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Unit 4 Transformations of Functions

This document provides notes on transformations of functions from a Grade 12 math class. The notes cover: 1) The five basic parent functions - linear, quadratic, square root, reciprocal, and absolute value functions. Key properties like domain, range, and graphs are discussed. 2) Translations of functions, which shift the graph but do not change its shape. Vertical and horizontal translations of the basic parent functions are examined through examples and a computer animation. 3) Plans for future lessons on stretches, combinations of transformations, and inverse functions later in the week. The document concludes with practice questions graphing and identifying the basic parent functions to prepare students for working with transformed functions.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
461 views43 pages

Unit 4 Transformations of Functions

This document provides notes on transformations of functions from a Grade 12 math class. The notes cover: 1) The five basic parent functions - linear, quadratic, square root, reciprocal, and absolute value functions. Key properties like domain, range, and graphs are discussed. 2) Translations of functions, which shift the graph but do not change its shape. Vertical and horizontal translations of the basic parent functions are examined through examples and a computer animation. 3) Plans for future lessons on stretches, combinations of transformations, and inverse functions later in the week. The document concludes with practice questions graphing and identifying the basic parent functions to prepare students for working with transformed functions.

Uploaded by

Jamie
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Page 115

MCR3U / NORTHRUP

Unit 4 Notes

Schedule
Monday -Intro to Transformations of Functions

-The 5 Basic Functions

-Translations

-Re ections

Tuesday - Stretches & Combinations

Wednesday -Inverse Functions

Thursday- Test 830-10am

Monday Dec 7

Page 116
Monday Dec
MCR3U 7
/ NORTHRUP

LESSON 1: THE 5 BASIC PARENT FUNCTIONS

Recall: Linear and Quadratic Functions

1) For each of the following functions, complete the table of values, graph the function and then state
its domain and range.
a) y x b) y x2

x y x y
-3 -3
-2 -2
-1 -1
0 0
1 1
2 2
3 3

D= D=

R= R=

The Square Root Function


2) a) Complete the table of values for the function y x and then graph the function.

x y
-1
0
1
4
9
16

b) Why does the graph of y x appear only in the first quadrant?

c) Does the value of y ever reach a maximum? Explain.


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MCR3U / NORTHRUP

d) State the domain and range for y x.

D= R=

3) a) Complete the table of values for the function y x and then graph the function.

x y
-1
0
1
4
9
16

b) State the domain and range of y x.

D= R=

4) On the same set of axes, graph the functions y x, y x and y x2 .

a) How is the graph of y x related to the graph of y x?

b) Describe the relationship between the graphs of y x2 , y x and y x.


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MCR3U / NORTHRUP

The Reciprocal Function


1
5) a) Complete the tables of values for the function y and then graph the function.
x
x y 0

-4 1
4
-3 1
3
-2 1
2
-1 1

1 2
2
1 3
3
1 4
4

1
b) Why does the graph of y appear only in the first and third quadrants?
x

1
6) a) Complete the following tables of values for the function y .
x
TABLE 1
x 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
y

TABLE 2
x -0.001 -0.01 -0.1 -1 -10 -100 -1000
y

b) For the branch of the graph represented by TABLE 1:

i) as x increases in value, what happens to the value of y?

ii) will y ever reach 0? Explain.


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MCR3U / NORTHRUP

iii) as x decreases in value, what happens to the value of y?

iv) will y ever reach a maximum? Explain.

c) For the branch of the graph represented by TABLE 2:


i) as x decreases in value, what happens to the value of y?

ii) will y ever reach 0? Explain.

iii) as x increases in value, what happens to the value of y?

iv) will y ever reach a minimum? Explain.

7) Complete the following sentences.

A line that a curve approaches, but never reaches is called an ____________________________.


1
The function y has two asymptotes: a vertical asymptote at _____________ and a horizontal
x
asymptote at _______________.

1
8) State the domain and range of y .
x

D= R=
Page 120
MCR3U / NORTHRUP

The Absolute Value Function

9) a) Complete the table of values for the function y x and then graph the function.

x y
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3

b) State the domain and range of y x .

D= R=

10) a) On the same set of axes, graph the functions y x and y x .

b) How is the graph of y x related to the graph of y x ?


