BEAM

Clear Cover = 30 mm ( 20 mm + dia of stirrups 10 mm )

( 1 ) Singly Reinforced Beam Mu < Mu lim , Singly Reinforced Beam.

Percentage Reinforcement Pt =[ 50 * Fck / Fy ] x [ 1- sqrt(1-(4.6*Mu / Fck b d 2 ))]
Area of Steel Ast = Pt b d / 100

( 2 ) Doubly Reinforced Beam Mu > Mu lim , Duubly Reinforced Beam.

Mu lim = Q lim b d 2

Ast lim = Mu lim / ( 0.87 Fy ( d - 0.42 Xu max )) = Pt lim b d / 100

Mu2 = Mu - Mu lim
Asc = Mu2/((fsc-fcc ) * ( d-d' ))
Ast2 = Asc Fsc / ( 0.87 Fy )
Ast = Ast lim + Ast2

( 3 ) Singly Reinforced Tee Beam Mu < Mu lim , Singly Reinforced Tee Beam.
Mu lim / fck bw d = Table 6-8, Book H.J. SHAH , Reinforced Concrete Vol.1
2

Ast = Mu / (0.87 Fy ( d - Df/2 ))

( 4 ) Doubly Reinforced Tee Beam Mu > Mu lim , Duubly Reinforced Beam.

Mu lim / fck bw d2 = Table 6-8, Book H.J. SHAH , Reinforced Concrete Vol.1
Ast1 = Mu lim / ( 0.87 Fy ( d - Df/2 ))
Mu2 = Mu - Mu lim
Ast2 = Mu2/(0.87 Fy ( d - d' ))
Asc = Mu2 / fsc ( d - d' )
Now check for Moment of Resistance

( 5 ) Minimum Bottom Tension Reinforcement

For Fe250 , Pt min = 0.34 %
For Fe415 , Pt min = 0.205 %
For Fe500 , Pt min = 0.17 %

( 6 ) Maximum Bottom Tension Reinforcement 0.04 b D

( 7 ) Maximum Top Compression Reinforcement 0.04 b D

( 8 ) For Lateral Stability

For Simply Supported & Continuous Beams ,
Clear span < 60 b
< 250 b2 /d
For Cantilever Beams ,
Clear span < 25 b
< 100 b2 /d

( 9 ) Minimum Shear Reinforcement spacing Sv ≤ 0.87 Fy Asv / 0.4 b

For Tee or Ell Beam Minimum Spacing Sv ≤ 0.87 Fy Asv / 0.4 bw
 Spacing of Stirrups Sv = 0.87 Fy Asv d / Vus
Vus = Vu - τc b d
For Singly Reinforced Section
Maximum Spacing < 0.75 d
< 300 mm (2 )Distribution ba
For Doubly Reinforced Section
Maximum Spacing < b (Width of Beam )
< 16 times dia of smallest main bar
< 300 mm
Diameter of Stirrups bar φs > ( Largest Main Bar φ) / 4 OR 6 mm

( 10 ) For Continuous Beam

-ve Moment Reinforcement at support extend beyond the point of inflection (A point at which the curvature chang

For +Ve Moment Beam acts as a Flanged Beam.

For -Ve Moment Beam acts as a Rectangular Beam.
For Tee Beam bf = lo / 6 + bw + 6 Df lo = Clear Span
For Ell Beam bf = lo/12 + bw + 3 Df

CHECK
Table 6-3 Table 6-4
Limiting Moment of resistance factor Q lim, N / mm2 Limiting Percentage of Reinforcement Pt,lim
For singly reinforced rectangular sections For singly reinforced rectangular sections
fck N / fy, N / mm2 fck N / fy, N / mm2
mm2 250 415 500 550 mm2 250 415 500
15 2.22 2.07 2 1.94 15 1.32 0.72 0.57
20 2.96 2.76 2.66 2.58 20 1.75 0.96 0.76
25 3.7 3.45 3.33 3.23 25 2.19 1.2 0.95
30 4.44 4.14 3.99 3.87 30 2.63 1.44 1.14

