UNIT – 2
OPERRATORS AND CONTROL STRUCTURE
Dr. P S V S Sridhar
Assistant Professor (SS)
Centre for Information Technology
| Jan 2013| © 2012 UPES
PHP - Operators
Operators are used to manipulate or perform operations on variables and
values.
There are many operators used in PHP
•Assignment Operators
•Arithmetic Operators
•Comparison Operators
•String Operators
•Combination Arithmetic & Assignment Operators
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Assignment Operators
Assignment operators are used to set a variable equal to a value or set
a variable to another variable's value.
Assignment of value is done with the "=", or equal character.
$my_var = 4;
$another_var = $my_var
Now both $my_var and $another_var contain the value 4.
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Arithmetic Operators
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Bit wise operators
Bitwise "and" operator &
Bitwise "or" operator |
Bitwise "exclusive or" operator ^
Bitwise "ones complement" operator ~
Shift left << 0000000000001010 shift left to 3 as 0000000001010000
Shift right >> 0000000000001010 shift right to 3 as 0000000000000001
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Comparison Operators
Comparisons are used to check the relationship between variables and/or
values.
Comparison operators are used inside conditional statements and
evaluate to either true or false
Assume $x = 4 and $y = 5
=== Identical (If arguments are equal to each other and of
the same type but false otherwise) (1 === "1" results in false. 1 === 1
results in true.)
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String Operators
Period "." is used to add two strings together, or more technically, the
period is the concatenation operator for strings.
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Combination arithmetic & Assignment operators
In programming it is a very common task to have to increment a variable
by some fixed amount.
The most common example of this is a counter. you want to increment a
counter by 1
$counter = $counter + 1;
However, there is a shorthand for doing this.
$counter += 1;
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Pre/Post-Increment & Pre/Post-Decrement
Shorthand for the common task of adding 1or subtracting 1 from a
variable.
To add one to a variable or "increment" use the "++" operator:
$x++; Which is equivalent to $x += 1; or $x = $x + 1;
To subtract 1 from a variable, or "decrement" use the "--" operator:
$x--; Which is equivalent to $x -= 1; or $x = $x - 1;
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Logical Operators
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The ternary operator
One of the most elegant operators is the ?: (question mark) operator.
test_expr ? expr1 : expr2
The value of this expression is expr1 if test-expression is true; otherwise,
expr2
Eg.
$max_num = $first_num > $second_num ? $first_num : $second_num;
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Operator precedence
++ -- (cast)
/*%
+-
< <= => >
== === !=
&&
||
= += -= /= *= %= .=
and
xor
or
Comparison operators have higher precedence than Boolean
operators.
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String Manipulation
The Concatenation Operator
There is only one string operator in PHP.
The concatenation operator (.) is used to put two string values
together.
To concatenate two variables together, use the dot (.) operator:
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Using the strlen() function
The strlen() function is used to find the length of a string.
$length = strlen(strlen("John")); - First inner strlen is executed . The result
is strlen(4), strlen() expects a string therefore converts the integer 4 to the
string "4“, the result is 1.
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Using the strpos() function
The strpos() function is used to search for a string or character within
a string.
If a match is found in the string, this function will return the position
of the first match. If no match is found, it will return FALSE.
The reason that it is 6, and not 7, is that the first position in the string is 0, and
not 1.
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Strcmp()
Strcmp() compares two strings byte by byte until it finds a difference. It
returns –ve number if the first string is less than the second and +ve
number if second string is less. It returns 0 if they are identical.
strcasecmp() works the same way excepts that the equality comparison is
case insensitive. Strcasecmp(“hey!”, “HEY!”) should returns 0.
The strstr() function takes a string to search in and a string to look for (in that
order). If it succeeds, it returns the portion of the string that starts with (and
includes) the first instance of the string it is looking for. If the string is not
found, a false value is returned.
