Chemical Engineering Department
University of Technology
Dr. Ali Al-Shathr
First stage
2020/2021
[Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi]
Chapter – one
Preliminaries
Numbers: Page (1)
1) N = set of natural numbers
N = {1, 2, 3, 4……}
2) I = set of integers
I= {……., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3…}
Note that: ܰ ⊂ ܫ
3) A = set of rational numbers
= ൜ݔ: = ݔ, ݓℎ݁ݏݎܾ݁ ݉ݑ݊ݎ݁݃݁ݐ݊݅݁ݎܽݍ&݁ݎ, ܽ݊݀ ≠ ݍ0ൠ
ݍ
ଷ ସ ିଶ ି ଽ
Ex: , , , , … … …
ଶ ହ ଽ ଼ ଶ
Note that: ܣ ⊂ܫ
4) B = set of irrational numbers
= {X: X is not a rational number}
Ex: √2, √3, −√7 … …
5) R= set of real numbers
= set of all rational and irrational numbers
Note that:ܴ = ܤ ∪ ܣ
Note: the set of real numbers is represented by a line called a line of numbers
ଷ ଵ
… ………..-7 -6 -5 -4 -3− -2 -1 0 1 √2 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 7 …………
ଶ ଷ
Note that: ܰ ⊂ ܴ,ܴ ⊂ܫ,ܴ ⊂ ܣ,ܴ ⊂ ܤ
ࡾ࢛ࢋ࢙ࢌ࢘ࡵࢋ࢛ࢇ࢚ࢋ࢙
݂ܽܫ, ܾ, ܽ݊݀ܿܽݏݎܾ݁ ݉ݑ݈݊ܽ݁ݎ݁ݎ, ݐℎ݁݊:
)ࢇ < ܾ → ܽ + ܿ < ܾ + ܿ
)ࢇ < ܾ → ܽ − ܿ < ܾ − ܿ
)ࢇ < ܾܽ݊݀ܿ > 0 → ܽܿ < ܾܿ
)ࢇ < ܾܽ݊݀ܿ < 0 → ܾܿ < ܽܿ
ࡿࢋࢉࢇࢉࢇ࢙ࢋ: ࢇ < ܾ→ −ܾ < −ܽ
)ࢇ > 0 → ࢇ > 0
)ࡵࢌࢇࢇࢊ࢈ࢇ࢘ࢋ࢈࢚ࢎ࢙࢚࢜ࢋ࢘࢈࢚ࢎࢋࢍࢇ࢚࢜ࢋ, ࢚ࢎࢋࢇ < ܾ → ࢈ < ࢇ
Set ⇛ Elements
∪ ⇒ ݊݅݊ݑ
∩⇒ ݅݊݊݅ݐܿ݁ݏݎ݁ݐ
∅ ⇒ ݁݉ ݐ݁ݏݕݐ
ܶℎ݁ݐ݂݃݊݅ݐݏ݅ݏ݊ܿܣݐ݁ݏℎ݁݊ܽݏݏ݈݁)ݏݎ݁݃݁ݐ݊݅݁ݒ݅ݐ݅ݏݎ(ݏݎܾ݁ ݉ݑ݈݊ܽݎݑݐ
ݐℎܽ݊8, ݓℎ݅ܿℎܾܿܽ݊݁݁ݏܽ݀݁ݏݏ݁ݎݔ
{ = ܣ1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
Chapter one (Preliminaries)
|Page1
[Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi]
ܶℎ݁݁݊ݏܽ݊݁ݐݐ݅ݎݓݏ݅ݏݎ݁݃݁ݐ݂݊݅ݐ݁ݏ݁ݎ݅ݐ
{0, ∓1, ∓2, ∓3, … … }
ݐ݊ܣℎ݁ݐ݈݁ݑݎܽݏ݁ܿܽݎܾ݊݅݁ݏ݈ܿ݊݁ݐݏ݅ݐ݁ݏܾܽ݁݅ݎܿݏ݁݀ݐݕܽݓݎℎܽݏ݁ݐܽݎ݁݊݁݃ݐ
݈݈ܽݐℎ݈݁݁݁݉ ݁݊ݐ݂ݏݐℎ݁ݐ݁ݏ.
ܶℎ݁݀݊ܽݎ݁݃݁ݐ݊݅݊ܽݏ݅ݔ|ݔ{ = ܣݐ݁ݏ0 < < ݔ8}, ݅ݐݏℎ݁݁ݒ݅ݐ݅ݏ݂ݐ݁ݏ
݅݊ݐݏݏ݈݁ݏݎ݁݃݁ݐℎܽ݊8.
Intervals
The set of values that a variable χ may take on is called the domain of χ.
The domains of the variables in many applications of calculus are intervals like
those shows below. Page (4)
ݔܧ: ܵݐ݁ݒ݈ℎ݂݁ݏ݀݊ܽݏ݁݅ݐ݈݅ܽݑݍ݁݊݅݃݊݅ݓ݈݈ℎݐ ݓℎ݁݅ݐ݊ݏݐ݁ݏ݊݅ݐݑ݈ݏݎℎ݈݈݁݁݊݅ܽ݁ݎ.
௫
ܽ) 2 ݔ− 1 < ݔ+ 3,ܾ) − ଷ < 2 ݔ+ 1,ܿ) ௫ିଵ ≥ 5.
݈ܵ: ܽ) 2 ݔ− 1 < ݔ+ 3 (+1) ⇒ 2 ݔ < ݔ+ 4
(− < ݔ ⇒ )ݔ4, ݐݏℎ݁ݐݏ݅ݐ݁ݏℎ݁(݈ܽݒݎ݁ݐ݊݅݊݁−∞, 4) 0 1 4 x
௫
ܾ) − < 2 ݔ+ 1 (3) ⇒ − < ݔ6 ݔ+ 3 (+ ⇒ )ݔ0 < 7 ݔ+ 3 (−3)
ଷ
ଷ ଷ
−3 < 7 ÷(ݔ7) ⇒ − < ݔ, ݐℎ݁ݐݏ݅ݐ݁ݏ݊݅ݐݑ݈ݏℎ݁(݈ܽݒݎ݁ݐ݊݅݊݁− , ∞)
ଷ
− 0 1ݔ
Chapter one (Preliminaries)
|Page2
[Mathematic I ]Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi
ݕݐ݈݅ܽݑݍ݁݊݅݁ܿ)ܶℎ ≥ > 1,ݔ݂݅ݕ݈݈݊݀5ܾܿܽ݊݁ℎ
௫ିଵ
݁ݏ݅ݓݎ݁ℎݐ݁ݏݑܾܽܿ݁ ݁.ݒ݅ݐܽ݃݁݊ݎ݂݀݁݊݅݁݀݊ݑݏ݅
௫ିଵ
ℎݐܾݕ݈݅ݐ݈ݑ ݉݁ݓ݂݅݀݁ݒݎ݁ݏ݁ݎܾ݈݈݁݅ݓݕݐ݈݅ܽݑݍ݁݊݅݁ℎݐ݀݊ܽ݁ݒ݅ݐ݅ݏݏ݅) − 1ݔ( ݁,ݎ݂݁ݎ݁ܶℎ
) − 1ݔ(ݕܾݏ݁݀݅ݏ
ଵଵ
≥ ⇒ )(÷ 5ݔ − 5 (+5) ⇒ 11 ≥ 5ݔ − 1) ⇒ 6 ≥ 5ݔ( 5 ≥ ݔ
௫ିଵ ହ
ଵଵ
݈ܽቀ1,ݒݎ݁ݐ݊݅݊݁_݂݈ܽℎ݁ℎݐݏ݅ݐ݁ݏ݊݅ݐݑ݈ݏ݁ܶℎ ቃ.