Table 7-6
Development length for single mild steel bars
fy N / Tension bars Compression bars
mm2 15 20 25 30 35 40 15 20
250 54.375 45.3125 38.8393 36.25 31.9853 28.6184 43.5 36.25
415 56.4141 47.0117 40.2958 37.6094 33.1847 29.6916 45.1313 37.6094
500 67.9688 56.6406 48.5491 45.3125 39.9816 35.773 54.375 45.3125

Fck 15 20 25 30 35 >=40 Development Length L

mild steel τbd 1 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9
YYSD steel τbd 1.6 1.92 2.24 2.4 2.72 3.04
n mild steel τbd 1.25 1.5 1.75 1.875 2.125 2.375
n HYSD steel τbd 2 2.4 2.8 3.000 3.4 3.8

Check for development length

Ld = Table 7-6
At support Ast
For Rectangular Beam Mu1 = 0.87 fy Ast d ( 1- fy Ast/fck b d ) / 1000000
For TEE or ELL Beam Mu1 = 0.87 fy Ast ( d- slab thickness/2 ) / 1000000
if all bottom reinforcement from centre moment then Mu1 = Centre Moment.
1.3 Mu1/Vu + Lo >= Ld Vu = Reaction
Lo = 12
diameter of reinforcement <= (1.3 Mu1/Vu)/(Ld- Lo) (O.K.)
At point of contraflexure Vu = Right support reaction Vu - 0.15 L * u.d.l.
1.3 Mu1/Vu + Lo >= Ld Mu1 = same as at support
Lo = 12
diameter of reinforcement <= (1.3 Mu1/Vu)/(Ld- Lo) (O.K.)

Check for Shear

At Left Support Vu at d = Left support reaction - u.d.l. * (d + left support/2)
Pt = 100 As / bd
Actual shear strength ‫ﺡ‬v = Left support Reaction / b d
β = 0.8 fck / 6.89 Pt >= 1 if less then 1 then take 1
permissible shear strength ‫ﺡ‬c = 0.85 √ 0.8 x fck ( √ (1 + 5 x β) - 1 )
6xβ
if ‫ﺡ‬v <= ‫ﺡ‬c then (O.K.) minimum shear reinforcement provided
Minimum Shear Reinforcement spacing Sv ≤ 0.87 Fy Asv / 0.4 b Asv = 2* area of stirrups for two legged
For Tee or Ell Beam Minimum Spacing Sv ≤ 0.87 Fy Asv / 0.4 bw
if ‫ﺡ‬v >= ‫ﺡ‬c then Shear design is necessary
Spacing of Stirrups Sv = 0.87 Fy Asv d / Vus
Vus = Vu - τc b d
At Right Support Vu at d = Right support reaction - u.d.l. * ( d + right support/2)
Pt = same as left support
Actual shear strength ‫ﺡ‬v = Right support Reaction / b d
β = 0.8 fck / 6.89 Pt >= 1 if less then 1 then take 1
permissible shear strength ‫ﺡ‬c = 0.85 √ 0.8 x fck ( √ (1 + 5 x β) - 1 )
6xβ
if ‫ﺡ‬v <= ‫ﺡ‬c then (O.K.) minimum shear reinforcement provided
Minimum Shear Reinforcement spacing Sv ≤ 0.87 Fy Asv / 0.4 b Asv = 2* area of stirrups for two legged
For Tee or Ell Beam Minimum Spacing Sv ≤ 0.87 Fy Asv / 0.4 bw
if ‫ﺡ‬v >= ‫ﺡ‬c then Shear design is necessary
Spacing of Stirrups Sv = 0.87 Fy Asv d / Vus
Vus = Vu - τc b d
Spacing < 300 mm
< 0.75 d
< minimum spacing
 < Design spacing

