R.

Manchanda’s
MATHEMATICS Classes

Module 107 A 1

LIMITS

SCO 223,Sec. 36D,Chd. Ph. 9815907905 1 SCF 38,Ph-9,Mohali, Ph. 8054362590

R.Manchanda’s
MATHEMATICS Classes
CONCEPTS BUILDER

Indeterminate forms
If a function f(x) takes any of the following forms at
0 
x = a, , ,  − , 0 x , 00, 0, 1, then f(x) is said to be indeterminate at x = a.
0 

Some important properties of limits

1. lim (mx + c) = ma + c 2. lim n x  n a
x a x a

3. lim (cf(x))= c lim (f(x))

x a x a

4. lim (f(x)−g(x)= lim f(x)+ lim g(x) 5. lim (f(x)–g(x)= lim f(x)− lim g(x)
x a x a x a x a x a x a

6. lim (f(x)g(x)) = lim f(x)) lim g(x)) 7. lim (f(x)n = lim f(x)n
x a x a x a x a x a

lim f ( x)
 f ( x)  x  a
8. lim    (provided lim g(x)  0)
x a x a
 g ( x)  lim g ( x)
xa
9. lim f(g(x) = f( lim g(x)) (only if f(x) does not have non−removable discontinuity at
x a x a
x = g(a) e.g. lim [x]  [ lim x], [] is greatest Integer Functions.
x a x a

Method of evaluating algebraic limits when x   :

To evaluate this type of limits we follow the following procedure:

f ( x)
Step I: Write down the given expression in form of a rational function i.e. ,if it
g ( x)
is not so.

Step II: If k is the highest power of x in numerator and denominator both, then
divide each term in numerator and denominator by xk.

1
Step III: Use the result lim  0 where n > 0.
x  xn

Evaluation of trigonometric limits: To evaluate trigonometric limits the following

results are very useful.
sin x tan x sin 1 x tan 1 x
(a) lim  1 (b) lim  1 (c) lim  1 (d) lim 1
x 0 x x 0 x x 0 x x 0 x

SCO 223,Sec. 36D,Chd. Ph. 9815907905 2 SCF 38,Ph-9,Mohali, Ph. 8054362590

R.Manchanda’s
MATHEMATICS Classes
sin x o  sin( x  a) tan( x  a )
(e) lim  (f) lim cos x = 1 (g) lim 1 (h) lim 1
x 0 x 180o x 0 xa xa xa xa
Evaluation of Exponential and Logarithmic limits:

To evaluate the exponential and logarithmic limits we use the following results
a x 1 log(1  x) ex 1
(i) lim  loge a (ii) lim 1 (iii) lim 1
x 0 x x 0 x x 0 x
Important Results :
1. lim (1 + f(x)1/f(x) = e (Provided lim f(x) = 0)
x 0 x a

f ( x)
 1  x m  a m m mn
2. lim 1    e (Provided lim f(x) = ) 3. lim  a
x 
 f ( x)  x a x a xn  an n

3. If m, n are positive integers and a0, b0  0 are non−zero real numbers, then
 a0
b if m  n
a x m  a x m 1  .....  a m 1 x  a m  0

lim 0 n 1 n 1  0, if m  n
x  b x  b x  .....  bn 1 x  bn
0 1  if m  n, a0b0  0


 if m  n , a0b0  0
Evaluation of exponential limits of the form 1
To evaluate the exponential limits of the form 1 we use the following results
f ( x)
lim
1. If lim f(x) = lim g(x) = 0, then lim [ 1 + f(x)1/g(x) = e g ( x) ,
xa

x a x a x a

OR
2. If lim f(x) =1 and lim g(x)=, then lim [f(x)]g(x)
x a x a x a
lim ( f ( x ) 1) g ( x )
= lim [1 + f(x) − 1]g(x) = e x a
x a

Particular Cases
x
 1
(i) lim (1 + x)1/x = e (ii) lim 1    e (iii) lim (1 + x)1/x = e  (iv)
x 0 x 
 x x 0

 
x

lim 1    e 
x 
 x
Some important expansions

x2 x3
(a) ex =1+x+  +…… . (b) ax = 1 + x log a +
2! 3!
x2 x3
(log a)  (log a) 3  ....
2

