MAKERERE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, DESIGN, ART AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
EMT 2101: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS III
TEST 1 8:00 A.M – 10:00 A.M DATE: 6th - Oct – 2017
Instructions: Answer all the questions. All questions carry equal (10) marks.
QUESTION 1
a) What do you understand by the following terms: [02 marks]
i) Homogeneous ODE
Consider the ODE of the general form Pxy"Qxy' Rxy  Gt  . If the term
Gt  on the right hand is zero, the equation is said to be homogeneous.

ii) Ordinary point of the ODE

Consider the ODE of the general form Pxy"Qxy' Rxy  0 about a point x0 .
If Px  0 at x0 , the point x0 is called an ordinary point and Px  is continuous
there.

b) Determine the nature of the equation y ' ' xy'2 y  0 at x  0 and hence use the power series
method to find the recurrence relation for the equation. Find also the general solution for the
equation. [04 marks]
The ODE is of the general form Pxy"Qxy' Rxy  0 in which Px, Qx  and Rx
are real numbers and polynomials and hence are analytic everywhere. The ODE therefore is
analytic for every value of x and the point x  0 is an ordinary point.
Recurrence relation
Since the point x  0 is an ordinary point, the ODE has a power series solution of the form

y  x    ak x k ; x   .
k 0
 
Now y '  x    kak x k 1 , y ' '  x    k k  1ak x k  2
k 1 k 2
Substituting this solution and its derivatives into the ODE in question,
  

 ak k k  1xk  2   kak xk  2 ak xk  0
k 2 k 1 k 0
k k  2
  

 ak  2 k  2k  1x k   kak x k  2 ak x k  0

k 0 k 1 k 0


 a k  2k  1  2  k a x
k 0
k 2 k
k
0

 ak  2 
k  2ak ; k  0 , which is the recurrence formula
k  2k  1
General Solution
Successively evaluating the recurrence formula

Page 1 of 7
 1
a 2  a0 a3   a1
6
1
a4  0 a5   a1
120
1
a6  0 a7   a1
1680
..... .....
 
  1
y x   1  x 2 a 0  a1  x   x 3 
1 5
x 
1
x 7  ...  
 6 120 1680 
Note that since a4  0 , it follows from the recurrence formula that all the even coefficients
beyond a 4 are also zero.

c) Apply the idea of power series, showing the details of your work and determine the solution to
the following ODE 4 xy' '2 y ' y  0 [04 marks]
The ODE is of the general form Pxy"Qxy' Rxy  0 in which
Px  4 x, Qx  2 and Rx  1. Dividing through by Px  , it can be observed that the
Q x  Rx 
quotients and are not analytic at x  0 . Hence the point x  0 is a singular point.
P x  Px 
Taking limits of the product coefficients
 2  1  1 
lim x   and lim x 2 0
x 0
 4x  2 x 0
 4x 
Hence the point x  0 is a regular singular point and there exists a Frobenius type series


solution of the form y  x    a k x ; a k  0 .

k c

k 0
Taking derivatives of the postulated solution
 
y '  x    k  c a k x k  c 1 and y ' '  x    k  c  1k  c a k x k  c  2
k 0 k 0
Substituting back the postulated solution and its derivatives into the ODE in question,
  

c k
x  4k  c  1k  c a k x  2 k  c a k x   a k x  0
k 1 k 1
 k 0 k 0 k 0

 k  k 1 
  

 4k  c  1k  c ak x k 1  2 k  c ak x k 1   ak 1 x k 1  0

k 0 k 0 k 1

4c 

2
 2c a 0   4k  4c  2k  c a k  a k 1 x k 1  0
k 1

Now a0  0 .

Hence 4c 2  2c   0,  2c2c  1  0,  c1,0  0,

1
2

Page 2 of 7
 1   1
Check: c 2  q 0  1  r0  c 2    1c  0  c 2  c  0,  c c    0, c1, 2  0,
1 1
2  2  2 2
a k 1
ak  
k  c 4k  4c  2
For c  0
a k 1
ak  
k 4k  2 
a a a1 a0 a
a1   0   0 a2     0
2 2! 2  3  2 4  3  2 4!
a0 a a0 a
a3    0 a4   0
6  5 4  3 2 6! 8  7  6  5  4  3  2 8!
...... .....

 
y1  x    a k x k  a 0 1  x  x 2  x 3  x 4  ...  ... 
1 1 1 1
k 0  2! 4! 6! 8! 
1
For c 
2
a k 1
ak  
 1
4k  k  
 2
a a a a
a1   0   0 a2   1  0
3 3!  5  5!
4  8 
2 2
a2 a a3 a
a3    0 a4   0
7 7!!  9  9!
4.3  4.4 
2 2
...... .....
 1 1
k  1 
y 2 x    a k x
1 1 1
2
 a1 x 1  x  x 2  x 3  x 4  ...  ... 
2

k 0  3! 5! 7! 9! 
Therefore
yx   a0 y1 x   a1 y 2 x 
 
1
 1 
y x   a0 1  x  x 2  x 3  x 4  ..  ..   a1 x 2 1  x  x 2  x 3  x 4  ..  .. 
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 2! 4! 6! 8!   3! 5! 7! 9! 