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MCR3U / NORTHRUP

COURSEWORK

1) Complete the summary table below. Be as detailed as possible.

FUNCTION SKETCH IMPORTANT PROPERTIES:


DOMAIN, RANGE, INTERCEPTS, SYMMETRY, ASYMPTOTES

Linear
Function

y x

Quadratic
Function

y x2

Square Root
Function

y x

Reciprocal
Function

1
y
x
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MCR3U / NORTHRUP

Absolute
Value
Function

y x

In mathematics, every function can be classified as a member of a family. Each member of a family of
functions is related to the simplest, or most basic, function sharing the same characteristics. This
function is called the base or parent function.

Note that all of the functions in the table above are the simplest functions in their families and are thus
called base or parent functions. Next day, we will start to transform such parent functions, creating
function family members called transformed functions.

NOTE:

You are expected to be able to graph all of the base functions studied in this course FROM MEMORY.
Do not become depended on your calculator! Think about the functions….

LOOK & FIND

2) Circle the five basic parent functions in the following cartoon and label them with their
function names.
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MCR3U / NORTHRUP

ABSOLUTE VALUE EXTENSION

1) Evaluate the following expressions.

2) Consider the following solutions :

Example #1 : Example #2 :

Using the completed solutions above as examples, solve the equations in the following worksheet and
complete the colouring activity.
Page 125
MCR3U / NORTHRUP

LESSON 1 QUIZ (PRACTICE)


Without the use of your graphing calculator, graph the following five base functions. Be sure to plot the
characteristic points and to draw any asymptotes. State the name of each function, plus its domain and
its range.

y x y x2

1
y x y
x

y x
Page 126
Monday Dec
MCR3U 7
/ NORTHRUP

LESSON 2: TRANSLATIONS OF FUNCTIONS

A transformation is a change made to a relation such that the graph of the relation is shifted or
changed in shape. Translations, reflections and stretches are types of transformations.

A translation is a transformation that shifts the original relation but does not alter its shape.

VERTICAL TRANSLATIONS

1) For each base function below:

a) reproduce the graph of the base function on your graphing calculator


b) graph the provided transformed functions on the same set of axes
c) sketch the resulting translations and label them

Base function: y x Base function: y x2 Base function: y x

Transformed functions: Transformed functions: Transformed functions:


y x 2 y x2 2 y x 2
y x 2 y x2 2 y x 2

1 Base function: y x
Base function: y
x

Transformed functions:
Transformed functions: y x 2
1
y 2 y x 2
x
1
y 2
x
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MCR3U / NORTHRUP

2) Computer Exploration (Part I)

Watch the computer animation, then complete the following summary:

a) In a vertical translation, the base and transformed functions are ________________________.

b) If the equation of the base function is y f (x) and it is translated vertically by c units, then the
equation of the transformed function is: ______________________

When c > 0, then the base function is shifted ______________ c units.

When c < 0, then the base function is shifted ______________ c units.

c) Mapping of coordinates:

An image point is any point that has been transformed from a point on the original graph.

The point (x, y) on the base function becomes the image point (_______, _______) on the
transformed function.

Horizontal Translations

3) For each base function below:

a) reproduce the graph of the base function on your graphing calculator


b) graph the provided transformed functions on the same set of axes
c) sketch the resulting translations and label them

Base function: y x Base function: y x2 Base function: y x

Transformed functions: Transformed functions: Transformed functions:


y ( x 2) y ( x 2) 2 y x 2
y ( x 2) y ( x 2) 2 y x 2
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MCR3U / NORTHRUP

1 Base function: y x
Base function: y
x

Transformed functions:
Transformed functions: y x 2
1
y y x 2
x 2
1
y
x 2

4) Computer Exploration (Part II)

Watch the computer animation, then complete the following summary:

a) In a horizontal translation, the base and transformed functions are _______________________.

b) If the equation of the base function is y f (x) and it is translated horizontally by d units, then
the equation of the transformed function is: ______________________

When d > 0, then the base function is shifted to the ______________ d units.

When d < 0, then the base function is shifted to the ______________ d units.

c) Mapping of coordinates:

The point (x, y) on the base function becomes the image point (_______, _______) on the
transformed function.