ହ
ଵଵ
0 1
ହ
)࢈࢙࢛࢚ࢋࢂࢇ࢛ࢋ Page (5
ݏ݂ܽ݀݁݊݅݁݀ݏ݅ |,ݔ|ݕܾ݀݁ݐ݊݁݀ ,ݔݎܾ݁ ݉ݑ݂݊ܽ݁ݑ݈ܽݒ݁ݐݑ݈ݏܾܽ݁ܶℎ
≥ 0ቅݔ ݔ | = ቄݔ|
< 0ݔ ݔ−
|ܽ| =: |3| = 3, |0| = 0, |−5| = 5, ห−|ܽ|หݔܧ
݁: |−ܽ| ≠ −|ܽ|, |−3| = 3, −|3| = −3ݐܰ
|ܾ| ℎܽ݊|ܽ| +ݐݏݏ݈݁ݏ݅|ܾ ℎ݁݊|ܽ +ݐ ݅݃݊,ݏ݊݅ݎ݂݂ܾ݁݅݀&݂ܽ݅ ∗
|−3 + 5| = |2| = 2 < |−3| + |5| = 8
)Chapter one (Preliminaries
|Page3
[Mathematic I ]Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi
|ܾ| |ܽ| +ݏ݈ܽݑݍ݁|ܾ |ܽ +ݏ݁ݏܽܿݎ݁ℎݐ݈݈ܽ݊݅ ∗
|3 + 5| = |8| = |3| + |5| = 8
||−3 − 5| = |−8| = 8 = |−3| + | − 5
,ݏ݁ݑ݈ܽݒ݁ݐݑ݈ݏܾܽℎݐ݅ݓ݊݅ݐܽݑݍ݁݁ℎݐ݁ݒ݈ܵ :ݔܧ − 3| = 7ݔ|2
− 3 = ±7ݔ5, 2ݕݐݎ݁ݎݕܾ ∶݈ܵ
− 3 = 7ݔ2 − 3 = −7ݔ2
= 10ݔ2 = −4ݔ2
= −2ݔ = 5ݔ
= −2ݔ& = 5ݔ݁ݎܽ − 3| = 7ݔ݂|2݊݅ݐݑ݈ݏ݁ܶℎ
ଶ
, ቚ5 − ௫ቚ< 1ݏ݁ݑ݈ܽݒ݁ݐݑ݈ݏܾܽℎݐ݅ݓݕݐ݈݅ܽݑݍ݁݊݅݁ℎݐ݁ݒ݈ܵ :ݔܧ
ଶ
6,ݕݐݎ݁ݎݕܾ ݈:ܵ −1<5−௫<1 )(−5
2 1
−6 < − < −4൬× − ൰
ݔ 2
1
>3 >2 )ݏ݈ܽܿݎ݅ܿ݁ݎ(
ݔ
1 1 1 1
< ,ݔ < ݈ܽ൬ , ൰ݒݎ݁ݐ݊݅݊݁݁ℎݐݏ݅ݐ݁ݏ݊݅ݐݑ݈ݏ݁ℎݐ
3 2 3 2
݈݈݁ܽ݅݊݁:ݎ݁ℎݐ݊ݐ݁ݏ݊݅ݐݑ݈ݏ݁ℎݐ ݓℎݏ݀݊ܽݕݐ݈݅ܽݑݍ݁݊݅݁ℎݐ݁ݒ݈ܵ :ݔܧ
− 3| ≥ 1ݔ) |2ܤ − 3| ≤ 1,ݔ) |2ܣ
− 3| ≤ 1ݔ) |2ܣ ݈:ܵ
)Chapter one (Preliminaries
|Page4
[Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi]
ݕݐݎ݁ݎݕܤ8, − 1 ≤ 2 ݔ− 3 ≤ 1 (+3)
2 ≤ 2 ≤ ݔ4 (÷ 2)
1 ≤ ≤ݔ2
ܶℎ݁ݐݏ݅ݐ݁ݏ݊݅ݐݑ݈ݏℎ݈݁ܿ[݈ܽݒݎ݁ݐ݊݅݀݁ݏ1,2] 1 2 x
| )ܤ2 ݔ− 3| ≥ 1
ݕݐݎ݁ݎݕܤ9, 2 ݔ− 3 ≥ 1ݎ2 ݔ− 3 ≤ −1 (÷ 2)
3 1 3 1 3
ݔ− ≥ ݔݎ− ≤ − ൬+ ൰
2 2 2 2 2
≥ ݔ2 ≤ ݔݎ1
ܶℎ݁(ݏ݅ݐ݁ݏ݊݅ݐݑ݈ݏ−∞, 1] ∪ [2, ∞). 1 2 x
Coordinates for the plane:Page (9)
Cartesian coordinate: Two number lines, one of them horizontal (called x-axis) and the
other vertical (called y-axis). The point where the lines cross is the origin. Each line is
assumed to represent the real number.
With the axes in place, we assign a pair (a,b) of real number to each point P in the plane .
The number a is the number at the foot of the perpendicular from P to the x-axis (called x-
coordinate of P).
The number b is the number at the foot of the perpendicular from P to the y-axis (called y-
coordinate of P).
Chapter one (Preliminaries)
|Page5
[Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi]
The Slope of a line:
Increments – When a particle moves from one position in the plane to another , the net
changes in the particle's coordinates are calculated by subtracting the coordinates of the
starting point ( x1 , y1 ) from the coordinates of the stopping point (x2 , y2 ) ,
i.e. Δx = x2 –x1 , Δy = y2 – y1 .
Slopes of nonvertical lines:
Let L be a nonvertical line in the plane,
Let P1(x1, y1) and P2 (x2, y2) are two points on L.
∆௬ ௬ ି௬
Then the slope m is: ݉ = ∆௫ = ௫మି௫భ , ݓℎ݁ ≠ ݔ∆݁ݎ0
మ భ
- A line that goes uphill as x increases has a positive slope. A line that goes downhill as x
increases has a negative slope.
- A horizontal line has slope zero because Δy = 0.
- The slope of a vertical line is undefined because Δx = 0.
- Parallel lines have same slope.
- If neither of two perpendicular lines L1 and L2 is vertical, their slopes m1 and m2 are related by
the equation: m1. m2 = -1.
Chapter one (Preliminaries)
|Page6
[Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi]
Angles of Inclination: The angle of inclination of a line that crosses the x-axis is the smallest
angle we get when we measure counter clock from the x-axis around the point of
intersection.
The slope of a line is the tangent of the line angle of inclination.
