Introduction

Confidence is the key to success, you can be confident as we

provide you with every detail to succeed
 - This book is based on thanaweya Aama
physics - Syllabus and contains:

1- Step by step coverage each topic.

2- Guided question practice to test your knowledge as well

as sharpening your exam skills.

3- Prepared exams aiming at scoring maximum marks in a

fixed time.

4- Official exams since 1995 up till now.

Science supervision
National department
Smart city schools
 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01

PHYSICAL
MEASUREMENTS
Introduction:
- Physics is the science which interested in studying of all the day
observations and universe phenomenon.
- We studying physics by "the scientific method of thinking". How? And
why?
- Any physical rule or theory written by the language of physics "physical
quantities".
- We can deal with physics through:
a. Direct contact: by studying the theory itself.
b. Indirect contact: by using the applications on the theory.
- The physical quantity is the description of any event in our life but in the
language of physics.

Physical measuring:
- It is the process of comparing between two physical quantities "from the
same type". One of them is unknown and the second is known to know
how much the 1st "unknown" includes the 2nd "known".

1 2

Measuring 3 4
Unknown Known

This process requires:

a. The physical quantities.
b. The measuring tools "instruments".
c. Measuring units.

Choose the correct answer:

- From the conditions of measurement process that the two quantities must
be (same kind – different kinds – not important).

Physical quantity:
- It's any quantity which can be determined and can be measured and have
unit of measurements.
- It can be classified according to its type into:
a. Basic (fundamental) physical quantities.
b. Derived physical quantities

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Physical quantities

Basic physical Derivable physical

Quantities Quantities

They are physical quantities They are physical quantities

which can't be derived from which can be derived from the
other physical quantities. basic quantities. How?
. By making "times or divided"
Example, between any two or more basic
physical quantities "similar or
*Mass kilogram Kg different".
*Length meter m
*Time second s
*Electric Similar different
Charge coulomb C . area = L x L . V = L /T
*Temp Kelvin K = L2 m/sec.
. Vol= L x L x L . a = L /T/T
= L3 m/sec2
"m2 – m3"
N.B :
- We can't get the derivable physical quantity by making "+ or –".
- To add or subtract any two physical quantities they must have the
same measuring units.

G.R :
We can't add or subtract mass and time
Because: they have not the same unit.
3 kg+2 sec = x
We can add or subtract work and energy
Because: they have the same unit.
3joule- 2 joule = 1 joule
- The number beside the physical quantity refers to how much
the quantity have and don’t make a different while the number
above change the meaning of the physical quantity.
. L+ L= 2L "its still length"
. L x L= L2 "its area"

Measuring systems:
- There are many measuring systems which shows the basic
physical quantities "mass-length-time" and its units of measuring
around the world and they are "M.K.S – F.P.S – C.G.S".

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Physical Metric system British system French system
quantity "M.K.S" "F.P.S" "C.G.S"

Length Meter Foot centimeter

Mass Kilogram pound Gram

Time second second Second

Remark:
- The French system is called also "Gauss system" relative to the creative.
- We used now a new system of measurements called
"The international system of units". Or "S.I"
International system of units "S.I":
- It's called also the modern metric system and in which they added new
4 physical quantities which are "electric current intensity - luminous
Intensity – amount of substance – absolute temperature".
- Then they added another two units:
a. radiant : for measuring the plane angle.
b. Steradian : for measuring the solid angle.

Plane angle solid angle "between 3 dimensions"

"Between two dimensions"
Physical quantity Measuring unit Symbol

Mass kilogram Kg

Length Meter M

Time second Sec

Electric current ampere A

intensity

Luminous intensity candela Cd

Amount of substance mole Mol

Absolute temperature Kelvin k◦

Plane angle Radian ……..

Solid angle steradian ………

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Units of measurements:
- Any physical quantity "basic or derivable" must have a unit of measuring
this defined and specified the physical quantity and must be standard.
- Unit must be unique "describe one physical quantity".
- Standard means "never ever change under any conditions".
Standard units:
- They are standard references of measurable quantities. They are kept
in special laboratories called calibration laboratories.

Examples of some standard references:

(1) Standard unit of length:
- it’s the standard meter which defined as" it’s the distance between two
lines on a specific platinum-iridium bar kept under zero degree at the
calibration labs."

(2) Standard unit of mass:

- it’s the standard kilogram which defined as" it’s the mass of a specific
Platinum–iridium cylinder which has fixed dimensions kept under zero
degree at the calibration labs".

(3) Standard unit of time:

- it’s the standard second which defined as" it’s the period needed for
emission a fixed number (9192631700) of cesium atom waves of atomic
Number 55".
So that:
- We used cesium clocks in measuring time with high accuracy.

G.R.
- Cesium atomic clock is preferable to be used to calibrate standard second.
Because : its accuracy is one part of 100 thousand of a second and the
discrepancy between two cesium clocks adjusted to work together is one
second in 500 years.
Remark:
- In measuring the physical quantities we can deal with:
a. large quantities "distance between stars".
b. tiny quantities " distance between molecules".
- So we used the power 10 to describe the large and tiny quantities.
Power of 10:
- It's used to express large or small quantities in the simplest form.
Examples:
100000 105

0.0001 10-4

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Measuring prefix:
- Its smaller or multiple numbers of units.
- The following table represents prefixes of meter.
Dec. inc.

10-9 10-6 10-3 10-2 10-1 101 103 106 109

Nano micro Mili Centi Dace Kilo Mega Giga
n µ m c d k M G

How to convert from unit to unit?

- By divided the 1st unit on the Normal
2nd From the above table then Physical
multiply the product with the quantity
given quantity.

Examples:
- If an electric conductor have electric current intensity (I) of 7 mili ampere ,
find it in microampere.
Solution:
7 m = 7 (10-3 / 10-6)
= 7 (103)
= 7x103 µ
- if the volume of water in a tank is 9cm3 , find it in megameter3
Solution:
9 cm3 = 9 (10-2 / 106)3
= 9 (10-8)3
= 9x10-24 Mm3
- the radius of the planet Saturn is 5.85x107 m and its mass is 5.68x1026 kg,
find
a- the density of the planet in g/cm3
Solution:
Density = mass / volume , volume = 4/3 Πr3

= 5.68x1029
Mass = 5.68x1026kg
4/3 x 22/7 x 5.85x1027 = 5.68x1026 ( 103 /101)
= 5.68x 1026+3
= 23.17 g/cm3 = 5.68x 1029 g
Radius = 5.85x107 m
= 5.85x107 (101 / 10-2)
= 5.85x107 (102)
= 5.85x109 cm
Volume = 4/3 Πr3
= 4/3 x 22/7 x (5.85x109)3
= 4/3 x 22/7 x 5.85x1027

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Measuring tools:
- They are tools used in measuring the different types of physical quantities.
- They have different types but they classified

Types of measuring
instruments

SIMPLE INSTRUMENTS ANALOG INSTRUMENTS DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS

-depends on direct reading. - depends on pointers. -depends on numbers.

Example: Example: Example:

Ribbon meter and ruler. Ammeter and voltmeter Digital balance and digital
Sand watch. watch
Scale

N.B
- The varnier caliper is the most important tool as it used in measuring the
short lengths with high accuracy.

Accuracy and error:

-
It's impossible to measure any physical quantity with 100%
accuracy."G.R"
Bec. There is always an error, so physicists try to minimize this error.
Causes of error:
1. choosing an unsuitable instrument:
using the normal balance instead of the sensitive one in measuring the
mass of golden ring.
2. Instrument error:
aging the battery of instrument or the pointer have a zero error.
3. Environmental error:
environment conditions "temperature and humidity".
As an example. When using the sensitive balance, we put it inside a
glass box to avoid the environmental errors.
4. Human error:
Looking at the device pointer or the scale at an oblique line.

Calculation of the expected error:

- Before calculating the error we have to ask our selves two important
questions?
- How I measured the physical quantity which includes the error?
- Any type of error I want to calculate?

Types of measurements
- direct measuring
- indirect measuring

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Compare between direct and indirect measuring:-

Direct measuring Indirect measuring

Definition In it we use only one tool In it we use more than one

In measuring the physical Tool in measuring the physical
Quantity Quantity
Ex; measuring the density by Ex; measuring density by
Using "hydrometer" Measuring both mass and
Volume.
Measuring times One More than one

Calculations Doesn’t depend on equations Depend on math. Equations

Errors One error Accumulation of errors

Examples Measuring volume by using Measuring volume by

Graduated cylinder V = length x width x height

N.B:
- The direct measuring is more preferable than in direct measuring
Bec. It's more accurate in calculating the error.
- The hydrometer is a tool used to measure the density of a substance
directly.

Estimating errors of measurement:

- we have two types of the estimating errors

The absolute error (ΔX) The relative error (r)

- It is the difference between the - It is the ratio between the

real value (X0) and the absolute error (ΔX) and
measured value (X). the real value (X0)
- ΔX = | X0 – X | - r = ΔX / X0
- The sign | | indicates that the - The relative error has no
result always positive. unit
- | -8 | = +8
- The absolute error has a unit.

N.B
- The relative error is more accurate than the absolute error
- The measuring becomes most accurate as decreasing the relative error
- Efficiency α 1/ r

Calculating the error in the direct measuring:-

- calculate the absolute error ΔX = | X0 – X|
- calculate the relative error r = ΔX / X0
- Put the result at the form (real value ± absolute error).
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Calculating the error in the indirect measuring:-
- it depend on the mathematical operation applied

- if summation or subtraction … we just make the sum

ΔX = ΔX1 + ΔX2 + ΔX3 +……….etc
r = ΔX / X0

- If multiplication or division ….. we make the following

a- get the real value from the equation
b- get the relative error r = r1 + r2+r3……….etc
c- get the absolute error ΔX = r x X0
d- put the result at (real ± absolute)

Examples:
- An object of mass (4.5 ± 0.1) is moving at velocity (20 ± 1). Calculate the
relative and absolute error in measuring the linear momentum of the
object (pL).
While liner momentum = mass x velocity.
Solution:
The kind is indirect measuring and the process is multiplication so,
Real value = 4.5 x 20 = 90
The relative error = r mass + r velocity
= 0.1/4.5 + 1/20
= 0.07.
The absolute error = r x X0
= 0.07 x 90
= 6.3 kg .m/sec
The final result = (90 ± 6.3).

- An object of mass (5 ± 0.1) kg is moving at velocity (25 ± 1). Calculate the

expected error in measuring the kinetic energy of it if u get that K.E = ½
mv^2 .
Solution:
The kind is indirect measuring and the process is multiplication so,
Real value =½ x 5 x (25x25) = 1562.5 joule
The relative error = r mass + r velocity
= 0.05/2.5 + 1/625
= 0.0216
The absolute error = r x X0
= 0.0216 x 1562.5
= 33.75 joule .
The final result = (1562.5 ± 33.75).

- If x = (5 ± 0.1) cm and y = (10 ± 0.2) cm, calculate each of:

a. x+y
b. 2x+y
c. Xy
d. Xy2
Solution:
- x+y is indirect measuring and the process is summation
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= (5+10 ± 0.1+0.2)
X+y = (15 ± 0.3)
- 2x+y is indirect measuring and the process is summation
2x = (10 ± 0.2) , y = (10 ± 0.2)
2x+y= (20 ± 0.4)
- Xy is indirect measuring and the process is multiplication
Real = 5x10 = 50
Relative = 0.1/5 +0.2 /10 = 0.04
Absolute = 50 x 0.04 = 2
Xy = (50 ± 2)
- Xy2 is indirect measuring and the process is multiplication
Y2 = (100 ± 0.4), x = (5 ± 0.1)
Real = 100x5 =500
Relative = 0.4/100 +0.1/5 = 0.024
Absolute = 0.024 x 500 = 12
Xy2 = (500 ± 12)

Dimensional formula:
- it is the formula that express the derived physical quantities in terms of its
fundamental physical quantities which are " mass – length – time ".
- it is written on the form :
[A] = M±a L±b T±c
- where ,
M represents mass
L represents length
T represents time
± represents the process from which the derived quantity
Produced "times or divided"
a,b,c are the dimensions "numbers" of M,L,T respectively.

Note:
- the dimensions of any quantity must written in the previous form
MLT-1 not ML/T

What's the importance of knowing the dimensional formula?

- Knowing the dimensions of any derived physical quantity which help
knowing the factors which depend on and its unit.
- Prove if any physical equation is right or wrong.

How to write the dimensional formula?

- Write down the quantity in terms of its basics ones " mass, length, time"
in the form of the above relation .
- the following table will help us to solve the problems:

length velocity acceleration Area Volume Numbers Symbols

L,d,x,y,r,h,w V, Vi ,Vf a,g A Vol 1/2 , -1 Π
D,z,λ C .sin.cos.tan
L LT -1 LT -2 L 2 L 3 - -
meter m/s m/s2 m 2 m 3 - -
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Examples :
- find the dimensions and units for the following physical quantities:
" force – pressure – density – linear momentum – kinetic energy – work –
potential energy – impulse "
- write down the dimensions which equivalent to the following units:
" m/s2 – kgm/s – m-1 – kg/s2 – kg3m-2sec3 – sec – m/s "
- if x = yz and dimensions of x = MLT-2 and the dimensions of y = M0LT-2 .
find the dimensions of z?
- prove if the following physical equations are dimensionally right or
wrong?
a- Vol = Π r h
b- Vf = vi + gt
c- Vf2 = vi2 + 2ax
d- X = vit + 1/2 at2

Remark:
- Different dimensions on both sides of the relation confirms that it is
wrong.
- Having the same dimensions doesn’t mean for sure that the relation is
correct.
For example:
- K.E = 2mv2 , K.E = 1/2 mv2
- Both have the same dimensions while the correct one is K.E = 1/2 mv2
- If one of the physical quantities doesn't have mass, length or time we
expressed it as M0 ,L0 ,T0. where X0 = 1
- To make the sum. or sub. Between two physical quantities they must have
the same dimensions .while it is not important in times and divided.

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QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER
ONE
A- MULTIPLE CHOICE ANSWERING QUESTIONS

1. Key elements of measurement process include

a. Measuring tools b. measuring units c. The physical quantity d. all of them

2. A fundamental physical quantity is

a. time b. velocity c. force d. all of them

3. A derived physical quantity is

a. length b. mass c. time d. velocity

4. The unit of measuring mass in the British system is the

a. gram b. pound c. kilogram d. ton

5. The unit of measuring length in Gaussian system is the

a. centimeter b. meter c. kilometer d. foot

6. In the international system of units, the ampere is a basic unit for measuring
a. electric current intensity b. electric charge c. length d. luminous intensity

7. A common feature in the French (Gaussian) system, the British system and the metric
system is that they all measure
a. force in Newton b. length in meter c. mass in pound d. time in second

8 . The number of all the fundamental units in the international system of units are
a. three b. five c. seven d. nine

9. The unit of measuring the amount of material in the international system is the
a. kilogram b. pound c. mole d. gram
10. Candela is the measuring unit of the
a. luminous intensity in the international system b. temperature in the metric system
c. amount of material in the British system d. solid angle in Gaussian system

11. In the international system, Steradian is the measuring unit of

a. luminous intensity b. solid angle measure
c. angle measured d-amount of material

12. The vernier caliper is used to measure

a. mass b. velocity c. time d. length

13. The alloy used to make up the standard kilogram is of

a. gold and copper b. cesium and krypton
c. iridium and platinum d. no correct answer

14. A physical unit that is not derived in terms of other units is the
a. Kelvin b. Newton c. Joule d. Coulomb

15. The unit of measuring force in the international system is the Newton which is
equivalent to
a. kg m s b. kg m s2 c. kg m2 s d. kg m2 s2

16. The unit of measuring work in the international system (SI) is

a. kg m2s-2 b. N m c. Joule d. all of them

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17. If the measuring unit of a physical quantity is kg. m. s-1 , its dimensional formula is
a. MLT b. ML-1T2 c. MLT2 d. MLT-1

18. If the dimensional formula of a physical quantity is M 0 L0 T1 , the measuring unit of this
quantity is
a. kg m/s b. s1 c. kg m s d. kg m

19. The dimensional formula of acceleration is

a. L2T1 b. LT-2 c. LT-1 d. LT

20. The dimensional formula of mass is

a. ML0T0 b. MLT c. MLT2 d. M0LT0

21 . If “power” is the quotient of work and time, so:

1 . The unit of measuring power is
a. J/s b. N.m/s c. kg m2 /s3 d. all of them
2. Dimensions of power are
a. ML2T2 b. M2L2T3 c. M L2 T d. no correct answer.

22. If x = y z and dimensions of (x) are M L T2 and dimensions of (y) are M0 L T

dimensions of (z) are
a. MLT b. ML0T0 c.M0LT d. MLT
23 . The dimensional formula of area is
a. ML b. ML c. M2 d. L2

24. 0.00 1 can be written as

a. 104 b. 103 c. 10-3 d. 10-4

25. The value 105 is equal to

a. 100000 b. 10000 c. 0.0001 d. 0.0000 1

26. When you divide 104 by 107, the result equals

a. 102 b. 10-2 c. 1011 d. 10-3
27. The micro-meter equals
a. 102 m b. l03 m c. 10-6 m d. 109 m

28. One kilogram contains grams.

a. 10 b. 100 c. 1000 d. 10000

29 . The kilo-meter equals centimeter.

a. 10 b. 100 c. 1000 d. 105

30. In one centi-ampere, there are ………….. milli-ampere.

a.1 b. 10 c. 100 d. 1000

1
31. of a meter is called a
10 6
a. centimeter b. millimeter c. micrometer d. kilometer

32. 0.01 mg equals

a.10-3 kg b. 10-6k g c.10-5 g d.10-2 g

33. The most important reason for a measurement error is

a. environmental conditions b. wrong procedure
c. a defect in the measuring tool d. all of them

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34. Measuring the volume of a liquid using the graduated cylinder is considered as a
measurement.
a. complex b. complicated c. direct d. indirect

35. A student measured the length of a wooden bar. It was found to be 50.02 cm, while
the real value is 50 cm. Accordingly,
1 . The absolute error =
a. 50 cm b. 2 cm c. 0.2 cm d. 0.02 cm
2. The relative error =
a.50% b.10% c. 0.1% d. 0.04%

36. The best way to judge the accuracy of measurement is through

a. the absolute error b. the relative error
c . the product of the relative error and the absolute error d. all of them

B- EXTENDED RESPONSE ANSWERING QUESTIONS

1- A student measured the door length and he found it equal to 245 cm, while the real
value was 250 cm. Calculate the absolute error and the relative error for his
measurement.
(5 cm, 0.02 or 2%)
2-The mass of a moving body is 3.2±0.02 kg and its speed is 2.5±0.3 m/s. Calculate the
Absolute and relative error of
a) The mass b) The speed c) the kinetic energy
(0.02 kg, 0.00625, 0.3 m/s, 0.12, 9×10-5, 9×10-4 J)
3- If x = (5±0.3) and y = (10±0.5), find the value of
a) x+y b) xy c) 2x-y d) x2 y e) x y2
(15 ± 0.8, 50 ± 5.5, 0 ± 1.1, 250 ±42.5, 500 ± 80)
4- Suppose A = BC, where A has the dimension L/M and C has the dimension L/T. Then B
has the dimension:
A. T/M B. L2/TM C. TM/L2 D. L2T/M E. M/L2T

5- Suppose A = Bn Cm, where A has dimensions LT, B has dimensions L2T−1, and C has
dimensions LT2. Then the exponents’ n and m have the values:
A. 2/3; 1/3 B. 2; 3 C. 4/5; −1/5 D. 1/5; 3/5 E. 1/2; 1/2

6- A solid piece of lead has a mass of 23.94 g and a volume of 2.10 cm 3. From these data,
calculate the density of lead in SI units.

7- One cubic meter (1 m3) of aluminum has a mass of 2.70×103 kg, and the same volume
of iron has a mass of 7.86×103 kg. Find the radius of a solid aluminum sphere that will
balance a solid iron sphere of radius 2.00 cm on an equal-arm balance.

8- A sphere of radius (5.2 ± 0.1) cm, Calculate the absolute error and relative error of its
area and volume.

9- A parallelepiped of dimensions (3± 0.015) cm length, (2.5± 0.025) cm width and

(5± 0.1) cm height. Calculate both the absolute and relative error for the area.

10- A cylinder of diameter (4.2 ± 0.07) cm and height (3.2 ± 0.08) cm, calculate both the
absolute and the relative errors for it area and volume.

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Scalar and vector quantities

Introduction:
- In this chapter we will study the 2nd classification of the physical quantities
according to “the physical meaning".
- For every quantity there is what we called the physical meaning and we
aim always to complete this meaning.
- So we can classified the physical quantities in :

Physical quantities

Scalar quantities Vector quantities

- They are physical - They are physical

quantities which have quantities both magnitude
magnitude only. and direction.

- They are the physical - They are the physical

quantity which need only quantities which need both
magnitude to verify the magnitude and direction to
physical meaning. verify the physical meaning
- magnitude = "numerical and without the direction
value+unit". this meaning not complete.

Example: Example:
Mass Velocity
Time Force
Speed Displacement……. Etc
Distance …… Etc

N.B
- there are some physical quantities which can be both scalar and vector at
the same time such as
Distance displacement
Speed velocity

(1) Displacement (d):

- It’s a basic, vector physical quantity measured in unit of meter (m).
- Its dimensions (L).
- Defined as "it's the short straight line between two points (starting and
ending points).
N.B.
* There is a difference between displacement and distance as we
Mentioned before C B
- In the opposite example:
A body moves from (a) to (B), then stops at (C)
So … distance = AB + BC
Displacement = AC

A
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- Compare between distance and displacement:

Distance (d) Displacement (d)

- it’s the actual path covered by - it’s the short straight distance
the moving body between starting and ending
- Its defined also as it’s the point
magnitude of displacement. - its defined also as " it’s the
- Scalar quantity (has magnitude distance but in a certain
only ) direction "
- measured in meter (m) - vector quantity ( have
magnitude and direction )
- measured in meter (m)

What's meant by that the displacement of a body is 30 m?

- Its meant that "the short straight line covered by the body from its start
point to the end point in a certain direction is 30 m"

N.B:
-
Displacement = distance "when the motion be in straight line in one
direction"
Example:
Distance = displacement = AB =10cm A 10 cm B

- Displacement = zero "when both starting point and ending point be the
same"
Example:
Distance = 2 x AB = 20 cm
Displacement = zero A 10 cm B

- Except the two pervious cases we always notice that :

Displacement  distance

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Solved examples
*Predict the value of both distance and displacement in the following
figures

D C
(1) C C (2)

5 cm
A B
5 cm
A 10 cm B

- distance = AB+BC+CD - distance =  r

= 10+ 5+10 = 22/7 x 5
= 25 cm = 15.7 cm

- displacement = AD - displacement = AB = 2 x r
= 5 cm = 10 cm

(3) (4)
A
A,
B 5 cm
15 cm C

- distance = 2  r - distance = AB+BC 10 cm

= 2 x 22/7 x 5 = 15+10 B
= 31.4 cm = 25 cm

- displacement = zero - displacement = AC = 15-10=5 cm

(5)
B
5 cm

- distance = 3/4 x 2Π r
= 3/2 Π r
= 3/2{22/7 x 5 }
= 23.57 cm
- displacement = √ (5)2 +(5)2
= 5√2
= 7.07 cm

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N.B
- Also velocity can be vector and scalar
- Speed: is the scalar quantity and we used it in case of
Speedometer of car.
-velocity : is the vector quantity and we used it in case of
description of a journey.

Vector algebra
- The vector is represented by a directed straight line " "
- Its length represented the magnitude of the vector and its arrow
direction refers to the direction of the vector.
- We say that A = B if they have the same magnitude and
direction even if they have a different starting or ending points.
- We say that A= -B if they have the same magnitude but they have opposite
direction.
- The "-" charge before the vector quantity doesn’t refers to the
value but the direction.

N.B
- The sum between two vectors = zero if they have same
magnitude and opposite in direction.
- The sub. Between two vectors = zero if they have the same
magnitude and same direction.

Summation of two vectors:

- in summation two scalar quantities :
we made the sum between their magnitudes and they must
have the same unit and the result always scalar.
- In summation of two vector quantities:
Vector + vector = vector

Examples:
- Find the sum. Of two vectors A ,B which represented by 50 km east and 40
km north.
Solution:
- We can get the sum. By getting the value of (R)
as a magnitude and direction . 40
- from physagoras:
θ
- R = √(50)2 +(40)2 50
- = 64.03 = 64 km
Tan θ = opp./ adj
= 40/50 = 0.8 :. θ = 38۫ 39'
- R is the sum. Vector which equals 64 km in the direction which makes angle
equals 38 39' with the X-axis .

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01

N.B
- When two or more forces act on a body in different directions so,
the body moves in the direction of the greater force "resultant
force".

Resultant force "Rf":

- It’s a single "unique" force which has the same effect of the whole forces on
a body.

F1
RF

F2

Example:
- Find the resultant force of two forces FX = 4N and FY = 3N which acts on x-
axis and y-axis respectively.
Solution:
From Pythagoras :
RF2 = (3)2+(4)2
RF = √25 = 5N
Tan θ = 3/4 Rf
:. θ = 36 ۫ 87' 3
3
- So Rf is the resultant force which
equals 5N and acts in the direction θ
which makes 36 ۫ with x-axis. 4

Remark:
- When the two vectors affected on two different point as mentioned in the
example, we transfer one of the two axis and get the displacement.

Vector analysis “resolution of a vector”:

- It is the reciprocal process of the vector sum. Process in which:-
We resolved the resultant force into two perpendicular forces
Along the dimensions "x, y".

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
Fy
RF

θ Fx

Fg= mg

- we resolving RF in its two perpendicular components FX and FY

- The component FX is responsible for motion.
- The component Fy is always in equilibrium with Fg and canceled each others.
FX = F cos θ
FY = F sin θ
Example :
- if the resultant force which acts on a body Rf = 30 N and makes an angle θ
= 60 with x-axis .find the force components.
Solution:
FX = F cos θ
= 30 cos "60" Fy
= 30 x 1/2 F= 30
= 15 N
FY = F sin θ
= 30 sin "60" 60
= 30 √3/2 Fx
= 15 √3 N

N.B
- 15 N and 15√3 N doesn’t make 30 N ?? Try to solve .

Product of vectors:
- there are different forms of finding the product of two vectors:
1- scalar product "dot"
2- vector product " cross"

The scalar product"

- In this kind of product we don’t take the direction of the two vectors in
consideration as we need only their magnitudes.
- We called it the dot product and in it " the point of effect between the two
vectors don’t move.
- If A , B are two vectors we get their dot product as follows
A .B = AB cos θ

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
Where ;
A,B are the magnitude of the two vectors B
"." called dot
"θ" is the angle between them
θ
N.B :
A
- In scalar product
A.B = B.A
- Vector .vector = scalar.
- A.B=zero if they are perpendicular (θ=90)

Example:
- find the scalar product of A = 5, B=6 for A,B respectively
if you get θ = 30 ۫ between A,B
solution
A.B = AB cos θ
= 5x6 cos 30
= 15 √3

The vector product:

- In this kind of product we take the direction in our consideration because it
makes different .
- in vector product "cross" the point of effect also don’t move but it cause the
rotation of a third vector " action"
- if A , B are two vectors we get their vector product A ^ B as:
A ^ B = AB sin θ n
Where ;
A,B are the magnitude of the two vectors
"^" called cross
n is the direction of the third vector "c" the action .
n vector :
- It is defined as the vector unit in perpendicular direction on the
plane which include both A,B .
- its direction is the direction of "c" and we can get it by "right hand rule"
The right hand rule:
- it states that "twist your right hand from the 1st vector towards the 2nd
vector in the direction of the small angle between them the stretched finger
refers to the direction of the vector product "+" or "-" .
- it used to define the direction of the vector product " c " of the two vectors
A,B .
C
C = A ^ B = AB sin θn +

N.B:
- In vector product: -
1- A^B = B^A , But A^B = -B^A
2- Vector ^vector = vector. B
3- A^B=zero if they are parallel (θ=0). A θ
4- A.B=A^B if (θ=45)
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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
G.R
- The sum. Of two vectors have one probability while the
Product of them have twice.
Bec. In the sum " vector+vector = vector"
While in the product " vector . vector = scalar & vector^vector = vector".

Example:
- if the numerical value of the two vectors A,B are; A=5 and B = 10
find ,
- A.B
- A^B
- B^A IF θ = 60 ۫
Solution:
A.B = AB cos θ
= 5x10xcos60
= 25
A^B = AB sinθn
= 5x10xsin60
= 25√3n
B^A = - 25√3n

Compare between scalar product and vector product:

Scalar product Vector product

Direction
Don’t depend Depend
Point of
fixed Rotate
effect
Rule
A.B = AB cos θ A^B = AB sinθn
Result
scalar Vector
A^B = B^A ,
A.B = B.A
But A^B = -B^A

Compare between sum. Of vectors and product of them:

Product
Sum.