2! 3!
x2 x3 x 4
(c) log ( 1 + x) = x −   +….| x | < 1
2 3 4

SCO 223,Sec. 36D,Chd. Ph. 9815907905 3 SCF 38,Ph-9,Mohali, Ph. 8054362590

R.Manchanda’s
MATHEMATICS Classes
n( n  1) 2 x3 x5
(d) (1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x +… (e) sin x = x -  − ….
2! 3! 5!
x2 x 4 x3 2x5
(f) cos x = 1 −  ... (g) tan x = x +  + ….
2! 4! 3 15
12 3 12.3 2 5 12.3 2.5 2 7
(h) sin−1 x = x + x  x  x  ....
3! 5! 7!
x3 x5 x3
(i) tan x = x −
−1  − …. (j) cos−1 x=x− +…
3 5 6

L’ Hospital Rule

f ( x)
Let f(x) and g(x) be two functions such that f(a) = 0 and g(a) = 0, then lim =
x a g ( x)
f ' ( x)
lim
x a g ' ( x)
0 
For other indeterminate forms we have to convert them into either or form and
0 
then we may apply L’ Hospital rule.

Sandwitch theorem

If f, g, h are functions such that f(x)  g(x)  h(x), then lim f(x)  lim g(x)  lim h(x)
x a x a x a

(and let lim f(x) = lim h(x) = l, then lim g(x) = l)

x a x a x a

Some rules to find the limits

(a) Limit x = a cannot exist only if y = f(x) is not defined in both neighbourhood of ‘a’
e.g. lim x does not exist as x is not defined in the left neighbourhood of x = 0.
x a

(b) If on putting x = a, f(x) is determinate then normally limit is equal to

[ x]
f(a) e.g. lim x = 2 . But lim  1 as [x] changes its characteristics at
x 2 x 2 x
[ x] 1 [ x]
x = 2. Here lim = and lim = 1, so limit does not exist.
x 2 x 2 x 2 x
[ x]
Another example: lim is not defined at x = 0 (it is indeterminate) so limit cannot
x 0 x
be evaluated
[x] [ x]
by putting x = 0. Here lim   and lim =0
x 0 x x 0 x
(| x | also changes its characteristics at x = 0, so we have to find both left hand
limit and right hand limit separately).

SCO 223,Sec. 36D,Chd. Ph. 9815907905 4 SCF 38,Ph-9,Mohali, Ph. 8054362590

R.Manchanda’s
MATHEMATICS Classes
MCQ ASSIGNMENT – I
sin x  log((1  x )  2 1 
1 lim is:  x sin    x 
x 0 x2  x
  
9 The value of lim   is:
1 x 
 1 | x | 
(a) 0 (b)
2  
1
(c)  (d) none of these (a) -1 (b) 0
2 (c) 1 (d) none of these
x 4
 x 6
2 lim   is:
x   x  1   1 2 n

10 lim  2
 2
 .....   is:2
(a) 0 (b) 1 n   1 n 1n 1n 
(c) e4 (d) e5 1
(a) 0 (b) -
2
  x 3 3 1
x (c) (d) none of these
3 lim        is equal to: 2
x 2  3 3 
 
64     
(a) 0 (b) 2  3 sin   h   cos   h  
27  6   6 
8 11 lim  is:
(c) (d) none of these h 0 3h( 3 cos h  sinh)
3
(a) 2/3 (b) 4/3
4 If f be a function such that f(9) = 9 and
(c) - 2 / 3 (d) 4 / 3
f (x)  3
f’(9) =3, then lim is
x 9 x 3
sin x x  n , n is an integer
(a) 1 (b) 9 12 If f (x)  
 2 otherwise
(c) 3 (d) none of these
 x 2  1 x  0,2

logsec x /2 cos x g(x)   4 x 0 ;
5 lim is equal to:  2
x 0 logsec x cos x / 2  5 x 2
(a) 2 (b) 4 then lim g(f (x)) is:
(c) 8 (d) 16 x 0

(a) 1 (b) 5
a a  (c) 6 (d) 7
 
2 2
6 lim  esin t dt  esin t dt   x is equal to:
x 0  
y x y  x 3
13 Let f ( x )  , then the left hand limit
(a) esin
2
y
(b) sin 2y esin y
2
x 1
lim f ( x ) :
(c) 0 (d) None of these x  3
1/ x
 1  tan x  (a) is 0 (b) does not exist
7 lim   is: 1
x  0  1  tan x 
(c) is 1/2 (d) is
(a) 0 (b) 1 2
14 If a, b, c, d are +ve then:
(c) e2 (d) None of these c  dx
 1 
lim 1   is equal to:
2
e x  cos x x   a  bx 
8 lim is equal to:
x 0 x2 (a) e (b) e(c + d)/(a + b)
2 1 (c) ed/b (d) ec/a
(a) (b)
3 2
3  1 1 1 1 
(c) (d) none of these 15 lim     .....   is:
x   1.2 2.3 3.4 n(n  1) 
2
(a) 1 (b) 2/3