Check for Deflection

Basic span / d ratio = 7 for cantilever, 20 for simply supported and 26 for continuous
Pt = 100 Ast / b d = 100 * Bottom total Area of reinforcement / b d
Service stress = 0.58 fy * required bottom area of steel / provided bottom area of steel
Modification factor = 1/(0.225+(0.00322*service stress)+(0.625*LOG10(Pt))) <= 2 and > 0 if it is greater t
bw/bf= web width / flange width
Reduction factor = 0.8+((2/7)*(bw/bf-0.3)) > = 0.8 if it is less then 0.8 then take 0.8
Pc = 100 Asc / b d = 100 * Bottom total Area of steel required / b d
Modification factor = 1+(Pc/(3+Pc)) <=1.5 if it is greater than 1.5 then take 1.5
Permissible span / d ratio = ( Basic span / d ratio ) * Modification factor for tension steel * Reduction factor * M
Actual span / d ratio <= Permissible span / d ratio then (O.K.)

Check for Cracking

Clear Distance Between Bars = ( beam width - 2 * clear cover - at bottom support no. of straight bar provided * at
Minimum clear distance permitted = maximum of 25 mm or dia of bar used.
Maximum clear distance permitted = if Fe250, 300
if Fe415, 180
if Fe500, 150
Clear Distance Between Bars < = Maximum Permitted and > minimum permitted then (O.K.)
 SLAB
Clear Cover = 20 mm if φ used > 12 mm in slab
= 15 mm if φ used < 12 mm in slab

( 1 ) One Way Slab , if Ly / Lx ≥ 2 , where Ly = Length of Longer span , Lx = Length of Shorter span
Two Way Slab , if Ly/Lx < 2

( 2 ) Spacing = Area of One bar x 1000 / ( Required Area in mm 2 per metre.)

( 3 ) Minimum Reinforcement
For Fe250 , 0.15 % of Cross section , 0.0015 b D
For Fe415 , 0.12 % of Cross section , 0.0012 b D

( 4 ) Maximum Diameter of Reinforcement in slab < (1/8) Total Thickness of Slab.

( 5 ) For Main Bars , Spacing <3d

< 300 mm
For Secondary Bars , Spacing <5d
< 450 mm

(6) Percentage of Reinforcement Pt = (50*Fck/Fy) x [ 1 - sqrt(1 - (4.6 Mu / Fck b d 2 ))]

Area of Steel Ast = Pt b d / 100 , where b = 1000

CHECK
Check for Shear At Point 1, 3, 4, 5
τv = Vu / b d
Pt = 100 Ast / b d
ß = 0.8 fck / 6.89 Pt >1 if less than equal to 1 then take 1
Design shear stress τc = 0.85*SQRT(0.8*fck)*(SQRT(1+5*ß)-1)/(6*ß)
k IF slab depth<=150, k = 1.3
IF slab depth>=300,k = 1
for all other slab depth k = 1.6 - 0.002 * slab depth
if ‫ﺡ‬v <= ‫ﺡ‬c then (O.K.)

Check for Deflection in short span , in long span

Pt = 100 Ast / b d
service stress fs = 0.58 fy * area required / area provided
modification factor = 1/(0.225+(0.00322*service stress)+(0.625*LOG10(Pt))) <= 2 and > 0 if it is greater than 2 then
Basic span / d ratio = 7 for cantilever, 20 for simply supported and 26 for continuous
Permissible span / d ratio = ( Basic span / d ratio ) * Modification factor
Actual span / d ratio <= Permissible span / d ratio then (O.K.)

Check for development length

Mu1 = 0.87 fy Ast d ( 1- fy Ast/fck b d ) / 1000000
1.3 Mu1/Vu + Lo >= Ld Vu = Reaction
Lo = if Fy = 250 then Lo = 12 , if Fy = 415 then Lo = 8
 diameter of reinforcement <= (1.3 Mu1/Vu)/(Ld- Lo) (O.K.)