Examples

1) The base function y f (x) has been transformed to y f ( x d ) c . Determine the values of d
and c for each of the following transformations. Write the equation of the transformed function.

a) 2 units to the right and 4 units up b) 5 units to the left and 7 units down
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MCR3U / NORTHRUP

2) Given the base function y x 2 , sketch the transformed function y ( x 3) 2 1 by determining


image points for any original key points.

3) Given the graphs of the base function (bold curve) and the transformed function (thinner curve),
find the equation for the transformed function.

y x
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MCR3U / NORTHRUP

4) For each of the following functions:

i) Identify the base function and state its domain and range.
ii) Describe the transformations that are applied to the base function to obtain the transformed
function.
iii) State the domain and range of the transformed function.

1
a) y 1 b) y x 3 6
x 5
Page 131
Monday Dec
MCR3U 7
/ NORTHRUP

LESSON 3: REFLECTIONS OF FUNCTIONS

1) Using your graphing calculator, graph each pair of functions on the same set of axes and then
sketch the functions below.

a) y x 1 and y x 1 b) y ( x 3) 2 and y ( x 3) 2

2) What relationships exist between each pair of functions above?

3) The base function y f (x) is reflected in the y-axis.

What is the equation of the transformed function? ________________________________

What is the image of the point ( x, y ) ? ________________________________

4) An invariant point is defined as a point that is unaltered by a transformation. Are there any
invariant points in 1a? in 1b? If so, list them.

#1a) #1b)
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MCR3U / NORTHRUP

5) Using your graphing calculator, graph each pair of functions on the same set of axes and then
sketch the functions below.

a) y x 1 and y x 1 b) y (x 3) 2 and y (x 3) 2

6) What relationships exist between each pair of functions above?

7) The base function y f (x) is reflected in the x-axis.

What is the equation of the transformed function? ________________________________

What is the image of the point ( x, y ) ? ________________________________

8) Are there any invariant points in 5a? in 5b? If so, list them.

#5a) #5b)

Summary of Reflections

Base Function Equation of Image of ( x, y )


y f (x) Transformed
Function

Function reflected in the x-axis

Function reflected in the y-axis


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MCR3U / NORTHRUP

Examples

1) Given the base function f ( x) x , determine the equation of the transformed function with each
of the following transformations:

a) reflection in the x -axis b) reflection in the y -axis c) reflection the x- and y-axis

2) Use the graph of y f (x) , provided below, to draw the graphs of y f (x) , y f ( x) and
y f ( x) .

1
3) Explain, using function notation, why the graph of y would produce the same transformed
x
function when reflected in either the x -axis or the y -axis, while the graph of y x 2 would produce
a different transformed function when reflected in the x -axis than when reflected in the y -axis.
Page 134
MCR3U / NORTHRUP
Page 135
Tuesday Dec
MCR3U 8
/ NORTHRUP

LESSON 4: STRETCHES OF FUNCTIONS

Vertical Stretches

Complete the following table of values for y f (x) and sketch each function on the axes below.

1
x y f (x) y 2 f ( x) y f ( x)
2
-8 -2
-4 4
-2 0
0 2
2 -4
4 -1
6 2
8 0
Shape compared to
y f (x)

Which points are invariant under these transformations? ____________________________________

The invariant points under these transformations lie on the _____ - axis .

SUMMARY

Vertical Stretch of y f (x) to its image y a f (x)

If a 1
If 0 a 1

The image of the point ( x, y ) under a vertical stretch will be:

_____________________

Shape is ________________________under a vertical stretch.


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MCR3U / NORTHRUP

SUMMARY

Horizontal Stretch of y f (x) to its image y f (kx)

If k 1
If 0 k 1

The image of the point ( x, y ) under a horizontal stretch will be:

______________________

Shape is __________________________ under a horizontal stretch.

Examples

1) Given the graph of y f (x) below:

i) describe the transformation


ii) state the image of the point x, y
iii) sketch the transformed function
1
a) y 4 f ( x) b) y f ( x)
4
Page 138
MCR3U / NORTHRUP

1
c) y f (2 x) d) y f ( x)
2
Page 139
Tuesday Dec
MCR3U 8
/ NORTHRUP

LESSON 5: COMBINATIONS OF TRANSFORMATIONS OF FUNCTIONS

Stretches and reflections can be performed in any order as long as they are performed BEFORE
translations. However, it is often easier to perform stretches before reflections.

