Networking Basics

for Account Managers

Sales New Hire Acceleration Program
(SNAP)
December 2016
Agenda Protocols and Standards
Networking Units and Measures:
Bits and Bytes
The OSI and TCP/IP Models
LAN Technology
WAN Technology
Routers, Routing Protocols, and
IP Addressing
Transport Layer and Application
Layer Protocols

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Agenda Protocols and Standards
Networking Units and Measures:
Bits and Bytes
The OSI and TCP/IP Models
LAN Technology
WAN Technology
Routers, Routing Protocols, and
IP Addressing
Transport Layer and Application
Layer Protocols

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 The Zettabyte Scale
1 Byte 1 Petabyte
400 Terabytes
1,000 Terabytes or A digital library of all books ever written in
250,000 DVDs any language
1 Kilobyte
100 Petabytes
1,000 Bytes
1 Exabyte The amount of data produced in a single
minute by the new particle collider at CERN
1,000 Petabytes or
1 Megabyte 250 million DVDs 150 Exabytes
1,000 Kilobytes The amount of data that has traversed the
Internet since its creation
1 Zettabyte
66 Zettabytes
1 Gigabyte 1,000 Exabytes or The amount of visual information conveyed
1,000 Megabytes 250 billion DVDs from the eyes to the brain of the entire
human race in a single year

1 Yottabyte 20 Yottabytes
1 Terabyte A holographic snapshot of the earth’s
1,000 Zettabytes or
1,000 Gigabytes surface
250 trillion DVDs
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Agenda Protocols and Standards
Networking Units and Measures:
Bits and Bytes
The OSI and TCP/IP Models
LAN Technology
WAN Technology
Routers, Routing Protocols, and
IP Addressing
Transport Layer and Application
Layer Protocols

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The OSI Model

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The OSI Model: Why does it have 7 Layers?

Standardizes interfaces

Ensures interoperable technology

Facilitates modular engineering

Reduces complexity and cost

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The TCP/IP Model – 5 Layers

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The TCP/IP Model – Layer 1

Layer 1 is the Physical Layer

Binary transmission of bits - only 1’s and 0’s always in bits/second
Bits are transmitted over different MEDIA
Media could be copper or coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, wireless, more

Example of devices at Layer 1:

Cables Hub

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The TCP/IP Model – Layer 2
Layer 2 is the Data Link Layer
Provides data transfer between host devices on the same physical link
A Layer 2 protocol is Ethernet
The first layer with an ADDRESS (for Ethernet, it’s the MAC Address)

Example of a device at Layer 2:

Switch

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The TCP/IP Model – Layer 3

Layer 3 is the Network Layer

Provides connectivity between host devices regardless of their
location (devices do not have to be on the same data link)
A Layer 3 protocol is IP
Determines best path for routing data packets between destinations
The second layer with an ADDRESS – the IP ADDRESS

Example of a device at Layer 3:

Router

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The TCP/IP Model – Layer 4

Layer 4 is the Transport Layer

Provides end-to-end connection reliability between host devices
Detects faults and recovers from them
A Layer 4 protocol is TCP

Example of a device at Layer 4

None – this function is performed in software
by the host devices which are communicating

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The TCP/IP Model – Layer 5

Layer 5 is the Application Layer

Allows users, devices and applications to connect to others
Enables the transmitting and receiving of data, voice and video

Example of a “device” at the Application Layer:

No hardware, just software interfaces to user
applications like web, email and many more

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Data Encapsulation and De-Encapsulation

HOST A Data
HOST B

Transport
Data
Header

Network Transport
Data
Header Header

Data
DataLink
Link Network
Network Transport Data Link
Data
Header Header
Header Header Trailer

1000101101010110001011010111

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Agenda Protocols and Standards
Networking Units and Measures:
Bits and Bytes
The OSI and TCP/IP Models
LAN Technology
WAN Technology
Routers, Routing Protocols, and
IP Addressing
Transport Layer and Application
Layer Protocols

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 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) and RJ-45