݉ = tan ∅ݓℎ݁ݐݏ݅∅݁ݎℎ݈݁ܽ݊݃݁݊݅ݐ݈݂ܽ݊݅ܿ݊݅.
- The angle of inclination of a horizontal line is taken to be 0°. The angle of inclination of a
vertical line is 90°.
- Parallel lines have equal angle of inclination.
௬ି௬
݉ = ௫ି௫భ ⇒ ݕ− ݕଵ = ݉ ( ݔ− ݔଵ)
భ
∴ ݕ = ݕଵ + ݉ ( ݔ− ݔଵ)ݐℎ݁ݐ݊݅− ݊݅ݐܽݑݍ݈݁݁ݏ
ଷ
ݔܧ: ܹ ݐݎ݂݊݅ݐܽݑݍ݁݊ܽ݁ݐ݅ݎℎ݈݁݅݊݁ݐℎ݃ݑݎℎݐℎ݁(ݐ݊݅2,3)ݐ݅ݓℎ݈݁ݏ− ଶ.
ଷ
݈ܵ: ݔଵ = 2 ,ݕଵ = 3 , &݉ = − ଶ
ଷ
ݕ = ݕଵ + ݉ ( ݔ− ݔଵ) ⇒ = ݕ3 − ଶ ( ݔ− 2)
ଷ
= ݕ− ଶݔ+ 6
Chapter one (Preliminaries)
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[Mathematic I ]Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi
= 6 .ݕݐܽݏ݅ݔܽ −ݕ݁ℎݐݏݐܿ݁ݏݎ݁ݐ݈݊݅݁݊݅݁ℎݐݏ = 6ݕ = 0,ݔ݊݁ℎݓ
݃ℎ (−2, −1) & (3,4).ݑݎℎݐ݈݁݊݅݁ℎݐݎ݂݊݅ݐܽݑݍ݁݊ܽ݁ݐ݅ݎ ܹ :ݔܧ
ିଵିସ ିହ
݈:݉ = ିଶିଷ = ିହ = 1ܵ
)ℎ (3,4ݐ݅ݓ)ℎ (−2, −1ݐ݅ݓ
)ଵݔ −ݔ( ݉ ଵ +ݕ = ݕ)ଵݔ −ݔ( ݉ ଵ +ݕ = ݕ
) − 3ݔ( ∙ = 4 + 1ݕ − (−2)൯ݔ = −1 + 1 ∙ ൫ݕ
− 3ݔ = 4 +ݕ + 2ݔ = −1 +ݕ
+ 1ݔ = ݕ + 1ݔ = ݕ
ݐ݈ݑݏ݁ݎ݁ ݉ܽݏ
) − 0ݔ( ݉ = ܾ +ݕ
݊.݅ݐܽݑݍ݁ݐ݁ܿݎ݁ݐ݊݅ ݁−݈ݏ݁ℎݐܾ +ݔ ݉ = ݕ
݃ℎݑݎℎݐݏݏܽݔ ݉ = ݕ ⇒ݎ݁ݖ = )ܾ(ݐ݁ܿݎ݁ݐ݂݊݅ܫ
݊).݅ݐܽݑݍ݁ݎܽ݁݊݅ܮ(݊݅݃݅ݎ݁ℎݐ
)Chapter one (Preliminaries
|Page8
[Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi]
ݔܣ+ ݐܾݐ݊ܤ&ܣ(ܿ = ݕܤℎ 0)ݐℎ݁݃݁݊݁݊݅ݐܽݑݍ݁ݎ݈݈ܽ݁݊݅ܽݎ
ݔܧ: ݐ݀݊݅ܨℎ݁ ݕ݈݀݊ܽ݁ݏ− ݅݊ݐ݂ݐ݁ܿݎ݁ݐℎ݈݁݅݊݁8 ݔ+ 5 = ݕ20
݈ܵ: 8 ݔ+ 5 = ݕ20
5 = ݕ−8 ݔ+ 20
଼
= ݕ− ହݔ+ 4
଼
ܶℎ݁ = ݉ݏ݈݅݁ݏ− ହ .ݐℎ݁ ݕ− ݅݊ = ܾݏ݅ݐ݁ܿݎ݁ݐ4
Functions;Domain and Range:
Functions: Function is any rule that assigns to each element in one set some element from
another set: y = f(x)
The inputs make up the domain of the function, and the outputs make up the function's range.
The variable (x) is called independent variable of the function, and the variable (y) whose
value depends on (x) is called the dependent variable of the function.
We must keep two restrictions in mind when we define functions:
1. We never divide by zero.
2. We will deal with real – valued functions only.
ݐ݈݁ݑݎܽݏܻ݅ݐ݁ݏܽݐܦݐ݁ݏܽ ݉ݎ݂݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ܣℎܽݐ݊݁ ݈݉݁݁)݈݁݃݊݅ݏ(݁ݑݍ݅݊ݑܽݏ݊݃݅ݏݏܽݐ
݂(ܿܽ݁ݐܻ ∈ )ݔℎ݈݁݁݉ ݁݊ܦ ∈ ݔݐ.
ܶℎ݁ݐ݈݈݀݁ܽܿݏ݅ݏ݁ݑ݈ܽݒݐݑ݈ܾ݊݅݁݅ݏݏ݈݈݂ܽݐ݁ݏℎ݁݀ݐ݂݊݅ܽ ݉ℎ݂݁݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ. ܶℎ݂݁ݐ݁ݏ
݈݈ܽݐݏ݁݅ݎܽݒݔݏܽ)ݔ(݂݂ݏ݁ݑ݈ܽݒℎ݃ݑݎℎݐ݈݈݀݁ܽܿݏ݅ܦݐݑℎ݁ݐ݂݁݃݊ܽݎℎ݂݁ ݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ.
ܶℎ݁ݐ݊݅ݐ݊݁ ݈݉݁݁ݕݎ݁ݒ݁݁݀ݑ݈ܿ݊݅ݐ݊ݕܽ ݉݁݃݊ܽݎℎܻ݁ݐ݁ݏ.