Point
of effect Moving Fixed or rotate

Rule
Displacement or
By mathematical rules
resultant
Result
May be scalar or vector
Vector only

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01

QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER
TWO
A- MULTIPLE CHOICE ANSWERING QUESTIONS

1. The scalar quantity can be fully defined by its

a. magnitude only b. direction only
c. both magnitude and direction d. no correct answer

2. The vector quantity can be fully defined by its

a. magnitude only b. direction only
c. both magnitude and direction d. no correct answer

3. A'mmar covers a distance of 0.5 km from home to school and the same distance back to
home. His displacement equals
a. Zero b. 0.5 km
c. 1 km d.0.25 km

4. An object moves along the circumference of a circle of radius (r). its displacement when it
moves a half revolution is
a. 2r b. r
1 1
c. r d. r
2 4

5. One of the scalar physical quantities is

a. length b. velocity
c. weight d. acceleration

6. All the following are scalar quantities, except

a. length b. velocity
c. mass d. time

7. A unit used to measure a vector quantity is the

a. second b. gram
c. Newton d. kilogram

8. An athlete covers a distance 250 m to East then returned 100 m to West. Thus,
1. The distance he moved equals
a. 250 m b.350 m c. 150 m d. l00 m
2 . The displacement of the athlete is
a. 350 m to East b.350 m to West c. 150 m to East d. 100 m to West

9. Two vectors are considered equal if they have the same

a. magnitude only. b. both magnitude and direction.
c. magnitude, direction and starting point.
d. magnitude and direction even if they start from different points.

10. In the opposite figure:

1. The resultant of the two forces =
a.10 N b.14 N
c.50 N d.100 N
2. The angle which the resultant makes with x-axis =
a.45° 15’ b.50°
c. 53° 7’ d. 60° 31’

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
11. The scalar product of two vectors A and B is determined by the relation
a. A B sin θ n b. 2 A B cos θ c. A B cos θ d. A B sin θ

12. The vector product of two vectors A and B is determined by the relation
a. A B sin θ n b. 2 A B cos θ c. A B cos θ d. A B sin θ

13. You are given two vectors C and D where C = 12, D = 16 and the angle between them is
30°. So,
1.Their dot product =
a. 96 b. 166.3 c. 192.4 d. 60.8
2 . Their cross product =
a. 96 n b.166.2 n c. 192.4 n d. 60.8 n

14. When applying the right hand rule:

1. The thumb is directed
a. to the first vector b. to the second vector
c . from the first vector to the second vector d. the cross product of the two
vectors
2. The fingers are directed
a. to the first vector b. to the second vector
c. from the first vector to the second vector
d. the solid angle between the two vectors

B- EXTENDED RESPONSE ANSWERING QUESTIONS

1- An object has moved from the position (A) to the position (B) then it
changed its direction to reach position (C) as shown in the figure. Find:
a. The covered distance.
b. The object displacement.
c. The distance and displacement when it returns to position (A).

(14 m, 10 m, 24 m, 0 m)

2- In the opposite diagram, find the distance and displacement

of an object when it moves from point (A) to point (C) then
back to (B).

(14 m, 10 m, 24 m, 0 m)

3- A rubber ball fell from 50 cm high and kept bouncing along a vertical
path as shown. Find the total distance it covered and its displacement.

(130 m, 50 m)

4- The opposite graph represents the relation between the

displacement of an object and time. Find its displacement and the
total distance covered.
( -10 m, 50 m)

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01

5- Find the distance and displacement when an object it moves along the
circumference of a circle of radius 7 m from point A to point B. Then find
the distance and displacement when it returns back to A.
(22 m, 14 m, 44 m, zero)

6- Use the opposite diagram to find the displacement and distance moved from A to
H given that the length of each side = 10 m.

(10 m in direction of AH, 70 m)

7- An object moves along the circumference of a circle of diameter 4 m. Find the distance
moved and its displacement when the object:
a. Covers half the circle. b. Completes one revolution.
c. Makes 1.75 revolutions.
(6.3 m, 4m, 12.6 m, 0 m, 22 m,2.828 m)

8- The second arm of a clock is of length 7 cm. find the distance covered and its displacement
when it moves for 30 seconds.
(22 cm, 14 cm)

9- In the opposite diagram, a person has moved from point (A) to point (E)
passing by the points (B), (C) and (D). Find his displacement and the distance
he moved.
(141.5 m, 200 m)

10- A ship sails to North at velocity 12 km/h. Due to tides, it is deviated to West at velocity 5
km/h . Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant velocity of the ship.
(13 km/h, in the Northern West direction)

11- Find the resultant of two forces; one of them acts in x-dimension where F = 16 N, while the
other acts in y-dimension where F = 9 N. Also, find the angle between the resultant force and
x-dimension.
(18.36 N, 29. 36° or 0.5124 rad)
12- If the resultant of two forces and Fx is Fy = 28.3 N and makes an angle 47. 86° to x-axis,
find F when Fy = 21 N (19 N)

13- Two forces F1 = F2 act on an object. If their resultant has magnitude 20 N and makes an
angle 45° to x-axis, find the magnitude of each of F1 and F2.
(14.14 N, 14.14 N)

14. Two perpendicular forces Fx and Fy act on an object where Fx = Fy = 80 N

a. The resultant force.
b. The angle between their resultant and x-axis.
c. Do the object move or remain stationary ? (113.13 N, 45°, moves)

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
15- A and B are two vectors having an angle 120o between them where the magnitude of (A) =
3 units and the magnitude of (B) = 5 units. Find:
a. Their dot product. b. Their cross product.
( - 7.5, 13 n)

16- Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant of two perpendicular forces (F1 and F2)
Where: F1 = 8 N and F2 = 6 N. Illustrate your answer by drawing vectors.
( 10 N)

17- In the opposite diagram two forces, F1 of magnitude 6 N and F2 of

magnitude 9 N act at a certain Gaussian point. Find the resultant force.

( 7.94 N)

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
QUESTIONS ON UNIT ONE

1- Write the scientific term:

a- The science concerned with interpretation of all natural physical
Phenomena.
b- The physical quantities which cant be expressed by other physical
quantities.
c- The physical quantities which can be expressed by other physical
quantities.
d- Standard references of measurable quantities that are help in special
labs.
e- Labs used to keep the standard units.
f- Cylinder of iridium and platinum has fixed dimensions kept at 0C
g- A comparison between two physical quantities of the same kind to know
many times of the first include the second.
h- A simplest mathematical form to express the physical quantities.
i- Physical quantities represent constant values which don’t change from
experiment to another.
j- Physical quantities which characterized by magnitude only.
k- Physical quantities which characterized by both magnitude and
direction.
l- Using the logic of the expectations of the result and never accept the
at face value.

2- Choose the correct answer:

1- from the basic physical quantities is …………
a. electric charge. B. force c. energy d. electric current
2- All the following are basic quantities except ………….
a. mass b. distance c. electric charge d. potential difference
3- All the following are drivable quantities except …………
a. velocity b. energy c. acceleration d. time
4- The measuring unit of time in international system of units is ………..
a. minute b. second c. hour d. day
5- Coulomb is the measuring unit of …………..
a. capacitance b. resistance c. charge d. force
6- …………. Is the measuring unit of capacitance.
a. volt b. ampere c. farad d. coulomb
7- The ribbon meter from ……….. Measuring instrument.
a. analog b. digital c. simple d. complex
8- ………… is equivalent to 1/100 in meter.
a. millimeter b. decimeter c. micrometer d. centimeter
9- The magnitude 104 equals …………..
a. 100000 b. 10000 c. 0.001 d. 0.0001
10- 1 mm equals ………….
a. 102m b. 103m c. 10-3m d. 10-2m

11- The radius of hydrogen atom depending on the common sense equals
…………..
a. 7.8 cm b. 5x10-11m c. 10-4 km d. 102 mm

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
12- ………. Is from the scalar physical quantities.
a. length b. velocity c. displacement d. acceleration
13- To denote the physical quantities we use ………… letters.
a. Latin b. Arabic c. English d. Greek

3- Put (√) or (x) and correct the wrong ones:

1- The physical universal laws are never contradicting with each
other ( )
2- Acceleration is a basic quantity ( )
3- Mass, length and time are basic quantities ( )
4- Force is a basic quantity and measured in kilogram ( )
5- Coulomb is the measuring unit of electric resistance ( )
6- The ribbon meter from instruments depend on the direct
reading ( )
7- The instruments depend on pointers are called digital instruments ( )
8- The physical constants are changed from experiment to another
according to the surrounding conditions. ( )
9- The physical constants may have measuring units or not ( )
10- one kilometer equals 1/1000 meter ( )
11- Femto second = 10-17 sec ( )
12- Force is a scalar quantity ( )
13- Mass is a vector quantity ( )
14- The number of Latin letters is greater than that of Greek letters ( )

4- Give reasons for:

1- Understanding and analyzing the universal physical laws is important
2- Velocity is a drivable physical quantity
3- Acceleration can't be added to distance
4- Cesium plays an important role in measuring the time
5- It is impossible to measure any physical quantity with 100% accuracy
6- Their must be an error in measuring any physical quantity
7- The vector quantities are different from the scalar quantities
8- Greek letters are used instead of Latin letters in expressing the physical
quantities
9- Calculation of the physical quantities should not be more accurate than
using the measuring instrument
10- Not seeing objects does not mean that they are not exist
11- Physics science is an accumulated science

5- Define the following:

a- The physics science
b- The physical basic quantity
c- The physical drivable quantity
d- Standard units
e- Calibration labs.
f- Standard kilogram
g- Measurement
h- The mathematical equation
i- The physical constants
j- Scalar quantities
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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
k- Vector quantities
l- Common sense

6- Compare between the following;

a- the basic quantity and the drivable quantity (give examples)

b- Types of measuring instruments
c- Scalar quantities and vector quantities

7- Explain the importance of studying physics?

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
*
A QUESTIONS

1- What are the characteristics of the universal basic laws?

2- Mention the task of the student of physics.

3- Study the following physical quantities then answer:

( velocity – force – distance – energy – mass – elec. charge –
acceleration – potential diff. – temperature – capacitance – time ).
a- determine which of the pervious physical quantities is basic and which is
drivable.
b- Mention the measuring units used for each physical quantity (show your
answer in table)

4- Mention the physical quantity which is measured by the following

units:
a- ampere
b- Ohm
c- N/m2
d- Kg m/s
e- Joule

5- Mention one use for each of the following:

a- cesium element
b- Alloy of iridium and platinum

6- Complete the following:

a- 102  1012 = ………..
b- 1 mm = ………. m
c- 20 km = …….. m
d- 50 ……… . = 0.05 kg
e- 1/100 m = ………….Cm
f- 10-6m = …………..  m

7- Which of the following numbers are logic and which are not?
a- The distance between earth and moon is 5x10-3 km
b- The area of a flat is 200 km2
c- The weight of a child is 15x10-3kg
d- The radius of hydrogen atom = 0.5x10-10m

8- Find the unknown (x) without using calculator, and then compare
result by using calculator:
a- X = 112 x 1001 x 6.227
1.004
b- X = 78.114 x 4.456
22.505 x 9.8

9- Mention what you know about the common sense.

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
EXAMINATIONS QUESTIONS

Cairo governorate
*Define
- Standard kilogram – scalar quantity – vector quantities
*Give reason
-The weight is a vector quantity
-The standard second is calibrated by the atomic cesium watch
- No measurements can be done with 100% accuracy.
- We can't add force to energy.
*Choose
- The unit of electric potential is …………….
a- volt b- ampere c- volt/sec d-joule
- The basic quantities include……………..
a- electric charge b- energy c- electric capacity d- electric force
- Ampere is the unit for measuring the ……………
a- current intensity. b- Resistance
d- Potential difference e- quantity of electricity
- From the derived quantities ………….
a- mass b- electric charge c- electric current
*Complete
- The unit of force is ……….. Or ……….. While the unit of electrical energy is
………. Or ………
- A …………. Quantity needs only magnitude to be identified, while the……….
quantity needs both magnitude and direction
- A vector quantity is completely defined by ………………
*scientific term
- Instrument use pointer to measure a physical quantity
*prove that
- m/s2 = N/Kg

Helwan governorate
*Choose
- Farad is the measuring unit of ………..
a- current intensity b- resistance c- capacitance

Ismailia governorate
*Choose
- All the following are vector quantities except ………..
a- force b- impulse c- work d- momentum

Port Said governorate

*Choose
- A simple mathematical form to express the physical quantities ……..
a- physical constant b- mathematical equation c- numerical sense
*What is meant by?
- Science of physics

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
Damietta governorate

*choose
- The unit of the electric capacity is…………
a. ampere b. ohm c. farad
*correct the underlined words
- Newton = kg.m2/s2

Minia governorate
*G.R
- No measurement can be done with 100% accuracy
*write scientific term
- They are just a short hand for concepts.

Assiut governorate
*Scientific term
- It’s the science seeks the interpretation and cosmologic phenomena and
understanding of how things work

Aswan governorate
* Scientific term
- An abbreviated form for physical description that is too long to be done by
words
*write down the physical quantity
- a. N.m2/kg2 b. N.m

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01

MOTION IN A STRAIGHT
LINE
- In nature, there are two states for any object:

Static state Dynamic state

*it’s the state in which the *it’s the state in which the
object doesn’t change its body can change its
position relative to the position from one point to
position of a fixed point as another as time passes
time passes
Motion:
- It is the change in the body position as time passes relative to a fixed other
body.

Types of motion

(1) Translational motion (2) Periodic motion

*it’s the motion in which the *it’s the motion in which the
body moves between two fixed body repeats its motion every
points (starting point and ending definite time called period and
point). doesn’t have a starting or ending
point.
* Its path
*its path
(1) Straight line
- Train or car motion (it (1) Closed path
considered as the simplest type of - Circular motion as (satellite
motion). around earth, planets around sun)
(2) Curved line - Rotational motion as (car's
- Projectile motion wheels)
(parabola) (2) Vibration motion
As (simple pendulum, spiral
spring)
(3) Wave motion
As (transverse wave)
N.B.
- To study the motion of objects, we should know some physical quantities
related to the motion of the objects.
Such as …. Displacement, velocity and acceleration.
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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
(1) Displacement (d):
- It’s a basic, vector physical quantity measured in unit of meter (m).
- Its dimensions (L).
- Defined as "it's the short straight line between two points (starting and
ending points).
- We discussed it in details in the previous unit.

(2) Velocity (v):

- If a car moves and covers a displacement ΔX in period of time Δt we can
Determine the average velocity as:

Δv = ΔX/ Δt (Δ means change)

From the previous relation we can define velocity as:

- It’s a drivable, vector physical quantity measured in unit of (m/s) or
(Km/h).
- Its dimensions are (LT-1).
- Defined as " it’s the rate of change of displacement"
Or
"The displacement covered by a moving body in unit of time”
Or
“ it is the ratio between displacement and time.”

N.B.
- Velocity is a vector quantity bec. It's a product of a vector quantity
(displacement) and a scalar quantity (time).
- To convert from:
* (m/s) to (Km/h) X (18/5)
* (Km/h) to (m/s) X (5/18)
- There is a difference between speed (scalar) and velocity (vector)
Bec. Velocity depends on both magnitude and direction while speed
depends on magnitude only.

What is meant by?

A car moves with a velocity 30 m/s?
- It is means that "the displacement covered by the car in one second is 30
m/s.

Types of velocity:
- we can classify velocity into six forms according to their type &
displacement covered .
- (speed – velocity) (average velocity – instantaneous velocity) (uniform
velocity – no uniform velocity).

1- according to its type:

- it classifies into two types :
- speed scalar
- velocity vector

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01

Speed Velocity

- It is the distance covered in unit of - It is the displacement covered in

time . unit of time.
- speed = distance / time - Velocity = displacement / time
- Scalar quantity. - Vector quantity.
- Always +ve - Can be +ve or –ve .

2- according to the displacement covered:

- it classified into two types :

Average velocity:
- " it’s the total displacement covered by the body in the total period of
time "
and can determined by :
V av = Total displacement (∆x)
Total time (∆t)

Instant velocity:
- "it’s the short displacement in short period of time"
Which used in determining the cars velocity by the radar.
Or
- it is the velocity of an object at a given instant.

N.B
- There is a big difference between the average velocity and the average
speed.

Examples :
- from the opposite figure find:
a. the average speed
b. the average velocity

Solution:

34
 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
- If the person in the example returned to its car in 0.6 h . Find the average
velocity and the average speed.

Solution:

- from the given graph find:

a. The average speed.
b. The average velocity.

Solution:

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
3- According to the type of the displacement covered:
- Uniform (regular) velocity.
- Non-uniform (irregular) velocity.

Types of velocity

Uniform velocity Non-uniform velocity

(equal in equal) (un equal in equal)

- It is the velocity of a moving - It’s the velocity of a moving

body which covers equal body which covers unequal
displacements in equal periods displacements in equal
of time. periods of time or reverse.
- Graphically represented by a - Graphically it is represented
straight line by a curved line.
- In this velocity the body moves - In this velocity the body
in a constant magnitude. moves in a variable
magnitude.

The graphical representation of velocity

 the relation which describe the graph is the linear relation

Y =M X

The The physical The physical

physical quantity quantity on
quantity required to x- axis
on y-axis be
represented

N.B
- The average velocity can be equal to the instant velocity if the
body moving with uniform velocity .

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
(3) Acceleration (a):
- We say that the moving body makes acceleration or the motion is
considered as an acceleration motion if the body "change its velocity" with
passing time.
- if there is change there is an acceleration
- if there is no change there is no acceleration

N.B
- No change in velocity means:
a. the body is constant. " v= 0 , a=0 "
b. the body moves with a uniform velocity. " v=value , a= 0 "

- If the velocity of a car changes during intervals (periods) of

time, the rate of change in velocity is called "acceleration"
and can be given by:

a = Δv/Δt
From the previous relation we can define acceleration as:
- Its derived, vector physical quantity measured in unit of
(m/s2) or (Km/h2).
- Its dimensions are (LT-2).
- defined as " it is the ratio between the change in velocity
and the change in time"
Or
“It is the change in velocity covered by a moving body in
unit of time"
Or
"It’s the rate of change of velocity in any of value or
direction" ……..?

N.B.
- Acceleration is a vector quantity because it is resulted from dividing a
vector quantity (change of velocity) and a scalar quantity (time).
- Acceleration changes relative to the shape of path of the motion
If the motion:
Along X – axis normal acceleration Change in
Along Y – axis free fall acceleration magnitude
Closed path (circle) centripetal acceleration

What is meant by that the acceleration of a moving body is 5 m/s2?

- Its means that the rate of change in the velocity of this body equals 5
m/s.

How to solve problems?

- If a body starts its motion by initial velocity (V0) and ends its motion
by final velocity (Vf), so its acceleration can given by the relation.

a = Vf – V0
Δt

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
- Different conditions of acceleration:
(1) Zero acceleration if Vf = Vi, we say that the body moves by
constant velocity (there is no change) so the acceleration
(a) = zero.
(2) +ve acceleration if Vf  Vi, we say that the body moves by
+ve acceleration due to the increase in velocity.
(3) –ve acceleration if Vf  Vi, we say that the body moves by
–ve acceleration or (retardation, deceleration). Due to the n
decrease in velocity.

N.B.
- If the moving body "comes from rest" we take Vi = zero.
- If the moving body "comes to rest" we take Vf = zero.
- if the body used "the brakes" vf > vi
- if the body moves with "uniform velocity" a = zero
- Acceleration is always relative to "irregular velocity"

Solved examples:
(1) A boat starts from rest and its velocity reaches 2.5 m/s.:
Find: (a) its acceleration.
(b) Type of acceleration (give reason).
Solution

a = Vf – V0 V0 = zero, Vf = 2.5 m/s

Δt
= 2.5 – 0 t = 30 sec
30
= 0.083 m/s2

* The acceleration is +ve because Vf  Vi .

(2) A car moves with a velocity 30 m/s. when the brakes are
applied, it stops after 15 sec.:
Find: (a) its acceleration.
(b) Type of acceleration (give reason).
Solution

a = Vf – V0 V0 = 30 m/s, Vf = zero
Δt
= 0 – 30 t = 15 sec
15
= - 2 m/s2

* The acceleration is -ve (deceleration) because Vf  V0 .

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
Types of acceleration

(1) Uniform acceleration (2) Non- uniform acceleration

"Equal in equal" "Unequal in equal"

- It’s the acceleration of a - It’s the acceleration of a body

body that moves by equal that moves by unequal changes
changes in velocity in equal in velocity in equal periods of
periods of time. time or reverse.

- Graphically, it is represented - Graphically, it is represented by

by a straight line. a curved line..

- constant value at any point. - variable values at every point.

Graph representations of acceleration

Uniform Constant Acceleration +ve

St. line

Non
Uniform Decleration -ve
variable

Curved

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QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER
ONE
A- MULTIPLE CHOICE ANSWERING QUESTIONS

1. The motion has a starting point and end point.

a. periodic b. translational c. vibrational d. oscillatory

2. Motion in a straight line is considered as motion.

a. periodic b. translational c. vibrational d. wave

3. An example of the periodic motion is that of

a. cars in curves. b. moons around planets.
c. projectiles. d. a ball down an inclined plane.

4. The motion of the tuning fork prongs on vibration is a ………. motion.

a. translational b. vector c. periodic d. projectile

5. All the following are periodic motion, except ……. motion.

a. Train b. Earth’s c. swing d. pendulum

6. The rate of change of displacement is

a. velocity b. acceleration c. force d. distance

7. The unit (m/s) is the unit of measuring

a. displacement x time b. velocity x time
c. displacement per unit time d. velocity per unit time

8. If a car is moving in a straight line to cover a distance of 600 m in a minute, the car
velocity is
a. 300 m/s b. 600 m/s c. 240 m/s d. 10 m/s

9. The rate of change of displacement at a given instant is called the

a. average velocity b. instantaneous velocity
c. average acceleration d. instantaneous acceleration

10. The ratio between total displacement and total time is the
a. instantaneous velocity b. average velocity c. speed d . variable velocity

11. If an object starts motion from rest and speeds up at a constant rate till its velocity
becomes 30 m/s during 10 s. this motion is at acceleration
a. 3 m/s2 b.4 m/s2 c. 5 m/s2 d. 40 m/s2

12. The rate of change of velocity is

a. acceleration b. force c. variable velocity d. instantaneous velocity

13. Acceleration is a
a. vector quantity whose unit is m/s b. scalar quantity whose unit is m/s2
c. vector quantity whose unit is m/s2 d. scalar quantity whose unit is m/s

14. Dimensions of acceleration are

a. LT b. LT2 c. LT-2 d. LT-1

15. An object is moving at a constant velocity 10 m/s for 5 s. Its acceleration equals
a. 5 m/s2 b. 25 m/s2 c. 1 m/s2 d. zero

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
16 . A car took 4 seconds to have a velocity eight times its initial velocity. The ratio
between the initial velocity and the acceleration is
a half b. double c. three times d. four times

17. When an object moves at negative acceleration in a straight line, its…..

a. instantaneous velocity equals its average velocity
b. velocity increases c. velocity decreases d. displacement equals zero

B- EXTENDED RESPONSE ANSWERING QUESTIONS

1. A car moves in a straight road at a uniform velocity so that it passes by the (200
km) sign at 10:00 AM and by the (600 km) sign at 01:00 PM. Find the car velocity.

2. A car has covered a distance of 600 km in 8 hours. What is its average speed? Does
its instantaneous speed differ than its average speed ? Why?

3. A body moves at a speed of 180 km/h . calculate the distance it covers in a 10

minutes.

4. Calculate the average speed in km/h for an athlete who covered a distance of 6000
m in 30 minutes. Then, find the distance covered in 45 minute from start if the
average speed was kept unchanged.

5. A car has moved from rest to speed up uniformly and reach velocity of 90 km/h
during
10 s . Find the acceleration of the car motion

6. A car was moving at velocity 30 m/s. When its brakes were applied, it slowed down
uniformly till stopped after 1 minute. Find:
a. The average velocity of the car.
b. The acceleration of its motion and its type.

Graphical Relationships:
9. Use the opposite graph to find:
a. The total distance.
b. The object displacement.
c. The velocity during the first five seconds.
(20 m , Zero, 2 m/s)

10. Study the opposite graph and answer:

a. Describe the motion during the 12 s.
b. Calculate the acceleration of motion in each
section.
c. Find the distance covered by the object as it
moves from B to C.

(Non-uniform velocity, 5 m/s2, zero, -5m/s,

80m)

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01

Motion at uniform
acceleration
Equations of motion with a uniform acceleration

- They are a combination between the three physical quantities

which describe the motion of any moving body with a uniform
accelerations in three equations called the "the equations of
motion".
- This equations are:

Vf = Vi+at ……………… (1)

X = Vit+½at2 ………….. (2)

Vf2 = Vi2+2aX ………….. (3)

Proof:
*The 1st equation (relation between velocity and time):
If a moving body starts its motion with initial velocity (V1) then it speed up its
velocity with acceleration (a) in a period of time (t) till it reaches to its final
velocity (V2).
So, acceleration can be given by:
a = Vf – Vi Vf
T
at = Vf- Vi

Vf = Vi+at
Vi
Where, at is the value of velocity increasing. Slope = a t
* The 2nd equation (relation between distance and time):

- suppose that the body moves with a uniform acceleration (equal change in
velocity value in equal times) it means that the body during its motion
increased its velocity with a constant value of velocity called (average velocity)
which can be given from:
X
Vav = (V1 + V2)/2
So, the distance covered by the body during
the motion equals
X = Vav . t
= (V1 + V2)/2 . t
= (V1 + V1+at) /2 . t
Vit
t2
X = Vit+½at2 Slope = ½a

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
* The 3rd equation (relation between velocity and distance):
- By squaring both sides of the 1st equation we find that,
(V2)2 = (V1 + at)2
V22 = V12 + 2V1 at + a2t2 Vf2
= V12 + 2a (V1t +½at2)

Vf2 = Vi2+2aX
Vi2

Slope = 2a X

Solved examples:
(1) A motorcycle moves by acceleration 4 m/s2, find its velocity after 6 sec if it
starts from rest.
Solution:

Vf = Vi+at V2 = ?
= 0+4x6 a = 4 m/s2
= 24 m/s V1 = zero , t= 6 sec

(2) A train moves by velocity of 20 m/s and decelerates by 2 m/s2 when the
brakes are applied.
Find: (a) the time taken to stop.
(b) The distance covered till it stops.
Solution:

Vf = Vi+at a= -2 m/s2
0 = 20+ (-2) t V2= zero
2t = 20 V1=20 m/s
T= 10 sec. t=?
X=?
d = V1t+½at2
= 20x10+½(-2) (10)2
= 200 – 100
= 100 m

(3) A car moves at initial speed 15 m/s. it reaches a speed of 20 m/s in 2.5
sec. calculate the acceleration assuming that it is uniform.
Solution:

Vf = Vi+at V1 = 15 m/s
20 = 15+a x 2.5 V2= 20 m/s
2.5a = 20-15 t = 2.5 sec
a = 5/2.5 a=?
= 2 m/s2

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(4) A jumbo jet (Boeing 747) lands. It touches the ground at speed of 160
m/s, and takes 32 sec to rest (halt). Find the acceleration of this jet.
Solution:

Vf = Vi1+at V1=160 m/s

0 = 160+ax 32 V2= zero
32a= 0-160 t = 32 sec
a = -160/32 a=?
= - 5 m/s2

Another type of problems:

(5) A body moves according to the relation x= 14t+10t2 calculate:
(a) The initial velocity of body.
(b) The acceleration of body.
(c) The distance covered after 5 sec.
Solution:
* To solve this type of problems, find the similar equation to the given
relation.

d = Vit+½at2 ………………. (1)

X = 14t+10t2 ………………… (2)
By similarity:

* Vit = 14t
Vi = 14 m/s

* ½ at2=10t2
½ a = 10
a = 20 m/s2

* d = Vit+½at2
= 14x5+½ (20x25)
= 70 +250
= 320 m

(6) A car travels at a uniform velocity of 20 m/s for 5 sec the brakes are then
applied and the car comes to rest with uniform retardation in a further 8 sec.
draw a sketch graph of velocity against time how far does the car travel after
the brakes are applied .
Solution: v
Vf = Vi+at
20
0 = 20+ax8 m/s
-20=8a
a = -2.5 m/s2

d = Vit+½at2
= 20x8+½ (-2.5) (8)2
=160 – 80 = 80 m.

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Free fall acceleration

- When a body allowed to falls freely to the ground, its initial velocity V1=zero
(starts from rest) and moves downwards under the effect of gravity, its
velocity increases gradually until it reaches its maximum value at the moment
it touches the ground.
* This body moves with uniform acceleration called "free fall acceleration".
* It defined as "it’s the uniform acceleration gained by the body due to
gravity".

We can determine the free fall acceleration by two ways:

- 1st graphically
- from the opposite expriement, we can plote agraph V1=0
Relation between ( velocity –time) or (distance – time Velocity
Square). And determine it from the slope as following inc.
Distance
dec.
Accelera-
tion
V X constant

V2=max

t t2
- The slope = Δv/Δt - The slope = Δx/Δt2
=g =½g
- g = slope - g = 2x slope

* 2nd mathematically
- From the 3rd equation of motion:
V22 = V12+2aX…………… (1)
* The motion on y-axis. So, distance will be (y) instead of (x)
* The acceleration is free fall. So, acceleration will be (g) instead of (a)
- The equation becomes
V22 = V12+2gy…………… (2)

If, V1 = zero
V22 = 2gy
g = V22/y
= 9.8 m/s2

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
N.B.
- Free fall acceleration is a constant number always constant during the
motion, but it varies from one place to another on earth's surface due to the
difference distances from the earths center. So its magnitude at two poles is
greater than at the equator.