Check for Cracking ( spacing of Bars )

(1) Main Bars : Maximum Spacing Permitted >= 3 x d or 300 mm whichever is small (O.K.)
(2 )Distribution bars : maximum spacing permitted >= 5 x d or 450 mm whichever is small (O.K.)

at which the curvature changes sign,direction ).For a distance upt> effective depth
> 12 φ Whichever is greater
>( 1/16 ) * Clear Span

4 Table 6-6
nforcement Pt,lim STRESS IN COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT f sc , N /
tangular sections mm2 IN DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS
/ mm2 fy N / mm2 d'/d
550 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 1
0.5 250 217 217 217 217 217 217
0.66 415 355 355 353 342 329 329
0.83 500 424 424 412 395 370 370
0.99 550 458 458 441 419 380 380

Design shear strength ‫ﺡ‬c =

Compression bars,BEAM Compression bars,COLUMN

25 30 35 40 15 20 25 30 35 40
31.0714 29 25.5882 22.8947 37.500 31.250 26.786 25.000 22.059 19.737
32.2366 30.0875 26.5478 23.7533 38.906 32.422 27.790 25.938 22.886 20.477
38.8393 36.25 31.9853 28.6184 46.875 39.062 33.482 31.250 27.574 24.671

Development Length Ld = φ σs / 4 τbd

σs = 0.87 fy For Tension Member Beam and Compression in Beam
0.75 fy For compression Member Column
area of stirrups for two legged stirrups

area of stirrups for two legged stirrups

ttom area of steel
)) <= 2 and > 0 if it is greater than 2 then take 2

on steel * Reduction factor * Modification factor for compression steel

. of straight bar provided * at bottom support dia of straight bar provided ) / ( at bottom support no. of straight bar provided - 1 )
 COLUMN
Clear Cover = 40 mm , > diameter of longitudinal bar

( 1 ) longitudinal Reinforcement > 0.8 % of gross c/s area of column

h of Shorter span < 6 % of gross c/s area of column

( 2 ) Spacing of longitudinal bars < 300 mm

( 3 ) Transverse Reinforcement
if longitudinal bar spaced ≤ 75 mm ,
Transverse Reinforcement need only go round the corner and open link

≤ 75 mm
if Corner longitudinal bar spaced < 48 times diameter of Tie,
additional bar In between these corner bars tied by open ties.

Mu / Fck b d 2 ))]

< 48 φtr mm
If longitudinal bar in inner rows provided,
distance of inner rows longitudinal bar distance from nearest face of column ≥ 3 φ

≥3φ

Transverse Reinforcement Spacing ( Pitch ) < Least Lateral Dimension

< 16 times smallest diameter of the long
< 300 mm

> 0 if it is greater than 2 then take 2 ( 4 ) Column Designed for Minimum Eccentricity = (unsupported length of column / 500
= 20 mm minimum
Minimum Moment in Column = Factored Load x 0.
if eccentricity is greater than minimum ,
Moment in Column = Factored Load x (
For Biaxial Moment ,
At least One axis eccentricity is more than minimum & other axis eccent
For Axial Column
Asc = ( Axial factored load * 1000 - 0.4*fck*width of column*depth of column)/(0.6
 For Uniaxial and Biaxial column
find d'/D Pu/fck b D Mu/fck bD2
find p/fck
find percentage of steel
find Asc
where Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
For values of Pu / Puz less than 0.2, αn is 1.0; for values greater than 0.
Pu / Puz 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
αn 1.00 1.33 1.67 2.00
for X direction d'/D and p/fck, find Mux1/fckbD 2
for Y direction d'/D and p/fck, find Muy1/fckbD 2
Check
αn αn
Mux Muy ( O.K.)
Mux1
+ Muy1
≤1
Check
100 As / b d b =width of column and d = depth of column - d'
β = 0.8 fck /6.89 Pt >1 if less than or equal to 1 take 1
permissible shear strength ‫ﺡ‬c = 0.85*SQRT(0.8*fck)*(SQRT(1+5*ß)-1)/(6*ß)
δ = 1+(3*factored axial load*1000/(width of column*depth of co
if Hux <= δ ‫ﺡ‬c b d and Huy <= δ ‫ﺡ‬c b d , then section is safe for shear de
if max(Hux,Huy) > δ ‫ﺡ‬c b d , then Vus = max(Hux,Huy) - δ ‫ﺡ‬c b d
Asv = area of ties ( two legged or three legged )
spacing Sv = 0.87 fy Asv d / Vus
minimum spacing Sv =Asv fy / 0.4 b
general ties < = 16 * dia of longitudinal bar
<= 300
<= least lateral dimension of column
<= 48 * dia of tie
<= least lateral dimension of column / 2
Ties in confining zoneAsh = area of confining zone bar
D = depth of column
Dk = D-2*cover+2*dia of tie
shear strength ‫ﺡ‬c = 0.85 √ 0.8 x fck ( √ (1 + 5 x β) - 1 ) h = if Dk >300 , take h = Dk/2 otherwise h = Dk
6xβ if Dk or Bk > 300 use 3 legs
β = 0.8 x fck / 6.89 Pt , but not less than 1.0 Ash =0.18 S h fck/fy [ Ag/Ak - 1 ]
S = Ash fy / ( 0.18 h fck [ Ag/Ak -1 ])
spacing <= 1/4 ( minimum of width of column or depth of column )
<= 6 * minimum longitudinal dia of bar
<= 100
confinement of beam-column joint
spacing if 0.5 * spacing in confinement joint < 150 then spa
Ties at lap = minimum of 100 and general ties spacing
ght bar provided - 1 )
 FOOTING
Clear Cover = 50 mm