Input f Output f(x)
(Domain) (Range)
ݔܧ: ݂݅݊݀ݐℎ݁݀ݐ݂݁݃݊ܽݎ&݊݅ܽ ݉ℎ݂݁ݏ݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݃݊݅ݓ݈݈:
ଵ
ݔ = ݕଶ , = ݕ௫ , ݔ√ = ݕ, √ = ݕ4 − ݔ, &√ = ݕ1 − ݔଶ
݈ܵ:ݔ = ݕଶ ⇒⇒ ݀(ݎ}݈ܽ݁ݎݏ݅ݔ|ݔ{ ⇒݊݅ܽ ݉−∞, ∞)
≥ݕ|ݕ{ ⇒݁݃݊ܽݎ0}[ݎ0, ∞)ݔ: 0, 1, 2, −1, −2
ݔ = ݕଶ: 0, 1, 4, 1, 4
Chapter one (Preliminaries)
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[Mathematic I ]Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi
ଵ
)∞ (−∞, 0) ∪ (0,ݎ} ≠ 0ݔ|ݔ{ ⇒݊݅ܽ ݉݀ ⇒⇒ = ௫ݕ
∶ 0,ݔ)∞ (−∞, 0) ∪ (0,ݎ} ≠ 0ݕ|ݕ{ ⇒ ݁݃݊ܽݎ 1, 2, − 1, −2
1 1 1
= ݕ ?, 1, , −1, −
ݔ 2 2
)∞ [0,ݎ} ≥ 0ݔ|ݔ{ ⇒݊݅ܽ ݉݀ ⇒⇒ ݔ√ = ݕ
)∞ [0,ݎ} ≥ 0ݕ|ݕ{ ⇒݁݃݊ܽݎ
](−∞, 4ݎ} ≤ 4ݔ|ݔ{ ⇒݊݅ܽ ݉݀ ⇒ ≤ 4ݔ ⇒ ≥ 0ݔ ⇒ 4 −ݔ = √4 −ݕ
)∞ [0,ݎ} ≥ 0ݕ|ݕ{ ⇒݁݃݊ܽݎ
≤ 1ݔ
{ ଶ ≤ 1ݔ ⇒ ଶ ≥ 0ݔ ଶ ⇒ 1 −ݔ = √1 −ݕ
≥ −1ݔ ⇒ ≤ 1ݔ−
][−1,1ݎ} ≥ −1ݔݎ≤ 1ݔ|ݔ{ ⇒݊݅ܽ ݉݀
]ܽ݊݃݁⇒ [0,1ݎ
:ݏ݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݃݊݅ݕ݂݅ݐ݊݁݀ܫ
݉ ܾܽ݊݀,ݏݐ݊ܽݐݏ݊ܿݎ݂ + ܾ,ݔ ݉ = )ݔ(݂ ݉ݎ݂݁ℎݐ݂݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ܣ :ݏ݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ݎܽ݁݊݅ܮ−
݊.݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ݎ݈݈݈ܽ݁݊݅ܽ݀݁ܽܿݏ݅
)Chapter one (Preliminaries
| P a g e 10
[Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi]
−ܲݔ = )ݔ(݂݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ܣ ∶ ݏ݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ݎ݁ݓ , ݓℎ݁ݐ݊ܽݐݏ݊ܿܽݏ݅ܽ݁ݎ, ݅ݎ݁ݓ݈݈ܽ݀݁ܽܿݏ
݂݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ. ܶℎ݁ݎ݁݀݅ݏ݊ܿݐݏ݁ݏܽܿݐ݊ܽݐݎ ݈݉݅ܽݎ݁ݒ݁ݏ݁ݎܽ݁ݎ.
ܽ)ܽ = ݊, ܽݎ݁݃݁ݐ݊݅݁ݒ݅ݐ݅ݏ.
݂(ݔ = )ݔ ݂ = ݊ݎ1,2,3,4,5, …
ܾ)ܽ = −1 = ܽݎ−2
ଵ ଵ
݂(ିݔ = )ݔଵ = ௫ &݃(ିݔ = )ݔଶ = ௫మ
Chapter one (Preliminaries)
| P a g e 11
[Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi]
ݐܤℎ݂ ≠ ݔ݈݈ܽݎ݂݂݀݁݊݅݁݀݁ݎܽݏ݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ0 ()ݎ݁ݖݕܾ݁݀݅ݒ݅݀ݎ݁ݒ݁݊݊ܽܿݑݕ.
ଵ ଵ ଶ ଷ
ܿ)ܽ = ଶ , ଷ , ଷ , & ଶ
݂(ݔ = )ݔଵ⁄ଶ = √݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ݐݎ݁ݎܽݑݍݏݔ
݃(ݔ = )ݔଵ⁄ଷ = √݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ݐݎܾ݁ݑܿݔ.
య
ଶ
ܰ݁ݐ: ݔ = ݕଶ⁄ଷ = ൫ݔଵ⁄ଷ൯
ଷ
ݔ = ݕଷ⁄ଶ = ൫ݔଵ⁄ଶ൯
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݂݈݅ܽ݅ ݉݊ݕ݈ܽݏ݅݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ܣ ∶ݏ݈ܽ݅ ݉݊ݕ݈ܲ
+ ܽݔିଵ + ⋯ + ܽଵݔ + ܽିଵݔ ) = ܽݔ(
ݏݐ݊ܽݐݏ݈݊ܿܽ݁ݎ݁ݎܽ ܽ, ܽଵ, ܽଶ, … , ܽݏݎܾ݁ ݉ݑ݊݁ℎݐ݀݊ܽݎ݁݃݁ݐ݊݅݁ݒ݅ݐܽ݃݁݊݊ܽݏ݅݊݁ݎܹ݁ ℎ
݉ ݈݅ܽ).݊ݕ݈݁ℎݐ݂ݏݐ݂݂݊݁݅ܿ݅݁ܿ݁ℎݐ݈݈݀݁ܽܿ(
ܽ ≠ 0ܽ݊݀݊ > 0,ݐ݂݂݈݊݁݅ܿ݅݁ܿ݃݊݅݀ܽ݁݁ℎݐ݂ܫ ݉ ܽ݅݊(−∞, ∞).݀݁ݒܽℎݏ݈ܽ݅ ݉݊ݕ݈݈݈ܣ
݉ ݈݅ܽ.݊ݕ݈݂݁݁ݎ݃݁݀݁ℎݐ݈݈݀݁ܽܿݏ݅݊݊݁ℎݐ
݊.݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ܿ݅ݐܽݎ݀ܽݑݍ ⇒ ܿ +ݔܾ ଶ +ݔܽ = )ݔ( ⇒ ݁݁2ݎ݂݃݁݀ݏ݈ܽ݅ ݉݊ݕ݈ܲ
݊.݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ܾܿ݅ݑܿ ⇒ ݀ +ݔܿ ଶ +ݔܾ ଷ +ݔܽ = )ݔ( ⇒ ݁݁3ݎ݂݃݁݀ݏ݈ܽ݅ ݉݊ݕ݈ܲ
ܿ݅ܽݎܾ݈݁݃ܽ݃݊݅ݏݑݏ݈ܽ݅ ݉݊ݕ݈ ݉ݎ݂݀݁ݐܿݑݎݐݏ݊ܿ݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ݕ݊ܣ :ݏ݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ܿ݅ܽݎܾ݈݁݃ܣ
ݏ݈݁݅)ݏݐݎ݃݊݅݇ܽݐ݀݊ܽ ݊,݅ݏ݅ݒ݅݀ ݊,݅ݐ݈ܽܿ݅݅ݐ݈ݑ ݉ ݊,݅ݐܿܽݎݐܾݑݏ ݊,݅ݐ݅݀݀ܽ(݊݅ݐܽݎ݁
.ݏ݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ܿ݅ܽݎܾ݈݂݁݃ܽݏݏ݈ܽܿ݁ℎݐ݊݅ℎݐ݅ݓ
)Chapter one (Preliminaries
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ࢀ࢘ࢍ ࢋ࢚࢘ࢉࢌ࢛ࢉ࢚࢙: ݁݊݅ݏ, ܿݏ݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݁݊݅ݏ, … ..