Green
Orange Green & White Brown
Orange & White
Brown & White
Blue
Blue & White

Wire 1

Wire 8

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Fiber Optic Cable
Fiber optic cable construction

Core Cladding Coating Strengthening Fibers Cable Jacket

Outer sheath made of PUR or PVC

Strain relief made of aramid fibers
PVC inner sheath
Optic core with cladding

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Ethernet – 6 discreet speeds
Ethernet (10BaseT)
Bandwidth is 10 Mbps

Fast Ethernet (100BaseT)

Bandwidth is 100 Mbps

Gigabit Ethernet (1Gbps, same as 1000Mbps)

Extension of the existing Fast Ethernet standard to 1Gbps bandwidth

10 Gigabit Ethernet (10G, 10GE or 10GbE)

High bandwidth for backbones and data centers – 10Gbps

40 Gigabit Ethernet (10G, 10GE or 10GbE)

Very high bandwidth for backbones and data centers – 40Gbps

100 Gigabit Ethernet (40G, 100G)

Extremely high bandwidth for data centers and Service Providers– 100 Gbps

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What is a MAC Address?
A MAC Address is unique for each device on a network
Switches use the MAC address to allow the devices to communicate

The Switch – Ethernet Avenue

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Ethernet: MAC Address

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Ethernet: Switches

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Cisco Switching Portfolio

Nexus 2K, 3K, 5K, 6K, 9K Nexus 7000 & 7700

(DC Solutions)

Catalyst 6500E and 6800

Catalyst 4500E

Catalyst 3650 & 3850

Catalyst 2960-X/XR
Catalyst Compact
Switches

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Agenda Protocols and Standards
Networking Units and Measures:
Bits and Bytes
The OSI and TCP/IP Models
LAN Technology
WAN Technology
Routers, Routing Protocols, and
IP Addressing
Transport Layer and Application
Layer Protocols

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Properties of a WAN

Geographically Monthly Expensive Slower than

distant payment (Paid Per LANs (changing)
connections Connection)

$
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Connecting customers through a WAN
Customer Service Customer
Headquarters Provider Remote Site
SITE A Network SITE B

WAN

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WAN
Protocols
and Services

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Service Provider Offerings
for Enterprise and Commercial customers

TDM
HQ MPLS
WAN services can be
many different types DSL
Internet
Business Cable Dark Fiber

WAN services are

continuing to evolve Ethernet
Frame
Relay
WAN costs to a customer 3G/4G
are based on speed,
services, and availability Branch Office

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Leased Line(s)

T1 / E1

T1 / E1

You rent (lease) the line

Relatively expensive
Always connected – 24x7
Difficult to scale

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Leased Line
Service Provider Common Speeds
Name # of DS0s Bandwidth (Mbps)
DS-0 1 0.064(Mbps) (64Kbps)
DS-1 (T1) 24 1.544
DS-1Europe (E1) 30 2.048
DS-3 (T3) 672 44.736
DS-3Europe (E3) 512 34.368

Name BW (Mbps) Approx. # of DS-3s

OC-1 51.84 1
OC-3/STM-1 155.52 3
OC-12/STM-4 622.08 12
OC-48/STM-16 2488.32 48
OC-192/STM-64 9953.28 192

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xDSL
ANALOG CLASS 5 SWITCH (PSTN)
VOICE
(POTS)

PC xDSL CPE
xDSL

POTS + xDSL To INTERNET

POTS or MPLS
ANALOG PHONE SPLITTER DSLAM

Your Home / Office Central Office

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xDSL Attributes
xDSL is a dedicated service

xDSL converts ordinary telephone lines

(POTS lines) into high-speed voice and
data circuits

End-users don’t “buy xDSL”, they buy

services, such as high-speed Internet
access, leased line, voice, VPN, and video
on demand

Maximum download speed for ADSL

(consumer technology) is usually 24 Mbps

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Cable – CATV
Home Environment

