 increases amplitude of voltage in order to minimize any kind of trouble along the path.
This is mainly employed to regulate the voltage. Depending upon the behavior, there may
be two types of transformers available: Step up and Step-down.

Figure-6 Transformer

Resistors:
Resistor is a passive component having two terminals. It executes the electrical
resistance in the form of circuit element. Resistors are connected in series which show the
cables. We are using resistor sof 10 kilo ohms in the project.

Figure-7 Resistor

Capacitors:
Capacitor is a passive component having two terminals. The electrical energy in
stored in the form of electric field. Electric charge is stored in it. It consists of more than
one pairs of conducting plates segregated by an insulating material.

Figure-8 Capacitor

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 Arduino Board:
Arduino Nano is a small, complete, flexible and breadboard-friendly
Microcontroller board, based on ATmega328p, developed by Arduino.cc in Italy in 2008
and contains 30 male I/O headers, configured in a DIP30 style. Arduino Nano
Pinout contains 14 digital pins, 8 analog Pins, 2 Reset Pins & 6 Power Pins. Arduino
Nano is simply a smaller version of Arduino UNO, thus both have almost the same
functionalities. It comes with an operating voltage of 5V however, the input voltage can
vary from 7 to 12V. Arduino Nano’s maximum current rating is 40mA, so the load
attached to its pins shouldn’t draw current more than that. Each of these Digital & Analog
Pins is assigned with multiple functions but their main function is to be configured
as Input/Output. Arduino Pins are acted as Input Pins when they are interfaced with
sensors, but if you are driving some load then we need to use them as an Output Pin. The
analog pins come with a total resolution of 10-bits which measures the value from 0 to
5V. There is one limitation of using Arduino Nano i.e., it doesn’t come with a DC power
jack, which means you cannot supply an external power source through a battery.
The SRAM memory of 2KB is present in Arduino Nano. Arduino Nano has an EEP-
ROM memory of 1KB.

Figure-9 Arduino Nano

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  Power
The Arduino Nano can be powered via the Mini-B USB connection, 6-20V
unregulated external power supply (pin 30), or 5V regulated external power supply (pin
27). The power source is automatically selected to the highest voltage source.

 Memory
The ATmega328 has 32 KB, (also with 2 KB used for the bootloader. The
ATmega328 has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM.

 Input and Output

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Nano can be used as an input or output, using
pin Mode, digital Write, and digital Read functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can
provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor
(disconnected by default) of 20-50 k-Ohms. In addition, some pins have specialized
functions:

Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data.
These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the FTDI USB-to-TTL Serial chip.

External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low
value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attach Interrupt function for
details.

PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analog Write function.

SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication,
which, although provided by the underlying hardware, is not currently included in the
Arduino language.

LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH
value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

The Nano has 8 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e., 1024
different values). By default, they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to
change the upper end of their range using the analog Reference function. Analog pins 6

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 and 7 cannot be used as digital pins. Additionally, some pins have specialized
functionality:

I2C: A4 (SDA) and A5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI) communication using the Wire library
(documentation on the Wiring website).

There are a couple of other pins on the board:

AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analog Reference.

Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset
button to shields which block the one on the board.

 Communication
The Arduino Nano has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer,
another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provide UART TTL (5V)
serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An FTDI
FT232RL on the board channels this serial communication over USB and the FTDI
drivers (included with the Arduino software) provide a virtual com port to software on
the computer. The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple
textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the
board will flash when data is being transmitted via the FTDI chip and USB connection to
the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1).

A Software Serial library allows for serial communication on any of the Nano's digital
pins.

The ATmega328 also support I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software
includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus. To use the SPI communication,
please see ATmega328 datasheet.

 Automatic (Software) Reset

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the
Arduino Nano is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a
connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the FT232RL is
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 connected to the reset line of the ATmega328 via a 100 nano-farad capacitor. When this
line is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. The
Arduino software uses this capability to allow you to upload code by simply pressing the
upload button in the Arduino environment. This means that the bootloader can have a
shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be well-coordinated with the start of the
upload.

This setup has other implications. When the Nano is connected to either a
computer running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from
software (via USB). For the following half-second or so, the bootloader is running on the
Nano. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e., anything besides an upload
of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after a
connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board receives one-time configuration or
other data when it first starts, make sure that the software with which it communicates
waits a second after opening the connection and before sending this data.

Wi-Fi Module:
Esp8266 Wi-Fi Module: This is the module which is used to connect to the internet and
using this we can able to send the data collected from the thing to the dedicated server or
webpage. In this approach the collected data is sent to the Things peak, in this we can able to get
the data stored and we can also monitor in real time.

The NodeMCU ESP8266 development board comes with the ESP-12E module
containing the ESP8266 chip having Ten silica Extensa 32-bit LX106 RISC
microprocessor. This microprocessor supports RTOS and operates at 80MHz to 160 MHz
adjustable clock frequency. NodeMCU has 128 KB RAM and 4MB of Flash memory to
store data and programs. Its high processing power with in-built Wi-Fi / Bluetooth and
Deep Sleep Operating features make it ideal for IoT projects. NodeMCU can be powered
using a Micro USB jack and VIN pin (External Supply Pin). It supports UART, SPI, and
I2C interface.