- Free fall acceleration has one magnitude but have two directions
- Free fall (downward) +ve value
- Thrown up (upward) -ve value

Give reason:
- When the object falls freely its velocity increase.
Because when the object falls down the direction of its velocity and its
acceleration are same so velocity increase.
- When the object projected vertically its velocity decrease.
Because when the object threw upward the direction of its velocity is
opposite to the direction of acceleration so the velocity decrease.
- At the maximum height for a projected object the velocity =zero.
Because the object kinetic energy at this point equals zero so the velocity of
it also equals zero.
- Although the velocity at the maximum height equals zero , the
acceleration doesn't equal zero.
Because the acceleration in this case is the acceleration due to gravity which
value is approximately constant so it doesn't equals zero.

V V

T T
- When the body falls freely - When the body is thrown up
downward. vertically.
1- Its initial velocity V1= 0 1- Its initial velocity V1= max.
2- Its velocity inc. gradually 2- Its velocity dec. gradually
till it reaches maximum at till it reaches zero at max.
earth's surface height.
3- g has +ve magnitude 3- g has –ve magnitude

Solved examples:
(1) A solid object falls freely from a high building and reaches the ground
after 8 sec. knowing that the acceleration due to gravity (g=9.8 m/s2)
Find:
(a) The height of the building.
(b) The velocity with which the body strikes the ground.

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
Solution:
- y = VIt+½gt2
= 0+½ x9.8 x (8)2 V1= zero
= 313.6 m. g = 9.8 m/s2
t = 8 sec
- VF= VI+gt V2 = ?
= 0+9.8 x 8 y=?
= 78.4 m/s

(2) A ball is projected upward vertically by a velocity 98 m/s.

Find:
(a) The max. Height that the body can reach
(b) The time taken to reach that height (g = 9.8m/s2)
Solution:
- Vf2 = Vi2+2gy
0 = (98)2 + 2(-9.8) y V1= 98 m/s2
0 = 9604 – 19.6 y V2= zero
19.6 y = 9604 g = 9.8 m/s2
Y = 490 m t=?
X=?
- Vf = Vi+gt
0 = 98+ (-9.8) t
0= 98- 9.8 t
9.8 t = 98
t = 10 sec

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
Projectiles
- Projectile is an example of translational motion in a curved path.
For example,

Motion in st. line vertical Projectile Projectile in 2 dimensions

Vertical Projectile
- It is a projectile in which the body projected vertically upwards as a threw up
and due to the air force it turns back in a curved path as shown:
At max. Height
vf = vi = zero

Distance Distance
Time = Time
Velocity Velocity
A B

Velocity dec. Velocity inc.

Vi = max Vf = max

Threw up Free fall

g = -ve g = +ve

N.B
- The vertical projectile considered as a combination between free fall and
thrown up.
- All the points’ lies at the same horizontal plane on the vertical projectile have
the same
a- Distance “height”.
b- Time.
c- Magnitude of velocity but in opposite directions.

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Remarks:
- In vertical projectile we applied the equations of motion in case of y-axis.
- At the maximum height both the initial and the final velocities are equal
zero.
- The time of rise for the vertical projectile = the time of its fall.
- The time of flight = 2 x time of rise
- The initial velocity when the projectile projected = the final velocity when it
comes to the same point of projection.

Solved example:
- If a body threw up with an initial velocity 10 m/sec to reach a maximum
height after 3 sec. then it fell inside a wheel to reach its bottom after 10 sec.
calculate the depth of the wheel. If you get that (g=10 m/s2).
Solution
Vi = vf =10 m/sec
Time of rise = time of fall = 3 sec
Time of falling inside wheel = 10-6=4 sec
Y = vit + ½ gt2
= 10 x 4 + ½ 10 x (4)2
= 120 meter.

Projectiles in two dimensions

Introduction:
- It is an object projected at an inclination angle (θ) to make a curved path.
- The object projected with an initial velocity Vi which be analyzed into its two
normal components.
Vix = Vi cos θ
Viy = Vi sin θ
- The horizontal component of velocity (Vix)
1- is responsible for making the range.
2- Have a constant value as a magnitude and direction as Vix = Vfx
3- No acceleration on X- axis , no equations of motion.
- The vertical component of velocity (Viy)
1- is responsible for making the maximum height.
2- Have a changeable value in velocity as a magnitude and direction
Viy = Vfy
3- There is an acceleration due to gravity on y-axis so equations of motion
are applied.

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Viy

Vix
Vix
Max.height
Viy

θ˚
Range

Determination of the height value:

- It depend on ( Viy – Vfy – g – h )
From the 3rd equation
Vfy2 = Viy2 + 2gh h = -Viy2 / 2g
0 = Viy2 + 2gh
- Viy2 = 2gh

Determination of the time of rise:

- it depend on ( Viy – Vfy – g – t )
From the 1st equation
Vfy = Viy +gt t = - Viy / g
0 = Viy +gt
- Viy = gt

Determination of the range:

- doesn’t depend on equations of motion
Displacement = velocity x time
Range = Vix X 2t R = 2t . Vix

Remarks:
- Angle (θ˚):
a- θ must be between the projectile and the x-axis and if θ between the
vertical so θ = 90- θvert
b- If θ = 45˚ so Vix = Viy and we have a maximum range.
c- If θ = 90˚ so it doesn’t represent a projectile in two dimensions and we
have a maximum height.
d- If two canons are projected by a complementary angles (sum of their
angles = 90˚). They made the same range.
- At max. Height:
a- value of Vfy = 0 and the projectile continue its motion with Vix.
b- The range becomes half its value.
- The velocity at any instant (t):
a- horizontal component Vfx = Vix .
b- Vertical component Vfy = Viy +gt
c- Final velocity Vf = √Vfx2 +Vfy2

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
Solved examples:
1- An object is projected at initial velocity 20 m/s at an angle 60˚to the
horizontal. Find:
a- The horizontal component of the object velocity.
b- The initial vertical component of the object velocity.
c- The vertical component of the object velocity after one second from
projection.
Solution:
Vix = vi cosθ
= 20 cos60 = 10 m/sec.
Viy = vi sinθ
= 20 sin60 = 10√3 m/sec.
Vfy = viy + gt
= 10√3 + (-9.8 x 1)
= 7.5 m/sec.

2- Use the data given in the figure to find the projection velocity of a canon
ball that is required to hit the ship. (g=10 m/s2).
Solution:
- h= viy2/2g
200 =viy2/20
Viy2 = 4000
Viy =20√10 m/sec.
- t = viy/g
= 20√10/10
= 2√10 sec. 200 m
- R= 2xtx vix
2000 = 2 x 2√10 x vix
Vix = 2000/ 4√10 1000 m
= 158.11 m/sec.

3- A person projected a stone upwards at an angle 30˚to the horizontal. The

stone returned to the same plane 10 seconds later. Given that free fall
acceleration= 10 m/sec2, find:
a- The vertical component of its velocity on projection.
b- The horizontal component of its velocity on projection.
c- Maximum height reached by the stone.
Solution:
- t = viy/g
5 = viy/10
Viy = 50m/sec.
- viy= vi sinθ
Vi = 50/sin30
Vi = 100 m/sec.
Vix = vi cosθ
= 100 cos 30
= 50√3 m/sec.
- Height = viy2/2g
=(50)2/20
= 125 meter.
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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
Experimental work
(1) Experiment to determine the acceleration due to gravity by using
drops of water:

(a) Theoretically
- Free fall acceleration (g):
- It’s a derived, vector physical quantity its dimensions are LT-2 and
measured in units of m.s-2 or km.h-2 and defined as:
- It’s the rate of change in velocity of a body moves along the y-aixs .
- It’s a uniform acceleration, have a constant value and two directions .
- Scientific idea:
"Measuring the time taken by a drop of water from a certain height
(d) and calculating the acceleration due to gravity (g) ".
- Deduction:
y = V1t+½gt2 , y=d , V1= zero

d = ½gt2 g = 2d/t2

(b) Experimentally
- Apparatus used:
"Jar filled with water, metallic plate, ruler and stopwatch".
- Steps:
1- Put the metallic plate under the tap at
a distance of 1m.
2- Adjust the tap to fall the drops uniformly
Where you can hear one drop at the same
Time the 2nd one falls from the tab.
3- Record the time taken to fall 50 drops and
Then the time taken for 1 drop from:

T = total time of drops / Number of drops

4- Repeat the previous steps then calculate
The "Δt"for the drop then calculates "t2".
5- Calculate "g" from g = 2d/t2

Slope = 1/2 g
g = 2 x slope

T2

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QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER
TWO
A-MULTIPLE CHOICE ANSWERING QUESTIONS

1. A motorcyclist started motion from rest at a uniform acceleration 1.5 m/s2. Its velocity
has reached to 7 .5 m/s through a displacement of
a. 11.25 m b. 18.75 m c. 187.5 m d. 1875 m

2. When an object started motion from rest at a uniform acceleration, its final velocity vf
= ....
1
a. ( v i  a t ) b. ( a t ) c. ( a t2 ) d. ( 2 a d )
2
3. An object started motion from rest at a uniform acceleration 2 m/s 2 to cover a
displacement of 100 m in time of
a. 2.5 s b. 5 s c. l0 s d. 20 s

4. If an object starts motion from rest and takes time (t) which is numerically equal to the
magnitude of its uniform acceleration to reach a final velocity of 16 m/s, the magnitude
of its uniform acceleration =
a. 2 m/s2 b. 4 m/s2 c. 8 m/s2 d. 16 m/s2

5. The graph labeled represents the motion of an object that has initial velocity (v i) and
speeds up at uniform acceleration ( a ) during time ( t ).

6. The graph labeled and speeds up uniformly represents the motion of an object at zero
initial velocity

7. The slope of the straight line in the (displacement — square of time) graph for an
object that has started motion from rest equals
a v
a. 2 a b. v2 c. d.
2 2
8. When an object is projected vertically upwards , its time of rising is …. time of falling.
a. double b . greater than c. equal to d. smaller than

9. When an object is projected vertically upwards, it

a. speeds up uniformly b. slows down uniformly
c. moves at zero acceleration d. moves at a uniform velocity

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SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
10. When an object is projected vertically upwards,
a. ( vi = vi ) b.( vi = 0 ) c. ( vf = 0 ) d.( vi + vf = at )

11. When an object is projected vertically upwards at an initial velocity ( v i ) and returns
back to the point of projection, the time it takes ( t ) equals
2 vi vi vi v i2
a. b. c. d.
g g 2g g

12. An object is projected vertically upwards at an initial velocity 63 m/s. Given that (g =
9.8 m/s2), the maximum height that can be reached by the object =
a. 101.25m b. 202.5 m c. 222.5 m d. 85 m

13. When an object falls freely, its ……. changes from one point to another.
a. mass b. velocity c. acceleration d. weight

14. Two objects fall freely to ground . If the mass of the first object is twice the mass of
a1
the second object, the ratio equals
a2
1 2 2 3
a. b. c. d.
2 2 1 2

15. Two bodies of different materials having the same volume fall freely together from the
same height. Which statement describes correctly their arrival to the ground?
a. The heavier body reaches first b. the lighter body reaches first
c. the heavier body accelerates more d. they reach the ground at the same time

16. When an object falls freely under the effect of gravity, it moves at
a. uniform velocity b. uniform acceleration = 9 .8 m/s2
c. uniform deceleration d. zero acceleration

17. An object falls freely. Given that (g = 9 .8 m/s2) , its velocity 2 seconds later becomes
a. 4 m/s b. 4.9 m/s c. 19.6 m/s d. 25 m/s

18. When an object falls freely under the effect of gravity, the distance moved is
a. directly proportional to time b. inversely proportional to time
c. directly proportional to square of time d. inversely proportional to square of time
.
19. The graph that represents an object projected vertically upwards at an initial velocity (
vi ) till it reached its maximum height.

20. When an object is projected at an angle 60o to the horizontal at initial velocity 20 m/s:
1. Its initial velocity in the horizontal dimension =
a. 0 m/s b. l0 m/s c. l5 m/s d. 20 m/s

2. Its initial velocity in the vertical dimension =

a. 20 m/s b. l5 m/s c. l0 m/s d. 13 m/s

3 . Its flight time is given by the relation

v iy 2 v iy v iy v iy2
a. T  b. T  c. T  d. T 
g g 2g 2g

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21. If an object is projected upwards at an angle 30 o to the horizontal and its initial
velocity is 40 m/s, its maximum height = (Consider: g = 10 m/s2)
a. 52 m b. 20 m c. 200 m d. 400 m

22. When an object is projected at initial velocity v i in a direction making an angle 15° to
the horizontal to reach a horizontal range R. To make the projectile reach a greater
range, it should be projected at the same initial velocity and angle
a. 90° b. 75° c. 45° d. 30°

23. A projectile reaches the greatest horizontal range when project at an angle to the
horizontal.
a. 10° b. 75° c. 45° d. 90°

24. The horizontal range reached by two identical projectiles is the same when projected at
same initial velocity at angles
a. 80° and 30° b. 80° and 60° c. 50° and 40° d. 20° and 60°

25. The graph that best describes an object projected vertically upwards and returned back

B- EXTENDED RESPONSE ANSWERING QUESTIONS

Equations of Motion
1. An object has started motion from rest at uniform acceleration 2 m/s 2 for 10 s.
Calculate:
a. Its final velocity.
b. The distance moved.
Then represent the motion of vehicle graphically as (velocity-time) relationship.
(20 m/s, 100 m)
2. A car started motion from rest at uniform acceleration 2 m/s2. Find the distance it
moved after 10 s. Then represent the motion of vehicle graphically as (velocity-time)
relationship.
(100 m)

3. A bullet moved in a horizontal path at velocity 100 m/s . This bullet penetrated through
a target to 10 m deep before stopping. Find the acceleration of the bullet motion and
its type. Then represent the motion of vehicle graphically as (velocity-time)
relationship.
(- 500 m/s2, deceleration)

4. A car was moving at 20 m/s. When the brakes were applied, it decelerated uniformly at
2 m/s2. Calculate:
a. Time taken to stop.
b. Distance moved during braking.
c. The average velocity during this interval.
Then represent the motion of vehicle graphically as (velocity-time) relationship.
(10 s, 100 m, 10 m/s)

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SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
5. A car was moving at uniform velocity 30 m/s . When the driver applied the brakes, the
car stopped within 15 s . Calculate:
a. Acceleration of car motion before applying the brakes.
b. Acceleration of car motion after applying the brakes.
c. Distance moved during braking till stop.
Then represent the motion of vehicle graphically as (velocity-time) relationship.
(zero, - 2 m/s2 , 225 m)

6. If a car is accelerated uniformly from initial velocity 15 m/s to reach 20 m/s after 2.5 s,
find the distance moved by the car in this interval.
Then represent the motion of vehicle graphically as (velocity-time) relationship.
(43.75 m)

7. A driver saw the red traffic light when it was moving at 80 km/h, at 100 m away from
the car. He used the brakes to decelerate at 2 m/s2.
a. Would the car cross the traffic sign?
b. Calculate the time taken by the car to stop.
Then represent the motion of vehicle graphically as (velocity-time) relationship.
(cross the traffic sign, 11.1 s)

8. A body was moving at initial velocity 40 m/s and decelerated uniformly at 4 m/s 2 for 5
s. Calculate the distance covered in this interval and the time required to stop.
Then represent the motion of vehicle graphically as (velocity-time) relationship.
(150 m, 10 s)

9. A train driver applied the brakes when the train was moving at 20 m/s to stop the train
in a minute. Calculate the acceleration and the distance moved till stopping.
Then represent the motion of vehicle graphically as (velocity-time) relationship.
(- 0.3 m/s2, 660 m)

10. A car has started motion from rest at uniform acceleration 2 m/s2. Next to moving a
distance of 100 m, the driver turned the engine off. The car stopped 5 s afterwards.
Find the acceleration and the distance moved during these 5 seconds.
Then represent the motion of vehicle graphically as (velocity-time) relationship.
(- 4 m/s2, 50 m)

11. A body was moving at uniform velocity 4 m/s for 8 s and then at uniform acceleration
4 m/s2 for 6 s. Calculate the total distance moved by the body.
Then represent the motion of vehicle graphically as (velocity-time) relationship.
(128 m)

12. A vehicle has started motion from rest at uniform acceleration 2 m/s2 during 6 s and
then moved at uniform velocity for a half minute. Next to that, the brakes are applied
to decelerate the vehicle to stop within 5 s. Calculate:
a. The greatest velocity reached by the vehicle.
b. The total distance moved by the vehicle.
Then represent the motion of vehicle graphically as (velocity-time) relationship.
(12 m/s, 426 m)

13. Calculate the average speed in km/h for an athlete who covered a distance of 6000 m
in 30 minutes. Then, find the distance covered in 45 minute from start if the average
speed was kept unchanged. Then represent the motion of vehicle graphically as
(velocity-time) relationship.
(12 km/h, 9000 m)

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
Free Fall and vertical projectiles:
21. An object is projected vertically upwards to reach maximum height after 5 s. Find its
initial velocity given that (g = 9.8 m/s2)
(49 m/s)

22. An object is projected vertically upwards at velocity 147 m/s. If the free fall
acceleration is 9.8 m/s2, Find:
a. The object velocity after 5 s from projection.
b. The maximum height reached by the object.
c. The total time taken by the object till it returns back to the point of projection.
(98 m/s, 1102.5 m, 30 s)

23. An object is projected vertically upwards to reach maximum height of 80 m. If g = 9.8

m/s2, Find:
a. Velocity of projection.
b. Time taken till the object returns back to the point of projection.
(39.6 m/s, 8 s)

24. An object is projected vertically at velocity 60 m/s. Find the time taken till its velocity
becomes 20 m/s and the object height at that instant. Also, find the maximum height
reached by the object.
(4 s, 160 m, 180 m)

25. An object is projected vertically upwards in a straight line and returns back to the point
of projection 4 s later. (g = 9.8 m/s2), find:
a. Velocity of projection.
b. Displacement of object.
c. Total distance covered.
(19.6 m/s, 0 m, 39.2 m)

26. An object falls from 5 m high above the ground. Find its velocity when reaching the
ground and the time taken. (g = 9.8 m/s2)
(9.9 m/s, 1 s)

27. An object falls from a tower to reach the ground 6 s later. If the free fall acceleration
9.8 m/s2 , find:
a. The object velocity when reaching the ground.
b. The tower height.
(58.8 m/s, 176.4 m)

28. A stone is thrown at velocity 96 m/s into a well to reach the bottom 3 s later. Find the
well depth. (g = 9.8 m/s2)
(332.1 m)

29. An object falls freely from 3.2 m high above the moon surface . If it takes 2 s to reach
the surface, find the acceleration due to moon’s gravity.
(1.6 m/s2)

30. The opposite figure illustrates one of the rescue planes flying at 500 m high above a
certain spot. The plane dropped a box of food supplies to some people. Find:
a. The box velocity after falling a distance of 50 m.
b. The distance fallen by the box after 7 s.
c. The time taken till the box reaches that spot. (g = 9.8 m/s2)
(31.3 m/s, 240.1 m, 10 s)

31. In an experiment to determine the acceleration due to gravity using falling water
drops, the distance between the tap and the plate base is ( 1 m) . If the time taken by
100 drops is 45 s , find the acceleration due to gravity.
(9.88 m/s2)

57
 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
32. Two bodies of masses 5 kg and 25 kg fall freely at the same time from a point 10 m
high above the ground. Which body reaches the ground first? Neglect the air resistance
and consider (g = 9.8 m/s2) . Then calculate the time taken by the two bodies to reach
the ground.
(1.43 s)

Motion of projectiles in two dimensions:

33. An object is projected at initial velocity 20 m/s at an angle 60° to the horizontal. Find:
a. The horizontal component of the object velocity.
b. The initial vertical component of the object velocity
c. The vertical component of the object velocity after 1 second from projection.
(10 m/s, 17.32 m/s, 7.32 m/s)

34. Use the data given in the figure to calculate the

velocity of the canon projectile to hit the ship . ( g =
10 m/s2).

(158.23 m/s)

35. An object is projected upwards as shown in figure. Find:

a. The horizontal component of its initial velocity.
b. The object velocity at points A and B.
c. The flight time.
d. Maximum height reached by the object.
e . The distance AC.
(17.32 m/s, 10 m/s, 0 m/s, 2 s, 5 m, 34.64 m)

36. A person projected a stone upwards at an angle 300 to the horizontal. The stone
returned to the same plane 10 seconds later. Given that free fall acceleration = 10
m/s2, Find:
a. The vertical component of its velocity on projection.
b. The horizontal component of its velocity on projection.
c. Maximum height reached by the stone.
(50 m/s, 86.6 m/s, 125 m)

37. Study the opposite figure that shows the shooting of a

projectile from a canon. Then answer the following
questions.
a. When does the vertical component of the projectile
velocity equal zero?
b. What is the greatest horizontal range of this canon?
c. What is the time taken to reach a target at that
range?

(70.71 s, 99998 m, 141.42 s)

38. An officer in adjusts a canon as a training task.

a. What is the angle needed to achieve the greatest
horizontal range?
b. What is the velocity of the projected missile if it
reached maximum height of 2000 m when projected
at angle 600 to the horizontal?
c. If the velocity of the missile on projection is 800 m/s,
what is its velocity 10 s later if the canon makes an
angle 100 to the vertical?
(45°, 230.9 m/s, 788.8 m/s)

58
SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
39. An object is projected upwards in a direction that makes an angle 45° to the horizontal
where its horizontal component of velocity is 50 m/s. calculate:
a. Its vertical component of velocity on projection
b. Its velocity 2 s later from projection.
c. The horizontal range of the object.
(50 m/s, 58.3 m/s, 500 m)

40. Each of two identical canons projects a projectile at 900 m/s, one at an angle 30 o to
the horizontal while the other is at an angle 30 o to the vertical. Which projectile reaches
a greater horizontal range?
(equal range)

41 . A hose on the ground projects a water current upwards

at an angle 40° to the horizontal at velocity 20 m/s .
Find the height at which water hits a wall at 8 m away
from the hose. ( g = 9.8 m/s2)
(5.38 m)

42. In the opposite figure a person stands at the roof of a

building projecting a ball at initial velocity 40 m/s in a
direction makes an angle 30o to the horizontal. The ball takes
4 s till it reaches the ground.
a. What is the building height?
b. Locate the position from the building the ball hits the
ground. ( g = 10 m/s2)
(160 m, 138.4 m)

43. A man stands at the roof of a high building projecting a ball at initial velocity 50 m/s. If
the free fall acceleration = 10 m/s2, find the ball velocity and the vertical displacement
of the ball after 4 s from projection in the following cases:
a. The ball is projected vertically upwards.
b . The ball is projected vertically downwards.
c . The ball is projected upwards at an angle 60° to the horizontal.
d. The ball is projected horizontally. (zero° to the horizontal).
(10 m/s, 120 m, 90 m/s, 280 m, 25 m/s, 93.2 m, 64.03 m/s, 80 m)

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
Graphical relationships
44. The opposite graph represents the motion of a car. Calculate :
a. The acceleration of motion during the first 20 seconds.
b. The acceleration of motion during the last 5 seconds.
(0, - 4m/s2)

45. The opposite graph represents the relation between

velocity and time of two objects A and B moving from
rest. Calculate:
a. The displacement of each object after 6 s.
b. The time taken by the object B to be displaced
through the same displacement of the object A after
6 s.
(135 m ,90 m, 7.3 s)

46. Study the opposite graph and answer :

a. What is the initial velocity of the object ?
b. What is the acceleration of the object?
c. How can you find the displacement of the object
after 4 seconds graphically?
(10 m/s, 2.5 m/s2, 60 m)

47. The opposite graph represents the change in the

vertical component of projectile velocity in the
gravitational field of Earth . If the angle of projection
was 30o, Calculate:
a. The velocity by which the object was projected.
b. Maximum height reached by the object.
c. The horizontal range reached by the object.

(60 m/s, 45 m, 311.76 m)

48. The opposite graph represents the relation between

velocity and time of a projectile. Find :
a. The time taken to reach maximum height.
b. Total time taken by the object for its flight.
c. Maximum height reached by the object.
( 5 s, 10 s, 125 m )

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER 1,2

SCHOOL BOOK

- Choose the most complete correct answer:

1) A vector quantity is completely defined by

a. knowing its direction only.
b. knowing its magnitude only.
c. knowing both its magnitude and direction.
d. no previous answer is correct.

2) A scalar quantity is completely defined by

a. knowing its magnitude only.
b. knowing its direction only.
c. knowing both its magnitude and direction.
d. no previous answer is correct.

3) Velocity is the
a. ratio of the change in velocity to the time for this change.
b. ratio of the change in displacement to the time of this change.
c. product of displacement and time for the change.

4) Acceleration is the
a. ratio of the change in velocity to the time for this change.
b. ratio of the change in displacement to the time for this change.
c. ratio of the velocity to the time.
d. product of velocity and time.

5) +ve acceleration results in

a. an increase in the initial velocity with respect to the final velocity.
b. an increase in the final velocity with respect to the initial velocity.
c. no change in the final velocity with respect to the initial velocity.
d. no change in the velocity of the body with time.

6) Fig (2-22) represents

a. a particle moving with uniform velocity.
b. a body at rest.
c. a particle which is speeding up with time.
d. a body which is slowing down with time.

7) Fig (2-23) represents the state of a particle which is

a. moving with uniform velocity.
b. moving with a non-uniform velocity.
c. at rest.
d. slowing down with time.

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
8) Fig (2-24) represents the state of a particle which is
a. moving with a uniform velocity.
b. moving with a non-uniform velocity.
c. at rest.
d. speeding up with time.
9) Fig (2-25) represents the state of a body which is moving with
a. a uniform acceleration.
b. a non-uniform acceleration.
c. a uniform acceleration that increases.
d. a uniform acceleration that decreases.

10) A bicycle rider starts from rest and moves with a uniform
acceleration of 1.5 m/s2. Its velocity reaches 7.5 m/s after a distance
of
a. 18.75 m.
b. 15 m.
c. 22.5 m.
d. 11.25 m.

11) A body starts from rest with an acceleration of 2m/s2 and covers
a distance of 100m its velocity becomes
a. 50 m/s.
b. 20 m/s.
c. 150 m/s.
d. 200 m/s.

12) A body starts from rest with an acceleration of 2m/s2. It covers a

distance of 100m in a time of
a. 5 sec.
b. 20 sec.
c. 2.5 sec.
d. 10 sec.

13) A body is projected vertically upwards at a speed of 63m/s. if

g=9.8m/s2 the maximum height reached is
a. 617.4 m.
b. 101.25 m.
c. 202.5 m.
d. 222.5 m.

x x x v

t t t t
Fig (2-22) Fig (2-23) Fig (2-24) Fig (2-25)
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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
Lecture (1)

* write the scientific term:

1- The body which doesn’t change its position as the time passes.
2- The body which changes its position from point to another as the time
passes.
3- The motion in which the body changes its position from a starting point
to an end point.
4- The motion in which the body repeats its motion every a definite period.
5- The shortest straight distance between starting point and the end point.

* choose the correct answer:

1- The motion of body in a circle is an example of ……….. motion.
a. periodic b. translational c. vibration d. wave
2- The scalar quantity is defined by it's ……………
a. magnitude only. b. direction only
c. magnitude & direction d. magnitude & velocity
3- The vector quantity is defined by its ……………..
a. magnitude only b- direction only
c- Magnitude & direction d- magnitude & velocity
4- All the following from vector quantities except…………….
a. velocity b. acceleration c. time d. displacement
5- Ramy covered a distance of 0.5 kg from his home to school then
returned back so the displacement covered equals ………. Kg.
a. zero b. 0.5 c. 1 d. (0.5)2

* put (√) or (x) and correct the wrong ones:

1- Motion of projectiles is a periodic motion while wave motion is a
translational motion ( )
2- Displacement is the straight distance between two points in a certain
direction ( )
3- Displacement and distance are vector quantities ( )
4- When a body moves in a certain direction, both its distance and
displacement are equal ( )
5- When a body moves 6m from point a to point A to point B therefore its
displacement equals 12m ( )

* give reason for:

1- The motion of carousel (merry-go-round) is considered a periodic motion
2- The motion of projectile is considered as a translational motion
3- Displacement is a vector quantity while distance is a scalar quantity

* define the following:

1- The static object. 2- The dynamic object
3- Translational motion 4- periodic motion
5- Scalar quantity 6- vector quantity
7- Displacement

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
* What is meant by?
1- The displacement of a body is 50 m
2- The distance covered by a body is 10m

* compare between:
1- The translational motion and periodic motion (give examples)
2- Distance and displacement

* When do the following cases occur?

1- The distance and the displacement of a body are equal
2- A body moves but its displacement equals zero

* Problems:
1- A body moves in a straight line from A to B then to C as shown in figure,
find:
a. the distance covered
b. the displacement

2- A body moves in a straight line from A to B then to C as in the figure,

find:
a. the distance covered
b. the displacement
c. the displacement when the motion ends at (A)

3- In the opposite figure, calculate both of displacement and the distance

covered from A to K knowing that each side equals 10 m.

4- In the opposite figure, a person moves from point (A) to (B) to (C) to (D)
then to (E). Find
a. the displacement
b. the distance

C
B C
C
8m D 40 m
90 m A D40 m E
80 m
B
A 40 m K E C
B B 60 m
A 70 m
6m
A
G F
No 1 No 2 No 3 No 4

5- A tennis ball falls from a height of 20 m then rebounded to upward 4m,

find its displacement and its distance.

6- A body moves in a circular motion of radius (r) find its displacement and
distance when the body:
a. makes one complete cycle.
B. makes half cycle.

