LESSON 3

Perform Mensuration and Calculations

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this Lesson, you are expected to do the following:

LO 1. select measuring instruments.

LO 2. carry out measurements and calculations; and
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Ampere - basic unit of current

Current - the flow of electrons moving in each direction

Electronic measuring instrument – a portable instrument used to measure electrical quantities such
as current, voltage, and resistance

Ohmmeter - an electronic instrument used to measure resistance of a component or the entire

circuit

Ohmmeter scale - section of the ohmmeter where the value of the resistance is being indicated

Range multiplier - a portion in the ohmmeter where the actual reading is multiplied by the range
value

Resistance - the opposition to the flow of electrons

Resistor - an electronic component that is used to offer opposition to current in an electrical circuit

Resistor color coding - a scheme to determine the value of resistors by color bands printed on their
bodies as code

Test Probes - connectors connected to terminals of the VOM and component’s terminals or test
points in a circuit to be tested. They are oftentimes red and black in color

Tolerance - the fourth color in the 3-band color coding that indicates the percentage of deviation
from its color-coded value

Volt - basic unit of voltage

Voltage - an electrical pressure that pushes current to flow within a load through a conductor

Zero-ohm adjuster - part of the ohmmeter that is used in adjusting the pointer of the ohmmeter to
zero before resistance measurements or continuity tests are made.

LEARNING OUTCOME 1
SELECT MEASURING INSTRUMENT
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

 Object or component to be measured is identified.

 Correct specifications are obtained from relevant source.
 Appropriate measuring instrument is selected in line with job requirement.

What Do You Need to Know?

Read Information Sheet 1.1 very well then find out how much you can remember and how much you
have learned by doing Self-Check.

Information sheet 1.1

Electronics is a branch of technology that deals with many applications. Audio electronics, video
electronics, digital, medical up to weapons and banking are covered by the influence of electronics.
There are quite number of components employed in the application of electronics. to call some of
those electronic components are resistors, capacitors, inductors and semi-conductors

TYPES OF RESISTORS

The most used electronic components within the field are referred to as resistors. Resistor may be

a discrete component that gives opposition to the flow of current. Resistors have different types in
accordance with the material used like carbon-composition and also the wirewound
resistor. according to construction, we've the fixed resistor and therefore the variable resistor.
Resistors are quite common and are the most affordable electronic components within
the marketplace for numerous years. Their features are so interesting and are very
colorful. that's why resistors are extremely popular among students studying electronics.
One distinct feature of this resistance - giving component is that the way its value is decided . It
uses a group of colours which follows a code for its assumed resistance expressed in OHMS
 EXAMPLE:
1. BROWN - BLACK - BROWN - GOLD
/ / / /
1 0 X 10 ± 5%

10 X 10 = 100 OHMS ± 5%

2. Yellow – Violet – Yellow - Silver

/ / / /
4 7 10000 ± 10%

47 x 10000 = 470,000 Ohms ± 10% or 470K ohms ±10%

How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?

Show that you learned something by doing this activity

OPERATION SHEET
1.1

Materials:
10 pieces - Carbon resistors, 1-watt, assorted values
1 pc - Resistor Tabulation form
Procedure:
1. Arrange the resistors on a piece of styro for in random manner.
2. Identify the colors of the resistors one by one and record them in the resistor
tabulation form.
3. Compute for the resistance value of each resistor by following the color-coding
scheme.
4. Write the value of the resistance in the tabulation form.
5. Arrange the resistors in such a way that the value is in ascending manner
Resistor Tabulation Form

1st band 2nd band 3rd band Coded Tolerance Over-all

Color/value Color/value multiplier value Value

10
 How Well Did You
Perform?

Find out by accomplishing the Scoring Rubric honestly and sincerely. Remember it is your
learning at stake!

 With perfect score of 10 …………………………... 5

 With 1 mistake ……………………………………... 4

 With 2 – 3 mistakes…………………………………3

 With 4 – 5 mistakes ………………………………. 2

 With more than 5 mistakes ………………………. 1

Learner's Name Date

Competency: Test Attempt

1st 2nd 3rd
OVERALL EVALUATION
Directions: PERFORMANCE LEVELS
CALL TEACHER and ask
him / her to assess your Level
performance in the Achieved
following critical task 4 - Can perform this skill without supervision and with
using the performance initiative and adaptability to problem situations
criteria below
3 - Can perform this skill satisfactorily without assistance
You will be rated based or supervision.
on the overall
evaluation on the right 2 - Can perform this skill satisfactorily but requires some
side. assistance and/or supervision.

1 - Can perform parts of this skill satisfactorily but

requires considerable assistance and/or supervision.

Teacher will initial level achieved.

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
Yes No N/A
For acceptable achievement, all items should receive a "Yes" or "N/A"
response.

1. Can recite the colors of the color-coding chart in order without looking
at the chart

2. Can identify the first color of the carbon resistor.

3. Can interpret equivalent numerical value of each color in the chart

4. Can calculate the color-coded value of the resistor.

5. Can give the over-all value of the resistor after calculation.

LEARNING OUTCOME 2
 Carry out measurement and calculation
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

 Appropriate measuring instruments are selected to achieve required outcome.