SCO 223,Sec. 36D,Chd. Ph. 9815907905 5 SCF 38,Ph-9,Mohali, Ph. 8054362590

R.Manchanda’s
MATHEMATICS Classes
(c) 1/3 (d) 0
3
x2  1  x3  1
2 2
tan[e ]x  tan[e ]x 2 2 23 lim equals:
x  4 5
16 lim equals: x4  1  x4  1
x 0 sin2 x
(a) -1 (b) 0
(a) 0 (b) 8 (c) 1 (d) none of these
(c) 15 (d) none of these
24 If lim(1  px)q / x  e4 , where p, q,  N, then:
 sin[x] x 0
 , | x | 0
17 If f (x)   [x] (a) p = 4, q = 2 (b) p = 7, q = 4
 0, [x]  0 (c) p = 16, q = 8 (d) None of these

where [x] denotes the greatest integer less
than or equal to x, then lim f ( x) equals: x y 2  (y  x )2
x 0 25 lim equals:
x 0 2 3
(a) 1 (b) 0 ( 8 xy  4 x  8 xy )
(c) -1 (d) none of these 1 1
(a) (b)
2
x 2 2 2

0
cos t 2dt
(c)
1
(d) none of these
18 The value of lim is: 4
x 0 x sin x
26 Lef f(x), g(x) be differentiable functions
3
(a) (b) 1 and f(1) = g(1) = 2, then:
2 f (1)g( x )  f ( x )g(1)  f (1)  g(1)
(c) -1 (d) none of these lim equals:
x 1 g( x )  f ( x )
2x
(a) 2 (b) 0
(c) 1 (d) none of these
 xe dx
2

19 lim 0
2
equals: 1/ x 2
x 
e4 x  1  5x 2 
(a) 0 (b)  27 The value of lim   is:
x  0 1  3x 2
 
1
(c) 2 (d) (a) e2 (b) 2
2
2/x
(c) e-1 (d) none of these
 ax  b x  c x 
20 lim   is equal to:
x 0
 3  x 2  x  2
28 lim is equal to:
(a) 0 (b) (abc) 2/3
(a, b, c > 0) x 2 2
x 4
(c) abc (d) abc 1
(a) (b) 1
2
 1 8  n3 (c) 2 (d) none of these
21 lim  4
  ....   equals:
1  n
n  1  n4 4
1  n 
29 Let {x} denote the fractional part of x. then
1 1 { x}
(a) (b)  lim equals:
8 4 x 0 tan{x}
1
(c) (d) none of these (a) -1 (b) 0
4 (c) 1 (d) none of these
1
 x(sin1 / x  sin(1 / x 2 )); x  0
    x
22 Let f (x)   30 lim tan   x   is:

 0; x 0 x 0
 4 
Then lim f ( x ) equals: (a) 1 (b) -1
x 
(c) e2 (d) none of these
1
(a) - (b) 0
2 1  cos 2(x  1)
(c) 1 (d) none of these 31 lim :
x 1 x 1
SCO 223,Sec. 36D,Chd. Ph. 9815907905 6 SCF 38,Ph-9,Mohali, Ph. 8054362590
R.Manchanda’s
MATHEMATICS Classes
(a) exists and it equals 2 39. lim 1  2  3  4  5  6  ....  (2n  1)  2n is
n  n2  1  n2  1
(b) exists and it equals - 2
(c) does not exist because x – 1  0 equal to
(d) does not exist as L.H.L is not equal to 1 1
(a) (b) −
R.H.L 2 2
(c) 1 (d)−1
n n
1  sin x  1  sin x
32 Let f (x) 
x
the value  xr   3r
40. lim r 1 r 1 is equal to
which should be assigned to f at x = 0 so x 3 x 3
that it continuous everywhere, is:
(a) 1 (b) 2 n n
1 (a) (2n  1) x 3 (b) (2n  1) x 3  1
(c) (d) -2 4 4
2
(2n  1) x 3n  1
(c) (2n  1) 3n  1 (d)
2 2
1  2  3  ....  n2 2 4
33. lim is equal to n!
n n3 41. lim is equal to
n   (n  1)!  n!
(a) 1 (b) ½
1
(c) 1/3 (d) 0 (a) (b) 0
2
sin x (c) 2 (d) 1
34. lim is equal to
x 1 x  1
(a)  (b)  42. lim 1  2  3  ...  n  n  is
1 1 n  n2 2
(c)  (d)
 