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
Lecture (2)

* write the scientific term:

1- The displacement in an interval of time of 1sec.
2- The velocity in which the body covers equal displacements in equal
intervals of time.
3- The slope at any point in (displacement – time) graph.
4- A vector quantity that equals velocity over time.
5- The rate of change of velocity. Or the change in velocity per unit time.
C- A type of acceleration in which the initial velocity is greater than final
velocity.

* choose the correct answer:

1- The rate of change of displacement is ..............
a. acceleration b. Distance c. Force d. Velocity
2- When a car moves in a certain direction and covers a displacement (Δx)
in a time (Δt), so it moves with average velocity equals ...........
a. Δx/ Δt b. Δt/ Δx c. Δx. Δt d. Δx/ Δt2
3- m/s is the measuring unit of ..............
a. displacement x time. b. Velocity x time.
c. displacement per unit time d. Velocity per unit time
4- The ratio between the total displacement and the total time is ........
a. instantaneous velocity. b. Average velocity
c. acceleration d. No correct answer
5- The rate of change of displacement at a certain instant is the ..........
a. average velocity b. Instantaneous acceleration
c. average acceleration d. Instantaneous velocity
6- The acceleration is a .......... quantity
a. vector measured in m/s b. Scalar measured in m/s
c. vector measured in m/s2 d. Scalar measured in m/s2
7- A body moves by a uniform velocity equals 5 m/s, so its acceleration
equals ............
a. 5 m/s2 b. Zero c. 1 m/s2 d. 50 m/s2
8- A body moves with an acceleration, so its ............
a. initial velocity  final velocity. b. Initial velocity  final velocity
c. initial velocity = final velocity d. Velocity is uniform
9- The graph........... represents a body at rest.
v x v x

t t √t t
a. b. c. d.
10- The graph .......... represents a uniform velocity.
v x x x

t t2 t √t
a. b. c. d.

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
11- The graph .......... represents a uniform velocity.
x x x x

t t t t
a. b. c. d.
12- The graph .......... represents a body moves with uniform acceleration.
v v v v

t t t t
a. b. c. d.
* Give reasons for:
1- The velocity is a vector quantity.
2- When a body moves with a uniform velocity, it has no acceleration.
3- The acceleration is a vector quantity.
4- The magnitude of acceleration can be given from the (velocity-time)
graph.
5- When a body moves by an acceleration, its (displacement-time) graph
is not represented by straight line.

* Define the following:

1- Velocity. 2- Uniform velocity.
3- Non-uniform velocity. 4- Acceleration.
5- Uniform acceleration. 6- Non-uniform acceleration.

* What's meant by?

1- The displacement of the body changes by 2 m every second.
2- The average velocity of a moving car equals 60 km/h.
3- The acceleration of a moving train equals (-4 m/s2).

* Compare between:
1- Velocity – acceleration. (related to: define – measuring unit).
2- Uniform velocity – non-uniform velocity.
3- Uniform acceleration – non-uniform acceleration.

* Answer the following questions:

1- When does each of the following quantities equal zero:
a. the acceleration of a moving body.
b. the initial velocity of a body.
c. the final velocity of a moving body.
2- What does the slope mean in each of the following graphs?
v x

t t
a. b.

66
 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
3- Mention the physical quantity represented by both of X-axis and
Y-axis in the following graphs?
? ? ? ? ?

? ? ? ? ?
a. b. c. d. e.

a. body moves with non-uniform velocity.

b. body moves with non-uniform acceleration.
c. body at rest.
d. body moves with uniform velocity.
e. body moves with uniform acceleration.

4- The following graphs represent different cases of the body:

v v v x v x

t t t t t t
1 2 3 4 5 6

Write the number of graph which represents the following.

a. increasing the non-uniform velocity.
b. decreasing the non-uniform velocity.
c. uniform acceleration.
d. uniform deceleration.
e. non-uniform acceleration.
f. non-uniform deceleration.

* Problems:
1- A car covered 600 m in a60 sec, find its average velocity.

2- What is the distance covered by a body moves with a velocity 10m/s.

After a time equals:
a. 1 sec. b. 5 sec.

3- If a car moves with a uniform velocity of 90 km/h, calculate the

distance covered from Cairo to banha in meter, knowing that the time
taken equals an hour.

4- When the velocity of a body changes by 10 m/s. during interval of time

equals 5 sec., calculate the acceleration of the moving body.

5- A moving car moves with uniform velocity in a straight line passing

172 km. at 8:00 am. And 316 km. at 10:00 am. Calculate the velocity
of the moving car.

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SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01

6- A moving car with a velocity 20 m/s, when

Its brakes are applied and its velocity
Changes as shown in the figure till it stops.
Find:
a. the average velocity.
b. the acceleration and its type.

7- in the opposite figure, calculate:

a. the total distance.
b. the displacement.
c. the velocity during the first 5 seconds.

8- The opposite graph represents competition

between a boy and girl:
a. what is the distance covered by the girl?
b. what is the time taken by the boy to
reach the girl?
c. what is the distance covered by the boy
to reach the girl?
d. calculate the average velocity of the girl?
e. after 8 sec. , does the velocity of the girl
increase, decrease or still constant?
f. what is the velocity of the boy during the first 5 seconds?

9- The opposite figure represents

(velocity-time) graph:
a. describe the type of motion during
the different periods of time.
b. calculate the acceleration of the moving
body from:
1. A to B 2. B to C 3. C to D.
c. calculate the distance covered from B to C.

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
Lecture (3)

* Complete the following:

1. V2 = V1 + ……………
2. X = ………….. + ½ at2.
3. 2ax = V22 - …………
4. If the body moves according to the following relation:
X = 3t +2t2 , therefore
a= ………. m/s2. , V1= ………… m/s.

* Choose the correct answer:

1. A bicycle rider starts from rest and moves with a uniform acceleration
1.5 m/s2, his velocity reaches 7.5 m/s through a distance of ………. m
a. 11.25 b. 1875 c. 187.5 d. 18.75
2. A body starts from rest and moves with a uniform acceleration 2 m/s2
covering a distance 100 m, so its velocity equals ……….. m/s.
a. 200 b. 150 c. 20 d. 400
3. When a body starts from rest and move with uniform acceleration, its
velocity V2= …………
a. v1-at b. at c. ½ at d. xt
4. The graph ………..represents a body starts with initial velocity and moves
with a uniform acceleration.
v v v v v

t t t t t
a. b. c. d. e.
5. The graph ………….represents a body starts from rest and moves with a
uniform acceleration.
x x x x x

T2 T2 T2 T2 T2
a. b. c. d. e.

* Prove the following relations (and mention their results):

1. v2=v1+at
2. x=v1t+½ at2
3. v22=v12+2ax

* Problems:
1. A car starts motion from rest with a uniform acceleration 2m/s2,
calculate the distance covered after 10 sec.

2. A body starts from rest and moves with a uniform acceleration 2m/s2,
what is its velocity when it covers a distance of 25m.
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SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
3. A car starts motion from rest and gained a uniform acceleration of
2m/s2 in 6sec. then its velocity still constant for ½ minute then the
brakes are applied to move with a uniform deceleration till it stops after
5 sec. calculate:
a. the maximum velocity the car reaches.
b. the total distance covered by the car.
c. draw a graph represents the motion of the car.

4. a car moves with a uniform velocity 20 m/s then the brakes are applied
and decelerate with -2m/s2. Calculate:
a. the time taken to stop the car.
b. the total distance covered by the car after applying the brakes.
c. the average velocity during interval of time between applying the
brakes till it stopped.

5. a car moves with a velocity of 60 m/s, when the brakes are applied it
decelerates with -6 m/s2. Calculate:
a. the covered distance after 5 sec. from applying the brakes.
b. the velocity of the car after 3 sec. from applying the brakes.
c. the time taken to stop the car.

6. a body moves according to the relation t= ½ v2-6 find:

a. the initial velocity of the body.
b. the body acceleration.
c. the covered distance after 10 sec.

7. a body moves according to the relation x=16t+1.5t2 find:

a. the initial velocity of the body.
b. the acceleration of the body.
c. the time taken by the body to stop.

8. a body moves in a straight line according to the relation :v2=√36+6x

find:
a. the initial velocity of the body.
b. the acceleration of the body.
c. the distance covered after 10 sec.
d. the velocity of the body after 15 sec.

9. The opposite graph represents the relation:

(velocity-time) for two bodies (A) and (B)
Start from rest. Find:
a. the distance covered by the two bodies
after 6 sec.
b. time taken by (B) to cover the same
displacement of (A) after 6 sec.

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
Lecture (4)

* Write the scientific term:

1. A vector quantity, its value does not change during free falling
2. The acceleration with which a body falls freely in earth's gravitational
field.
3. Photography, in which, the exposure time intervals are equal to
produce all shots in one picture.

* Choose the correct answer:

1. When a body is thrown vertically upwards, the rising time is……… the
falling time.
a. double b. greater than c. equal to d. smaller than
2. When a body is thrown vertically upwards, with initial velocity 63m/s,
then the max. Height the body can reach to it= …………m (g=9.8m/s2)
a. 222.5 b. 202.5 c. 101.25 d. 614.4
3. When a body is thrown vertically upwards with initial velocity v1,it
returns back to the throwing point after time (t) which is determined
from the relation=……………..
a. 2v2g b. 2v1/g c. v1g d. v1/g
4. When a body falls freely, it moves with acceleration………….
a. 8.9m/s2 b. -9.8m/s2 c. 9.8m/s2 d. -8.9m/s2
5. When a body falls freely in the earth's gravitational field, the covered
distance is……………
a. inversely proportional to time.
b. directly proportional to time.
c. directly proportional to the square of time.
d. directly proportional to double the time.
6. The slope of straight line resulting from the graphical relation between
(distance-squared time) equals……….. free falls acceleration.
a. double b. root c. half d. quarter
7. When a body is thrown vertically upwards, then…………….
a. v1=v2 b. v1=0 c. v2+v1=0 d. v2=0
8. The graphical relation………represents a free falling body.
x x x x

T2 T3 T T2
a. b. c. d.
9. The graphical relation………… represents a body thrown vertically
upwards with initial velocity v1 and related to max. Height.
V2 V2 V2 V2

x x x x
a. b. c. d.
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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
10. The graphical relation which is shown in
the figure represents the motion of a body………. v
a. falling freely.
b. moving with increasing acceleration.
c. that is projected upwards.
d. moving on an inclined plane.
t
* Put (√) or(x) then correct the wrong one:
1. If a body is thrown vertically upwards, its velocity increases with a
constant rate. ( )
2. In the inclined plane experiment to determine the acceleration which
the body moves with it, it is better for the inclined angle to be greater
than 30 ( )
3. when the body is thrown vertically upwards with initial velocity 5m/s,
it moves with acceleration 5m/s2 ( )
4. When the body is thrown vertically upwards its initial velocity is greater
than its final velocity ( )
5. The value of the earth's gravitational acceleration doesn’t change from
place to place on the earth's surface. ( )
6. the distance covered by a body falls freely can be calculated from the
relation d= ½ gt2 ( )

* Give reason:
1. In inclined plane experiment the inclination angle must not exceed
30.
2. The velocity of the throwing body upwards decreases until it reaches
zero.
3. The value of acceleration of a body falls freely through air is smaller
than that through vacuum (space).

* What is meant by?

1. The free fall acceleration =9.8m/s2

* What happens in the following cases?

1. A body is thrown vertically upwards.
2. A body falls from a tower towards the earth.

* Problems:
1. A body is thrown vertically upwards with initial velocity 98 m/s.
calculates the max. Height that the body can reach. (g=9.8m/s2).

2. A body is thrown vertically upwards with velocity 147 m/s. if the free
fall acceleration is 9.8m/s2, calculate:
a. the velocity of the body after 5 sec.
b. the max. Height that the body can reach to it.
c. the total time taken by the body starting from its throwing until it
returns back to the throwing point.

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SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
3. A body falls freely from a tower to the ground after 6 sec., if the free
fall acceleration 9.8m/s2, calculate:
a. the velocity of the body just before touches the ground.
b. the height of the tower.

4. a stone falls freely from the top of a building and takes a time 10 sec.
to reach the earth (g= 9.8m/s2), calculate:
a. the height of the building.
b. the velocity of the stone just before touches the ground.

5. An arrow is thrown vertically upwards with velocity 40m/s. from the

earth's surface, if you know the free fall acceleration 10 m/s2 calculate:
a. the velocity of the arrow after 3 sec.
b. the max. Height that the arrow can reach to it.
c. the time taken by the arrow to reach that height.

6. in the experiment to determine the free fall acceleration by using free

falling water drops. Calculate the free falling acceleration if the
distance between the valve and the metallic plate is 1 m. and impact
time of 100 successive drops 45 sec.

7. The opposite figure represents a saving airplane flays at height 490 m

from the earths surface. It drops "freely" a food box, calculate: (g=
9.8m/s2)
a. the velocity of the box when it covered 40 m.
b. the distance covered by the box after 7 sec.
c. the time taken by the box to reach the earths surface.

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
A QUESTIONS
*

1- Define the terms displacement, velocity, and acceleration. A body starting

with an initial velocity u moves in a straight line for a time t with a uniform
acceleration a, and finally attains a velocity v. if the distance traveled is x,
write down the equations relating:
a. v,u,a and t
b. x,u,t and a
c. v,u,a and x

2- Explain the difference between speed and velocity. Draw a graph of velocity
against time for a body which an initial velocity of 4 m/s and continues to
move with an acceleration of 1.5 m/s2 for 6 sec. show how you would find
from the graph:
a. the average velocity.
b. the distance moved in the 6 sec.

3- A train starts from station A, with an acceleration of 0.2 m/s2 and attains its
max. Speed in 1.5 min. after continuing at this speed for 4 min. it is uniformly
related for 45 s. before coming to rest in station b find by drawing a suitable
graph:
a. the distance between A and B in kilometers
b. the max.speed in km/h
c. the average speed in m/s.

4- Define the terms "velocity" and "acceleration" choose one of these terms
and explain what is meant when the quantity is said to be" uniform".

5- A body starts from rest and accelerates at 3 m/s2 for 4 sec its velocity
remains constant at the maximum value. So reached for 7 sec and finally it
comes to rest with uniform retardation after another 5 sec, find by a graphical
method
a. The distance moved during each stage of motion.
b. The average velocity over the whole period.

6- A car starts from rest and is accelerated uniformly of 2m/s2 for 6 sec it then
maintains a constant speed for half a minute the brakes are then applied and
the vehicle uniformly retarded to rest in 5 sec, find the maximum speed
reached in km/h. and the total distance covered in meters.

7- a car runs at a constant speed of 15 m/s for 300 sec and then accelerates
uniformly to a speed of 25 m/s. over a period of 20 s. this speed is maintained
for 300 s. before the car is brought to rest with uniform deceleration in 30 s.
draw a velocity-time graph to represent the journey described above. From the
graph find:
a. the acceleration while the velocity changes from 15 m/s. to 25 m/s.
b. the total distance traveled in the time described.
c. the average speed over the time described.

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
8- A car moving with constant acceleration covered the distance between two
points 60.0 m apart in 60.0 sec. Its speed as it passed the second point was
15.0 m/s.
a. what was the speed at the first point?
b. what was the magnitude of the acceleration?
c. at what prior distance from the first point was the car at rest?
d. graph (x) vs. (T) and (v) vs. (t) for the car, from rest (t=0).

9- A red car and a green car, identical except for the colour, move towards
each other in adjacent lanes and parallel to "x-axis" at time t=zero the red
car is at xr=zero and the green car at xg=220 m. If the red car has a
constant velocity of 20 km/h. The cars pass each other at x=44.5 m, and if
it has a constant velocity of 40 km/h, they pass each other at x= 76.6m,
what are:
a. the initial velocity.
b. the constant acceleration of the green car.

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EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

Cairo governorate:
x
* What does the slope of this graph represent?
Write the mathematical relation.

* Write the scientific term: t

- The slope of the straight line relating (v22,x) for a body moving with
uniform acceleration and starts motion from rest.
- The rate of change in displacement.
- A type of motion where the particle repeats its motion within equal
interval of time and has no starting or ending point.
- Motion which characterized by the fact that it repeats itself every definite
time.
* Give a name for each of the following graph:
v x

t t

* A bullet is fired vertically upwards by initial velocity 196 m/s. Find the max.
Height it reaches. (g=9.8 m/s2).

* Give reason:
- In uniform velocity the total work = zero.
- The free fall acceleration at the to poles is greater than that at the
Equator.

* Prove that:
- v22=v12+2ax.
- v2=v1+at.
- x=v1t+½ at2.

* A ball is projected upwards vertically by a velocity 63 m/s. (g=9.8 m/s2).

Find the max. Height.

* What is meant by?

- A body moves with a uniform acceleration.
- The velocity of car is 90 m/s.
- The acceleration of a moving body = zero.
- The free fall acceleration for a falling body =9.8 m/s2.
- A body moves with a uniform velocity.

* What happens if?

- An object falls freely.

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
* Choose the correct answer:
- When a body falls freely it's……………increase.
a. velocity. b. potential energy. c. acceleration. d. mass.

* A body falls from rest. Calculate the covered distance in 10 sec. knowing
that free fall acceleration=10m/s2.

* From the relation: v=√16+4x find:

a. initial velocity.
b. the acceleration of the body.

* Complete:
- Acceleration is………………….

Helwan governorate:

* a bicycle rider starts from rest and moves with a uniform acceleration of 1.5
m/s2 its velocity reaches 7.5 m/s. Find the distance covered until he reaches
this velocity.

* Write the scientific term:

- The rate of change of the displacement covered by a moving object.

* Prove that: x=v1t+q at2

* What does each of the following graphs represent?

displacement velocity

time time
Alexandria governorate:

* The opposite graph represents the relation:

(velocity – time) for two bodies (a) and (b)
Start from rest find:
a. the distance covered by the two bodies
after 6 sec.
b. time taken for (b) to cover the same
displacement of (a) after 6 sec.

* Define:
- Free fall acceleration.

Monofia governorate:

* Choose the correct answer:

- The relation Δx/Δt is ………….
a. velocity. b. acceleration. c. distance.
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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
* Write the name which represent:
x

t2
* A car is moving at a speed of 30 m/s. when the brakes are applied it
decelerates at 2m/s2.
a. find the time needed for the car to stop
b. the distance traveled from the instant at which the brakes are applied
until it stops.

Ismailia governorate:

* What is meant by?

- The acceleration of a moving body = zero

*a car is moving at speed of 40 m/s. when the brakes are applied the time
taken by the car until stops is 10 sec. calculate:
a. the deceleration of the moving car.
b. the distance covered by the moving car from the instance at which the
brakes are applied until its velocity becomes 20 m/s.

* Give reason:
- The moving body in acicular path has acceleration.

* What is the condition that required for?

- moving body with uniform velocity.

Port said governorate:

* choose the correct answer:

- The ………….motion is characterized by the presence of initial point
and terminal point.
a. periodic. b. transmission c. vibratory

* A car moving with an initial velocity 20 m/s, after 4s its velocity becomes 40
m/s. calculate:
a. the acceleration of the car through this time interval.
b. the distance covered by the car through this time interval.

* What is meant by?

- The acceleration of a moving train equals (-4 m/s2).

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
* Which of the following graphs represents the relation between?

a. the displacement (x) and time (t) for a body at rest.

b. the velocity (v) and time (t) for a moving body with uniform
deceleration.

Domiatta governorate:

* write the scientific term:

- It is the rate of change of velocity when a body moves vertically due to the
force of earth gravity.

Minia governorate:

* choose the correct answer:

- The rate of change of velocity……………
a. force. b. impulse. c. acceleration. d. linear momentum.

* A body is projected vertically upwards at a speed of 30 m/s. if g=10 m/s2.

calculate the maxi. Height could be reached and time required for that.

* A train is moving at a speed of 30m/s. when the brakes are applied, it

decelerates at 2m/s2 find the time laps needed for the train to stop and the
distance traveled from the instant at which the brakes are applied until it
stops.

Assiut governorate:

* prove that: x=v1t+q at2.

* write the scientific term:

- When a body moves around its axis.

Aswan governorate:

* prove mathematically that: x= v1t+q at2

* When do the following physical quantities equal zero?

- The change in displacement of the body when the time is passing.

* According to the relation v2=√36+6x where (x) is the distance, (v2) is the
Final velocity calculates:
a. the initial velocity.
b. the acceleration of the moving body.

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01

FORCE AND MOTION

Introduction:
* If we are in a car moving at uniform velocity and the car suddenly stops,
we are rushed forward as our bodies are used to the uniform motion.
* If the car turns around a curve, we tend to lean towards the car doors.
* When we fill a bucket with water and turn it around fast, the water doesn’t
spill out.
………………..etc
All these observations and more are controlled by Newton's laws of motion.
Concept of force:
- It is a derived, vector physical quantity measured in units of "Newton ".
- " it is the external factor that affects the body and changes its state of rest
or motion by changing its velocity" OR
- "It is any influence which causes a body to change its velocity or state of
motion".
- It’s measured by spring balance.
Newton's 1st law:
Newton's first law states that "a body retains its state of rest or motion in a
straight line with uniform velocity unless it is acted upon by an external
force".

N.B.
- Newton's 1st law requires the absence of all the external forces that may
act upon the body, in other words:
∑ F=zero
* This is the mathematical formula for the 1st law where ( ∑ ) means "the
summation of ".

Explanation of the law:

- This law is divided into two parts:
* The first part is easily understood through our day observation, as we put a
book on the table it will stay in its position unless some body "external force"
moves it.
* The second part which says that "the motion will be in a straight line with
uniform velocity" we can imagine it as following:
- If a bicycle rider stops pedaling "with out using the brakes", the velocity of
the bicycle decreases gradually until it stops due to the effect of some
external forces as (friction force between the tires and ground, the air
resistance … etc).
- If the frictional force "external" = zero, the bicycle would keep moving
forever in a straight line with a uniform "constant" velocity..……..?
Give reason:
- At ∑ F=zero if the body was moving it would keep moving forever in a
straight line with uniform velocity.
Bec. When all the external forces = zero, there will no factors affecting
on the motion "change by increase or decrease" so it will keep moving
with uniform velocity. and choose the motion in a straight line bec. It is
the simplest type of motion.

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
- The equilibrium of a body doesn’t mean be at rest.
Because When all the external forces = zero the body can be at rest or
moving in straight line with a uniform velocity.

N.B.
- Newton's first law is called the law of inertia. "G.R"
Bec. Both of them keep the state of the body at rest or motion.

Inertia:
- It is a property of the body and defined as "it is the tendency of the
body to keep its state of rest or motion in a straight line with a uniform
velocity". OR "it is the body resistance for changing its state ".
- It depends on the body mass. "As the mass of the body inc. its inertia
Inc." …… G.R
Bec. It is very easy to move a body of small mass than a body of a
great mass.

Examples:

1- When the bus suddenly stops, the 2- when the bus suddenly starts
passengers are falling forward. To move, the passengers are
Bec. The passengers' bodies tend falling backward.
to keep the state of motion due Bec. The passengers' bodies
to the inertia. Tend to keep the state of rest
due to the inertia.

3- When the electric current is cut off 4- on pushing the paper sudd-
(switched off), the fins of electric enly the coin falls down inside
Fan go on moving. the glass.
Bec. The fan's fins tend to keep the
State of motion due to the inertia.

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
Give reason:
It is much easier to move a body of small mass than a body of
Greater mass.
Bec. The inertia of the body increases as its mass increase.

Newton's 2nd law:

- When a force acts on a body and "succeed to change its state", its velocity
change during a certain period of time.
So, we can define Newton's 2nd law as:
"When a resultant force affects an object, the object acquires an
acceleration which is directly proportional to the resultant force and
inversely proportional to the object mass.”

- From the 2nd law of Newton:

Fαm
Fαa
Mαa
F = m x a …… (This is the mathematical formula of 2nd law.)
- Force is measured in units of "Newton" or "kg.m/s2".
- Newton is defined as "it is he force acting on a body of mass 1kg moving with
acceleration 1m/s2".

N.B
From the previous relation we find that:
- The acceleration of a moving body is directly proportional to the resultant
force acting on this body.
- The force acting on a body is directly proportional to its mass. "As the mass
of a body inc. the force needed to change its state inc. as too".

F F

m a
Slope = acceleration Slope = mass

- Force is a vector quantity bec. It depends on the product of a scalar

quantity "mass" times a vector quantity "acceleration".
Remark:
- When the mass of a body dec. to half its value and the acceleration is doubled
"The force remains constant"
- When the mass of a body dec. to half its value and the force is doubled
"The acceleration inc. four times its value"
- When the mass of a body dec. to half its value and the force dec. to its quarter value
"The acceleration dec. to half its value"
In case of the existence of a friction force between the surface and the moving body
So, Fmoving = Facting - Ffriction
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Example:
- A body of mass 4 kg moves with an acceleration 2 m/s2. Calculate the
acting force, then calculate the acceleration of another body of mass equal
to four times as the first, when it is affected by the same force.
Solution:
a. to calculate force: m1= 4kg , a1 = 2 m/s2
F1= m1 x a1 F =?
=4x2
=8N
b. to calculate acceleration: m2 = 16 kg , F = 8 N
F2 = m2 x a2 , F1 = F2 a =?
8 = 16 X a2
a2 = 0.5 m/s2.

- A force of 20N acts on a body of mass 3 kg to accelerates it at 4 m/s2. Find

the friction force between the body and the surface.
Solution:
Facting = 20N
Fmoving = mass x acceleration
= 3 x 4 = 12 N
Ffriction = F acting – F moving
= 20 – 12 = 8N

N.B:
- If two equal forces act on two different masses m1 and m2, the two bodies
acquire accelerations a1 and a2 respectively.
- When a force "f1" acts on a body of mass "m1", it moves with acceleration
"a1". F1= m1 x a1 ………….."1"
- When the same force "f1" acts on a body of mass "m2", it moves with
acceleration "a2". F2 = m2 x a2 ……………"2"
From "1" and "2":
m1a1 = m2a2
If m2 = 1 kg, m1 = (1 kg) a2/a1
Where, "m1" is called gravitational mass. This defined as:
"It is the ratio between acceleration of a body of mass 1 kg and the acceler-
ation of the body when they are affected by the same force".

READ ONLY

Example:
- Two equal forces are acting on two bodies of different masses. The 1st has
unknown mass while the 2nd has a mass of 1 kg. If the 1st accelerated by
2m/s2 and the 2nd accelerated by 8m/s2. Find the unknown mass.
Solution:
m1a1 = m2a2 m1=? a1=2m/s2
m1 x 2 = 1 x 8 m2= 1kg a2= 8m/s2
m1 = 4 kg

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Mass and weight:
- Mass is completely different than weight …….. How?
Mass Weight
- it is the resistance of the body to - it is the force of earth gravity acting
Change its velocity. On the body.
- It is a scalar physical quantity. - It is a vector physical quantity.
- measured in unit of "kg". - measured in unit of Newton".
- Its value is constant every where. - Its value varies from place to place.
- calculated from "m=F/a". - calculated from "Fg=mg".
F Fg

Slope = m Slope = 9.8

a m

N.B
- The weight of a body varies from place to another according to the value of
acceleration due to gravity, but its mass remains constant.
- The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of moon is 1/6 of that on
earth, so the weight of any body on moon's surface is 1/6 its value on the
earth.
- The weight of a person doesn’t affect by the acceleration (a) because it acts
in a horizontal direction.
Give reason:
- Weight of a body changes from a place to another on earth's surface.
Bec. Weight depends on acceleration due to gravity which changes from
place to place on earth's surface.
- Weight of a body on moon's surface = 1/6 its weight on earth's surface.
Bec. The acceleration due to gravity on moon's surface = 1/6 its value on
earth's surface.
- The weigh of a body is always larger than it's mass.
Bec. Weight = mass x acceleration due to gravity.

Examples:
- Calculate the force of gravity acting on a person of mass 70 kg inside a car
moves by acceleration 4 m/s2.
Solution:
Fg = mg
= 70 x 9.4
= 686 N.

- A body is of mass 100 kg on moon's surface. Calculate its weight on earth

and on the moon " g= 9.8 m/s2".
Solution:
Its weight on earth
Fg = mg
= 100 x 9.8
= 980 N.
Its weight on the moon
Fg moon = 1/6 x Fg earth
= 1/6 x 980 = 163.3 N.
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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
- A tractor pulls a car by a force of 3000 N. which is accelerated by 3 m/s2,
calculate both mass and weight of the car (g=9.8 m/s2).
Solution:
Mass of the car
F=mxa
3000 = m x 3
Mass = 1000 kg.

Weight of the car

Fg = mg
= 1000 x 9.8
= 9800 N.

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Newton's 3rd law:
Newton's 3rd law states that:
- "If a body exerts a force on another one, the reaction of the second body on
the first one will be equal in magnitude to the first, but has opposite
direction".
OR……..
- "For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction".
For example:
- if a body A exerts a force F1 on another body B, while the body B exerts a
reaction F2, then:
F1 = - F2 ……………. "Mathematical formula"

N.B
- Negative sign in the pervious formula means that the two forces are in
opposite direction.
- Its important to realize that the action and the reaction act on two different
bodies, so they "don’t make a balance".

Applications of Newton's 3rd law:

1- Action: A man pushes a wall "B" by a force FAB.
Reaction: the wall reacts by a force FBA towards the man, this is the force
which the man feels "resistance".
2- Action: When a bullet is fired from a gun forward.
Reaction: the gun is rebounded backward.

When more than one force acts on one body:

3- When two teams pull a wire, the net force acting on the wire equal zero,
there fore the wire becomes in an equilibrium state.
And when one team wins, the net force becomes in the direction of the
greater force.