Transformations are thus performed in the following order:

Stretches Memory Aid: “Stop Right There!”


Reflections
Translations

EXAMPLES

1) Given the base function y f (x) and the transformed function y a f [ k(x d) ] c,
complete the following summary table.

Value Description of transformation Value Description of transformation

a 0 k 0

|a| 1 |k| 1

0 |a| 1 0 |k| 1

c 0 d 0

c 0 d 0
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MCR3U / NORTHRUP

2) Describe the combination of transformations that have been applied to y x , resulting in the
following transformed functions:

Notice that we use the


1 factored form of the
a) y 2 x 3 7 b) y 5 x 20 2
2 radicand to determine
the required
transformations. You
1 must rewrite the
y 5( x 4) 2 expression (5x-20) first
2 before you can identify
any transformations.

3) Neil is a student in your math class. He was asked to complete the following question.

Draw the graph of g ( x) 3 2( x 4) 1 , by hand, and state its domain and range.

Consider Neil’s solution:

g(x)
Page 141
MCR3U / NORTHRUP
Page 142
MCR3U / NORTHRUP

4) Lynn is also a student in your math class. She was asked to complete the following question.

1
Some transformations are applied, in order, to the reciprocal function f ( x) :
x

horizontal stretch by a factor of 3


vertical stretch by a factor of 2
reflection in the y-axis
translation 5 units right and 4 units up

a) Write the equation for the final transformed function, g (x) .


b) Sketch the graphs of f (x) and g (x) .
c) State the domain and range of both functions.

Consider Lynn’s solution:


Page 143
MCR3U / NORTHRUP
Page 144
MCR3U / NORTHRUP

Worksheet for Parent function: f ( x) x


Neil’s solution Transformed function: g ( x) 3 2( x 4) 1

x
Page 145
MCR3U / NORTHRUP

Worksheet for Parent function: f ( x)


1
Lynn’s Solution x

1
Transformed function: g ( x) 2 +4
1
( x 5)
3

x
Page 146
MCR3U / NORTHRUP

Combinations of Transformations Additional Practice Question


1
For 𝑔(𝑥) = −2𝑓 (− 3 𝑥 − 1) + 5:

a) Factor g(x) so that it appears in the general form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑓(𝑘(𝑥 − 𝑑)) + 𝑐.

b) State the values of a, k, d and c.

a = __________ k = ___________ d = _____________ c = ___________

c) State the transformations, in the order you would perform them, using proper terminology.

1) ______________________________________________________________________

2) ______________________________________________________________________

3) ______________________________________________________________________

4) ______________________________________________________________________

5) ______________________________________________________________________

6) ______________________________________________________________________

d) Complete the following table (image points method).

1 1 1
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 = 2𝑓( 𝑥) 𝑦 = −2𝑓(− 𝑥) 𝑦 = −2𝑓 (− (𝑥 + 3)) + 5
3 3 3

x y x y x y x y
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MCR3U / NORTHRUP

e) Graph the transformed function, 𝑔(𝑥), on the grid provided below.

𝑓(𝑥)
Page 148
Wednesday
MCR3U /Dec 9
NORTHRUP

LESSON 6: INVERSE OF A FUNCTION

INVESTIGATION

Bert and Ernie are lab partners in science class. They were asked to compare temperature
measurements in degrees Celsius and in degrees Fahrenheit.

They collected the following data:

T (oC) -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20


T (oF) -49 -40 -31 -22 -13 -4 5 14 23 32 41 50 59 68

They both worked on creating a graph to represent the data. Which one is correct?

Ernie's Graph Bert's Graph

50 50

40 40

30 30

20 20
Temperature (oC)
Temperature (oF)

10 10

0 0
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
-10 -10

-20 -20

-30 -30

-40 -40

-50 -50
Temperature (oC) Temperature (oF)

a) Find the slope of each line. How are the slopes related?

b) Find the x- and y-intercepts for each line. How are the intercepts related?

c) Let Tc be the temperature in degrees Celsius and Tf be the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. Write
an equation for each function.
Page 149
MCR3U / NORTHRUP

d) Both functions are graphed on the same set of


Combined Graph
axes. Draw the line y x on this set of axes.
50

40 Conclusion:
30
The two temperature functions are inverses of
20
each other. This means that every point (a , b) on
10 one graph has a corresponding point (b, a ) on the
0 other graph.
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
-10
In a correctly sized graphing window, the two
-20 functions will appear as reflections of each other
-30 in the line y x .
-40

-50

The inverse of a function is the reverse of the original function; it undoes what the original function
has done.