( 1 ) Thickness of Footing at Edge

( 2 ) Lean Concrete ( P.C.C. ) Proje

Thickness of Lean Concrete ≥
Grade of Lean Concrete , M7

( 3 ) Development Length of Colu

ound the corner and open link at alternate bars for providing lateral support. Fck
Fy
250
415
500

( 4 ) Nominal Minimum Reinforce

( 5 ) Spacing

Spacing

( 6 ) In Sloped Footing , To Facilita

nearest face of column ≥ 3 φ ( largest bar in the inner row )
(7) Percentage of Reinfo

CHECK
Resistance to horizontal load
for sloped footing R = (2*soil cohesion*
for pad footing R = (2*soil cohesion*wid
teral Dimension H = Horizontal Thrust
s smallest diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement bar Factor of safety against sliding = R / H >
One way shear
for Section x1-x1 and section y1-y1
ported length of column / 500 ) + ( Lateral Dimension / 30 ) at distance d find Vu
τv = Vu / b d
n Column = Factored Load x 0.02 KNm find Pt = 100 As / bd
β = 0.8 fck /6.89 Pt >1 if less than
n Column = Factored Load x ( eccentricity greater than minimum ) KNm permissible shear strength ‫ﺡ‬c =
if ‫ﺡ‬v <= ‫ﺡ‬c then (O.K.)
minimum & other axis eccentricity should be less than minimum than also no problem. Two way shear
at distance d/2 find Vu
column*depth of column)/(0.67 fy - 0.4 fck) τv = Vu / b d
 ßc = width of column / depth of c
ks = 0.5 + ßc < 1 , if greater than o
ks τc = ks * 0.25 *sqrt(fck)
if ‫ﺡ‬v <= ks * ‫ﺡ‬c then (O.K.)
Transfer of load from column to footi
see that dowels are required or not.
for values greater than 0.8, α n is 2.0. find dowel in column
find dowel in footing
Development length
available anchorage = net cantilever in X
available anchorage = net cantilever in Y
if available anchorage is <= developmen
Cracking
for Reinforcement parallel to longer sid
for Reinforcement parallel to shorter sid
and d = depth of column - d' Weight of footing
r equal to 1 take 1 for sloped footing, ((width of footing * l
*ß)-1)/(6*ß) for pad footing, width of footing * lengt
(width of column*depth of column*fck))<=1.5 if > 1.5 take 1.5 if weight of footing <= assume wight of
hen section is safe for shear design.
max(Hux,Huy) - δ ‫ﺡ‬c b d