$string_to_search = “showsuponceshowsuptwice”;
$string_to_find = “up”;
print(“Result of looking for $string_to_find” .
strstr($string_to_search, $string_to_find) . “<br>”);
$string_to_find = “down”;
print(“Result of looking for $string_to_find” . strstr($string_to_search, $string_to_find));
which gives us:
Result of looking for up: uponceshowsuptwice
Result of looking for down:
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Substr()
Substr() returns a new string
$alphabet_test = “abcdefghijklmnop”;
print(“3: “ . substr($alphabet_test, 3) . “<BR>”);
print(“-3: “ . substr($alphabet_test, -3) . “<BR>”);
print(“3, 5: “ . substr($alphabet_test, 3, 5) . “<BR>”);
print(“3, -5: “ . substr($alphabet_test, 3, -5) . “<BR>”);
print(“-3, -5: “ . substr($alphabet_test, -3, -5) . “<BR>”);
print(“-3, 5: “ . substr($alphabet_test, -3, 5) . “<BR>”);
This gives us the output: Start:
3: defghijklmnop A positive number - Start at a specified position in the
-3: nop string
3, 5: defgh A negative number - Start at a specified position from
3, -5: defghijk the end of the string
-3, -5: 0 - Start at the first character in string
-3, 5: nop Length:
A positive number - The length to be returned from the start parameter
Negative number - The length to be returned from the end of the string
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Str_replace(), substr_replace()
Str_replace() replace all instances of a particular substring with an
alternate string.
$first_edition = ―Burma is similar to Rhodesia in at least one way.‖;
$second_edition = str_replace(―Rhodesia‖, ―Zimbabwe‖,$first_edition);
$third_edition = str_replace(―Burma‖, ―Myanmar‖,$second_edition);
print($third_edition);
gives us:
Myanmar is similar to Zimbabwe in at least one way.
Substr_replace() picks out portions to replace by matching to a target string
print(substr_replace(“ABCDEFG”, “-“, 2, 3));
gives us:
AB-FG (CDE portion of the string is replaced with the single -)
Str_repeat() string that is the appropriate number of copies.
print(str_repeat(“cheers “, 3));
gives us:
cheerscheerscheers
Strrev() reverse order
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Case functions
strlower() returns in all lowercase string
<?php
$original = “They DON’T KnoW they’re SHOUTING”;
$lower = strtolower($original);
echo $lower;
?>
they don’t know they’re shouting
strupper() returns in all upper case string
<?php
$original = “make this link stand out”;
echo(“<B>strtoupper($original)</B>”);
?>
ucfirst() first letter capital
ucwords() capitalizes the first letter of each word in a string.
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Arrays and Strings
explode(): The function explode converts string into array format .
We can use explode() to split a string into an array of strings
$inp = "This is a sentence with seven words";
$temp = explode(― ―, $inp);
print_r($temp);
Output:
Array( [0] => This [1] => is [2] => a [3] => sentence [4] => with
[5] => seven [6] => words)
implode(): To combine array of elements in to a string
$p = array("Hello", "World,", "I", "am", "Here!");
$g = implode(" ", $p);
Output: Hello World, I am Here!
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str_pad() : function pads a string to a new length.
str_pad(string,length,pad_string,pad_type)
Parameter Description
string Required. Specifies the string to pad
length Required. Specifies the new string length. If this value is less
than the original length of the string, nothing will be done
pad_string Optional. Specifies the string to use for padding. Default is
whitespace
pad_type Optional. Specifies what side to pad the string.Possible values:
•STR_PAD_BOTH - Pad to both sides of the string. If not an
even number, the right side gets the extra padding
•STR_PAD_LEFT - Pad to the left side of the string
•STR_PAD_RIGHT - Pad to the right side of the string. This is
default
<?php
$str = "Hello World"; Hello World.........
echo str_pad($str,20,".");
?>
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<?php
$str = "Hello World";
echo str_pad($str,20,".",STR_PAD_LEFT); .........Hello World
?>
<?php
$str = "Hello World"; .:.:Hello World.:.:.
echo
str_pad($str,20,".:",STR_PAD_BOTH);
?>
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Branching/Conditional Control Structures
If-else switch
The syntax for if is: switch(expression)
if (test) {
statement-1 case value-1:
statement-1;
with an optional else branch: statement-2;
if (test) ...
statement-1 [break;]
else case value-2:
statement-2 statement-3;
statement-4;
elseif statement ...
If(test) [break;]
Statement-1 ...
Elseif (test) [default:
Statement -2 default-statement;]
}
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Looping
while Do while
while (condition) do statement
statement while (expression);
for
for (initial-expression; termination-check; loop-end-expression)
statement
<?php
For each
$arr=array("one", "two", "three");
foreach (array as value)
foreach ($arr as $value)
{
{
code to be executed;
echo "Value: " . $value . "<br />";
}
}
?>
<?php
foreach(array as key => value) $arr=array("one", "two", "three");
{ foreach ($arr as $key=>$value)
code to be executed; {
} echo "Value: " . $key. $value . "<br />";
}
?>
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Loop control
Break and continue
Break and continue offer an optional side exit from all the looping constructs,
including while, do-while, and for:
■The break command exits the innermost loop construct that contains it.