Page 3 of 7
QUESTION 2

a) Show that x  1  xx if x    t x 1e t dt [02 marks]
0
 
From x    t x 1e t dt , x  1   t x e t dt
0 0

dv du
Using integration by parts:  u dx  uv   v dx
dx dx
du dv e t
Let u  t x ;  xt x 1 and  e t ; v 
dt dt 1
 
e t
x  1  t  x  t x 1e t dt
x

1 0 0

x  1  0  0  x  t x 1e t dt

0
 
x 

x  1  xx               as required

b) Use the concept of gamma and Beta functions to evaluate


i) 
0
4
xe  x dx [04 marks]

 1

x
0
4
e  x dx

Let t  x  x  t 2 , dx  2tdt
Hence
 1  3
 3 5
 x 4 e dx  2 t 2 e dt; C f 
 x t
t x 1e t dt, x  1  ,x
0 0
0 2 2
Hence

5
1

0 x 4 e dx  2 2 
 x

5 3 3 3 1 1 3 1

Using  x  1  x x ,            
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Therefore
 1
3
0 x 4 e dx  2 
 x

Page 4 of 7
 2
x2
ii) 
0 2 x
dx [04 marks]

2
x2

2 x
0
dx

Let x  2v,  dx  2dv

Thus
2
x2
0 2  x dx  4 2 0 v 1  v  2 dv; C f Bx, y 0 v 1  v  dv,  x  3, y  2
1
2 
1 1
x 1 y 1 1

1
4 23 
 1  2   8 2   64 2 
2 2
x
 2 x
dx  4 2 B 3,  
 2 7 5 3 1 15
0
  . . 
2 2 2 2

QUESTION 3
Find the general solution to the equations about the origin
i) 1  x 2 y ' '2 xy'2 y  0 [05 marks]
The ODE is of the general form Pxy"Qxy' Rxy  0 in which
Px   1  x 2 , Qx   2 x and Rx   2 . Also note that the equation is of the form
 
1  x 2 y' '2 xy  nn  1 y  0 which is known as Legendre’s equation of order n .
Comparing Rx  ,
nn  1  2,
n2  n  2  0
n 2  2n  n  2  0
nn  2   n  2   0
n  2n  1  0
n1, 2  2,1
Therefore,
n 1
Now for a Legendre’s equation,
 n  k n  k  1a k
ak 2  ,k 0
k  1k  2
k  1ak
 ak 2  ,k 0
k  1
For:
1 2
k  0, a 2  a 0 ; k  1, a3  0; k  2, a 4   a 0 ; k  3, a5  a3  0
3 4
1 1
k  4, a 6   a 0 ; k  5, a 7  0; k  6, a8   a0 ;
5 7

Page 5 of 7
 
Now expanding the ODE and substituting the values of a k , from y  x    a k x k
k 0

yx  a0  a1 x  a2 x  a3 x  a4 x  a5 x  a6 x  a7 x  a8 x  .......
2 3 4 5 6 7 8

y  x   a 0  a1 x  a 0 x 2  a 0 x 4  a 0 x 6  a 0 x 8  .......
1 1 1
3 5 7
 1 1 1 
 a1 x  a 0 1  x 2  x 4  x 6  x 8  ....... 
 3 5 7 
 
1 
 a1 x  a 0 1   x 2 m  is the general solution of the equation
 m 1 2m  1 
Note:
The solution can also be obtained by noting that since it is also known that P1 x   x
is a solution to the ODE in question, then y2 x may be obtained by using the

equation y 2 x   Pn x  2
dx dx
 x 2 2
 
x  1 Pn x 
2
x x 1  
ii) x 2 y ' ' xy'x 2  9y  0 [05 marks]
The ODE is of the general Pxy"Qxy' Rxy  0
form in which
Px   x , Qx   x and Rx   x  9 . Also note that the equation is of the form
2 2

x 2 y ' ' xy'x 2  n 2 y  0 , known as Bessel’s equation of order n .

Comparing Rx  ,
x2  n2  x2  9
n2  9
n3
With the knowledge that the only solution to the Bessel’s ODE bound at the origin is the
Bessel’s solution of the first Kind of order n , the solution to the ODE bound at the origin

is J 3  x  and from J n x   
 
   1
m
 x
2 m n

; n  0
 

m 0  m !  n  m  1  2  

Then

J 3 x   
 
  1
m
 x
2 m3


 

m 0  m!  m  4   2  

3 5 7 9
1 x 1  x 1  x 1  x
             ....
6  2  24  2  240  2  4320  2 
Therefore:
yx   AJ 3 x   BJ 3 x 
dx
xJ 3 x 
2

Page 6 of 7
 Some important relations
n
, n  even
N
Pn x    n
 1 2n  2k !
k
x n2k
, N 
 2
k  0 2 k!n  k !n  2k !  n  1 , n  odd
 2
When n  0, P0  x   1

 1,  1
  2 m n
 2!
P1  x   x, i.e P1  x , n x 0
m
x
Jn  
When n
m 0  m!n  m  1  2 
  2
k
When n  2, P2  x    2
1
  1 4  2k !***END***
x 22 k
k  0 2 k!2  k !2  2k !


P2  x   3x 2  1
1
2


Page 7 of 7