 Accurate measurements are obtained for job specifications.
 Calculations needed to complete work task are performed using four fundamental operations.
 Instruments are read to the limit accuracy of the tool supervisor.

What Do You Need to Know?

Read Information Sheet 2.1 very well then find out how much you can remember and how much you
learned by doing Self-Check.

Information sheet 2.1

Resistor color coded value isn't absolute. the important resistance of the resistor is usually lower or
above its color-coded value but to not exceed its tolerance level.
Tolerance is that the limit on how far the important value of the resistor can deviate from its color
coded value. It are often more or less but subjected to a tolerable limit.
In the color coding chart there's a column for tolerance. Color gold is + or – 5%, silver is + or – 10 %,
and therefore the no color means + or – 20%.

Procedure in interpreting the tolerance of resistor

1. Identify the tolerance color of the resistor being analyzed. Assuming the colour is gold which
contains a value of + or – 5%.
2. Convert the percentage into its decimal equivalent. 5% is like .05
3. Compute for the percentage of the colour coded value. Assuming that the colour coded value is
100 ohms ± 5%. So 100 x .05 = 5
4. For the + side, add 5 to the colour coded value of 100. 100 + 5= 105 ohms
That is the utmost deviation for that resistor. Beyond that, the resistor won't be fitted for the circuit
which needs such tolerance.
5. For the – side, deduct 5 from the colour coded value of 100. 100 – 5 = 95 ohms
That will be the minimum deviation for that specific resistor. Far beyond that the resistor are going
to be considered to be defective.
6. Finally the value of the resistor with colors brown- black- brown – gold is 100 ohms with a
deviation of +5 or -5. (95 ohms -105 ohms)

How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?

Show that you have learned something by doing this activity
OPERATION SHEET 2.1

Objective: To compute for the tolerance ceiling of carbon resistors.

Materials:
10pcs. Carbon resistors
Paper and pencil Procedure:
 1. Arrange resistors as done in the first operation.
2. Identify the tolerance color and record them in the resistor tabulation sheet.
3. Compute for the maximum value of the + tolerance.
4. Compute for the maximum value of the – tolerance.

RESISTOR TABULATION SHEET

Colors Coded Value Tolerance Minimum Value Maximum Value

How Well Did You Perform?

 With perfect score of 10 ………………………….5

 With 1 mistake ……………….……………………….4

 With 2 – 3 mistakes………………………………… 3

 With 4 – 5 mistakes …………………………………2

 With more than 5 mistakes ………………………1

INFORMATION SHEET 2.2

Resistor color coding gives us the colour coded value of a given resistor also because the maximum
and minimum value as dictated by the tolerance but the particular resistance remains unknown to
us. the particular value of the resistor and therefore the recorded data will confirm the status of the
resistor, whether good or defective.

OHMMETER

Ohmmeter is a measuring device to determine the resistance of a component or equipment. This

instrument is a great help in knowing the particular resistance of the resistors we use within the two
operation sheets.

The commonly used ohmmeter in electro-electrical laboratories nowadays is embedded during a

multi-function testing instrument called the (Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter) VOM. For this discussion the
VOM are going to be used but confined only to the ohmmeter section.

Parts of an Ohmmeter

1. Pointer. It is the most important part of the ohmmeter. It indicates the value of
electrical quantity that has been measured
2. Ohmmeter Scale- Nonlinear scale where reading of the resistance is based. It is usually
found in the uppermost part of the VOM

3. Range Multiplier- The portion of the ohmmeter where the actual reading is being multiplied.
4. Zero Ohm Adjustment – It is the portion of the ohmmeter where it is adjusted when
the pointer of the ohmmeter fails to point to zero.

5. Test Probe- It serves as the input portion of the ohmmeter. It has the Red
test probe as negative while the black one is positive.
PROCEDURE ON HOW TO INTERPRET RESISTANCE READING IN AN OHMMETER

1. PROCEDURE ON the way to INTERPRET RESISTANCE READING IN AN OHMMETER

1. Know the value of individual calibration within the ohmmeter scale.

An ohmmeter scale is nonlinear which implies the value of 1 line or calibration

might not be true to other lines. it's therefore proper to assign values to each line
for correct and accurate interpretation

As shown within the illustration, the scale are often divided into eight areas where
individual treatment has got to be made. Several mathematical computations are
going to be involved to point out the way how values of individual lines are
resolved.

The areas involved are 0- 2, 2-10, 10 -20, 20-50, 50 – 100, 100- 200,

200 – 300, 300 – 500.