ࡱ࢞ࢋ࢚ࢇࢌ࢛ࢉ࢚࢙ ∶ ݂ݐ݂ݏ݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑℎ݂݁ܽ = )ݔ(݂ ݉ݎ௫, ݓℎ݁ݐ݁ݎℎܾ݁ܽ > ܽ݁ݏ0
݅ ≠ ܽ݀݊ܽݐ݊ܽݐݏ݊ܿ݁ݒ݅ݐ݅ݏܽݏ1, ܽݏ݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݈ܽ݅ݐ݊݁݊ݔ݈݈݁݀݁ܽܿ݁ݎ. ݈ܽ݅ݐ݊݁݊ݔ݈݈݁ܣ
݂ݏ݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑℎܽ(݊݅ܽ ݉݀݁ݒ−∞, ∞)ܽ݊݀(݁݃݊ܽݎ0, ∞).
ࡸࢍࢇ࢚࢘ࢎ ࢉࢌ࢛ࢉ࢚࢙: ܴℎ݁ݐ݁ݎܽ݁ݏℎ݂݁ = )ݔ(݂ݏ݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑlog ୟ ݔ, ݓℎ݁ݐ݁ݎℎ݁
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݊݁݊ −ݔ݁݁ℎݐ݂ݏ݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݁ݏݎ݁ݒ݊݅݁ℎݐ݁ݎܽݕ݁. ܶℎݐ݊ܽݐݏ݊ܿ݁ݒ݅ݐ݅ݏܽݏ݅ ݁ܽ ≠ 1,ݏܾܽ
(−∞, ∞).ݏ݅݁݃݊ܽݎ݁ℎݐ݀݊ܽ)∞ (0,ݏ݅݊݅ܽ ݉݀݁ℎݐ݁ݏܽܿ݊݁ܽܿℎܫ .ݏ݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݈ܽ݅ݐ
݁ℎݐ݁݀ݑ݈ܿ݊݅ݕ݁ܽ݅ܿ. ܶℎݎܾ݈݁݃ܽݐ݊݁ݎܽݐܽℎݐݏ݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݁ݏ݁ࢀ࢘ࢇ࢙ࢉࢋࢊࢋ࢚ࢇࢌ࢛ࢉ࢚࢙: ܶℎ
݀݊ܽ ,ݏ݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ܿ݅ ݉ℎݐ݅ݎ݈ܽ݃݀݊ܽ ݈݅ܽ,ݐ݊݁݊ݔ݁ ݅ܿ,ݎݐ݁ ݉݊݃݅ݎݐ݁ݏݎ݁ݒ݊݅ ݅ܿ,ݎݐ݁ ݉݊݃݅ݎݐ
).ݏ݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݈ܾܿ݅ݎ݁ݕℎ݁ℎݐݏܽܿℎݑݏ(݈݈݁ݓݏܽݏ݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ݎ݁ℎݐݕ݊ܽ ݉
ࡵࢉ࢘ࢋࢇ࢙ࢍ࢜ࢋ࢙࢛࢙࢘ࡰࢋࢉ࢘ࢋࢇ࢙ࢍࢌ࢛ࢉ࢚࢙:
ݕܽݏ݁ݓ ,ݐ݅݃ℎݎݐݐ݂݈݁ ݉ݎ݂݁ݒ ݉ݑݕݏܽݏ݁ݏ݅ݎݎݏܾ ݈݉݅ܿ݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݂ܽℎܽݎ݃݁ℎݐ݂ܫ
݉ݎ݂݁ݒ ݉ݑݕݏܽݏ݈݈݂ܽݎݏ݀݊݁ܿݏ݁݀ℎܽݎ݃݁ℎݐ݂ܫ ݅݊݃.ݏܽ݁ݎܿ݊݅ݏ݅݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݁ℎݐݐܽℎݐ
݅݊݃.ݏܽ݁ݎܿ݁݀ݏ݅݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݁ℎݐ ,ݐ݅݃ℎݎݐݐ݂݈݁
)Chapter one (Preliminaries
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ࡱ࢜ࢋࢇࢊࢊࢊࢌ࢛ࢉ࢚:
݊ܽݏ݅)ݔ(݂ = ݕ݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ܣ
)ݔ(݂ = )ݔ݂݂݅(−ݔ݂݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݊݁ݒ݁
)ݔ(݂) = −ݔ݂݂݅(−ݔ݂݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݀݀
݉ ܽ݅݊.݀ݏ ݊,݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݁ℎݐ݊݅ݔݕݎ݁ݒ݁ݎ݂
݅݊݃:ݓ݈݈݂݁ℎݐ݂ݏ݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݀݀݀݊ܽ݊݁ݒ݁݁ݖܴ݅݃ܿ݁ :ݔܧ
+ 1ݔ = )ݔ(݂& ଶ + 1,ݔ = )ݔ(݂ ଷ,ݔ = )ݔ(݂ ଶ,ݔ = )ݔ(݂ ,ݔ = )ݔ(݂
ݏ݅ݔܽ −ݕݐݑܾܽݕݎݐ݁ ݉ ݉ݕݏ ;ݔ݈݈ܽݎ݂ଶݔ = )ଶݔ݊ ∶ (−݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݊݁ݒܧଶݔ = )ݔ(݂ ݈:ܵ
݅݃݅݊.ݎ݁ℎݐݐݑܾܽݕݎݐ݁ ݉ ݉ݕݏ ;ݔ݈݈ܽݎ݂ଷݔ)ଷ = −ݔ݊: (−݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ܱ݀݀ଷݔ = )ݔ(݂
−ݕݐݑܾܽݕݎݐ݁ ݉ ݉ݕݏ ;ݔ݈݈ܽݎ݂ଶ + 1ݔ = )ଶ + 1ݔ݊ ∶ (−݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݊݁ݒܧଶ + 1ݔ = )ݔ(݂
ݏ݅ݔܽ
݊݁ݒ݁ݐ݊ ⇒ + 1ݔ ≠ + 1ݔ + 1 ⇒ −ݔ = )ݔ(݂
.ݐݏ݈ݏ݅ݕݎݐ݁ ݉ ݉ݕݏ݁݀݀, ܶℎݐ݊ ⇒ ) + 1ݔ( + 1 ≠ −ݔ−
݅݃݅݊.ݎ݁ℎݐݐݑܾܽݕݎݐ݁ ݉ ݉ݕݏ ,ݔ݈݈ܽݎ݂ݔ) = −ݔ݊: (−݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ܱ݀݀ݔ = )ݔ(݂
ࡿ࢛ ࢙, ࡰࢌࢌࢋ࢘ࢋࢉࢋ࢙, ࡼ࢘ࢊ࢛ࢉ࢚࢙, ࢇࢊࡽ࢛࢚ࢋ࢚࢙:
ℎݐܾ݂ݏ݊݅ܽ ݉݀݁ℎݐݐݏ݈ܾ݃݊݁ݐܽℎݐݔݕݎ݁ݒ݁ݎ݂݊݁ℎݐ ,ݏ݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݁ݎ݂݂ܽ݃݀݊ܽܫ
ݏ݈ܽݑ ݉ݎ݂݁ℎݐݕܾݏ݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݂݁݊݅݁݀݁ݓ (݃)൯,ܦ ∩ )݂(ܦ ∈ ݔݎ݂ ,ݏ݅ݐܽℎݐ݂ܽ݊݀݃൫
)ݔ(݃ ) +ݔ(݂ = )ݔ()݃ (݂ +
)ݔ(݃ ) −ݔ(݂ = )ݔ()݃ (݂ −
)Chapter one (Preliminaries
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).ݔ(݃)ݔ(݂ = )ݔ()݂݃(
ݕܾ݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݁ℎݐ݂݁݊݅݁݀ݏ݈ܽ݊ܽܿ݁ݓ ) ≠ 0,ݔ(݃ℎ݅ܿℎݓݐܽ)݃(ܦ ∩ )݂(ܦ݂ݐ݊݅ݕ݊ܽݐܣ
)(௫
݈ܽݑ ݉ݎ݂݁ℎݐ ) ≠ 0).ݔ(݃݁ݎ݁ℎݓ( )) = (௫ݔ(ቀቁ
݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݁ℎݐ݊݁ℎݐ ,ݎܾ݁ ݉ݑ݈݊ܽ݁ݎܽݏ݂݅ܿܫ :ݏݐ݊ܽݐݏ݊ܿݕܾ݈݀݁݅ݐ݈ݑ ܾ݉݁ݏ݈ܽ݊ܽܿݏ݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑܨ
).ݔ(݂ܿ = )ݔ()݂ܿ(ݕܾ݂݂݊݅ܽ ݉݀݁ℎݐ݊݅ݔ݈݈ܽݎ݂݂݀݁݊݅݁݀ݏ݂݅ܿ
ݔ ) = √1 −ݔ(݃݀݊ܽݔ√ = )ݔ(݂ݏ݈ܽݑ ݉ݎ݂݁ℎݐݕܾ݂݀݁݊݅݁݀ݏ݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݁: ܶℎݔܧ
(݃) = (−∞, 1].ܦ݀݊ܽ)∞ (݂) = [0,ܦݏ݊݅ܽ ݉݀݁ݒܽℎ
[0, ∞) ∩ (−∞, 1] = [0,1].ݏݐ݊݅݁ℎݐ݁ݎܽݏ݊݅ܽ ݉݀݁ݏ݁ℎݐݐ݊ ݉ ݉ܿݏݐ݊݅݁ܶℎ
∶ ࢙࢚ࢉ࢛ࡲࢋ࢚࢙
ݏ݅)݂݊ ○ ݃( f composed with g݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݁ݐ݅ݏ ݉ܿ݁ℎݐ ,ݏ݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݁ݎ݂݂ܽ݃݀݊ܽܫ
)൯.ݔ(݃) = ݂൫ݔ()݃ ○݂(ݕܾ݂݀݁݊݅݁݀
)Chapter one (Preliminaries
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ℎ݅ܿℎݓݎ݂݂݃݊݅ܽ ݉݀݁ℎݐ݊݅ݔݏݎܾ݁ ݉ݑ݊݁ℎݐ݂ݏݐݏ݅ݏ݊ܿ݃ ○ ݂݂݊݅ܽ ݉݀݁ܶℎ
݂݂.݊݅ܽ ݉݀݁ℎݐ݊݅ݏ݈݁݅)ݔ(݃
ݏ݁ݐ݅ݏ ݉ܿݎ݂ݏ݈ܽݑ ݉ݎ݂݃݊݅݀݊݅ܨ :ݔܧ
)ݔ()݂ ○ ݃( )ܾ)ݔ()݃ ○ ݂( )݂ܽ݀݊݅ + 1,ݔ = )ݔ(݃݀݊ܽݔ√ = )ݔ(݂݂ܫ
).ݔ()݃ ○ ݃( )݀)ݔ()݂ ○ ݂( )ܿ
→ + 1 ≥ 0ݔ)∞ ݉ ܽ݅݊ → [−1,ܦ → + 1ݔ√ = )ݔ(݃)൯= ඥݔ(݃) = ݂൫ݔ()݃ ○ ݂( )݈ܽ:ܵ
≥ −1ݔ
)∞ ݉ ܽ݅݊→ [0,ܦ + 1ݔ√ = ) + 1ݔ(݂ =)൯ݔ(݂) = ݃൫ݔ()݂ ○ ݃( )ܾ
)∞ ݉ ܽ݅݊→ [0,ܦଵ⁄ସݔ = ݔ√ ) = ඥݔ(݂)൯= ඥݔ(݂) = ݂൫ݔ()݂ ○ ݂( )ܿ
)∞ ݉ ܽ݅݊→ (−∞,ܦ + 2ݔ = + 1) + 1ݔ( = ) + 1ݔ(݃ =)൯ݔ(݃) = ݃൫ݔ()݃ ○ ݃( )݀
?݊݅ܽ ݉݀݁ℎݐ& )ݔ()݃ ○ ݂(݂݀݊݅ ,ݔ√ = )ݔ(݃& ଶݔ = )ݔ(݂݂ܫ :ݔܧ
ଶ
)∞ (−∞.ݐ݊݉ ܽ݅݊→ [0, ∞),ܦ,ݔ = ൯ݔ√) = ൫ݔ()݃ ○ ݂( ݈:ܵ
ࡿࢎࢌ࢚ࢍࢇࡳ࢘ࢇࢎࢌࢇࢌ࢛ࢉ࢚:
:ݏ݈ܽݑ ݉ݎ݂ݐ݂݅ܵℎ
݇ ) +ݔ(݂ = ݕݏݐ݂݅ℎݏ݈ܽܿ݅ݐݎܸ݁ )1
݂݅݇ > 0.ݏݐ݅݊ݑ݇ݑ݂݂ℎܽݎ݃݁ℎݐݏݐ݂݅ܽ)ܵℎ
݂݅݇ < 0.ݏݐ݅݊ݑ|݇|݊ݓ݂݂݀ℎܽݎ݃݁ℎݐݏݐ݂ܾ݅)ܵℎ
) + ℎݔ(݂ = ݕݏݐ݂݅ℎݏ݈ܽݐ݊ݖ݅ݎܪ)2
݂݅ℎ > 0ݏݐ݅݊ݑℎݐ݂݈݂݂݁ℎܽݎ݃݁ℎݐݏݐ݂݅ܽ)ܵℎ
݂݅ℎ < 0ݏݐ݅݊ݑ||ℎݐ݅݃ℎݎ݂݂ℎܽݎ݃݁ℎݐݏݐ݂ܾ݅)ܵℎ
ݏݐ݊ܽݐݏ݊ܿ݁ݎܽ∗∗∗ ݇& ℎ
)Chapter one (Preliminaries
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ࡿࢉࢇࢍࢇࢊࡾࢋࢌࢋࢉ࢚ࢍࢇࢍ࢘ࢇࢎࢌࢇࢌ࢛ࢉ࢚:
ݕ݈݈ܽܿ݅ݐݎ݁ݒ ,ݐ݅ݏݏ݁ݎ ݉ܿݎܿℎݐ݁ݎݐݏݐݏ݅)ݔ(݂ = ݕ݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݂ܽℎܽݎ݃݁ℎݐ݈݁ܽܿݏܶ
݁ℎݐݎ ݂݊,݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂݁ℎݐ݃݊݅ݕ݈݅ݐ݈ݑ ݉ݕܾ݀݁ℎݏ݈݅ ݉ܿܿܽݏ݅ݏ݅. ܶℎݕ݈݈ܽݐ݊ݖ݅ݎℎݎ
݁ℎݐݏݏݎܿܽݏ݊݅ݐ݈݂ܴܿ݁݁ ܿ.ݐ݊ܽݐݏ݊ܿ݁ݐܽ݅ݎݎܽ݊ܽݕܾ ,ݔ݈ܾ݁ܽ݅ݎܽݒݐ݊݁݀݊݁݁݀݊݅
݁ܿ = −1.ݎ݁ℎݓݏ݁ݏ݈ܽܿܽ݅ܿ݁ݏ݁ݎܽݏ݁ݔܽ݁ݐܽ݊݅݀ݎܿ
ܿ > 1ݎܨ 1.