Balanced Not balanced

- When the two forces or more - When two forces or more acts
acts on a body without on a body changing its state of
changing its state of rest or rest or motion.
motion. - Net forces "sum." = zero.
- It is called “static equilibrium". - Math. Relation: ∑f = zero.
- Net forces "sum." = zero.
- Math. Relation: ∑f= zero.
What is meant by? …… "Static equilibrium"
- It is the state in which the net "sum." Forces on a body equals zero.
Give reason:
- We notice the motion of body towards the earth during its free fall, but we
can't observe the motion of the earth towards the body.
Bec. According to the relation " m1a1 = - m2a2", and " m α 1/a".
Since the mass of earth is much greater than that of the body, so its
motion towards the body can't be observed.
- The action and reaction may be equal but they don’t make a balance.
Bec. They affect on two bodies, but to make a balance, they must act on
one body at the same time.

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Remark:
- Action and reaction are paired, originate and vanish together. This means
that no single force can exist in the world.
- Action and reaction are of the same type, if the action is a gravitational
force, reaction is a gravitational force…..etc.
- Newton’s 3rd law can be represented by the following graph:
F reaction

F action

Example :
- Three masses are connected together by weightless threads as shown
They are pulled on a smooth surface by a horizontal force. find:
a. The common acceleration of these masses.
b. The tension force in each thread.
Solution:
- The common acceleration will be F12 4 kg F23 6 kg 36N
a= F/(m1+m2+m3) 2 kg
= 36/12 = 3m/s2.
- F12 = m1 x a
=2x3=6N
- F23 = (m1+m2) x a
= (2+4)x3
= 18 N

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QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER
ONE
A- MULTIPLE CHOICE ANSWERING QUESTIONS
1. According to Newton’s first law, the object moves at ……. acceleration unless acted by
an external force.
a. uniform b. zero c. non uniform

2. The stationary object remains motionless if it is affected by a number of forces.

a. strong and horizontal b. balanced c. unbalanced d. weak and vertical

3. In the absence of resultant force acting on a static object, the object

a. moves at a uniform velocity b . Moves at a uniform acceleration
c. remains motionless d. moves at a non-uniform velocity

4. If the resultant force acting on a moving object in a straight line at uniform velocity is
zero , the object
a. stops motion b. moves at a uniform acceleration
c . keeps motion at a uniform velocity d . moves at a non uniform velocity

5. A bicycle moves at uniform velocity in a straight line to East when the resultant force on
the bicycle is
a. zero b. negative c. positive d. towards East

6. All the following graphs represent Newton’s first law, except.

7. Force is measured by the

a. two pan balance b. ammeter c. spring balance d. ruler

8. When the direction of acceleration is opposite to the direction of velocity, the

a. resultant force decreases b. object velocity is unchanged
c. object velocity increases d. object velocity decreases

9. When the resultant force acting on a moving car is zero, the car
a. moves at positive acceleration b. moves at uniform velocity
c. moves at negative acceleration d. stops motion

10 . Newton’s first law is known as law of

a. reaction b. mass conservation c. inertia d. energy conservation

11. An object moves at uniform acceleration when

a. it covers equal displacements in equal times
b. its velocity decreases with equal amounts in equal times
c. its velocity decreases with equal amounts in unequal times
d. the resultant force acting on the object is zero

12. The linear momentum of an object = its

a. mass x velocity b. mass x root of velocity
c. mass x rate of change of velocity d. half of mass x square of velocity

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13. The resultant force acting on an object = its
a. mass x velocity b. mass x root of velocity
c. mass x rate of change of velocity d. half of mass x square of velocity

14. The diagram that represents Newton’s second law is

15. The unit of measuring force is the Newton that is equivalent to

a. kg m/s b. m/s2 c. J d. kg m/s2

16. The dimensional formula of force is

a. MLT-2 b. MLT c. ML-2 T d. LT-2

17. If a force of 2 N acts on an object of mass 1 kg, the object acquires

a. velocity 2 m/s b . acceleration 2 m/s2
c. acceleration 1 m/s2 d. velocity 1 m/s

18. An object of mass 6 kg at rest on a smooth surface is affected by a force of 18 N to

move it at acceleration …. m/s2
a. 9 b.1.5 c.3 d.6

19. The force that acts on an object of mass 5 kg to change its velocity from 7 m/s to 3
m/s in an interval of 2 s is
a. 10 N b. 5 N c. -2 N d. -10 N

20. A force of 24 N acts on a body of mass 5 kg that moves on a horizontal surface at

acceleration of 3 m/s2. Frictional forces equal
a. -6 N b. -9 N c. 9 N d. 39 N

21. A wooden block of mass 2 kg is moving along a horizontal plane when affected by a
force of 6 N. if the frictional force is 2 N, the acceleration of motion equals
a. 6 m/s2 b. 2 m/s2 c. - 3 m/s2 d. - 4 m/s2

22. If the mass of a body is decreased to half and the acting force is reduced to quarter,
the acceleration of its motion
a. remains constant b. increases to its double
c. decreases to its half d. increases four times

23 . A body moving with an acceleration under the action of a force, if the acting force on
the body is doubled and its mass of is decreased to half, the acceleration of its motion
becomes
a. a b. 2a c. 3a d. 4a

24. A vehicle of mass 500 kg and another of mass 1500 kg are moving at the same
acceleration. The force acting on the heavier vehicle will be that of the less mass
vehicle.
a. equal to b. a half of c. twice d. three times

25. Newton’s third law is known as law of

a. inertia b. reaction c. universal gravitation d. Coulomb’s

26. The mathematical formula that expresses Newton ‘s third law is

a. F1   F2 b. F  m a c.  F  0 d.  F  0

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27. If a force of 9 N acts on an object, the reaction from the object equals
a. 1 N b. -9 N c. 0 N d. 9 N

28. The idea of launching a rocket is based on the law of

a. inertia b. reaction c. universal gravitation d. Coulomb

29. When the action is doubled, the reaction will

a. be halved b. increase four times
c. be doubled d. be unchanged

30. A characteristic of action and reaction is that they are

a. of the same type b. in the same direction
c. perpendicular to each other d . acting on the same body

B- EXTENDED RESPONSE ANSWERING QUESTIONS

1. Find the required force to accelerate a mass of 10 kg moving in a straight line,
changing its velocity from 54 km/h to 108 km/h during 10 s. (15 N)

2. A car of mass 1200 kg moved from rest under the effect of a force 600 N. Find:
a. The acceleration by which the car moved.
b. The car velocity after 25 s.
c. The distance covered by the car during that 25 s.
(0.5 m/s2, 12.5 m/s, 156.25 m)

3. A static object of mass 20 kg is affected by a force 30 N. Find:

a. The acceleration acquired by the object.
b. The time taken by the object to move a distance of 75m. (1.5 m/s2, 10 s)

4. Find the force that affects on an object of mass 30 kg to:

a. Accelerate it at 3 m/s2
b. Speed it up from rest to 8 m/s during 6 s.
c. Make it move from rest through 50 m in 5 s.
d. Change its velocity from 20 m/s to 10 m/s during passing a distance of 25 m.
(90 N, 40 N, 120 N, - 180 N)

5. A car was moving at velocity 20 m/s in a straight road. The driver applied the brakes to
decelerate the car at 5 m/s2. Find:
a. The time taken to stop the car and the distance required.
b. The type of the force that slowed down the car and the direction of its action.
c. The magnitude of the force that stopped the car if the car mass 600 kg.
(4 s, 40 m, negative (opposite to motion), - 3000 N)

6. A force of 24 N acts on an object of mass 5 kg to move it in a horizontal plane at

acceleration 3 m/s2. Find the frictional force . (- 9 N)

7. A car of mass 500 kg started motion from rest along a horizontal road by the effect of
the engine force that equals 300 N. If the friction force is 50 N, Find:
a. The moving force for the car.
b. The acceleration of the car motion. (250 N, 0.5 m/s2)

8. An elephant pulls a wooden lump of mass 0.5 ton along

the ground at uniform velocity by a rope as shown in
figure. Given that friction force between the lump and
ground is 200 N, find:
a. The tension force in the rope.
b. The required tension force in the rope to make the lump move at acceleration 2
m/s2. (200 N, 1200 N)

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9. A diver of mass 80 kg jumps from 10 m high. Find :
a. The diver velocity on hitting water surface.
b. The water resistance to the motion of the diver if his
motion ends at 5 m deep in water. ( g = 10 m/s2)
(14.1 m/s, -2400N)

10. A ball fell freely from a tower onto a sandy soil. Its velocity when reaching the ground
is 90 m/s. calculate:
a. The tower height.
b. The ball mass if it sank into sand and stopped 1 s later. (giving that the sand
resistance to the ball motion is 3000 N and free fall acceleration = 10 m/s 2)
(405 m, 33.3 kg)

12. Two equal forces have acted on two bodies of different masses; m 1 = 5 kg and m2 = 1
kg. The first body is accelerated at al while the second body has acquired acceleration
of 20 m/s2 . Find the acceleration of the first body. (4 m/s2)

13. Two equal forces act on two bodies . The first body has acquired acceleration of 8 m/s2
while the velocity of the second body is changed from rest to 48 m/s during 3 s. If the
mass of the first body is 5 kg, what is the mass of the second body? (25 kg)

14. A person stood putting one foot on a balance and the other foot on another balance.
Each balance read 300 N. what is the mass of the person? When the person pressed
more on one balance than the other, this balance read 400 N. What is the reading of
the other balance? (Knowing that the free fall acceleration = 10 m/s 2)
(60 kg, 200 kg)

15. A body has a mass of 50 kg on Earth where the acceleration due to gravity = 9 .8
m/s2. Find:
a. The body weight on Earth. b. The body mass on moon. (490 N, 50 kg)

16. What is the weight of a space probe of mass 225 kg on moon, assuming that
acceleration due to gravity on moon = 1 .62 m/s2 ? (364.5 N)

17. A force of 100 N acts on a body to change its velocity from 10 m/s to 20 m/s while
moving a distance of 30 m. Calculate:
a. The mass of the body. b. The weight of the body.
(Giving that the free fall acceleration = 10 m/s2). (20 kg, 200 N)

18. A body of weight 240 N was moving at velocity of 25 m/s . Two seconds later, its
velocity becomes 40 m/s. Assuming that the free fall acceleration = 10 m/s 2, find the
force acting on that body. (192 N)

19. A body at rest is affected by a force equal to a half of its weight. Find:
a. Its velocity after 2 s.
b. The distance it traveled during these two seconds.
(Assuming that the acceleration due to Earth’s gravity = 10 m/s2) (10 m/s, 10 m)

20. A static body of weight 400 N was acted upon by a force 200 N. Giving that the body
moved for 3 s . and the free fall acceleration = 1 0 m/s2 , calculate:
a. The final velocity after 3 s. b. The distance covered in 3 s. (15 m/s, 22.5 m)

21. Three masses are connected together by weightless

threads as shown in figure. They are pulled on a
smooth surface by a horizontal force. Find:
a. The common acceleration of these masses.
b. The tension force in each thread.
(3 m/s2, 6 N, 18 N)

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22. A group of three masses as shown in figure moves at

a changeable velocity by the effect of a resultant force
F = 30 N. Find:
a. The tension force in the thread between A and B
b. The tension force in the thread between B and C (3 N, 15 N)

Graphical Relationships:
23. An object of mass 80 kg is moving during 100 s
according to the graphical relationship shown in the
diagram :
a. Find the greatest velocity reached by the object.
b. What is the type of the object motion in the stage
AB and the stage BC?
c. Calculate the force acting on the object in each
stage.
(30 m/s, uniform acceleration, uniform velocity, 60 N, 0, - 120 N)

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Laws of circular motion

Introduction
- many bodies move in a circular or "elliptical" path such as:
1- Motion of earth & other planets around sun.
2- Motion of electrons around the nucleus of the atom.
3- Motion of "merry-go-round" in the park.
But, why the body maintains its motion in a circle? While the simplest type of
motion is "straight line in one direction".
- When a body moves in a circle with a uniform velocity, it affects by two
forces of equal magnitude and opposite direction "relative to Newton's 3 rd
law" which keep the motion along this circle which are "centripetal force –
centrifugal force".

Principle of circular motion:

- We studied in the previous lesson that the force is the influence which
responsible for the change in the state of any body.
- The magnitude of this force doesn’t change the type of the motion, its only
change the rate of the motion “inc. , dec. , etc.”.
- The direction of this force can change the type of the motion as:

If the direction of the If the direction of the If the direction of the

force is the same force is opposite to the force is perpendicular
direction of motion direction of motion to the direction of
motion

1- The velocity inc. 1-The velocity dec.

2-The direction of 2-The direction of
motion doesn’t motion doesn’t
change. change 1-The velocity
remains constant
2-The direction of
motion changes
3-The body move in a
circle

- What’s make the body moves in a circular path?

As we explain above, to make any body move in a circle u must affect on
it with a force which:-
1- Its direction is perpendicular on the direction of motion.
2- Acts towards the center.
3- Be a force of attraction "petal".
- This force called "centripetal force "or "Fc".
Fc

- According to this type of force the body moves with

A uniform circular motion

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The uniform circular motion:
- It is the motion of the body in a circular path at a constant speed and
changeable direction.
Remark:
- If the body which moves in a circle released, it will move in a tangent
direction to the circle in the moment of releasing with a “tangential
velocity”
Tangential velocity:
- It is the velocity of the object in the tangential direction to the circular path
at the release moment.

Types of centripetal force:

- They are forces acts as a centripetal force and having its characteristics as:
1- Tension force (FT) 2- gravitational force (FG)
1-When pulling a body by a 1-An attraction force between the
string or a wire, a tension sun and earth or between any
force is appears. two bodies having mass an
2-If this tension force is distance between them.
normal to the direction of 2-If this force is normal to the
motion and acts towards the direction of motion , it causes
center and makes the body the earth to move in a circle
moves in a circle, this means around the sun, this means the
The tension force can behave gravitational force can acts as a
as a centripetal force. centripetal force.

2- Friction force (Ff) 4- reaction force (FN)

1-When a car turns in a 1-When a car moves in a circular
curve; a friction force path on an inclined plane, it
between the road and the car affected by a number of forces :
tiers appears. 2-The reaction force in the
2-If this force acts normally horizontal axis which acts
to the direction of the motion, normally on the motion. And
it causes the car moving in a the friction force in the
curved path, this means that horizontal axis also, this means
the friction forces behave as that the centripetal force is the
centripetal force. sum between the two
components of the reaction and
friction force in the horizontal
direction.

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5- Lifting force (FL)

1-When the airplane tilts “rotates” the horizontal component of the

lifting force acts normally to the plane motion makes the plane turn in a
curve.
2-This means that the horizontal component of the lifting force on the
airplane acts as a centripetal force.

The centripetal force "Fc":

- when a body moves in a circle with a uniform velocity, such a body is said
to perform " a uniform circular motion" which characterized by:
1- The magnitude of velocity is constant.
2- The direction of velocity is continuously changed along the
the circumference of the circle.

N.B
- The change in the direction of velocity means the presence of acceleration
"centripetal acceleration" which in turn requires the presence of a force
called "centripetal force" which defined as:
- "it is the force acting on a body that moves in a circular motion to
change its direction from a position to another and without it, the body
moves in a straight line."
- Its direction is always towards the center.
- Its function is "change the moving body direction from a position to
another".

What happened if?

- The centripetal force during the motion equals zero.
The body will moves in a straight line.
Example:
- Let a stone be attached to a string and move in a circular motion under the
effect of centripetal force.
- Let the stone be free, we notice that the stone moves in a straight line at a
direction tangent to the original circular path.

Deduction of the centripetal force:

- according to Newton's 2nd law of motion,
F =mxa
Fc = m x ac ………………………………… (1)
Where "m" represents the mass of the body,
"ac" represents the centripetal acceleration.
- so, to determine the centripetal force, we need to find at first the value of
centripetal acceleration "ac" which can be deduce from:

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The centripetal acceleration "ac":

- from the both previous figures,

By similarity:
ab/r = ∆v/v
- as ab is the distance covered by the body from a to b in time ∆t, then
ab = v∆t
- and from the definition of acceleration
lacl = l∆vl /∆t
l∆vl = lacl ∆t
- by substitution:
v0∆t /r = lacl ∆t /v
lacl r = v2
lacl = v2/r……………………. (2)
- from (2) in (1):
Fc = m x ac
Fc = mv2/r.
Where, "v" represents the orbital constant velocity,
"r" represents the radius of the circular path.
So, the centripetal acceleration "ac" defined as:
- "It’s the acceleration produced from the change in the direction of the
velocity of a moving body during its motion along a circular path".
- It’s a vector physical quantity measured in units of "m/s2".
- Its direction is always towards the center.

Factors affecting the centripetal force "FC":

(1) The orbital velocity (2) the mass of the moving body
- The centripetal force is direct- - The centripetal force is directly prop-
ly proportional to the ortional to the mass of different
square of orbital velocity. bodies moving in a circular path.

Fc Fc

V2 m

Slope = Fc/v2 = m/r Slope = Fc/m = v2/r

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(3) The radius of the circular path
The centripetal force is inversely proportional to the radius
of the circular path.

Fc

1/r

Slope = Fc /"1/r" = mv2

Tangential velocity:
- If the body completes one circular revolution in an interval time (T) which is
called the periodic time so,
- The tangential velocity = distance / time
= 2∏r / T

Factors affecting the tangential velocity:

- The radius of the circular path (r)

Tangential velocity is directly proportional to the radius

Slope = v/r = 2∏/T

- The periodic time (T)

Tangential velocity is inversely proportional to the periodic time.

Slope = v/r = 2∏r

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N.B
- According to Newton's 3rd law:
"The centripetal force acts towards the center, therefore there is an equal
opposite force that acts away the center is called centrifugal force".

Applications of centrifugal force:

1- Drying machine.
2- Candy floss.
3- Rotating barrel in the park.
4- Centrifuge in pathological labs.

Examples:
- Calculate the centripetal force acting on a car of mass 1000 kg to move in a
circular path of radius 50m with velocity 5m/s.
Solution:
Fc = mv02/r Fc =? r = 50m
= {1000x(5) }/50
2 v0 = 5m/ m = 1000kg
= 500 N

- A body of mass 0.5kg moves in a circular orbit of radius 2m with a linear

velocity 10m/s. calculate the centripetal acceleration, then the centripetal
force.
Solution:
ac = v02/r Fc = ? ac =? r= 2m
= (10) /2
2 v0 = 10m/s m = 0.5kg
= 50 m/s 2

Fc = m x ac
= 0.5 x 50
= 25 N

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QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER
TWO
A- MULTIPLE CHOICE ANSWERING QUESTIONS

1. When a force acts on a moving body in the same direction, its speed
a. decreases without changing direction b. increases without changing direction
c. decreases and changes direction d. increases and changes direction

2. When a force acts on a moving body in an opposite direction of its motion, its speed
a. decreases without changing direction b. increases without changing direction
c. changes direction only d. changes and its direction also changes

3. When a force acts on a body in a direction normal to its direction of motion, its speed
a. decreases without changing direction b. does not change and changes direction
c. changes and its direction also changes d. does not change without changing
direction

4. If a body moves in a circular path, its velocity changes in …..

a. magnitude only b. direction only
c. both magnitude and direction d. there is no correct answer

5. …….. is considered as centripetal force when it is normal to the direction of motion.

a. Tension force b. Material attractive force
c. Friction force d. All of them
6. The centripetal force acting on a car moving in a curve due to
a. brake force b. the friction force between car tires and the road
c. earth attractive force d. moment of inertia acting on the driver
7. The centripetal acceleration is determined using the relation
v2 v2
a. v r b. v r c. d.
2

r r2

8. The centripetal force is directly proportional to

a. mass b. velocity c. speed d. square of speed

9. The centripetal force is directly proportional to

a. mass b. velocity c. speed d. radius

10. The centripetal force is inversely proportional to

a. mass b. velocity c. speed d. radius

11. If the tangential speed is doubled and the radius of curvature is also doubled, so the
centripetal acceleration
a. decreases to its half b. is doubled
c. increases 4 times d. does not change

12. Two objects A, B move on the circumference of a circle with the same velocity where
mA = 2 mB SO the acceleration with which A moves is that with which B moves.
a. equal b. double of c. half of d. quarter of

13. If the radius of curvature of the path of a body moving in a circular path increases four
times, so the centripetal force required to make the speed of the body constant
a. decreases to its half b. does not change
c. is doubled d. decreases to its quarter

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14. A car moves around a curve of radius 100 m with constant speed 20 ms-1 , so the
centripetal acceleration equals …. ms-2
a. 4 b. 2000 c. 5 d. 0.2
15. The quantity F r indicates
m
a. speed of a body in a circular path b. rate of change of speed
c. linear acceleration d. centripetal acceleration

16. The centripetal force equals

a. mass × centripetal acceleration b. mass × radius of curvature
c. mass × velocity d. mass ×speed

17. A stone weighs 40 N is tied to a string of if the tension force in the string is 160 N,
length 10 m rotates in a horizontal circle, so the stone speed is …….. cm/s.
a. 200 b.10000 c.2000 d.1000

18. An object of mass 6 kg moves in a circle of circumference 6 it m. with constant speed

10 m/s , the centripetal force acting on the body is N.
a.400 b.200 c. 180 d.50

19. A person of mass 50 kg on a bicycle moves on a curved road of radius 30 m. with

speed 2 m/s. If the centripetal force acting on him is 10 N so the mass of the bicycle
a.25 kg b.50 kg c. 75 kg d. 100 kg

20. The ratio of the centripetal forces acting on two bodies of equal masses when the first
moves with speed 5 m/s on a circle of diameter 4 m and the second moves with speed
10 m/s on a circle of diameter 8 m is
1 1 2 1
a. b. c. d.
1 2 1 4

21. The tangential speed of a body moving in circular path is determined from the relation
2 r 2 r v2 v2
a. b. c. m d.
T v r r

22 . When a body moves on the circumference of circle of radius (r) with speed (v), So
a. the motion is accompanied by a centripetal force acting on changing the speed
direction
b. the motion is with constant speed
c. v = centripeta l accelera tion r
d. all of the previous

23. A boy catches a string with a stone at its end and moves it
in a horizontal plane as shown with the arrow (e) on the
figure. If the boy leaves the string suddenly when the stone
is at x, so the stone will move in direction.
a. xa b. xc c. xb d. xd

24. If the tangential velocity with which a body moves in a circular path is 7 m/s and it
makes 4 revolutions in two minutes, so the radius of curvature of the path equals
a. 30.6 b. 33.4 c. 25 d. 66.8

25. From the factors on which the centripetal force depend is / are
a. body temperature b. kind of material
c. radius of rotation d. all of the previous

26. From life applications of centripetal force is / are

a. drying clothes b. candy floss
c. rotating barrel in the amusement park d. all of the previous

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B- EXTENDED RESPONSE ANSWERING QUESTIONS

1. An object of mass 2 kg. moves around a circle of radius 2 m. with velocity 12 m/s,
calculate:
a. Centripetal acceleration. b. Centripetal force. c. Linear acceleration.

(72 m/s, 144 N ,0)

2. A bicycle rider move in a circular path of radius 40 m. with tangential velocity 13.2 m/s
. If the force that conserves the circular motion of the bicycle is 377 N calculate the
mass of the bicycle and the rider. (86.5 kg.)

3. A centripetal force of 1800 N affects on an object of mass 10 kg. to conserve its motion
in a circular path of radius 5 m. , calculate:
a. The objects velocity. b. The centripetal acceleration.
(30 m/s , 180 m/s2)

4. If the centripetal acceleration for an object is 10 m/s2 , calculate the centripetal

acceleration for the same object if its velocity is doubled and its radius of rotation
decreases to its half value. (80 m/s2)

5. A car of mass 905 kg . moves on a circular path of radius 3.25 m, calculate its
tangential velocity if the force required to conserve its rotational motion equals 2140 N.
(34.97 m/s)

6. A car of mass 1000 kg. moves with uniform velocity 5 m/s rotating around a curve of
radius 50 m. Calculate the central frictional force required to conserve its motion on the
curve. (500 N)

7. An object of mass 0.01 kg. moves in a circular path of radius 150 cm. If it takes 35 to
make a complete revolution, calculate the magnitude and direction of the centripetal
force.
(0.0657 N , to the center)

8 . W An object of mass 2 kg . is held at the end of a rope and rotate in a horizontal

circular path of radius 1.5 m. so, that it make 3 revolutions in one second, calculate:
a. The tangential velocity.
b. The centripetal acceleration.
c. The tension in the rope.
(28.26 m/s , 532.4 m/s2 , 1064.8 N)

9. An object of mass 100 g. moves on a circle of radius 50 cm. a uniform circular motion. If
it takes 90s to make 45 complete revolutions, calculate:
a. Periodic time.
b. The linear velocity.
c. Centripetal acceleration .
(2 s, 1.57 m/s , 4.9 m/s2)

10. A car in the amusement park of mass 200 kg. moves in a circular pass with velocity 10
m/s. If the centripetal force acted on it 2000 N , find:
a. The radius of rotation. b. Centripetal acceleration.
(10 m, 10 m/s2)

11. Find the centripetal force acting on a toy helicopter of mass 100 g. moving in a circular
path of radius 1 m and makes 100 revolution in 20 s, calculate:
a. Tangential velocity.
b . Centripetal acceleration.
c. Centripetal force.
(31.4 m/s, 985 .96 m/s2, 98 .596 N)
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12. Nadeen tied a ball of mass 0.2 kg . at the end of a rope of length 1 m . She turned it
from the other end with linear velocity 8 m/s . If the rope withstands a tension force of
15 N , Is the rope cut ? Why ? (No)

I3. An object moves in a circular path of diameter 4 m. with linear velocity 10 m/s. ,
calculate:
a . Displacement through one complete revolution.
b. Periodic time. (0, 1.3s)

3
14. An object of mass 0.2 kg. moves in a circular path so, that it makes revolution in
4
0.3 s and its displacement is 6 m., calculate:
a. The rotation radius.
b. The tangential velocity of the object. (4.24 m. 66.6 m/s)

15. An object of weight 100 N moves with velocity 10 m/s in a circular path of radius 10 m
, if the acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s2 , find:
a. The centripetal acceleration. b. The time of 2 revolutions.
c. The displacement in half a revolution. d . The centripetal force.
( 10 m/s2, 12.6 s, 20 m, 100 N)

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QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER
LECTURE (1)
Write the scientific term:
1- The body keeps its state of rest or motion in a straight line with uniform
velocity unless any external forces acting on it.
2- The tendency of a body to keep its state of rest or motion in a straight
line with uniform velocity.
3- Apparatus used to reduce the friction force between the moving body
and surface.
4- The ratio between the velocity of body of a mass 1kg and the velocity of
an object when affected by the same force.
5- The product of the velocity of a body times its mass.
6- The ratio between the linear momentum of a body and its velocity.
7- External factor affects the body and change the magnitude or direction
of its velocity or both.

Choose the correct answer:

1- According to Newton's 1st law, the body moves with…………velocity unless
any external forces acting on it.
a. uniform b. vanished c. non-uniform d. increasing
2- The inertia of a body increases by increasing it's………………….
a. volume b. mass c. displacement d. density
3- If the mass of a body decreases to one third, its inertia……………….
a. inc. 3times b. dec. to one third
c. dec. to one six d. remains constant
4- Two bodies are falling freely from the top of a mountain, if the mass of
the 1st body equals half that of the 2nd body, so the velocity of the 1st
one just reaches the earth……………….that of the 2nd body.
a. greater than b. less than
c. equals d. there is no correct answer
5- …………………of the body is considered as a measure for its inertia.
a. velocity b. motion c. mass d. displacement
6- The Newton's 1st law is called the law of…………………….
a. reaction b. inertia c. gravitation d. force
7- The product of the mass of a body times the rate of change of its
displacement is called…………………..
a. force b. momentum c. acceleration d. weight
8- Linear momentum is measured in…………………..
a. kg.m-1s-1 b. kg.ms2
c. kg.ms-1 d. kg.ms-2
9- The body keeps its state of rest if it is affected by………………
a. horizontal large forces b. balanced forces
c. unbalanced forces d. horizontal small forces
10- If the velocity of the body and its mass are doubled, the linear
momentum………………….
a. doesn’t change b. decreases to its half
c. is doubled d. increases four times
11- If the net force acting on a body at rest is absent, the body……………
a. moves with uniform velocity b. remains at rest
c. moves with uniform acceleration d. no correct answer
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Put (√) or (X) and correct the wrong ones:
1- If the resultant force acting on a moving body is absent, the body
becomes at rest. ( )
2- Newton's 1st law is applied when the resultant force acting on a body
doesn’t equal zero ( )
3- The body remains at rest if it is affected by unbalanced forces
( )
4- The distance covered by the body is inversely proportional to the
frictional force. ( )
5- Inertia of a body is inversely proportional to its mass ( )
6- If the mass of a body is doubled, its inertia remains constant.
( )
7- When the car starts to move suddenly, passengers are pushed forward.
( )
8- m1/m2 = v1/v2 ( )
9- The linear momentum is directly proportional to both of mass and
velocity. ( )
10- The linear momentum is a scalar quantity. ( )

Give reasons for:

1- On the stop of pedaling, the bike stops after a short distance.
2- When the car starts to move suddenly, passengers are pushed
backward.
3- When car stops suddenly, passengers are pushed forward.
4- Continuous rotation of electrical fan although the current is cut off.
5- It is difficult to stop a large moving truck suddenly.
6- Newton's 1st law is called the law of inertia.
7- Air track is used to apply the Newton's 1st law.
8- Air track is considered as a least resistance surfaces for motion of
bodies.
9- The linear momentum of a running man is greater than that of a train at
rest.
10- The linear momentum of a body is a vector quantity.
11- Two forces or more may act on a body without changing in its state.