TV

Set-Top Box
Cable Modem PC

Coax Coax 10 Mbps

Ethernet or USB
Splitter
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Cable Attributes
Cable Television (CATV) network:
Originally used for Cable TV
distribution (one-way broadcast)
Upgraded to allow return channel
signals (two-way communication)
Cable is a shared service (not a
dedicated service)
Hybrid Fiber / Coax infrastructure
(HFC) in a “tree-like” design
New standards allow for up to 200
Mbps Download

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 Note: network may be aerial or underground

What is Fiber to the Business? //

Copper
Fiber

CO/HE

CO/HE //

Old networks, 24 kbps - 1.5 Mbps

optimized for voice

CO/HE //

Optical networks, optimized 19 Mbps - 1 Gbps +

for voice, video and data
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FTTB Attributes

Fiber to the Business:

Fiber has virtually unlimited
bandwidth capacity
Low network
maintenance costs
Reliable, More Secure than
CATV and Scalable
Expensive infrastructure

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Mobile Broadband

3G / 4G
“Mobile Internet”
“Wireless Broadband”
“Next G”
Internet access where ever
there is mobile reception.

Laptop on 3G
Mobile phone
internet (usually
on 3G internet
with a modem)

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Mobile Broadband Attributes

Mobile Internet:
Available anywhere, anytime, but low quality
of connectivity
Available bandwidth is almost never optimal
Security concerns
Quick installation with competitive pricing

Laptop on 3G
Mobile phone
internet (usually
on 3G internet
with a modem)

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Agenda Protocols and Standards
Networking Units and Measures:
Bits and Bytes
The OSI and TCP/IP Models
LAN Technology
WAN Technology
Routers, Routing Protocols, and
IP Addressing
Transport Layer and Application
Layer Protocols

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What Is a Router?
IP Network 2: Addresses
172.26.2.1-254

A router is a special (“purpose-built”)

computer which enables communication
between different IP networks

IP Network 1: Addresses
172.26.1.1-254
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What has an IP address? Everything!

(well, almost everything)

Every device we
Today’s business world requires use requires its
us to use laptops, mobile devices, own IP address.
tablets, and many other devices.

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IP Address (Definition)
Internet Protocol Address

47.122.75.1
An IP address is a number used to
identify each device and allow devices
to communicate over an IP network

Every network device must have its

own unique address

Devices include laptops, computers,

servers, routers, printers, IP phones,
wireless access points and more…
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Routing Protocols
Routing Information Protocol (RIP and RIPv2)
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)

Border Gateway
Protocol (BGP)
Used by
Internet Service Providers
to share routing information
between domains

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The Challenge
of IP Addressing

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Agenda Protocols and Standards
Networking Units and Measures:
Bits and Bytes
The OSI and TCP/IP Models
LAN Technology
WAN Technology
Routers, Routing Protocols, and
IP Addressing
Transport Layer and Application
Layer Protocols

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Layer 4:
Transport Layer
TCP and UDP

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Transport Layer Overview
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
TCP UDP Connection-Oriented
Connection reliability features No connection reliability features
Slower performance Higher performance Connectionless
Higher overhead Low overhead

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Application
Layer Protocols

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Application Layer Overview
Email Web Name Management
SMTP HTTP DNS

File Transfer Remote Login Networking Management

FTP Telnet SNMP

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 Port Numbers
H H S D T S D
T T M N F N H
T T T S T M C
Application
Application P P P P P P
Layer
Layer S

67/
80 443 25 53 69 161 Port Numbers
68
Transport
Layer TCP UDP

Network
IP
Layer
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HyperText Transfer Secure HTTP
Protocol (HTTP) (HTTPS)
Protocol used to carry user information Provides secure HTTP transport using
across the World Wide Web (www) Secure Socket Layer (SSL) or Transport
Layer Security (TLS)
Uses TCP port 80 for communication
Uses TCP port 443
Resources accessible by HTTP are
identified using Universal Resource SSL provides endpoint authentication
Locators (URLs), for example and data privacy over the Internet using
www.cisco.com encryption

Used when you buy things

online –look for the lock!

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VIDEO #5 -
08.NetBasics.ASR –
DHCP
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VIDEO #6 -
09.NetBasics.ASR – DNS
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