 1 
1  (a) ½ (b) 1
35. lim    (c) −1 (d) −1/2
3
h0  h 8  h 2h  
(n  2)!  (n  1)!
(a) −1/12 (b) −4/3 43. The value of lim is
n (n  2)!  (n  1)!
(c) −16/3 (d) −1/48
(a) 0 (b) −1
1 2 n
36. lim    ... 

is equal to (c) 1 (d) none of these
n   1  n2 2
1  n2 1n  44. The value of
a2  ax  x2  a2  ax  x2
(a) 0 (b) −1/2 lim is
x 0 a x  ax
(c) ½ (d) none of these
  (a) a (b) a
sin   x 
3  is equal to (c) −a (d) − a
37. lim
x   / 3 2 cos x  1
1 45. The value of
(a) 3 (b)
2 (x  1)10  (x  2)10  ...  (x  100)10
lim is
1 x x10  1010
(c) (d) − 3
3 (a) 10 (b) 100
 
3 sin( / 6  h)  cos( / 6  h)  (c) 10 10
(d) none of these
38. lim   is equal
h 0 
 3 h( 3 cosh sinh) 

n!
46. The value of lim is
n   (n  1)! n!
(a) 2/3 (b) 4/3
(c) −2 3 (d) −4/3
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) −1 (d) none of these
SCO 223,Sec. 36D,Chd. Ph. 9815907905 7 SCF 38,Ph-9,Mohali, Ph. 8054362590
R.Manchanda’s
MATHEMATICS Classes
47. lim ax sin  b  , a,b  1 is equal to 53. If  is a repeated root of ax2  bx  c  0,
x x
a  2
then lim tan(ax  bx  c) is
2
x (x  )
(a) b (b) a
(a) a (b) b
(c) aloge b (d) bloge a
(c) 1 (d) 0

4 2  (cos x  sin x)5 54. The value of

48. lim is equal to
x  / 4 1  sin2x 1  cos x  2 sin x  sin3 x  x2  3x 4
lim is
x 0 tan3 x  6 sin2 x  x  5x3
(a) 5 2 (b) 3 2 (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 2 (d) none of these (c) −1 (d) −2

1 2 x  3 x  x2  x3  ...  xn  n
49. lim is equal to 55. If lim  5050 then n
x 2 x 2 x 1 x 1
1 1 equal
(a) (b) (a) 10 (b) 100
8 3 3
(c) 150 (d) none of these
(c) 8 3 (d) 3
 2 2 2 2
 1 1 1 1  56. lim 8 1  cos x  cos x  cos x cos x 
50. lim     ...   8
x 0 x  2 4 2 4 
n   1.3 3.5 5.7 (2n  1)(2n  3)   
is equal to is equal to
1 1
(a) 0 (b) 1/2 (a) (b) −
(c) 1/9 (d) 2 16 16
1 1
 1 (c) (d) −
x sin , x  0
51. If f(x)   x then lim f(x) equal 32 32
x0

 0 , x0
2 cos x  1
(a) 1 (b) 0 57. lim is equal to
x /4 cot x  1
(c) −1 (d) none of these
1 1
(a) (b)
2 2
52. lim x  3 , is equal tO 1
x 3 x 3 (c) (d) 1
2 2
(a) 1 (b) −1
(c) 0 (d) does not exist

ANSWERS KEY
1 c 11 b 21 b 31 d 41 a 51 b
2 d 12 a 22 c 32 a 42 b 52 d
3 c 13 b 23 b 33 c 43 c 53 a
4 c 14 c 24 d 34 c 44 d 54 b
5 d 15 a 25 d 35 d 45 b 55 b
6 a 16 c 26 a 36 b 46 a 56 c
7 c 17 d 27 a 37 c 47 a 57 b
8 c 18 b 28 a 38 b 48 a
9 b 19 d 29 c 39 b 49 a
10 b 20 b 30 c 40 b 50 b

SCO 223,Sec. 36D,Chd. Ph. 9815907905 8 SCF 38,Ph-9,Mohali, Ph. 8054362590