Value of 1calibration = line distance / total calibrations involved

For 0- 2:
 Line distance = 2
 Total no. of cal = 10
 Value of 1 line = 2/10
= 0.2
For 2-10:

 Line Distance = 8
 Total no. of cal = 16
 Value of 1line = 8/16
= 0.5
For 10-20:

 Line Distance = 10
 Total no. of cal = 10
 Value of 1line = 10 /10
=1
For 20 -50:

 Line Distance = 30
 Total no. of cal = 15
 Value of 1 line = 30/15
= 2.0
For 50-100:
  Line Distance = 50
 Total no. of cal = 10
 Value of 1 line = 50/10
= 5.0
For 100 – 200:

 Line Distance = 100

 Total no. of cal = 5
 Value of 1 line = 100/5
= 20
For 200-300:

 Line Distance = 100

 Total no. of lines = 2
 Value of 1 line = 100/2
= 50

For 300–500:

 Line Distance = 200

 Total no. of cal = 2
 Value of 1 line = 200/2
= 100

2. Identify the appropriate range multiplier to be used Range multiplier is from R X 1,

R X 10, R X 100, R X 1K, and R X 10K.

3. Connect the metallic part of the test probes and take note if the pointer points
at zero. If not, adjust the zero-ohm adjustment to zero.

4. Make the necessary resistance measurements.

How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?

OPERATION SHEET 2.2

Tools and Materials:

1 unit Ohmmeter

1 pair Long nose pliers

10 pieces assorted value carbon resistors

Directions: On a piece of paper (Resistor Tabulation Sheet), record the resistances of the 10
resistors following the procedure in resistance measurements. Compare the reading
(measured value) with the color-coded value.
 RESISTOR TABULATION SHEET

Colors Color- Tolerance Minimum Maximum Measured Remarks

Coded Tolerance Tolerance Value
Value

How Well Did You Perform?

 With perfect score of 10 ………………………….5

 With 1 mistake ………………………….…………….4

 With 2 – 3 mistakes……………….………………… 3

 With 4 – 5 mistakes …………….……………………2

 With more than 5 mistakes ………………………1

 LEARNING OUTCOME 3
Maintain measuring instruments
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

 Measuring instruments are handled properly to avoid damage.

 Measuring instruments are cleaned before and after using
 Proper storage of instruments is undertaken according to the manufacturer’s specifications and
standard operating procedure.

What Do You Need to Know?

Read Information Sheet 3.1 very well then find out how much you can remember and how much you
learned by doing Self-Check.
Information sheet 3.1

Measuring instruments in electronics are confined only to analog testers and sometimes digital
millimeter. Either way the maintenance of those instruments may be a priority in all electronics
laboratory rooms.

Electronic Measuring Instruments

Aside from hand tools, measuring instruments also are needed for more accurate and quality
output. in this connection, three of the foremost used instruments are presented here for you to be
familiar with their uses and the proper way of maintaining them.

Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter. it's an equipment that mixes three functions: as a voltmeter that measures
both ac and dc voltages; an ohmmeter that measures resistance; and as a milliammeter that
measures bit of dc current. As safety precautions within the maintenance of this instrument, the
following should be observed:

VOLT – OHM - Millimeter

• Always rest the function switch at 250V AC, if

an OFF position isn't available in the instrument.

• For current and voltage measurements, always

set the function switch in the correct setting
which is a little above the expected current or
voltage present in the circuit.

• Place the instrument in a cool dry place,

faraway from any magnetic devices, and free
from vibrations.
Oscilloscope. An oscilloscope
(commonly abbreviated CRO, for
cathode-ray oscilloscope, or scope)
may be a piece of electronic test
equipment that permits signal voltages
to be viewed, usually as a two-
dimensional graph of 1 or more
electrical potential differences (vertical
axis) plotted as a function of time or of
another voltage (horizontal axis).

SIGNAL GENERATOR

Such devices contain an

electronic oscillator, a circuit
which will create a repetitive
waveform. These are typically
utilized in simple electronics
repair and design where
they're used to stimulate a
circuit under test.

Oscilloscope and signal

generator should tend regular
checkup for at least once
every week by connecting
them to the power line. this
may help prevent their components from having moisture which may cause trouble in
their circuits.

In any activity involving skills, it's a standard procedure that you should always use the
proper tool or equipment properly needed for particular task. However, despite this
reminder or caution, some students abuse the use of tools.
How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?
OPERATION SHEET 2.2

Tools and Materials:

Volt- Ohm-millimeter

5 volts battery

9 volts battery

12 volts laptop charger

5 volts cellphone charger

12 volts power supply

Directions: On a piece of paper, record the Range value and Measured Value (V) of the
following.

Range use Measured

(V) Value (V)
5 volts battery

9v Battery

12 volts laptop
charger

5volts
cellphone
charger

12 volts power
supply
How Well Did You Perform?
 With perfect score of 10 ………………………….5

 With 1 mistake ………………………….…………….4

 With 2 – 3 mistakes……………….………………… 3

 With 4 – 5 mistakes …………….……………………2

 With more than 5 mistakes ………………………1

REFERENCES

 Enriquez, Marcelo T., Electronics Technology IV; Souvenir Publications, Inc.

2003

 Grob, Bernard, Basic Electronics, 4th Edition; New York: McGraw-Hill

Company, USA: 1982

 Tan, Michael Q.; Gantalao, Fred T.; Lasala, Rommel M. Simple Electronics;
Andes Mountain Printers; 2004