Define the following:

1- Newton's 1st law.
2- Inertia of body.
3- Inertial mass of an object.
4- Linear momentum.
5- Force.
6- Static equilibrium.

What is meant by?

1- Inertial mass of an object is 40kg.
2- The tendency of a body to change its velocity upon collision is 15kg.
3- The linear momentum of a body is 100 kgm/s.

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Write the no. of graphical relations which express the following:
1- Newton's 1st law.
2- A body moves under the effect of constant force.
3- A body moves with uniform acceleration.
x v x

t t √t
a. b. c.

f v x

t t t
d. e. f.

Which of the following graphs has a slope equals the mass of the
moving body?
√PL PL PL PL

V √V V V2
a. b. c. d.
What does the slope of the following graphs mean?
PL PL

m V
a. b.

What are the factors affecting the following:

1- Linear momentum of a body.
2- Inertia of a body.

Describe the structure of air track, and then mention its scientific idea.

Compare between the momentum of eagle of mass 15 kg flies with a

velocity of 20 m/s and momentum of gazelle of mass 60 kg runs with
a velocity 10 m/s.

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Write the mathematical equation of the following:
1- Law of inertia.
2- Inertial mass law.
3- Linear momentum.

Problems:
1- In riders experiment, the mass of the 1st body is 1 kg and its velocity 20
m/s, find the mass of the 2nd rider if its velocity was 5 m/s.

2- Calculate the velocity of a body of mass 500 gm. And its linear
momentum 50 kg.m/s

3- a ball of mass 0.5 kg falls freely from a height 20m, calculate the linear
momentum just before it strikes the ground ( g = 10 m/s2)

4- A ball of mass 45 kg moves with a velocity of 16 m/s and another ball of

mass 14 kg moves with a velocity 7 m/s. explain which of them has a
greater linear momentum.

5- A car of mass 1200 kg moves with velocity of 20 m/s, when brakes are
applying it stops after 5 sec. find:
a. its deceleration
b. the distance covered to stop the car
c. the linear momentum just before using the brakes
d. the linear momentum at the end of 5 sec

6- A body of mass 1.5 kg falls freely from the top of a building. It reaches
its mid height after 5 sec. find:
a. the height of the building
b. the linear momentum when it strikes the ground (g =10m/s2)

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LECTURE (2)
Write the scientific term:
1- The resultant force acting on a body equals the rate of change of linear
momentum.
2- The change of momentum in one second.
3- The resistance of a body to change its velocity.
4- The acting force on a body of mass 1 kg causing its acceleration 1m/s2.
5- The resistance of a body to gain acceleration.
6- The gravitational force acting on the mass of the body.
7- For every action there is a reaction equals in magnitude and opposite in
direction.
Choose the correct answer:
1- The resultant force acting on a body equals…………..
a. mv b. m√v c. m(∆v/∆t) d. ½ mv2
2- The acting force on a body of mass 5 kg and changes its velocity from
7m/s to 3m/s in 2 sec is…………Newton.
a. 10 b. 5 c. (-2) d. (-10)
3- A force of 24 N acts on a body of mass 5 kg causing its movement on an
inclined plane with an acceleration 3m/s2, the frictional force
is……………Newton.
a. 39 b. 9 c. 8 d. 5
4- A piece of wood of mass 2kg moves on a horizontal plane, affected by a
force of 6 N, the acceleration wills be…………………..m/s2.
a. 6 b. 4 c. 3 d. 2
5- If the acting force is doubled, the acceleration of a body of constant
mass will……………
a. remains constant b. be doubled
c. decrease to its half d. increase four times
6- If the acting force on a body is doubled and its mass is decreased to its
half, the acceleration will be………….
a. 2a b. 3a c. 4a d. a
7- A car of mass 500 kg and another of 1500 kg move with the same
acceleration, the acting force on the car of the greater mass………..that of
the car of the smaller mass.
a. equals to b. equals half
c. equals double d. equals three times
8- Two bodies are falling freely, if the mass of the 1st body equals double
the mass of the 2nd , the ratio between the acceleration of the 1st and
that of the 2nd equals……………….
a. 1/2 b. 2/1 c. 1/1 d. 1/4
9- If two equal forces acting on two bodies, the 1 of unknown mass moves
st

with an acceleration 5m/s2 while the 2nd of mass 1kg moves with an
acceleration 2.5m/s2, the unknown mass equals…………kg.
a. 2 b. 1.5 c. 1 d. 0.5
10- If the weight of a body is 19.6 N its mass will be………………...kg.
a. 19.6 b. 0.2 c. 2 d. 3
11- The ratio between the mass of body on the moon to its mass on the
earth's surface equals……………………
a. 2 b. 1 c. 1/2 d. 1/6

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12- A body of mass 6 kg at rest, if a force of 18 N acts on it, the
acceleration wills be……………..m/s2.
a. 1.5 b. 6 c. 3 d. 1/2
13- If the acting force on a body equals 9 N, the reaction will be………….N.
a. (-9) b. 0 c. 9 d. 1

Put (√) or (X) and correct the wrong ones:

1- The force acting on a body equals the product of the body mass times its
velocity.
2- The acceleration of a moving body is inversely proportional to the
resultant force acting on it.
3- When the resultant force acting on a moving body is vanished, the
acceleration will be zero.
4- The acting force on a body is directly proportional to the rate of its
change in momentum.
5- Newton is the acting force on a body when the rate of change of its
momentum equals 1kg.m/s.
6- A force of 5N means that a body of mass 5kg moves with an acceleration
5m/s2.
7- Mass is a scalar quantity, while weight is a vector.
8- Weight of a body = mass x acceleration.
9- Weight of body doesn’t change from place to another on the earths while
mass of body changes.
10- The formula of Newton's third law is ∑F =zero.

Give reasons for:

1- The acceleration of a moving body increases by increasing the force
acting on it.
2- Weight of a body is a vector quantity.
3- The ratio between weight of body and its mass is always greater than
one.
4- The change of the weight of body from place to place while th mass of
the body is constant.
5- Weight of a body on earth's surface is equals six times that of its weight
on moon.
6- The action and reaction are equal but not make the equilibrium of
bodies.
7- The solider fixes his rifle in his arm while shooting.
8- It is easy to penetrate a nail through a piece of wood, while it is difficult
to penetrate it through concrete.

Define each of the following:

1- Newton's second law.
2- Newton.
3- The gravitational mass.
4- Weight.
5- The Newton's third law.

What is meant by?

1- The rate of change of momentum equals 20kg.m/s2.

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2- The acting force equals 40N.
3- The weight of a body equals 30N.
4- The gravitational mass of an object equals 50kg.

Compare between:
1- The inertial mass and the weight of body.
2- The Newton's laws of motion. (Definition-math. formula).

Which of the following graphs represents the Newton's 2nd law then
what does the slope mean?

F F F F2

m m2 √m m
a. b. c. d.

What are the factors affecting the acting force on a body and mention
the relation between them.

Which is bigger, the gravitational force of the earth on a body or the

gravitational force of the moon on the same body and why?

Write the mathematical formula which expresses the following:

1- Newton's 2nd law.
2- The gravitational mass.
3- The weight of body.
4- Newton's 3rd law.

Problems:
1- Two equal forces acting on two bodies of masses 5kg and 1 kg
respectively if the 2nd body gained an acceleration of 20 m/s2. Find the
acceleration gained by the 1st one.

2- Two equal forces acting on two bodies, if the 1st body has a mass of 5kg
and gained acceleration 8 m/s2 and the velocity of the 2nd body changes
from rest to 48 m/s during 3 sec. find the mass of the 2nd body.

3- A body of mass 50kg at the earth's surface (g= 9.8m/s2). find:

a. The weight of the body on the earth.
b. The weight of the body on the moon's surface.
c. The mass of the body on the moon's surface.

4- A car of mass 1200kg starts from rest to move under the effect of force
600N. calculate:
a. The acceleration of the car.
b. The velocity of the car after 25 sec.
c. The distance covered by the car.

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5- A body of mass 20kg at rest affected by a force 30N .calculate:
a. The acceleration of the body.
b. The time taken to cover a distance of 75 m.

6- A girl pushes a small car with a force of 150N. and the frictional force
acting on it was 100N. find:
a. The force acting on the car.
b. The acceleration of the car if it has a mass 25kg.

7- A car of mass 500kg. Starts motion from rest on a horizontal road under
the acting force of 300N.and subjected to a force of friction 50N. find:
a. The resultant force acting on the car.
b. The acceleration of the car.

8- Calculate the acting force on a body of a mass 30kg:

a. To accelerate it by 3m/s2.
b. To gain it a velocity of 8m/s in 6sec from rest.
c. To make it move 50m in 5sec from rest.
d. To change its velocity from 20m/s to 10m/s through a distance
25m.

9- A body at rest is of weight 400N is affected by a force of 200N causing

its movement for 3 sec calculate:
a. The final velocity after 3 sec.
b. the distance covered after 3 sec. (g=10m/s2)

10- a body of weight 240N was moving with a uniform velocity of 25 m/s,
after 2.5 sec its velocity became 45 m/s, knowing that (g=10m/s2)
calculate:
a. The change in momentum.
b. The acting force on the body.

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LECTURE (3)
Write the scientific term:
1- The motion of the body when it moves in a circular path with uniform
velocity.
2- The quotient of square the orbital velocity over the radius of the circular
path.
3- The acceleration which the body moves with it in a circular path and its
direction towards the center.
4- The acceleration which changes the direction of the velocity only.
5- The product of the mass of the body X the centripetal acceleration which
it moves with it.
6- The force which affects on a body moving in a circular path in uniform
circular motion.
7- The force which equals to the central gravitational force in value but
opposite in direction.

Choose the correct answer:

1- If a body moves in a circular path, its velocity changes…………………
a. only in value b. only in direction
c. in value and direction d. no correct answer
2- The centripetal acceleration is determined from the relation………………
a. V0/r2 b. V0r c. V02/r d. V02/r2
3- If the orbital velocity is doubled and the radius of the circular path is also
doubled then the centripetal acceleration………………
a. decreases to half b. is doubled
c. increases four times c. doesn’t change
4- A car moves with constant velocity 20m/s. in a circular path, its radius
100m, then its centripetal acceleration…………….m/s2.
a. 0.25 b. 5 c. 2 d. 4
5- The central gravitational force equals……………………..
a. the mass x linear acceleration
b. the mass x centripetal acceleration
c. the mass x gravitational acceleration
d. the mass x the velocity
6- A stone of mass 4kg is attached with a string, its length 10m. Moves in a
horizontal circular path. The tension force of the string becomes 160N,
then its velocity………………..m/s.
a. 10 b. 400 c. 100 d. 20
7- A body of mass 6kg moves in a circle of diameter 3m. with uniform
velocity 10m/s., then the force on the body is………………N
a. 400 b. 200 c. 180 d. 50
8- The ratio between the central gravitational force of two bodies have the
same mass, the 1st body moves with velocity 5m/s. in a circle of
diameter 8m.is……………
a. 1 b. 0.5 c. 2 d. 4
9- The velocity of the body moves in a circular orbit is determined from the
relation………………..
a. √acr b. acr c. fcr d. mr

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10- When a body moves in a circular path of radius (r) with velocity (v),
then…………….
a. there is a centripetal force changes the direction of velocity
b. the velocity value doesn’t change
c. V = √ac x r
d. All the previous answers

Put (√) or (X) and correct the wrong:

1- The centripetal acceleration changes the value and the direction of the
velocity of the moving body.
2- The centripetal acceleration is determined from the relation V0/r.
3- If the radius of the circular path of a moving body increases, the value of
the centripetal acceleration increases.
4- The central gravitational force is calculated from the relation
Fc = mV02/r.
5- The centripetal force equals the centrifugal force in magnitude and
direction.

Give reasons:
1- If a body moves with constant velocity, it may has an acceleration.
2- The triangle of speed of a body moves in a circular path is isosceles
triangle.
3- When a car moves in a curved path, it moves tangential to this path for
moments.

Define:
1- The uniform circular motion.
2- The centripetal force.
3- The centripetal acceleration.
4- The centrifugal force.

What is meant by?

1- The centripetal force of a body 100N.
2- The centripetal acceleration of a body 40 m/s2.

Write down the physical quantities which are determined from the
following relations and write down their unit of measurement:
1- mV02/r
2- V02/r

Write down the slope of each graph and the physical relation which
represents it:
Fcr V02

a. m b. r

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What are the factors which are based on each of the following?
1- The centripetal force on a body.
2- The centripetal acceleration.

What are the applications which are based on the centrifugal force?

Compare between:
a) The centripetal force and the centrifugal force.

Problems:
1- a body of mass 2kg moves in a circular path, its radius 2m, with velocity
12m/s. calculate:
a. The centripetal acceleration.
b. The centripetal force.
c. The linear acceleration.

2- If the centripetal force acting on a body of mass 10kg equals 1800 N to

keep its motion in a circular path its radius 5m. calculate:
a. The speed of the body.
b. The centripetal acceleration.

3- A vehicle of mass 750kg. Moves in circular path of diameter 80m. If the

centripetal force on the vehicle 7500 N, calculate the velocity of the
vehicle.

4- If the centripetal acceleration of a body is 10m/s2, calculate the

centripetal acceleration of that body when the velocity is doubled and
the radius decreases to half.

5- A body of mass 10kg moves in a circular path of radius 1m., the

centripetal force which acts on the body 2250 N. calculate:
a. The time taken by the body to make one complete cycle "periodic
time".
b. The displacement of the body through half cycle.

6- A body moves on a circumference of a circle of radius 100cm, the body

takes 4 seconds to make three complete cycles. Calculate the centripetal
acceleration which the body moves with it.

7- A body of weight 100 N moves with velocity 10 m/s in a circular path of

radius 10m., if the gravitational acceleration 10 m/s2 find:
a. The centripetal acceleration.
b. The time of two complete cycles.
c. The displacement of the body to make two complete cycles.
d. The centripetal force.

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SCHOOL BOOK QUESTIONS
Complete the following statements:
1- Newton's 1st law states………………………………………………………………………..
2- Newton's 2nd law states……………………………………………………………………….
3- Newton's 3rd law states……………………………………………………………………….
4- The inertia of a body is ……………………………………………………………………….
5- Force is …………………………………………………………………………………………………
6- A Newton is ………………………………………………………………………………………….
7- The weight of a body is ……………………………………………………………………….
8- Centripetal acceleration is …………………………………………………………………..
9- Centripetal force is ………………………………………………………………………………

Choose the write answer:

1- Mass is…………………….
a. Vector quantity.
b. Scalar quantity.
c. Scalar quantity whose unit is kg
d. Equal to weight

2- Weight ……………………………………………..
a. Is a vector quantity.
b. Is a scalar quantity.
c. Equals the mass.
d. A vector quantity whose unit is Newton.

3- Newton's second law is:

a. That a body at rest remains at rest or if it moves in a straight line at
constant speed continues to move at constant speed unless acted upon
by a force.
b. That the resultant force = mass x acceleration.
c. The law of inertia.
d. That for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

4- Centripetal acceleration is:

a. V02/r2
b. V02r
c. V02/r
d. V02/r2

5- Centripetal force is:

a. Mass x linear acceleration.
b. Mass x centripetal acceleration.
c. Mass x angular acceleration.
d. Work divided by displacement.

6- During the experiment with the two riders on an air track, the velocity of
the unknown rider was 8m/s, while that of the other known rider (mass
1kg) was 16m/s. thus the mass of the unknown rider is:
a. 10kg. b. 1.5kg c. 1kg d. 2kg

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7- Two equal forces acted on two different bodies the 1st of mass 1kg
moves with an acceleration of 2.5 m/s2, while the 2nd unknown mass
moves with an acceleration of 5m/s2. thus the unknown mass is
a. 1/2 kg b. 1kg c. 1½ kg d. 2kg

8- A body of mass 6 kg at rest on a frictionless surface is acted upon by a

force of 18 N then its acceleration is:
a. 1/3 m/s2 b. 3 m/s2
c. 6 m/s2 d. 1½ m/s2

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*
A QUESTIONS
1-The following table represents the results of an experiment by
different spiral springs:

a. draw the graphical relation which represent the result

where (V1) on x-axis and (V2) on y-axis.
b. from the graph:
1- The slope=……….
2- If the mass m2=1kg. So the slope = …………..and this
quantity is called………………………

2-The opposite figure represents

the relation between the velocity
of a falling body and the time
taken, from the graph find:
a. Which of the three Newton's laws
can be applied on the parts (AB,
BC, and CD)?
b. If the mass of the body is 75kg,
find the acting force at each part of
the graph.

3- a man stands on two balances putting one foot on the first balance while
the second on the other, the reading of each was 300 N what is the mass
of the man (g = 10m/s2).

4- A child hold a string, there is a stone in the other end.

He moved the string in horizontal plan in the direction
(e) as in the figure. If the child left the string suddenly
at (x) then stone will move in the
direction…………………"neglect the gravitational force of
the earth".
a. Xc b. Xb c. Xa d. Xd

5- what are the results that are based on:

a. a body moves in a circular path.
b. Increasing the speed of car on a curved path.

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6- Write the physical quantity on the horizontal and the vertical axis
which verify the following:

7- When a body moves in a circular path, then all the following

sentences are right except………….(give reasons).
c. The centripetal force changes the motion direction.
d. The centripetal forces increase the velocity of the body.
e. The centripetal acceleration = V02/r
f. The centripetal velocity V0 = √ac x r
g. The centripetal force on the body = mV02/r

6- In the opposite figure, a body its mass (m) moves with linear velocity
(V0) on the circumference of a circle its radius (r). complete the
following:
a. the centripetal acceleration = …………/………
b. the centripetal force = …………./………..
c. the periodic time = ……………./………….
d. The number of cycles in one second
"frequency" = ……../………

7- The opposite figure represents a train moves in a

circular path, its radius 1m. if the train makes one complete cycle in 60
sec. answer the following:
a. The circumference of the circle path is
determined from the relation
L=……………… then L=…….m.
b. The orbital velocity is determined from
the relation………….. Then V0=…………m/s.
c. The centripetal acceleration is determined from the
relation……….then ac=…………..m/s2

8- Nermine tight a ball of mass 0.2 kg in one end of a string of length 1m.
and rotates it from the other end with velocity 8m/s. if the string suffers
tension force 15 N does the string cut? Why?

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
EXAMINATIONS QUESTIONS
Cairo governorate:

Mention the scientific base on which the following depends:

1. Drying machine.
2. Air track.
Write the mathematical relation:
1. Centripetal acceleration.
2. Newton’s 1st law.
The figure shows 1.0 Newton metal disk resting on a card that is balanced on
top of a glass.
1. The net force acting on the disk is…………..
a. 1.0 N b. 0 N c. 2.0 N d. 9.8 N
2. when the card is quickly pulled away from the glass in a horizontal
direction, the disk falls straight down into the glass, this action is a result of
the disk's…………………..
a. inertia b. shape c. charge d. temperature
Write the scientific term:
1. Change in momentum of a moving body.
2. The product of mass and velocity.
3. Rate of change in momentum.
Prove that:
1. centripetal acceleration = V02/r
A mass of 0.2 kg. Moves in a circular path of radius 200 cm takes 4 sec. to
make one complete cycle, calculate the centripetal force and mention its
direction.

Mention the units used in measuring:

1. The momentum.
2. Force.
Define the following:
1. The centripetal force.
2. Newton's third law.
3. The inertial mass of a body.
4. The body weight.

A body of mass 0.5 kg moves in a circular path of radius 2m. with a uniform
speed of 10 m/s. find:
a. the centripetal acceleration.
b. the centripetal force.
Compare between:
1. Mass and weight (3 diff. are required).

A car of weight 10000 N moving with a velocity 20 m/s and after 10s, its
velocity becomes 40 m/s (g=10m/s2) find
a. mass of the car.
b. force acting on the car.

Give reasons:
The passengers tend to fall forward when bus is suddenly stopped.
The air track is used in verification Newton's 1st law.
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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
- A body of mass 2 kg moves in a circular path of radius 4 m at a uniform
speed of 10 m/s.
Find:
a. The centripetal force.
b. The work done by this force and why.

What is meant by?

1. the product of mass times velocity of a body = 10 kg.m/s

Choose the correct answer:

1. the lunar gravity is, approximately, equal to……………m/s2
a. 1/6 b. 1.6333 c. zero d. non of these

a car of weight 10000 N moving with velocity 20 m/s and after 10 sec, its
velocity becomes 40 m/s.(g=10 m/s2).
Find:
a. Mass of the car.
b. The force acting on the car.

Helwan governorate:

Give reason:
- The passengers move forward when the car stopped suddenly.

A body of mass 0.5 kg moves in a circular path of radius 2m. at uniform speed
10m/s. find:
a. the centripetal acceleration.
b. the centripetal force.

Write the name of quantity:

1. (mV2/r).

Alexandria governorate:

A body of mass 750 kg moves in a circular path of diameter 40m. If the

centripetal force on the body 7500 N. Calculate the velocity of the body.

What is meant by?

1. The rate of change of momentum equals 20 kg.m/s2.

Deduce:
1. Newton's second law.

Monofia governorate:

Choose the correct answer:

1. The weight of body is 60 N. on the surface of the moon. Its mass on the
surface of the earth is…………..(g on the moon = 10/6 m/s2)
a. 360 kg b. 60 kg c. 36 kg d. 10 kg

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
Write the name which represents the slope:
∆PL/∆t

A body of weight 100 N moves in a circular path of radius 10 m at uniform

speed of 10 m/s (g=10m/s2). Find:
a. centripetal acceleration.
b. the centripetal force.
Give reason:
1. The centripetal force acting on a body in a circular path does not do any
work.

Ismailia governorate:

A body of mass 2 kg moves in a circular path of radius 4m and a centripetal

acceleration 16m/s2. Given that ∏= 3.14 calculate:
a. the speed of moving body.
b. the centripetal force.
c. the time which taken by the body to complete a revolution.

Write the mathematical relation:

1. Newton's first law.

Port said governorate:

Choose the correct answer:

1. if the mass of a body decreases to one fourth, its inertia ………….
a. remains constant
b. decreases to one fourth
c. increases three times

2. When the force acting on a moving body is doubled, its acceleration will
be……………
a. doubled. B. halved c. remains constant
Compare between:
1. Inertial mass and weight of a body "definition".
Write the scientific term:
1. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Give reasons:
1. The centripetal force acting on a body moving along a circular path
doesn’t work.

- Calculate the centripetal force acting on a car of mass 2000 kg moving in a

curved path of radius 200 m, if its velocity is 10 m/s.

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Damietta governorate:

Compare between:
1. Inertial mass and weight.
What is meant by?
1. The rate of change of momentum = 10 kg.m/s2.

A car of mass 1000 kg at rest. If a force acts on the car to cover a distance 12
m with final velocity 6 m/s.
Find:
a. The force acting.
b. The weight of the car (g= 9.8 m/s2).
Give reasons:
1. the centripetal force doesn’t do work.

Minia governorate:

Give reasons:
1. The centripetal force acting on a body in a circular path doesn’t do any
work.
Write the slope and the law of:

V2

1/m
What is meant by?
1. The force acting on a body 5N.
Compare between:
1. Mass and weight "measuring unit".
Write the scientific term:
1. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
2. The change in momentum.
Write the physical relationship:
1. Centripetal acceleration for body moves in circular orbit.

Assiut governorate:

Give reasons:
1. For a body moves with uniform velocity the acceleration equals zero.
What is meant by?
1. The rate of change of linear momentum = 10 kg.m/s2.

Aswan governorate:

A body of mass 0.5 kg. Moves in a circular path of radius 2m at a uniform

speed of 10 m/s.
Find:
a. The centripetal force.

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Write down a function for:
1. The light gates in the two riders experiment.

A body of mass 100 kg. Moves with velocity 10m/s after 10 sec. its velocity
will be doubled.
Calculate:
a. The change in momentum.
b. The force acting on the body.

Two equal forces acting on two different bodies the mass of the 1st (m1)
unknown and the 2nd (m2) is 1 kg, the 1st moves with acceleration 2m/s2 and
the 2nd body moves with acceleration 8 m/s2.
Find the 1st unknown mass.

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UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION
AND CIRCULAR MOTION
Introduction:
- It was said that Newton thought of gravitational forces when he noticed an
apple falling down from a tree, therefore Newton suggested some basic
concepts which helped in setting up the general law of gravitation.
1. The apple fall down towards the earth due to the gravitation of the earth,
and we can say "it attracted to the earth".
2. the gravitational attraction between different bodies occurs even if they
are far apart from each other, such as:
a. The attraction force between moon & earth.
b. The attraction force between sun & planets.
3. the gravitational attraction force between bodies depends on:
a. The mass of the two bodies.
b. The separated distance between them.

The general gravitational law:

- Established by Newton
- States that "gravitational force between every two bodies is directly
proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between them".
- The mathematical formula is " F= G (m1m2/d2) ".
Where "G" is the general gravitational constant.

Deduction of Newton's gravitational law:

- it could be verified practically and theoretically that the gravitational
attraction forces between two bodies is:
a. Directly proportional to the product of their masses.
F α m1m2…………………………………. (1)
b. inversely proportional to the square distance between them:
F α 1/d2……………………………………. (2)
- From (1) and (2), we can determine that:
F α m1m2/d2
- So, F = G (m1m2/d2).
Where "G" is the general gravitational constant.

m1
F m2

Distance "d"

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N.B.
- notice that in Newton's assumptions he assumed that the gravitational
attraction force depends on the separated distance "not the square". But in
the mathematical formula we find that "F" depends on the square distance
why?
F α 1/d (X)

d 2 1 0 -1 -2
d2 4 1 0 1 4

F α 1/d2 (√ )

- From the general gravitational law:

G = F. (d2/m1m2)
* Since: F measured in "Newton"
d measured in "meter"
m measured in "kg"
* Therefore: G measured in "N.m2/kg2" OR "N.m2.kg-2"
and G = 6.67 x 10-11 N.m2/kg2 "v.i"

General gravitational constant "G":

- It is defined as "the attractive force between two 1kg spherical bodies
whose centers are 1m apart".
- It has a constant value G = 6.67 x 10-11 N.m2/kg2

Remark:
- There is a big difference between the gravitational attraction force of the
earth and the general gravitational attraction force for Newton. How?

F F
Large g Small g
Large Large
No "g"
In vacuum Earth surface

- The attraction force is observed between the celestial bodies not between
bodies on the earth. Give reason?
Due to the huge masses of the celestial bodies as "F α m1m2", while on
earth there is no body bigger than it so "g has value but F hasn’t".

- Newton's gravitation attraction force considered as "the general case"

whiles the gravity of the earth is a "special case".
Example:
- calculate the force of attraction between sun and Jupiter if the mass of sun
is 2x1030 kg and that of Jupiter is 1.89x1027 kg and the distance between
them is 7.73x1011 m, knowing that (G = 6.67 x 10-11 N.m2/kg2).
Solution:
F = G (m1m2/d2)
= 6.67 x 10-11 {(2x1030) x (1.89x1027 )} / {(7.73x1011 )2}
= 4.22 x1023 N
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Gravitational field:
- The field is defined as “the region of space in which the force of this
property appears”. This property can be “ magnetic – electric – gravitational
,…..etc” so,
- The gravitational field can be defined as” it is the region of space in which
the gravitational forces appears”.
- If any body enters this region, it will affected by the force of the gravity and
its mass consider negligible.
Gravitational field intensity (g)
- The gravitational field intensity of the earth at a point is equal to the
acceleration due to gravity at this point.
- It is defined as “ it’s the gravitational force affected on a body of 1kg
mass”.
- We can determine it from
Determining the gravitational field intensity (g):
- By using Newton's general gravitational law we can determine the value of
the earth's gravity "g".
- Assuming that a body of mass (m1) is placed on the earth's surface of mass
(me) and at distance from the earth's center equals (re) as shown in the
figure.
From the opposite figure:

F= G m1 me
re2
F = Fg = m1g
m1 me
So, m1g =G
re2
me
g=G
re2
- This relation holds for all bodies at the surface of earth or at a height close
to it.
- Acceleration due to gravity "G" decreases as the altitude from the earth's
surface increase, therefore the weight of a body at the top of a mountain is
less than that at the earth's surface, and "g" increases as the depth from
earth's surface increase.