Consider the equations in the investigation…

Ernie’s Graph: Bert’s Graph:

The function f 1 is the inverse of the function f . Note that this use of -1 is different from raising
values to the power of -1. In this case, the -1 is just the symbol used to indicate the inverse of a
function!

So, in the investigation above, we could state that:


Page 150
MCR3U / NORTHRUP

SUMMARY

The inverse of a function is the reverse of the original function. It undoes what the original
function has done and can be found using the inverse operations of the original function in
reverse order.

1
f is the notation for the inverse function of f .

If (a, b) is a point on the graph of y f (x) , then (b, a) is a point on the graph of y f 1 ( x) .
This implies that the domain of f is the range of f 1 and the range of f is the domain of f 1 .

The graph of the inverse is the reflection of the graph of y f (x) in the line y x.

The inverse of a function is not necessarily a function itself.

Examples:

DETERMINING THE INVERSE NUMERICALLY


Switch the x and y coordinates.

1) Determine the inverse relation for the following set of ordered pairs.

{ (-3, 9), (-2, 4), (-1, 1), (0, 0), (1,1), (2,4), (3,9) }

DETERMINING THE INVERSE GRAPHICALLY


Identify key points on the original graph.
Switch the x and y coordinates of these key points and then plot the new points.
The inverse relation should be a reflection of the original relation in the line y = x.

2) a) Given the graph of y f (x) , sketch the graph


of y f 1 ( x) .
b) Identify any invariant points on the graph.
Page 151
MCR3U / NORTHRUP

DETERMINING THE INVERSE ALGEBRAICALLY


Replace f(x) with y.
Interchange x and y.
Isolate y.
Replace y with f 1 ( x) .

3) Determine the inverse of each function.

x 9
a) y 3x 7 b) y
5

c) f ( x) x2 6 d) f ( x) 2( x 5) 2 6

2x 5
e) y
x 3

NOTE:

You can check your answers with your graphing


calculator. Graph the original function and its
inverse on the same set of axes. Include a graph of
the reflection line y x .
Page 152
MCR3U / NORTHRUP

DETERMINING IF THE INVERSE IS OR IS NOT A FUNCTION


Recall that the vertical line test is used to determine whether or not a given graph is or is not a
function.
The same test can be used to determine if the graph of the inverse of a function is or is not a
function.

4) Examine each of the following pairs of relations. In each situation, indicate if the inverse is or is
not a function.

a) inverse a function? _____ b) inverse a function? _____ c) inverse a function? _____

inverse

inverse
inverse

You can determine whether or not the inverse of a function will be a function without graphing
its inverse.
y f (x) must pass the horizontal line test for y f 1 ( x) to be a function.

5) Use the horizontal line test to determine, for each function provided below, if the inverse is or is not
a function.

a) b) c)
Page 153
MCR3U / NORTHRUP

6) a) Find the inverse of f ( x) x2 2. b) Graph f (x) and f 1


( x) on the same set of axes.

1
c) State the domain and range of f (x) . d) State the domain and range of f ( x) .

D = _________________________________ D = _________________________________

R = _________________________________ R = _________________________________

e) Is f 1 ( x) a function? If not, restrict the domain of f (x) so that its inverse is a function. Graph
these functions on the same set of axes.
Page 154
MCR3U / NORTHRUP

7) The cost of renting a car for a day is a flat rate of $40, plus a charge of $0.10 per kilometre driven.

a) Let C dollars be the total rental cost and d kilometres be the distance driven. Write the function
C (d ) to represent the total cost of a one-day rental.

b) What is the domain of the function?

c) What is the range of the function?

d) Find the inverse of the function you determined in (a).

e) What is the domain of the inverse?

f) What is the range of the inverse?

g) What does the inverse represent?


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MCR3U / NORTHRUP

h) Graph the function and its inverse below.

i) Provide a real-life context where we may want to use the inverse of the function.

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