݂ܿ.ݎݐ݂ܿܽܽݕܾݕ݈݈ܽܿ݅ݐݎ݁ݒ݂݂ℎܽݎ݃݁ℎݐݏ݁ܿℎݐ݁ݎݐܵ)ݔ(݂ܿ = ݕ)ܽ
ଵ
݂ܿ.ݎݐ݂ܿܽܽݕܾݕ݈݈ܽܿ݅ݐݎ݁ݒ݂݂ℎܽݎ݃݁ℎݐݏ݁ݏݏ݁ݎ ݉ܥ)ݔ(݂ = ݕ)ܾ
݂ܿ.ݎݐ݂ܿܽܽݕܾݕ݈݈ܽݐ݊ݖ݅ݎ݂݂ℎℎܽݎ݃݁ℎݐݏ݁ݏݏ݁ݎ ݉ܥ)ݔܿ(݂ = ݕ)ܿ
௫
݂ܿ.ݎݐ݂ܿܽܽݕܾݕ݈݈ܽݐ݊ݖ݅ݎ݂݂ℎℎܽݎ݃݁ℎݐݏ݁ܿℎݐ݁ݎݐܵ = ݂ቀቁݕ)݀
ܿ = −1ݎܨ 2.
.ݏ݅ݔܽ −ݔ݁ℎݐݏݏݎ݂݂ܿܽℎܽݎ݃݁ℎݐݏݐ݈݂ܴܿ݁݁)ݔ(݂ = −ݕ)ܽ
.ݏ݅ݔܽ −ݕ݁ℎݐݏݏݎ݂݂ܿܽℎܽݎ݃݁ℎݐݏݐ݈݂ܴܿ݁݁)ݔ(݂ = −ݕ)ܾ
)Chapter one (Preliminaries
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ߠݎ = ܵ
ࢀ࢘ࢍ ࢋ࢚࢘ࢉࡲ࢛ࢉ࢚࢙:
݈ܿ݁.ݎ݅ܿܽ ݉ݎ݂ܿݎ݂ܽℎݐ݈݃݊݁݁ℎݐ:ݏ݁ݎ݁ℎݓ
݁:ݎݑݏܽ݁ ܯܴ݊ܽ݅݀ܽ
݈ܿ݁.ݎ݂݅ܿܽݏݑ݅݀ܽݎ݁ℎݐ :ݎ
ݐݐܽܤܥܣ݈݁݃݊ܽ݁ℎݐ݂݁ݎݑݏܽ݁ ݉݊ܽ݅݀ܽݎ݁ܶℎ
ܽ݀݅ܽ݊.ݎ ܿ,ݎܽ݁ℎݐ݃݊݅ܿݑ݀ݎ݈݁݃݊ܽ݁ℎݐ ߠ:
݁ℎݐ ݉ݎ݂ݏݐݑܿܤܥܣݐܽℎݐܿݎܽ݁ℎݐ݂ℎݐ݈݃݊݁
= 180°ݏ݊ܽ݅݀ܽݎߨ
ݏ݈ܽݑ ݉ݎ݂݊݅ݏݎ݁ݒ݊ܥ
ߨ
= ݁݁ݎ݃݁݀1 ݏ݊ܽ݅݀ܽݎ)(≈ 0.02
180
ߨ
ݕܾݕ݈݅ݐ݈ݑ ݉ ∶ݏ݊ܽ݅݀ܽݎݐݏ݁݁ݎ݃݁ܦ
180
ߨ
× ܾ݁݁45ݎݑݏܽ݁ ݉݊ܽ݅݀ܽݎ݈݊݅݁, 45° ݉ܽݔ݁ݎܨ
180
ߨ
ܽ݀.ݎ =
4
180
= ݊ܽ݅݀ܽݎ1 ݏ݁݁ݎ݃݁݀)(≈ 57
ߨ
180
ݕܾݕ݈݅ݐ݈ݑ ݉ :ݏ݁݁ݎ݃݁݀ݐݏܴ݊ܽ݅݀ܽ
ߨ
ߨ
݈݁, ݉ܽݔ݁ݎܨ ݁݁ݎ݃݁݀݊݅
6
ߨ 180
× ݁݁.ݎ݃݁݀= 30°
6 ߨ
)Chapter one (Preliminaries
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[Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi]
ݏ݁ݎݑݏܽ݁ ݉݁ݒ݅ݐ݅ݏ ⇒݁ݏ݅ݓ݈݇ܿܿݎ݁ݐ݊ݑܿ݀݁ݎݑݏܽ݁ ݉ݏ݈݁݃݊ܣ.
ݏ݁ݎݑݏܽ݁ ݉݁ݒ݅ݐܽ݃݁݊ ⇒݁ݏ݅ݓ݈݇ܿܿ݀݁ݎݑݏܽ݁ ݉ݏ݈݁݃݊ܣ.
ܶℎ݁ݏ݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ܿ݅ݎݐ݁ ݉݊݃݅ݎݐܿ݅ݏܽܤݔ݅ݏ:
Chapter one (Preliminaries)
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[Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi]
௬
∶ ݁݊݅ݏsin ߠ = ܿ ∶ݐ݊ܽܿ݁ݏcsc ߠ = ௬
௫
ܿ ∶ ݁݊݅ݏcos ߠ = ∶ݐ݊ܽܿ݁ݏsec ߠ = ௫
௬ ௫
∶ݐ݊݁݃݊ܽݐtan ߠ = ௫ ܿ ∶ݐ݊݁݃݊ܽݐcot ߠ = ௬
ୱ୧୬ ఏ
tan ߠ = ୡ୭ୱఏ cot ߠ = 1/ tan ߠ
ଵ ଵ
sec ߠ = ୡ୭ୱఏ csc ߠ = ୱ୧୬ ఏ
ߨ 3ߨ
− tan ߠ& sec ߠ ܽ = ݔ݂݂݅݀݁݊݅݁݀ݐ݊݁ݎ0 = ߠ݂݂݅݀݁݊݅݁݀ݐ݊ݎ± ,± ,…
2 2
− cot ߠ & csc ߠܽ = ݕ݂݂݅݀݁݊݅݁݀ݐ݊݁ݎ0 = ߠ݂݂݅݀݁݊݅݁݀ݐ݊ݎ0, ±ߨ, ±2ߨ, …
1 ߨ 1 ߨ √3
sin ߨ/4 = sin = sin =
√2 6 2 3 2
1 ߨ √3 ߨ 1
cos ߨ/4 = cos = cos =
√2 6 2 3 2
ߨ 1 ߨ
tan ߨ/4 = 1 tan = tan = √3
6 √3 3
Chapter one (Preliminaries)
| P a g e 22
[Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi]
3 ߨ
ݔܧ: ݂ܫtan ߠ = & 0 < ߠ< , ݂݅݊݀ݐℎ݂݁݅ݐ݁ݒℎ݁ߠ݂ݏ݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ܿ݅ݎݐ݁ ݉݊݃݅ݎݐݎ.