If the body at If the body at depth

height "h" from "h" from earth's
earth's surface. surface.
me me
g = G (re+h)2 g = G (re- h)2

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N.B.
- We can determine the acceleration due to gravity for two planets by:
Knowing the radius of the planets and their masses "m & r":
g1 mr2
g2 = m1r22
2 1

Example:
- Find the acceleration due to gravity if you know the mass of earth is 5.98
x1024 kg, the radius of the earth is 6.36 x106 m and the general
gravitational constant is 6.67 x10-11 N.m/kg2.
Solution:
me
g=G
re2
g = {(6.67 x10-11 x 5.98 x1024)/ ( 6.36 x106)2}
= 9.8 m/s2

- A planet has mass twice that of the earth and a diameter twice that of
earth. Find the ratio of the acceleration due to gravity of the two planets.
Solution:
m1=2me
r1 = 2re
g1 m1re2
g = mr2
e 2 1

= 2mere2/me4re2
= 1/2

Satellites
- Satellite is an object projected at a certain velocity to rotate in a circular
path at a constant distance from the earth’s surface.
The idea of lunching the satellite:
- A satellite is consider as an object falls freely towards the earth’s surface
(G.R)
Because it is under the effect of the earth’s gravity.
- When projecting a canon projectile from the top of a mountain in a
horizontal direction.
(G.R)
To decrease the gravitational force on the satellite as possible.
- At a certain projecting velocity, the satellite lunched on an orbit at a
constant distance away from the earths surface and moves in a circular
path (it becomes a follower for the earth).
- This satellite will move in this orbit with a constant velocity called “the
orbital velocity”.
- The orbital velocity defined as “ it is the velocity that makes the satellite
orbit the earth in an circular path at a constant distance from the earths
surface”

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Finding the orbital velocity of the satellite:
- The satellite on its orbit affected by two equal forces which are:
1-The attraction gravitational force between the earth and satellite.
2-The centripetal force on the satellite.
- So, ms me ms v2
Fg= G , Fc =
r2 r
And Fg = Fc
ms me ms v2
G =
r2 r

So, V = √Gme/r

- Where, (r)is the orbit radius which equal = R+h

- And R is the earth radius; h is the height of the satellite above the earth.

Remark:
- If the satellite stopped and its velocity became zero, it would move in a
straight line towards the earth and fall down onto it.
- If the gravitational force between the earth and satellite vanished, the
satellite moves in a straight line tangent to the circular path away from the
earth.
- To calculate the time taken by the satellite to complete one revolution
around the earth T = 2∏r /V.
- The orbital velocity doesn’t depend on the mass of the satellite.

Factors affecting the orbital velocity:

- The earth’s mass
Directly proportional with the velocity

- The orbit radius

Inversely proportional to the velocity

Importance of satellites:
- It has a very important role in transmitting and receiving the wireless
waves which can be used in the fields of :-
- Meteorological satellites:
Used in the weather forecasting.
- Communication satellites:
Used in TV and radio transmission, phone cells, internet.
- Remote sensing satellites:
Used in determine the mineral resources and mining.
- Spying satellites:
Used in military and political goals.
- Astronomical satellites:
Used in taking photos for the objects in space

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Motion along a smooth inclined plane:
1. When the body is placed on a smooth horizontal plane:
- The body is in an equilibrium state under the effect of two equal opposite
forces. "∑F = zero".
a. The gravitational force of the earth downward "weight of the body"
Fg = mg.
b. The reaction force "friction of the surface" upward "FN".
- According to Newton's third law, the sum of these two forces is zero.
FN
Friction of surface FT
Tension of wire

Fg Fg
Weight of the body Weight of the body

2. when the body is placed on a smooth inclined plane of angle "θ":

- The body losses its equilibrium and slides down under the effect of the
earth's gravity.
- To calculate this force, we resolve the weight vector which acts vertically
downwards into two components as shown:
a. the 1st component which take "sinθ" along the inclined plane;
Which responsible for the sliding of the body downwards "Fg sinθ"
b. the 2nd component which take "cos θ" perpendicular to the surface ;
Which in equilibrium with the reaction of the surface "Fg cosθ"

FN FN
By dec.θ By inc.θ

Fg cosθ FN
Fg sinθ (min.)
θ
θ

Fg cosθ
Fg Fg
Fg
Fg sinθ (max)
- the effect of angle " θ" on the components of weight:
a. As " θ" increase:
- "Fg sin θ" inc. and the reaction component "Fg cos θ" dec.
- If "θ" reaches to 90º, the reaction component "Fg cos θ" is
vanished and the body moves freely under the effect of gravity.
b. As "θ" decrease:
- The reaction component "Fg cos θ" increase till it success to stop
the body from sliding at " θ = zero".

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Applications of moving body on inclined plane:
1. Motion of cars up and down bridges.
2. Trajectory of a projectile.
N.B.
- When two bodies fall at the same time:
a. One falls vertically with an initial velocity equal zero.
b. The other falls horizontally with an initial velocity.
- But, both of them covered the same vertical distance at the same
Period of time. G.R?
Bec. Both of them move under the same effect of the earth's gravity
with the same acceleration.
The path taking by the body is called "parabola".

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QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER
THREE
A- MULTIPLE CHOICE ANSWEING QUESTIONS

1. Force of attraction between two bodies in the universe is directly proportional to

a. square of their velocities b. product of their masses.
c. square of the distance between them d. the distance between their centers.

2. The acceleration due to gravity

a. is universal constant.
b. changes from point to point on Earth’s surface.
c. changes according to the seasons.
d. changes according to the distance between Earth and Sun.

3. The centripetal force acting on a satellite of mass m rotates around Earth with velocity v
in constant orbit of a distance r from Earth’s center equals
a.
GM m
b.
m v 2 c. G r d. F r
r r m Mm

4. The universal gravitational constant is determined using the relation G =

a.
GM m
b.
m v 2 c. G r d. F r
r r m Mm

5. The ratio between the universal gravitational constant on Earth’s surface to that on
Moon’s surface is unity.
a. less than b. more than c. equal

6. The unit for measurement the universal gravitational constant is

a. N m2 b. N/m2 c. Nm2/kg2 d. N m2 kg

7. The attraction force between Earth and Moon can be detected because of
a. their motion. b. their masses. c. Their momentum d. no correct answer.

8. If the distance between two masses decreases to its half the force of attraction between
them
a. is doubled. b. increases 4 times.
c . decreases to its half. d. does not change.

9. If the distance between the centers of two bodies is doubled the force of attraction
between them
a. is doubled. b. becomes its quarter value.
c. becomes its half value. d. becomes 4 times its value.

10. Two bodies of mass (m1) and (m2) and the distance between them is (r). If the mass of
the first body is doubled and the distance between them is also doubled, the force of
attraction between them
a. does not change. b. is doubled.
c. It decreases to its half. d. becomes 4 times its value.

11. Two balls of masses 8 kg. , 20 kg. , the distance between their centers is 0.2 m. , if the
universal gravitational constant is G, so the attraction force between them = …….. N
a. 8000 G b. 4000 G c. 40 G d. 8 G

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12. If the distance between the centers of two similar balls is 1 m. , and the attraction force
between them is 1 N , then the mass of each ball equals (G = 6.67 x 10
N.m2/kg2)
a. 0.l kg. b. 2×105 kg. c. 1.22×105 kg. d. l kg.

13. The intensity of Earth’s gravitational field can be determined using the relation g =
GM Fm Gr F
a. b. c. d.
2
r r m r

14. A planet of mass 5.98×1024 kg. and its radius R = 6378 km. , if G = 6.67×10-11 N
m2/kg2 , so the intensity of planet’s gravitational field at a point lies at a distance 36000
km. from its surface equals ……… N/kg.
a. 22.2 b. 22.2×102 c. 22.2×10-2 d. 22.2×10-4

15. The orbital speed that required to keep the satellite rotate around the Earth is given

a.
M
b.
Fm
c. Gr d.
GM
r2 r m r

16. The orbital speed of a satellite is inversely proportional to

a. the mass of satellite. b. root square of its mass.
c. radius of rotation of the orbit. d. root square of the orbital radius.

17. Two satellites A , B rotate around the Earth at the same periodic time. If the orbit
radius of A is 4 times that of B , so the ratio of speed of A to that of B equals•
a. 1:4 b. 1:2 c. 4:1 d. 2:1

18. The time taken by a satellite to make full revolution around Earth is given by …….
v Fm Gr 2 r
a. 2 b. c. d.
r r m v

19. The speed required by a satellite to rotate around a planet depends on

a. its mass only. b . mass of planet c. a constant.
d. mass of planet and the distance between them.

20 . The speed required to rotate Earth around the Sun depends on

a. mass of Earth only. b. mass of Earth and Sun and the distance between them.
c. mass of Sun only. d. mass of Sun and the distance between them.

21. A satellite rotates at height 12000 km. from a planet of mass 9.96×1022 kg. If the
radius of the planet is 1063 km. and G = 6.67×10-11 N m2/kg2 , so the orbital speed of
the satellite = ……… m/s.
a. 744 b. 713.13 c. 311 d. 249.9

B- EXTENDED RESPONSE ANSWERING QUESTIONS

1. If the radius of a planet is 7.14×107 m and its mass is 1.9×1027 kg (G = 6.67×10-11 N
m2/kg2) , find:
a. The attraction force acting on an object of mass 1 kg at the planet’s surface.
b. The acceleration due to gravity on planets surface.
(24.86 N , 24.86 m/s2)

2. Calculate the attraction gravitational force between sun and Jupiter planet, knowing that
the universal gravitational constant = 6.67×10-11 N m2/kg2, mass of the sun =
1.989×1030 kg, mass of Jupiter = 1.898×1027 kg and the mean orbital radius of Jupiter
around the sun = 7.786×1011 m
(4.15×1023 N)

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3. Calculate the mass of Earth, knowing that the acceleration due to gravity on Earth = 9.8
m/s2, Radius of Earth = 6.36×106 m. (G = 6.67×10-11 N m2/kg2)
(5.94×1024 kg)

4. If the mass of Mercury planet is 3.3×1023 kg and its radius is 2.439×106 m, calculate the
weight of an object of mass 65 kg on its surface. What is the weight of the same object
on the Earth’s surface (G = 6.67×10-11 N m2/kg2, acceleration due to gravity on surface
of Earth = 9.8 m/s2).
(240.5 N, 637 N)

5. Calculate the ratio between the acceleration due to gravity on Moon and that on Earth,
knowing that.
o Mass of Earth 5.976×1024 kg and its radius 6.4 x 106 m.
o Mass of Moon 7.35×1022 kg and its radius 1.74×106 m.
(1/6)

6. A planet of mass 5 times the mass of Earth and its diameter 5 times that of Earth.
Calculate the ratio of the acceleration due to gravity on Earth’s surface to that on the
planet.
(5/1)

7. A planet has the same mass as that of Earth but its diameter twice that of Earth.
Calculate the weight of an object on the planet if its weight on Earth 100 N.
(25 N)

8. A planet of mass 4 times of that of Earth and its diameter is doubled that of Earth.
Calculate the weight of an object on its surface if its weight on Earth is 150 N.
(150 N)

9. A satellite rotates in a circular path at height 300 km from Earths surface, find:
a. its orbital velocity.
b. Its periodic time.
c. Centripetal acceleration during its motion.
(Knowing that radius of Earth 6400 km. , acceleration due to gravity on Earth = 9.8 m/s 2)
(8.1×103 m/s, 5.2×103 s, 9.8 m/s2)

10. At what height from Earth’s surface, a satellite must rotate so that its periodic time
around earth equal the time required by the Earth to make a full revolution about its
axis, if you know; the day on the Earth = 24 hour, mass of earth 5.98×1024 kg, G =
6.67×10-11 N m2/kg2 (35887 km)

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QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER
LECTURE (1)
Write the scientific term:
1. The gravitational force between two bodies is directly proportional to the
product of two masses and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between their centers.
2. The mutual attractive force between two bodies, each of mass 1 kg and
the distance between them is 1 meter.
3. A method to determine the radius of the earth depending on the change
in the inclination angle of the sun rays at sunset from the top of a
mountain.
4. A method to determine the radius of the earth depending on the change
in inclination angle of the sun rays at noon from place to another.

Choose the correct answer:

1. The gravitational universal law of Newton can be given by the
relation………..
a. F= m1m1/Gd2 b. G= m1m2/d2
c. F=G m1m2/d 2 d. F=Gd2/m1m2.
2. two balls of masses 8 kg and 20 kg respectively and the distance
between their centers 0.2m, if G is the universal gravitational constant,
the gravitational force acting between the two balls is…………..N.
a. 40G b. 8G c. 4000G d. 8000G
3. two bodies of masses m1and m2 separated by a distance "d", if the
mass of the first body is doubled and the distance is doubled so the
mutual attractive force between them………….
a. doesn't change b. is doubled
c. decreases to its half d. increases 4 times
4. The measuring unit of the universal gravitational constant is……………..
a. Nm2 b. N/m2 c. Nm2/kg2 d. Nm2kg
5. The gravitational force between the earth and the moon is due to…………
a. their small masses b. the small distance between them
c. their large masses d. no correct answer
6. The circumference of the earth divided by 2∏ represents…………. Of earth.
a. m b. re c. ∏re3 d. 2∏re
7. El Biruni performed his method to determine the radius of the earth
at…………
a. dawn b. morning c. sunset d. noon

Put (√) or(X) and correct the wrong ones:

1. The gravitational force between two bodies is directly proportional to the
square distance between them. ( )
2. When the distance between two bodies is doubled, the gravitational force
between them doesn’t change. ( )
3. The measuring unit of the universal gravitational constant is kg /m .( )
2 2

4. The gravitational force is appeared clearly between the celestial bodies

due to their small masses. ( )
5. Eratosthenes's method was performed at noon. ( )
6. The universal gravitational law is given by the relation F=Gm1m1/d .( )
2

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
Give reasons of the following:
1. The gravitational force is more obvious between the celestial bodies.
2. The gravitational force doesn’t appear clearly between toe persons stand
at few meters apart.
3. The gravitational force between two masses increases as the distance
between them decreases.
4. In El-Biruni's method, the inclination angle of the sun rays at sunset
must be determined when the last sun ray is tangent to the surface of
the earth.
5. Using El-Biruni's method is preferred than using Eratosthenes method to
determine the radius of the earth.

Define the following:

1. The gravitational law.
2. The universal gravitational constant.
3. El-Biruni's method.
4. Eratosthenes's method.

What is meant by the following?

1. The gravitational force between two bodies is 100N.
2. The universal gravitational constant equals 6.67 x10-11 Nm2/kg2.

Write the measuring unit of each of the following:

1. Gravitational force between two bodies.
2. Universal gravitational constant.

Compare between:
1. El-Biruni method and Eratosthenes method related to
a. drawing b. time of experiment c. the scientific idea

Problems:
1. Calculate the gravitational force between two bodies of masses 5 kg and
2 kg separated by a distance of 0.5 m, if the gravitational constant is
6.67 x10-11 Nm2/kg2.
2. If the mass of the electron is 9.1 x10-31 kg and that of the proton is 1.67
x10-27 kg, and the radius of the hydrogen atom is 0.5 x10-10 m, knowing
that the gravitational constant is 6.67 x10-11 Nm2/kg2, calculate the
gravitational force between proton and electron.
3. A ball of lead of unknown mass is put at a distance 40 cm. from another
one of mass 10 kg, if the gravitational force between them is 7.95 x10-8
N. calculate the unknown mass if G= 6.67 x10-11 Nm2/kg2.
4. A helicopter plane flies at a height of 3900 m from the earth's surface.
When the pilot recorded the angle of sun rays inclination at sunset which
was 2º. Calculate the radius of earth.
5. A man stands at the top of a mountain of height 300 m, recorded the
angle of sun rays inclination at sunset. Knowing that the radius of earth
is 6363 km. calculate the inclination angle of sun rays.
6. If the ratio between (the distance between Alex and Aswan) to (the
circumference of earth) is 1/50. Calculate the distance between Aswan
and Alexandria, knowing that the radius of earth 6.63 x106 m

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
LECTURE (2)
Write the scientific term:
1. The mass of earth per unit volume.
2. (The gravitational constant X mass of earth) divided by (square the
radius of earth).
3. The path of a projectile thrown vertically upwards with inclination angle.
Choose the correct answer:
1. The density of the earth can be given theoretically by knowing
of……………..
a. its mass only b. its volume only
c. its mass & volume d. no correct answer.
2. The ratio between the density of the earth's crust to the density of the
earth's core is……………….
a. equal 1 b. less than 1
c. greater than 1 d. no correct answer
3. the gravitational force of the earth acting on a body of mass 1 kg=………N
a. 1 b. 9.8 c. 98 d. 100
4. Planet of mass 1/3 the mass of the earth, its radius = 1/3 that of the
earth, the acceleration due to gravity on the planet=……………X that of
the earth.
a. 1/3 b. 3 c. 1/9 d. 1
5. The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of any planet of mass (m)
and radius (r) can be given by the relation…………………..
a. G m / r b. G m/r2 c. G r2/m d. G m/r
6. If the radius of the moon equals 1/4 the radius of earth and its density
=2/3 that of the earth, so the ratio between acceleration due to the
gravity on the moon's surface and that of the earth=………………
a. 1/4 b. 1/3 c. 1/2 d. 1/6
7. A body moves over an inclined smooth plane by angle "θ" from the
horizontal surface, the acting force can be given by the relation……………
a. mg tan θ b. mg c. mg sin θ d. mg cos θ
8. The path of pushed water from fountain takes the shape of………………
a. circle b. spiral c. straight line d. parabola

Put (√) or (X) and correct the wrong ones:

1. The weight of the body on earth's surface= the mutual gravitational
force between earth and the body. ( )
2. The density of the earth's core equals that of the earth's crust. ( )
3. Acceleration due to gravity of each planet is directly proportional to the
square of its radius. ( )
4. Acceleration due to gravity of each planet is inversely proportional to its
mass. ( )
5. The weight of the body at the top of mountain equals its weight on the
earth's surface. ( )
6. The body which moves on an inclined plane has an acceleration equal's
acceleration due to gravity. ( )
7. When the angle of an inclined plane is 30º, the motion of the body on it
is considered as free fall. ( )
8. Projectiles take the shape of a straight line. ( )

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 SMART CITY SCHOOL FORM 01
Give reasons of the following:
1. The average density of the earth's core is greater than that of earth's
crust.
2. The weight of a body at the top of a mountain is less than its weight on
the earth's surface.
3. The body comes to rest on a horizontal plane under equilibrium state.
4. When the angle of inclined plane is 90º the body falls freely.
5. The force which causes the sliding of a body raised on an inclined smooth
plane with an angle 30 from the horizontal surface = half its weight.
6. A driver finds a difficulty in ascending a bridge of a large inclination
angle.
7. A driver finds a difficulty in descending from a bridge of a large
inclination angle.
8. If a body falls vertically while another body is projected with a horizontal
velocity, the vertical distance covered by the two bodies is constant at the
same time.

What is happen when?

1. The molten rocks and metals are concentrated in the earth's core.
2. Knowing both of the mass of earth and its radius.
3. The angle of inclined plane is increased to 90º.

What is meant by?

1. The density of earth= 5.54 x103 kg/m3.

Explain how you can determine each of the following:

1. The mass of earth.
2. The volume of earth.
3. The density of earth.

Problems:
1. Calculate the density of earth knowing that the mass of earth=5.98
x1024 kg and its radius is 6.36 x106m.
2. Calculate the density of earth knowing that the acceleration due to
gravity is 9.8 m/s2 and the gravitational constant is 6.67 x10-11 Nm2/kg2
and the radius of earth is 6.36 x106 m.
3. Calculate the acceleration due to the gravity if the density of earth is
5500 kg/m3 knowing that the gravitational constant is 6.67 x10-11
Nm2/kg2 and the radius of the earth is 6.36 x106 m.
4. Calculate the ratio between the acceleration due to gravity on the
moon's surface and that of the earth's surface knowing that me= 5.976
x1024 kg, re=6.4 x106 m, mm=7.35 x1022 kg and rm=1.74 x106m.
5. A body of a mass 15 kg moves on an inclined smooth plane with angle
20º. Calculate:
a. The value of force affecting the sliding of the body downwards.
b. The value of the reaction of the surface on the body.

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SCHOOL BOOK QUESTIONS

Put sign (√) in front of the correct statement:

1. the attractive force between two masses is
a. Directly proportional to the product of the two masses and inversely
proportional to the distance between them.
b. Inversely proportional to the product of the two masses and directly
proportional to the square of the distance between them.
c. Directly proportional to the product of the two masses and inversely
proportional to the square distance between them.
2. if two spheres of masses 8 kg and 20 kg are suited 0.2 m apart, then
assuming that the gravitational constant is G, then the gravitational
force between them is
a. 0.4G
b. 8G
c. 4000G
d. 8000G

Problems:
1. Calculate the ratio of the gravitational pull on the surface of the moon to
that on the surface of the earth if the mass of the earth me=6 x1024 kg,
and the radius of the earth re=6 x106m, the mass of the moon mm=7.36
x1022 kg and its radius rm=1.74 x106m.
2. Calculate the earth's pull on the moon if the mass of the earth is 6 x10 24
kg and the mass of the moon mm=7.36 x1022 kg, and the universal
constant of gravitation is 6.67 x10-11 Nm2/kg2. The average distance
between the centers of the earth and the moon rem=3.8 x108 m.
3. Calculate the pull of the gravitational sun on the earth me= 6 x1024 kg
the mass of the sun ms=2 x1030 kg. And the average distance between
their centers res=1.5 x1011 m, and the universal constant of gravitation
6.67 x10-11 Nm2/kg2.

Complete:
1. The universal constant of gravitational is…………………………………
2. Newton's general law of gravitation states that…………………………

Discuss a method to determine the radius of the earth.

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A QUESTIONS
*

- Deduce a definition of universal gravitational constant from the point of

view of the universal gravitational law.

- When the gravitational force does equals numerically the universal

gravitational constant.

- Using the opposite figure,

Find the distance between towns A and B

- When does the reaction of a table on a body is less than its weight.

- A planet its mass 5 times the mass of earth, its radius is 2 times the radius
of earth, calculate the ratio between the gravity on earth's surface to the
gravity on that planet.

- A new planet has been discovered, its density equals double of that of earth
and its gravity equals the gravity on earth. Find its radius knowing that
(re=6.4 x106 m).

- A mine at depth 500 m of the earth's surface, calculate the acceleration due
to gravity at the bottom of the mine knowing that: me=5.98 x1024 kg,
re= 6360 km, G= 6.67 x10-11 Nm2/kg2

- If the distance between Suez and Aswan is 704 km, and the angle of sun
rays at Suez is 6.3º, when the sun rays are perpendicular at Aswan
determine the radius of earth using Eratosthenes method.

- When a pilot had recorded the inclination angle of sun rays at sunset was
1.8º knowing that the radius of earth is 6400 km, calculate the height of the
helicopter.

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EXAMINATIONS QUESTIONS
Cairo governorate:
Mention the scientific base:
1. Measuring mass of the earth.
What is meant by?
1. universal gravitational constant=6.67 x10-11 N.m2 kg-2
Write the scientific term:
1. It is the mass of 1 m3 of earth.
2. The ratio of mass to the volume of earth.
Explain:
1. El-Biruni method to determine the earth's radius.
Define:
1. Newton's gravitational law "and write its mathematical formula".
Mention the units of:
1. The universal gravitational constant.
Choose:
1. If the distance between two masses is doubled the mutual gravitational
force…………..
a. is doubled b. equals its half
c. remains constant d. decreases to its quarter.
Discuss a method used to determine the radius of earth with drawing.
Give reason:
1. The average density of the earth's crust is less than the determined
value.
Problems:
1. if the sun mass is 1.97 x1030 kg, the earth mass is 5.89 x1024 kg and the
distance between their centers is 1.5 x108 km, calculate the attraction
force between them "G= 6.67 x10-11 N.m2.kg-2".
2. Assuming that the gravitational constant is G. find the gravitational force
between two spheres of masses 250 kg, 100 kg. If their centers are 0.5
m apart from each other.

Alexandria governorate:
Choose:
1. If the radius of the moon equals 1/4 the radius of the earth and its
density=2/3 that of the earth, so the ratio between acceleration due to
gravity on the moon's surface to that of the earth=……………….
a. 1/4 b. 1/3 c. 1/2 d. 1/6

Monofia governorate:
Discuss:
1. Al-Biruni method to determine the radius of earth.

Ismailia governorate:
Choose:
1. If the distance between two bodies reduced to half its value, the
attraction force between them will……………….
a. doubled b. reduced to half
c. increased four times d. remains constant.

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Port said governorate:
Choose:
1. The ratio of the density of earth's crust to the average density of the
earth is………….one.
a. less than b. greater than c. equals

Damiatta governorate:
Define:
1. The gravitational constant.
From figure:
1. Calculate the radius of the earth.

Minia governorate:
How can?
1. You verify the Newton's gravitational law?
Compare between:
1. Biruni's method and Eratosthenes method concerning the used law.
What will happen if?
1. A body of mass 5 kg when it is transferred from surface of earth to the
surface of moon.

Assiut governorate:
Choose:
1. …………devised a method of measuring the radius of the earth when the
sun at noon was directly over head in Aswan.
a. Al Biruni b. ohm's c. Eratosthenes d. Newton

Aswan governorate:
Write the mathematical relation:
1. The radius of earth by El-Biruni's method.
Write down the physical quantity:
1. N.m2.kg-2

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WORK AND ENERGY

WORK:
- If a force acts on an object at rest and succeeds in moving it through a
certain distance along the line of its action, we say that a work is done.
So, we can define work as:
- It’s a derivable, scalar physical quantity measured in units of
"kg.m2.s-2"or"N.m"or"joule".
- Its dimensions are "ML2T-2".
- Defined as "it is the force acting on a body at rest causing its motion
through any distance along the direction of this force”.
- Its also the dot product between the force and displacement.
OR.
- “Work is said to done if the point of application of force moves”.
- Its mathematical relation is:
Work = force x displacement
W= F . d
Joule:
- It’s the work done by a force of 1 N causing the displacement of a body by
1 m in the direction of the acting force.
So, we can say that the work done depends on:
1. The acting force.
2. The displacement in the direction of the acting force.

N.B.
- If the acting force failed to move the body. So, no work is done.
Work = zero.
- If the direction of the acting force is not the direction of the movement of
the body "perpendicular or opposite". So, work = zero.
- If the direction of the acting force is it self the direction of the movement of
the body "parallel or angle between them". So, work has value.

Give reasons:
- If the acting force failed to move a body its work = zero.
Bec. Displacement = zero
And work = Force x displacement
So, work = F x zero = zero.
- The work done is a scalar quantity.
Bec. It’s the product of two vector quantities.
W =F x d
= vector x vector = scalar.
What is meant by?
- The work done by a person = 200 joule.
It means that, when a force of 200 N acts on an object, it will move by
1 m.

Deduce the mathematical formula of work done?

- Supposed that a force acts on a body causing its motion, but this acting
force made an angle with the displacement direction as shown.

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- To determine the work done in this case we must resolve the vector of force
into two perpendicular components "as we mentioned in the previous
chapter":
1. the 1st component" F cos θ": which responsible for the work done in
the direction of movement.
2. The 2nd component" F sin θ": which is in equilibrium with the weight
of the body, "it can be canceled".
F sinθ
At equilibrium F
canceled each
other
θ
F cosθ

Fg Direction of motion
- From the previous, the acting force equals "Fcosθ" and work is given by the
relation:
W = F.d
So, W = F.d cosθ …………. "*"
This relation is considered as "the general case of work done"

Different cases of work:

1. Work done has maximum value "W =F.d":
- when the angle between the direction of the acting force and the
displacement direction "θ=zero"
- W =F.d cosθ, cos "zero"=1. So, W= F.d
- Ex: pushing a car along the road.
- When the angle between the direction of the acting force and the
displacement direction “θ=180”
- W =F.d cos θ cos 180 = -1 so, w = -F.d
- Ex: using the brakes to stop a moving car.
2. Work done has minimum value "W= zero":
- when the angle between the acting force direction and the
displacement direction "θ=90"
- W =F.d cosθ, cos"90"=zero. So, W= zero.
- Ex: holding something and moving forward – moving in a circular path.
3. Work done has intermediate value "W = F.dcosθ":
- When the angle between the acting force direction and the
displacement direction " 0 < θ < 90"
- Ex: pushing a box along inclined plane.
- When the angle between the acting force direction and the
displacement direction “ 90< θ < 180”
- pulling a box along inclined plane.

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Give reasons:
- The centripetal force acting on a body in a circular path doesn’t do any
work.
Bec. The direction of the acting centripetal force is perpendicular to the
direction of displacement which is tangent to the circumference of the
circular path.
- There is no work done, when a student carries the school bag.
Bec. The direction of the acting force due to the weight of the bag is
perpendicular to the direction of the displacement.

Factors affecting the work done:

- from the general relation of work "W =F.d cosθ" we find that the factors
are:
1. the acting force "F":
- The work done is directly proportional to the acting force at constant
displacement "d" and "θ".
2. the displacement "d":
- The work done is directly proportional to the displacement at constant
force "F" and "θ".
3. the angle between force and displacement "θ":
- The work done is directly proportional to "cos" the angle between the
direction of the acting force and displacement at constant force "F" and
displacement "d".
- The work done is inversely proportional to the angle between the
direction of the acting force and displacement at constant force "F" and
displacement "d".

N.B.
- The work done to push a body forward is greater than that to pull it
backward.

F sinθ
F
F
θ θ
F cosθ F cosθ

F sinθ

Fg Fg

- F sinθ acts in opposite direction - F sinθ acts in the same direction

of the body weight and friction of the body weight and friction
force decreases so the work force increases so the work
done decrease. done increase.
- W = F.dcosθ - W = F.dcosθ

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Examples:
- A cart hand makes an angle of 60º with the earth's surface, is pushed by a
force of 30 N, calculate the work done after a distance of 40 m.
Solution:
W = F.dcosθ
= 30 x 40 x cos60
= 600 joule.

- Calculate the work done by a laborer who carries 50 kg of cement from the
first floor to the fourth floor through a height of 10 m, if the gravitational
field intensity is 10 N/kg.
Solution:
F = mg
= 50 x 10 = 500 N
W = F.d
= 500 x 10
= 5000 joule.