For Normal Design or Axial column

tie spacing <= least lateral dimension of column
on of column < = 16*longitudianl bar
< = 300 mm
on of column / 2
ng zone bar

Bk = B-2*cover+2*dia of tie
h = Dk/2 otherwise h = Dk

[ Ag/Ak - 1 ]
ck [ Ag/Ak -1 ])
mn or depth of column )

nfinement joint < 150 then spacing = 0.5 * spacing in confinement joint otherwise take 150 mm spacing
ties spacing
 Clear Cover = 50 mm

Thickness of Footing at Edge ≥ 150 mm

Lean Concrete ( P.C.C. ) Projection Beyond the Footing = 0 mm to 150 mm

Thickness of Lean Concrete ≥ 100 mm
Grade of Lean Concrete , M7.5 OR M10

Development Length of Column Bars

M20 M25 M30 M35
45 φ 39 φ 36 φ 32 φ
47 φ 41 φ 38 φ 33 φ
57 φ 49 φ 45 φ 40 φ

Nominal Minimum Reinforcement 0.15 % of Gross C/S area For Fe 250

0.12 % of Gross C/S area For Fe 415

<3d Whichever is smaller for main bars.

< 300 mm

<5d Whichever is smaller for Secondary bars.

< 450 mm

In Sloped Footing , To Facilitate Casting of Column Pedestal 75 mm straight length at each side of Column Face at top of Footing is cast.

Percentage of Reinforcement Pt = ( 50*Fck / Fy ) x [ 1- sqrt(1 - (4.6 Mu / Fck b d 2 ))]

Area of Steel Ast = Pt b d / 100

e to horizontal load
d footing R = (2*soil cohesion*width of footing*(overall depth of footing+footing depth at edge)/2000)+( Γ*width of footing*((overall depth
oting R = (2*soil cohesion*width of footing*overall depth of footing/1000)+(Γ*width of footing*(overall depth of footing/1000)^2/2)+(adh
ontal Thrust
safety against sliding = R / H > 1.6 (O.K.)

n x1-x1 and section y1-y1

0.8 fck /6.89 Pt >1 if less than or equal to 1 take 1

0.85*SQRT(0.8*fck)*(SQRT(1+5*ß)-1)/(6*ß)
‫ﺡ‬c then (O.K.)

e d/2 find Vu
 width of column / depth of column
0.5 + ßc < 1 , if greater than or equal to 1 then take 1
ks * 0.25 *sqrt(fck)
ks * ‫ﺡ‬c then (O.K.)
of load from column to footing
owels are required or not.

anchorage = net cantilever in X direction - 50 + footing depth at edge - 100

anchorage = net cantilever in Y direction - 50 + footing depth at edge - 100
e anchorage is <= development length (O.K.)

rcement parallel to longer side, spacing of bar = (width of footing - 2*50-dia of bar )/(no. of bar - 1 ) if spacing of bar < = minimum
rcement parallel to shorter side, spacing of bar = (length of footing - 2*50-dia of bar )/(no. of bar - 1 ) if spacing of bar < = minimum

d footing, ((width of footing * length of footing * depth of footing at edge) + ((h/6)*(A1+A2+4Am)))*25 where h = height of footing
oting, width of footing * length of footing * depth of footing * 25 A1 = area of footing at top
of footing <= assume wight of footing ( 10 % or 12 % ) ( O.K. ) A2 = area of footing at bottom
Am = mean area of footing =
 ace at top of Footing is cast.

width of footing*((overall depth of footing+footing depth at edge)/2000)^2/2)+(adhesion ß*width of footing*length of footing)

th of footing/1000)^2/2)+(adhesion ß*width of footing*length of footing))
if spacing of bar < = minimum of 3*d or 300 , then (O.K.)
if spacing of bar < = minimum of 3*d or 300 , then (O.K.)

where h = height of footing

A1 = area of footing at top
A2 = area of footing at bottom
Am = mean area of footing = [(width of footing at top + width of footing at bottom )/2 ] * [( length of footing at top + length of footing at
*length of footing)
g at top + length of footing at bottom ) / 2]