2 2
ଷ
݈ݏ: tan ߠ = ଶ
ݐℎ݁݃݅ݎℎ݂݈݁݃݊ܽ݅ݎݐݐℎ݁݅݃ℎݐ3 (݁ݏܾܽ݀݊ܽ)݁ݐ݅ݏ2 (݆ܽ݀ܽܿ݁݊)ݐ
ଶ ଷ
ℎ√ = ݁ݏݑ݊݁ݐݕ2ଶ + 3ଶ = √13 , ݏcos ߠ = , sin ߠ =
√ଵଷ √ଵଷ
√ଵଷ √ଵଷ ଶ
sec ߠ = , csc ߠ = , cot ߠ = ଷ
ଶ ଷ
ܲ݁ܽݎܩ݀݊ܽݕݐ݅ܿ݅݀݅ݎℎݐ݂ݏℎ݁ݏ݊݅ݐܿ݊ݑ݂ܿ݅ݎݐ݁ ݉݊݃݅ݎݐ:
cos(ߠ + 2ߨ) = cos ߠsin(θ + 2π) = sin θ tan(θ + 2π) = tan θ
sec(ߠ + 2ߨ) = sec ߠcsc(θ + 2π) = csc θ cot(θ + 2π) = cot θ
cos(ߠ − 2ߨ) = cos ߠsin(θ − 2π) = sin θ
Chapter one (Preliminaries)
| P a g e 23
[Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi]
ܲ݁ߨ݀݅ݎ: tan( ݔ+ ߨ) = tan ݔ
ܱ݀݀ & ݊݁ݒܧ:
cot( ݔ+ ߨ) = cot ݔ
ܱ݀݀݊݁ݒܧ
ܲ݁݀݅ݎ2ߨ: sin( ݔ+ 2ߨ) = sin ݔ
cos(− = )ݔcos ݔsin(− = )ݔ− sin ݔ
cos( ݔ+ 2ߨ) = cos ݔ
sec(− = )ݔsec ݔtan(− = )ݔ− tan ݔ
sec( ݔ+ 2ߨ) = sec ݔ
csc(− = )ݔ− csc ݔ
csc( ݔ+ 2ߨ) = csc ݔ
cot(− = )ݔ− cot ݔ
ࡵࢊࢋ࢚࢚ࢋ࢙:
ݎ = ݔcos ߠ, ݎ = ݕsin ߠ
ݎଶ = ݔଶ + ݕଶ = ݎଶ cos ଶ ߠ + ݎଶ sinଶ ߠ
ݎଶ = ݎଶ(cos ଶ ߠ + sinଶ ߠ) , ∴ cos ଶ ߠ + sinଶ ߠ = 1
& 1 + tanଶ ߠ = sec ଶ ߠ1 + cot ଶ ߠ = csc ଶ ߠ
ࡿ࢛ &ݏ݈ܽݑ ݉ݎ݂݁ܿ݊݁ݎ݂݂݁݅ܦ:
cos( ܣ+ = )ܤcos ܣcos ܤ− sin ܣsin ܤ
sin( ܣ+ = )ܤsin ܣcos ܤ+ cos ܣsin ܤ
cos( ܣ− = )ܤcos ܣcos ܤ+ sin ܣsin ܤ
Chapter one (Preliminaries)
| P a g e 24
[Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi]
sin( ܣ− = )ܤsin ܣcos ܤ− cos ܣsin ܤ
݈ܾ݁ݑܦ− ݏ݈ܽݑ ݉ݎ݂݈݁݃݊ܣ:
cos 2ߠ = cos ଶ ߠ − sinଶ ߠ
sin 2ߠ = 2 sin ߠ cos ߠ
cosଶ ߠ + sinଶ ߠ = 1 cos ଶ ߠ + sinଶ ߠ = 1
cosଶ ߠ − sinଶ ߠ = cos 2ߠ∓ cosଶ ߠ ± sinଶ ߠ = ∓ cos 2ߠ
2 cosଶ ߠ = 1 + cos 2ߠ 2 sinଶ ߠ = 1 − cos 2ߠ
ࡴ ࢇࢌ − ࢍࢋࢌ࢘ ࢛ࢇ࢙:
ଵାୡ୭ୱଶఏ ଵିୡ୭ୱଶఏ
cos ଶ ߠ = sinଶ ߠ =
ଶ ଶ
Chapter one (Preliminaries)
| P a g e 25
[Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi]
Chapter one (Preliminaries)
| P a g e 26
[Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi]
Chapter one (Preliminaries)
| P a g e 27
Mathematic 𝐈
1. Revision
Domain and Range, Functions and Graphs, Even and Odd
functions, How to shift graph, Inverse functions, and
Trigonometric functions.
(4 hrs)
2. Limits and Continuity
Properties, limits involving infinity, Limits of exponential
functions
(4 hrs)
3. Transcendental functions
Logarithmic and Exponential functions, Inverse trigonometric
functions, Hyperbolic functions, Inverse hyperbola trigonometric
functions.
(4hrs)
4. Derivatives
Definition, second and higher order derivative, Implicit
differentiation, The chain rule, Derivative of inverse trigonometric
functions, Derivative of hyperbolic functions, Derivative of inverse
hyperbolic functions, Derivative of exponential and logarithmic
functions, Hospitals' rule, Partial derivative, Improper Integrals
(conv and dity). (10hrs)
5. Integration
Indefinite integration, Integration of trigonometric functions,
Integration of inverse trigonometric functions, integration of
logarithmic and exponential functions, Integration of hyperbolic
functions, Integration methods, (Substitution, by part, Power
trigonometric functions, Trigonometric substitution, By partial
function). (14hrs)
6. Definite Integration and Applications
Area between two curves, Length of curves, Surface area, Volumes
(8hrs)
7. Complex Algebra
Definitions, Graphing in complex number (Arc and Diagram),
Polar form of complex number, Power of complex number,
Derivatives of complex variable and Cauchy Remann, Analytic
functions, Integration of functions.
(6hrs)
8. Polar Coordinates
Definition, Cartesian versus polar coordinates , graphing in polar
coordinate. (4hrs)
9. Vector Analysis
Definition , Properties, Vector in space, Scalar and Cross product
of vector. 6hrs)