N.B.
- Gravitational field intensity = free fall acceleration = 10 N/kg = 10 m/s2.

- A laborer carries a box of mass 40 kg and moves at a horizontal distance of

20 m. then climbs up the stairs of height 15 m from the ground. Calculate
the work done in the two cases "g=10 m/s2".
Solution:
a. when the laborer moves the horizontal distance:
W = F.dcosθ , θ=90, cos90 = zero
= zero.
b. When the laborer climbs the stairs:
W = F.dcosθ , θ=zero, cos zero=1
Fg = mg = 40 x 10= 400 N.
W = F.d
= 400 x 15
=6000 joule.

- A gardener mows the grass with a lawn mower. If the angle between the
arm of the mower and the plane of the surface is 60º, and the gardener
exerts a force of 20 N, find the work done when he moves through a
distance of 30 m.
Solution:
W= F.dcosθ , θ=60º, cos60=1/2
= 20 x 30 x 1/2
= 300 joule.

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Energy:
- If a person acts on an object with a force and succeeds to move this object
for any distance. We say that he did a work, and also we can say that he
has enough energy to do this work. So, as we mentioned we find that
"energy is related to work" if I have energy I can do a work, and if not. I
can't do any work.
So, we can define energy as:
- It is a derivable, scalar physical quantity measured in the same units of
"work" {"kg.m2/s2" or "N.m" or "joule"}.
- Defined as "it is the ability or capacity to do a work".
- There are many forms of energy which exists around us as:
a. Electric energy.
b. Heat energy.
c. Wind energy.
d. Nuclear energy.
e. Kinetic energy.
f. Chemical energy.
g. Magnetic energy.

History:
- development of energy sources
a. In old centuries, human needs were mainly concerned with energy
in the form of food from animals and plants.
b. In modern centuries, the development and technology need a
great consumption of energy leading to run out most of natural
sources of energy such as petroleum.
c. There is a global trend to use the renewable sources of energy
because it's cheap , not consumed , not pollutes

Mechanical energy:
- In mechanics, energy is divided into two kinds called potential and kinetic
energy.
- Mechanical energy defined as "the sum. Of both potential energy (P.E) and
kinetic energy (K.E)".

N.B
- Inside any matter there are "molecules" which moves according to the
"intermolecular theory of the matter" having potential and kinetic energy
between them, its sum Called "internal energy".

Write the scientific term:

- The sum between the potential energy and kinetic energy between
molecules. "Internal energy".

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Potential energy (P.E):

- when some thing is lifted vertically upward to a height "d" from the surface
of the earth, work is done against its weight which determined from:
W= Fg.d, Fg = mg, W = mgd
- This work becomes stored up in the body in the form of energy due to its
position; it is called "potential energy" OR "gravitational P.E".
DEDUCTION

So, we can define potential energy as:

- "It’s the energy which a body has by reason of "due to" its position in a field
of force or by its state".
OR.
- "It’s the energy stored inside the body due to its position from the earth's
surface".
- It measured in the units of energy "joule".
- Its mathematical formula is: "W = mgd".
What is meant by?
- The potential energy of a body equals 50 joule.
It means that the energy stored inside the body due to its position from
the earth's surface= 50 joule.
Examples on potential energy:
1. PE is stored in spiral spring.
2. PE is stored in waterfalls.
3. PE is stored in stretched arc.
4. PE is stored in simple pendulum.

Factors affecting the potential energy:

- from the relation W = mgd we find that,
5. the mass of the body "m":
P.E is directly proportional to the mass of the body.
6. the free fall acceleration "g":
P.E is directly proportional to the free fall acceleration due to
gravity.
7. the vertical distance "d":
P.E is directly proportional to the vertical distance of a moving
body.

P.E P.E P.E

m g d
Slope = gd slope = md slope = mg

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Kinetic energy (K.E):

- when a body starts from rest moving in a straight line with a uniform
acceleration covering a certain distance, then:
Vf2 – Vi2 = 2ax, Vi= zero, Vf2 =2ax, X = Vf2/2a
By multiplying both sides by "F": "F.X = 1/2 m Vf2 "
- F.X is the work done to move the body and represents the energy gained by
movement (K.E).
- K.E is able to do work by overcoming forces.
DEDUCTION

SO, we can define energy as:

- "It is the energy which a body has by reason of "due to" its motion".
OR.
- "It is the energy gained by the body due to its movement".
- It measured in the units of energy "joule".
- Its mathematical formula:" K.E = 1/2 mV2 ".
What is meant by?
- The kinetic energy of a body equals 400 joule.
It means that the energy gained by the body due to its movement equals
400 joule.

Factors affecting the kinetic energy:

- from the relation K.E = 1/2 mV2 we find that;
1. the mass of the body "m":
K.E is directly proportional to the mass of the body.
2. square velocity of the body "V2":
K.E is directly proportional to the square velocity of the body.

N.B
- If the velocity of the body inc. to the double, its kinetic energy increases 4
times.

K.E K.E

m V2

Slope = ½ v2 slope= ½ m

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Practical work
Experiment to measure (K.E)
Apparatus used:
- Rider, air track, rubber band, two vertical stands, stopwatch.
Steps:
- Pull the rider backward to a distance (x).
. To store a quantity of energy inside it in the form of "P.E".
- Let the rider move freely with a velocity (v).
. To convert the potential energy to kinetic energy.
- Measure the velocity of the rider using a photo cell and an electric stop
watch from the relation V = X/t.
- Repeat the steps using riders of different masses.
- Plot a graphical relation between (V2) on y-axis and (1/m) on x-axis.
- The graph will be represented by a straight line and its slope = mV2 which
is equivalent to the double of kinetic energy.
- Slope = V2/"1/m" = mV2 = 2K.E.
- So, K.E = 1/2 mV2.

N.B.
- The K.E of rider is constant because the stored P.E inside the rubber
is constant.

V2

1/m
Slope = mV2.
K.E = 1/2 slope.

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QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER
ONE
A-MULTIPLE CHOICE ANSWERING QUESTIONS
1. Work is ….. and its unit of measurement …..
a. Scalar, N b. Vector, N c. scalar, I d. Vector, J

2. If the force acting on a body is doubled so that it covers the same displacement, so the
work done
a. increases 4 times b. is doubled
c. decreases to its half d. does not change

3. Joule is equivalent to
a. N . m b. N/m c. N . m2 d. m/N

4. If the direction of force is inclined by an angle 9 to the direction of displacement, the

work done is determines by the relation W =
a. F cos θ b. F d cos θ c. F d sin θ d. F d

5. Work done is maximum when the direction of force makes an angle with the direction
of displacement.
a. zero b. 45° c. 60° d. 90°

6. An object moves a distance 10 m .when a normal force of 40 N acting it. The work
done in this case =
a. 400 J b. 40 J c. 4 J d. zero

7. When the body moves in a direction makes with the force an angle 600, so the work
done is
a. zero b. maximum c. half maximum value

8. The work be negative if the direction of displacement the force.

a. in the same direction of b. normal to that of
c. opposes that of d. is inclined by an obtuse angle on

9. The work done by brakes is

a. positive b. negative
c. equals zero d. there is no correct answer

10. The kinetic energy of a body of mass m and speed v is determined using the relation
a. ½ m2 v2 b. ½ m v2 c. ½ m v d. m v
11. An object of mass 2 kg and has a kinetic energy of 25 J , its speed equals … m/s.
a. 5 b. 12.5 c. 80 d. 100

12. W An object possesses a kinetic energy 4 J, If its speed is doubled, its kinetic energy
a. 0.8 b. 4 c. 16 d. 8

13. W When the velocity of a car is doubled, its kinetic energy

a. decreases to its half b. is doubled
c. increases 4 times d. is inclined by an obtuse angle on

14. If the velocity of an object doubled and its mass becomes are fourth its value, its
kinetic energy
a. decreases to its half b. does not change
c. decreases to its quarter d. is doubled

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15. Two object, the mass of the first is double that of the second and the first moves with
velocity half of that the second, so the kinetic energy of the first is of that of the
second.
a. half b. double c. quarter d. 4 times

16. The potential energy of an object at height (h) from Earths surface equals
a. m g h b. m g v c. m g d. m h

17. Energy stored in a con pressed spring is

a. kinetic energy b. potential energy c. attraction energy d. repulsion energy

18. A body of mass 2kg is lifted to a a height 2 m from Earths face ,its potential energy =
. . . J (g = 9.8 m/s2)
a.9.8 b.2.5 c.10 d.98

19. A man reached his flat using stair and sometimes using lift, which of these statements
is correct
a. The potential energy of the man is larger when he use stairs
b. The potential energy of the man is larger when he use the lift
c. There is no potential energy for the man is using the lift
d. The potential energy in the two cases are equal

20. The slope of the given straight lines is

a. mass of the body
b. weight of the body
c. displacement of the body
d. velocity of the body

21. The potential energy of an object of mass 1 kg at the surface of Earth equals
a. 98 J b. 9.8 J c. 1 J d. zero

22. If g = 10 m/s2. , then the increase of potential energy of a student of mass 50 kg

climbed a wall to a height 5 m equals ……. J.
a. 250 b. 500 c. 2500 d. 25000

B-EXTENDED RESPONSE ANSWERING QUESTIONS

1. A man of mass 70 kg. Goes upstairs of length 50 m. Calculate the work
done if g = 10 m/s

(30311 J)

2. Calculate the work done to push a baby car a distance 3.5 m by a force 20N
(70 J)

3. Calculate the force acting on an object if the work don to move it a distance 50m equal
2500J and if the angle between the force and the perpendicular to motion is 30°
(100 N)

4. A force of l00 N acts on an object and moves it a distance 2.5 m. Calculate the work by
the force in the following cases:
a. The force is normal to the direction of motion.
b. The force is inclined by an angle 60 on the direction of motion.
c. The force is in the direction of motion.
(0, 125 J, 250 J)

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5. A motorcycle of mass 200 kg. moves in a straight line. If the force of motor is 500 N and
the frictional force is 100 N for every 100 kg. from the mass of motorcycle Calculate the
work done to move it a distance of 50 m. (15000 J)

6. A force of 200 N acts on a static object of mass 50 kg. Calculate the work done by the
force during a time 5 s. (10000 J)

7. Two bodies, the mass of the first = 4 mass of the second, two equal forces acts on them.
The time of the effect of the force on the first is 3 times of that on the second, Calculate:
a. ratio between the acceleration of the first to the acceleration of the second.
b. ratio between the work done on the first to that done on the second.
3 27
( , )
1 1
8. Find the kinetic energy of a car of mass 2000 kg. moves with velocity 60 km/h.
(2.78 × 105 J)

9. A static object of mass 12 kg starts motion from rest with uniform acceleration 10 m/s
Calculate its velocity and kinetic energy after covering a distance 80 m.
(40 m/s , 9600 J)

10. A bullet of mass 80 g is thrown from a gun. The length of its pipe 1 m., if the force of
gas pressure is 64 × 102 N, Find the velocity of the bullet when it comes out of the gum.
(400 m/s)

11. Machine gun gives 600 shot per minute. If the mass of one shot 49 g and its velocity
200 m/s, Find the kinetic energy generated per second.
(9800 J)

12. W A car of mass 3000 kg. and velocity 16 m/s collided with a tree. The tree did not
move and the car stopped. Calculate:
a. The change in car kinetic energy.
b. Work done on the tree when the front part of the car collided with the tree.
c. The force acting on the front of the car to move 50 cm.
(- 3.84 × 105 J, 0, 7.68 × 105 N)

13. A bullet of mass 10 g was shot with velocity 600 m/s towards a rubber block of
thickness 8 cm. The velocity of the bullet when came out of the rubber block was 400
m/s., Find:
a. The work done by the resistance of the rubber on the bullet.
b. The mean resistance of the rubber block to the bullet.
(1000 J. , 12500 N)

14. A person of weight 700N climbed a mountain of height 200 m from Earths surface.
Calculate the work done by him. (140000 J)

15. Find the mass of a body at the Earths surface if you know that its potential energy at a
point that lies at a distance 5 m. from Earths surface is 980 J (g = 9.8 m/s2)
(20 kg.)

16. An object of mass 1kg. is projected upwards with velocity 24.5 m/s. until its velocity
becomes 4.9 m/s. Calculate its potential energy at that point. (g = 10 m/s2)
(288 J)

17. You have two boxes (a) and (b) of weights 60 N and 40 N respectively. (a) is on the
ground while (b) is put 2 m over Earth’s surface Find the height at which (a) must be
put till it has the same potential energy as (b). (3 m)

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18. A ladder of length 6 m is supported on a vertical wall so that it makes with the
horizontal an angle 30°. If a person of mass 70 kg. Ascends the ladder, Calculate the
work done by such person till he reached to its end. Then calculate the potential energy
of him at the top of the ladder. What do you conclude from your answer? (g = 9.8
m/s2).
(2058 J, 2058 J)

19. The given graph shows a relation between work and

the angle between the force line and direction of
motion If you know that the force causing motion is
100 N and the displacement is 5 m. Find:
a. The work at A and C
b. The angle at D and B
(500 J, 250 J, 60°, 90°)

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LAW OF CONSERVATION OF
ENERGY
Introduction:
- Energy: it’s the ability of anybody to do work.
- Mechanical energy: it’s the sum. Between the kinetic and potential
energies of an object.
- Law of conservation of energy: energy neither created nor destroyed
but it convert from one form to another.
- Law of conservation of mechanical energy: the sum between the
kinetic and potential energy of an object during its motion is
constant neglecting the air resistance.

Conservation law of mechanical energy:

- If we turn our attention to a falling stone, it's obvious that at any particular
moment, it possesses both P.E and K.E.
1. As it falls, its speed increases so that it gains in K.E at the expense
of its P.E.
2. If we ignore the energy the stone gives to the air molecules as it
pushes them out of its way, then:
"The loss in P.E of the stone is exactly equal to its gain in K.E".
- This is an example of "law of conservation of energy".

Deduction of the law of conservation of energy:

- when a body of mass (m) is projected vertically upwards, then work is done
on its way up in order to:
B
1. Increase the potential energy of the body.
2. Decrease the kinetic energy of the body.
From the 3rd equation of motion d
Vf2 - Vi2 = 2gd (g=-ve),(d=yf-yi)
Vf2 - Vi2=-2g(yf-yi) X1/2 m
1/2 mVf2 -1/2mVi2 = -mgyf + mgyi A
1/2mVf + mgyf = 1/2mVi + mgyi
2 2

M.Ef = M.Ei

- the pervious relation means that:

- "The sum of both K.E and P.E at point (A) equals the sum of both K.E and
P.E at point (B)".
- Therefore, "the sum of both K.E and P.E at any point equals constant value"
which called "law of conservation of mechanical energy".
Mechanical energy = K.E + P.E

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N.B.
- When a body falls freely from a height (y), the P.E of the body decreases
gradually and converts into K.E which reaches its maximum at the ground.
- When a body is projected upwards, the K.E gained by the body decreases
gradually and converts into P.E which reaches its maximum at the
maximum height.
- According to the relation: Mechanical energy = K.E + P.E
- Any increase in K.E is accompanied by an equal decrease in P.E and vice
versa, therefore, mechanical energy remains constant according to the
law of conservation of energy.

Y= max, V= zero Y= max, V= zero

P.E = max. K.E = 0 P.E = max. K.E = 0
Y = dec Y = inc
P.E = dec P.E = inc
K.E = P.E K.E = P.E
V= inc V= dec
K.E = inc K.E = dec

Y= zero, V= max Y= zero, V= max

P.E = 0. K.E = max P.E = 0. K.E = max

Downward upward

N.B.
- The work done by any object during its motion is the mechanical energy of it
= K.E + P.E.
- The value of mechanical energy is always constant as by increasing the K.E
the P.E decreases and the mechanical energy doesn’t change.
- The increase in the mechanical energy for any object = zero.
- During free fall:
1- At maximum height ……… P.E =max, K.E = zero.
2- Mechanical energy = P.E only.
3- The ratio between the mechanical energy and the potential energy is
1:1 at the max. height.
4- The potential energy decrease and the kinetic energy increase.
- During threw up:
1- At the beginning of motion ………….K.E =max, P.E = zero.
2- Mechanical energy = K.E only.
3- The ratio between the mechanical energy and the kinetic energy is
1:1 at the beginning of the motion for a body threw up.
4- The kinetic energy decrease and the potential energy increase.
- At the middle of the motion:
1- Both kinetic and potential energies are equal K.E =P.E .
2- The ratio between the K.E and P.E is 1:1.
3- Mechanical energy = 2P.E or 2K.E.
4- The ratio between the mechanical energy to K.E or P.E is 2:1.
5- The velocity of the moving body at the middle V=√2gh.

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QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER
TWO
A- MULTIPLE CHOICE ANSWERING QUESTIONS

1. The mechanical energy of an object =

a. the difference between kinetic and potential energies
b. the sum of kinetic and potential energies
c. the ratio between kinetic to potential energies
d. the product of kinetic energy times potential energy

2. When an object falls freely

a. its potential energy decreases and its kinetic energy increases
b. both KE and PE increases
c. both KE and PE decrease
d. PE increases and KE decreases

3. At half of maximum height for a projectile the ratio of KE to PE equals

a. zero b. ¼ c. ½ d.1

4. If a body is thrown upwards vertically , at maximum height its = zero.

a. force of gravity b. acceleration c. potential energy d. velocity

5. When an object is thrown upwards its increases.

a. potential b. kinetic energy c. mechanical energy d. all of the previous

6. When an object is thrown vertically upwards, the sum of potential and kinetic energies
a. increases b. decreases c. is constant at any point d. equals zero

7. The ratio between the mechanical energy of an object thrown upwards to its potential
energy at maximum height equals
a. 1 : 2 b. 2 : 1 c. 1 : 1

B-EXTENDED RESPONSE ANSWERING QUESTIONS

1. An object is thrown upwards with initial velocity 10 m/s. If its potential energy at
maximum height is 1000 J, Find its mass. (20 kg)

2. If the mass of the weight 100 kg. Find:

a. The work done by player.
b. The increase in the mechanical energy of
the weight (g = 10 m/s2)
(2000 J , 0)

3. A ball of mass 200 g fall from height 100m.

Calculate the mechanical energy of the ball when
it reaches half height (g = 10 m/s2)

(200 J)

4. A ball is thrown vertically upwards so that its velocity becomes 3 m/s at height 4 m.
Find the work done to throw the ball if its mass is 0.5 kg. and g = 10 m/s 2
(22.25 J)
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5. Calculate the work done by a worker to carry a sack of comment of mass 80 kg. to a
height of 20 m. If the sack falls from him to the ground, Find its velocity when it
reaches the ground.
(9800 J, 19.8 m/s(

6. Using the given figure find:

a. Potential energy of the player at (a)
b. Potential energy of the player at (b)
c. Kinetic energy of the player at (b)

(0000 J, 0, 5000J)

7. Two objects, the mass of the first is 3 times the mass of the second. They fall at the
same time the first from a height = 4 of that of the second. Find the ratio between the
kinetic energy of the first to that of the second at the time they reach the ground.
(1: 1)

8. An object of mass 0.2 kg is thrown vertically upwards with velocity 20 m/s. Neglecting
the air resistance. Calculate:
a. Maximum height the body reaches.
b. The velocity at a height 10 m from Earth’s surface. (g = 10 m/s2)
(20 m, 14.14 m/s(

9. The given figure shows graphical relation for the change

of the potential and kinetic energies for an object with
the height from Earth’s surface:
a. Which line represents the change in KE and which of
them represents the change in PE?
b. Assuming that the maximum height of the object is 20 m and its mass 10 kg. and g =
10 m/s2, determine the values of KE and PE at the heights a , b , c with determining
these heights.
c. Calculate:
1. the object velocity at a , b , c
2. The mechanical energy of the object.
(0000 J,0, 10, 10, 0, 14.14m/s, 20 m/s, 2000 J)

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QUESTIONS ON UNIT 4
LECTURE (1)
Write the scientific term:
- A scalar quantity equals the product of acting force and displacement.
- The work done by an acting force of one Newton causing the displacement
of a body by 1 m in the same direction of force.
- The ability of doing work.
Choose the right answer:
- The work done is……………..
a. Scalar and measured in Newton.
b. Vector measured in joule.
c. Scalar measured in joule.
d. Vector measured in N.m2.
- If the acting force on a body is doubled, which covered the same
displacement so the work done is…………….
a. increased 4 times b. doubled.
c. decreased to half d. remained as it is.
- When the acting force makes an angle (θ) with the displacement direction,
the work done can be given by the relation…………………
a. F cos θ. b. F.d cos θ. c. F.d sin θ d. F.d
- 1 joule = ………….
a. N.m b. m/N c. Nm2 d. N/m
- When the work done is maximum, the acting force on a body makes an
angle………..with the displacement direction.
a. 45º b. zero c. 60º d. 90º
Put (√) or (X) and correct the wrong ones:
- When a force acts on a body causing the movement of it in the same
direction as the force, the work done is W= Fd. ( )
- Both of work done and energy are vector quantities. ( )
- Joule is the measuring unit of energy and work. ( )
- 1 joule is equivalent to N.m, Kg.ms .2 ( )
- When a person tries to push a car without moving it, he doesn’t do work.
( )
- When a person carries a weight and moves horizontally, he does work.
( )
- There is no work done when a body moves in a circular path.
( )
- When a person ascending the stairs carrying a bag, he doesn’t make a
work. ( )
Give reason:
- The work done is a scalar quantity although both of force and displacement
are vector quantity.
- There is no work done when a body moves on a circular path affected by a
centripetal force.
- The work done is maximum when a body moves in the same direction with
that of force.
- Energy can be added to the work.
Define each of the following:
- Work. – Energy.
- Joule.
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What is meant by?
- The work done equals 300J.
- A body is affected by a force 20 N and makes angle of 60º with the
horizontal causing its displacement by 4 m.
Problems:
- A man of mass 70 kg ascends the stairs of height 20 m, calculate the work
done (g=10 m/s2).
- A force F affects on a body causing its displacement by 50 m in a direction
makes angle 60º with displacement if the work done is 2500 j. calculate the
force.
- A force of 5 N acts on a body causing its displacement by 2 m, calculate the
work done in the following cases:
a. If the acting force is normal to displacement direction.
b. If the acting force makes angle 30 º with the direction of
displacement.
c. If the acting force in the same displacement direction.
- A person acts on the hand of a car which makes angle 60º with the
horizontal with the force of 30 N calculate the work done when the
displacement covered by the car is 40 m.
- A car of mass 1000 kg moves with a velocity 2 m/s, the brakes are applied,
to stop the car after 2 sec. calculate:
a. The force of brakes.
b. The work done by brakes.
- A motorcycle of mass 200 kg moves in a straight line, if the force of motor
500 N and the force of friction is 100 N for each 100 kg of the motorcycle
mass. Find:
a. The acting force of motorcycle.
b. The work done if the displacement covered is 50m.
- A force of 200 N acts on a body at rest causing its movement with a
velocity 10 m/s, calculate the work done during 5 sec.

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LECTURE (2)
Write the scientific term:
- The sum of the potential energy and the kinetic energy of the body.
- The energy stored inside the body due to its position.
- The energy gained by the body due to its motion.
Choose the correct answer:
- The mechanical energy of a body equals……………..
a. kinetic energy. b. potential energy.
c. kinetic energy X potential energy d. K.E + P.E.
- The potential energy of a body at a height (d) from the earth's
surface=………..
a. mgd b. mgv c. ½ md d. md.
- The potential energy of a body of mass 1 kg at the surface of
earth=………….joule.
a. 98 b. 9.8 c. 1 d. zero.
- The increase in the potential energy of a body of mass 50 kg climbing a
mountain of a height 5 m= ………….joule. (g=10 m/s2).
a. 500 b. 250 c. 2500 d. 25000
- The kinetic energy of a body can be given by the relation……………………..
a. ½ m2V2 b.½ mV2 c. ½ mV d. mV
- Two bodies, the first of mass equals double of the second and the first
body moves with a velocity equals half of the second, so kinetic energy of
the first equals…………….that of the second.
a. double. b. half c. quarter d. 4 times
- If the velocity of a body is doubled and its mass decreased to its quarter, so
its kinetic energy………………….
a. decreased to half. b. decreased to quarter.
c. is doubled. d. remains constant.
- At the mid height of a projectile, the ratio between its kinetic energy to its
potential energy equals……………..
a. 1 b. 1/2 c. 1/4 d. zero.
- When a body falls freely it's………………………..
a. Potential energy decreases and kinetic energy increases.
b. Potential energy and kinetic energy increase.
c. Potential energy and kinetic energy decrease.
d. Potential energy increase and kinetic energy decrease.
- When a body is projected upward, the sum of its potential energy and
kinetic energy………………….
a. increase. b. decreases
c. remains constant c. equals zero.
Give reason:
- The kinetic energy of a body at rest = zero.
- In water wheel the potential energy of water at maximum height is greater
than that at the bottom.
- When a body falls freely its velocity increases.
- When a body is projected upward its velocity decreases till it reaches zero
at maximum height.
- The sum of the potential energy and kinetic energy of a body remains
constant.

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Define each of the following:
- The mechanical energy.
- The internal energy.
- Potential energy.
- Kinetic energy.
What happen when?
- A body is projected upward against gravity.
- Falling of water downwards.
What is meant by?
- The mechanical energy of a body = 250 joule.
- The potential energy of a body = 6 joule.
- The kinetic energy of a body = 100 joule.
Problems:
- A body of mass 50 kg, calculate its height from the earth's surface if its
potential energy at that height equals 2500 joule (g=10 m/s2).
- A body is projected upward with a velocity 10 m/s, if its potential energy at
the maximum height is 1000 joule. Calculate its mass knowing that (g=10
m/s2).
- A body at rest falls from a height 50 m. calculate:
a. The velocity at which the body reaches the earth (g=10 m/s2).
b. The maximum kinetic energy if the mass of the body 2 kg.
c. Prove that: its kinetic energy at the bottom = its potential energy
at the top.
- A bullet of mass 80 gram is fired from a rifle, the length of its tube is 1 m.
find the velocity of the fired bullet at the opening of the tube if the force of
gas pressure inside the tube = 64 x 102 N.
- The following graph represents the relation between the potential energy
and the height of a body falls freely from height 6 m. find:
a. Mass of the body.
b. Potential energy at height 5 m.
c. At which height the potential energy= its kinetic energy
(g=10m/s2).

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SCHOOL BOOK QUESTIONS
Complete the following:
- Work =………………………………………………………………………………………..
- The unit of measurement of work is…………………………………………
- The work done by a force of 1 Newton on a body to move it 1 m in its
direction is…………………………………………………………….
- Energy is ………………………………………………………………………………..
- The unit of measurement of energy is ………………………………………..
- Potential energy =………………………………………………………………………..
- Kinetic energy =…………………………………………………………………………..
- Mechanical energy of a body =…………………………………………………………
- The law of conservation of energy states that……………………………………………
- Linear momentum of a body =…………………………………………………………………….
The following groups can be completed by one correct statement place
sign (√) beside this statement:
- The joule is the unit of………………………
a. momentum b. force.
c. work. d. thrust.
- Energy is the………………………………………
a. Ability to move by a force.
b. Ability to do work.
c. Rate of linear momentum.
- The linear momentum of a body is……………………………………………………
a. The amount of work done by body.
b. Kinetic energy of a body.
c. Product of the mass of a body and its velocity.
d. Mechanical energy of a body.
- The potential energy gained by a body being lifted through a height (d)
m………………………………
a. mgv b. 2mv c. mgd d. ½ mV2
- Kinetic energy equals…………………………………………….
a. mgd b. m(V-V0) c. 1/2 mV2 d. V2
- The mechanical energy of a body is the………………………………………………..
a. Sum of potential and kinetic energies of a body.
b. Potential energy only.
c. Kinetic energy only.
d. Internal energy of the body.
- The law of conservation of energy means that……………………………………………
a. Ability to change one form of energy to another with an increase in
total energy.
b. Ability to change one form of energy to another with a decrease in total
energy.
c. Ability to change one form of energy to another without changing the
total energy.
- if the acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s2, then the increase in potential
energy when a student of mass 50 kg climbs through a height of 5 m
is……………………….
a. 2500 j b. 25 j c. 3500 j d. 1 j

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The following groups can be corrected by more than 1 correct
statement place a mark (√) beside the correct statements in each
group:
- If a force acts on a body so the work done so equal to zero then………………..
a. The direction of force was perpendicular to the direction of the
motion of body.
b. The movement of the body was in an opposite direction to the
force.
c. The force couldn’t move the body.
d. The force was a braking force.
- In water falls……………………………………………………………………………..
a. The potential energy of water at the top of the fall is more than
that at the bottom.
b. The decrease in potential energy of water is due to its change to
thermal energy.
c. The increase in kinetic energy of the water is equal to the decrease
in its potential energy.
d. The kinetic energy of water has its maximum value at the bottom
of the waterfall.
- If a person climbs up the stairs from the ground to the third
floor………………………….
a. His potential energy increases.
b. He does work to overcome his weight.
c. The increase in potential energy depends upon the time taken to
climb the stairs.
- If you go down from the fifth floor to the ground floor, once by using a lift
and the other by using the stairs……………………………..
a. The decrease in potential energy in the first case is more than that
in the second case.
b. The amount of decrease in potential energy varies, according to
the height of the fifth floor from the ground.
c. The decrease in potential energy doesn’t vary in the two cases.
d. The decrease in potential energy in the second case is more than
in the first case.

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