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 Figure-10 Wi-Fi Module ESP 8266 and its Configuration

Application:

 Prototyping of IoT devices

 Low power battery operated applications
 Network project
 Projects requiring multiple I/O interfaces with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth functionalities

Connecting Wire
An electrical connector is a device for joining electrical circuits together using a
mechanical assembly. The connection may be temporary or serve as a permanent
electrical joint between two wires. There are hundreds of types of electrical connectors.

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 Connectors may join two lengths of wire together or connect a wire to an electrical
terminal.

Figure-11 Connecting Wires

Hardware Design:

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Debug Diagram:

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Software Requirements:
Software Requirements explain the need of different software program and precondition
that are required to install in the computer system to give best functioning of the software. These
different requirements and preconditioning are basically, not covered in the software so, we need
to set up a package which must be install independently before the installation of software. The
software which is required for the fault detection system is:

 Arduino programming language:

Arduino Software (IDE): The publicly available Arduino Software (IDE) that
provide a platform to write code in simple way and send to the microcontroller. This
works on Linux, Mac OS and also on Windows. The domain of this software is
composed in Java which work on Processing and different publicly-available software.
HTML is ideal mark-up language used for generating Web pages. HTML stands for
Hyper Text Mark-up Language. HTML define the basic structure of webpages. HTML
element is basic block of HTML page by using different tags we can easily represent the
HTML elements.

 BLYNK Application:
This application was created for the IoT and used to manage the hardware. This
app shows the data of sensor and visualize it. This application creates an interface
between the project and various widgets also responsible for the remote communication
between device and the user.

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Results and Observations:

 Normal mode
Initialize the LCD module with suitable commands. Now
the display shows that there is no fault at any phase.

 SHORT CIRCUIT FAULT OF R-PHASE:

Here the short circuit fault Red phase is shown on LCD and
blynk application in mobile phone.

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  SHORT CIRCUIT FAULT OF B-PHASE:

Here the short circuit fault at blue phase is shown on LCD and blynk application in
mobile phone.

 SHORT CIRCUIT FAULT OF Y-PHASE:

Here the short circuit fault at yellow phase is shown on
LCD and blynk application in mobile phone.

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  OPEN CIRCUIT FAULT OF Y-PHASE:
Here the open circuit fault shows at yellow phase in 4-KM Distance.

 OPEN CIRCUIT FAULT OF B-PHASE:

Here the open circuit fault shows at blue phase in 8-KM Distance.

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  OPEN CIRCUIT FAULT OF R-PHASE:
Here the open circuit fault shows at red phase in 6-KM Distance.

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Conclusion
Electrical Cables help in distribution of electrical energy. These cables face so many
failures. Which is very complicate task to detect the faults in these cables. This system with the
help of Arduino find the exact position of fault in cable from
the base station in Km. Nowadays in many non-rural areas, the
wires in

underground are frequently used rather than atop lines.

Whenever there is a fault in underground cable it become very
tough to locate the correct position of the fault for the repairing
of the cable. This system will work effectively for underground
as well as atop cables. An Arduino Mega board used in this system. Here the Arduino is
interfaced by the current sensing circuits which is made of combination of many resistors. The
fault is generated by the set of switches. To increase the remote controlling capability of this
industrial system we have proposed the low-cost solution. This project on detection of fault with
working Arduino was made and fault distance in km from the ground station will be shown on
the screen of LCD and webpage. Whenever there is the fault occurs then the switch which is
analogous to the phase is recognized as the faulty phase to which fault switches are operated. In
this way the sector having fault can be easily positioned. It is durable, safe and low consuming
power device. This device can run on various channels to escape the interference with equipment
or another wireless device. With the help of microcontroller, we can accurately detect the fault
position. As faults occur in the cable, the fault location is displayed on the LCD display.

FUTURE SCOPE
We can further develop a better user interface by which detection of open circuit fault is
possible in near future. To find the fault in ac circuits, fluctuation in impedance is measured with
the help of capacitor. In this way we can find the fault distance.

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References
1. ‘’IOT Based Fault Detection of Underground Cables through Node MCU Module’’
Laxmi Goswami; Manish Kumar Kaushik; Rishi Sikka; Vinay Anand; Kanta Prasad
Sharma; Madhav Singh Solanki 2020 International Conference on Computer Science,
Engineering and Applications Year: 2020.
2. ‘’Design and fabrication of underground fault distance locator using arduino and GSM’
’Ghulam Rubab Mirza; Ameer Kumar, Maheshwari; Mukhtiar Ahmed Mahar; Abdul
Sattar Larik; Gul Hassan Talpur 2017 International Conference on Open-Source Systems
& Technologies (ICOSST) Year: 2017.
3. ZHANG Chao, KANG Xiaoning, MA Xiuda, JIANG Shuai, QU Xiaoyun Shaanxi Key
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Based on Single-end Sheath Currents “IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy
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 11. Aqeel, A., 2020. Introduction To Arduino Mega 2560- The Engineering Projects. [online]
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