■The continue command skips to the end of the current iteration of the innermost
loop that contains it.
For example, the following code:
for ($x = 1; $x < 10; $x++) for ($x = 1; $x < 10; $x++)
{ {
// if $x is odd, break out // if $x is odd, skip this loop
if ($x % 2 != 0) if ($x % 2 != 0)
break; continue;
print(“$x “); print(“$x “);
} }
prints nothing, because 1 is odd, Prints 2 4 6 8
which terminates the for loop
immediately.
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Additional Material
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Math functions
Abs : Absolute value
$abs = abs(-4.2); // $abs = 4.2; (double/float)
$abs2 = abs(5); // $abs2 = 5; (integer)
$abs3 = abs(-5); // $abs3 = 5; (integer)
Acos, acosh, asin, asinh, atan, atanh, cos, cosh, sin, sinh
Base_convert: Convert a number between arbitrary bases
$hexadecimal = 'A37334';
echo base_convert($hexadecimal, 16, 2); //101000110111001100110100
Bindec: Converts binary to decimal
echo bindec('110011') . "\n"; //51
echo bindec('000110011') . "\n"; //51
echo bindec('111'); //7
Ceil: Rounds franctions up
echo ceil(4.3); // 5
echo ceil(9.999); // 10
echo ceil(-3.14); // -3
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Math functions
Decbin, dechex, decoct, hexdec, octdec
Deg2rad: converts number from degrees to the radian equivalent.
echo deg2rad(45); // 0.785398163397
Exp: Calculates the exponent of e
Expm1: Returns exp(number) -1
Floor: Rounds fractions down
echo floor(4.3); // 4
echo floor(9.999); // 9
echo floor(-3.14); // -4
Getrandmax: Shows the largest possible random value
Rand: Generate random integer
echo rand() . "\n"; //7771
echo rand() . "\n"; //22264
echo rand(5, 15); //71
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Math functions
Hypot: Retuns sqrt(num1 * num1 + num2 * num2)
Is_nan: Determines whether a value is not a number. Returns TRUE if val is
'not a number', else FALSE
Log10: Base 10 logarithm
Log: Returns the natural logarithm
Max , min: Finds the highest value/lowest value
echo max(1, 3, 5, 6, 7); // 7
echo max(array(2, 4, 5)); // 5
Pi: gets value of pi
Pow: Exponential expression
Round: Rounds a float
Sqrt: Square root
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Converting to and from Strings
<?php
$float = 3.1415;
echo (string) $float; // 3.1415
echo strval($float); // 3.1415
$value = 1 + "19.2";
echo $value; //20.2
$text = "3.0";
$value = (float) $text;
echo $value/2.0; //1.5
?>
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String to array:
str_split: Convert a string to an array
Parameters
String The input string. split_length Maximum length of the chunk.
<?php
$str = "Hello Friend";
$arr1 = str_split($str);
$arr2 = str_split($str, 3);
print_r($arr1);
print_r($arr2);
?>
Array ( [0] => H [1] => e [2] => l [3] => l [4] => o [5] => [6] => F [7] => r [8] => i [9]
=> e [10] => n [11] => d )
Array ( [0] => Hel [1] => lo [2] => Fri [3] => end )
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str_word_count:
:str_word_count — Return information about words used in a string
Parameters
String The string
Format Specify the return value of this function. The current supported
values are:
0 - returns the number of words found
1 - returns an array containing all the words found inside the string
2 - returns an associative array, where the key is the numeric position of the word
inside the string and the value is the actual word itself
Charlist A list of additional characters which will be considered as 'word'
<?php Array ( [0] => Hello [1] => fri [2] => nd [3] => you're [4] =>
looking [5] => good [6] => today )
$str = "Hello fri3nd, you're
looking good today!"; Array ( [0] => Hello [6] => fri [10] => nd [14] => you're [29] => looking
[46] => good [51] => today )
print_r(str_word_count($str, 1));
print_r(str_word_count($str, 2)); Array ( [0] => Hello [1] => fri3nd [2] => you're [3] => looking [4] =>
good [5] => today )
print_r(str_word_count($str, 1, 'àáãç3'));
7
echo str_word_count($str);
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