NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite

Architecture Department

“KALIPAYAN: A PROPOSED BIOMORPHIC URBAN ENTERTAINMENT

CENTER”

A Thesis

Presented to the Faculty of

Architecture Department

National College of Science and Technology

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Architecture

By:

Ingeniero, Joven Loyd M.

Ursabia, Julia Mary Claire

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Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

CHAPTER 1:

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

An account of the Philippines from the nineteenth century noted that tianguis,

or markets, were a weekly sight in most towns. A Spanish observer even concluded

that the Filipino proclivity for bartering and trafficking in various forms was 'universal.'

However, it was the combined legacies of Spanish and American colonization that

resulted in its enduring Westernized ideals. What distinguishes it from its neighbors is

that centuries of Westernization have not resulted in inclusive growth and

development, and contemporary economic improvement has not reached the poor.

The Philippines was a colony of several countries. Among those, Spain and

US are the two that left a great deal of influence in terms of culture, educational system,

form of governance, infrastructures and many other more. For over three centuries,

the country was a Spanish colony. Given this long history, colonial legacies remain

firmly entrenched. Despite that, many historians would agree that the Philippines owes

the US many of its current institutions, being only colonized for almost 50 years. But

perhaps the most crippling US legacy is consumerism and materialism.

While the US mall boom started in the 1950s, the Philippines had its own as

early as 1932. The first enclosed shopping establishment, the Crystal Arcade, was built

in Manila during the US colonial period. The Crystal Arcade became the capital’s most

modern structure, even resembling the arcades of Paris, with covered walkways,

window displays and cafés and other specialty shops. Aside from being an architectural

feat, the Crystal Arcade marked the beginning of a 'national culture oriented on

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Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
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commodity.' Although it was destroyed during WWII, the Crystal Arcade became the

forerunner of current shopping malls in the country. Malls have become permanent

fixtures in the Philippines fifty years later.

The Philippines has progressed from being known as "Asia's Sick Man" to

becoming "Asia's Bright Spot." It was formerly seen as Asia's economic laggard, but it

is now one of the fastest-growing economies in the continent. The flourishing of malls

is indicative of the country’s strong economic position, with the Philippines emerging

as a world leader and trendsetter in shopping malls. Parks are outnumbered by malls

in the Philippines. It's not hard to see why. The seeming lack of "green lungs,"

particularly in Manila, limits communal resources for leisure, socialization, and

appreciation of nature while also exacerbating air pollution. To compensate for the

shortage of green spaces, malls are increasingly going green. Some malls, for

example, have implemented a number of eco-friendly initiatives in an attempt to

simulate functions other than retail.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Due to globalization, where economy, people, society are consistently

changing in a positive or negative manner; an establishment serves as secondary

necessity like entertainment face massive challenges in sustaining itself in all aspects.

Because of modernization, any type of secondary essentials needs to reevaluate

strategies that will maximize the tolerance in any upcoming problem.

• How will the proposal help in preventing urban decay?

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• How would this proposal provide a facility that will restore people’s physical

and psychological well-being?

• In response to the country's declining tourism as a result of its current

condition, how would this proposal help to boost up local tourism in our

country?

• How would this study aid in the reduction of pollution such as plastic waste

pollution, greenhouse gas pollution, noise pollution, and other potentially

harmful to our environment?

• How will this research influence relevance in designing of present and

future entertainment center facilities?

1.3 Objective of the Study

Designing an urban entertainment center for the youthful generation and

different ages groups for social interaction. An effective sector space that might

become an ideal site of meeting, entertainment, and enjoyment for the residents of the

city and other neighboring cities. Serve the people in the most efficient way while also

creating a great atmosphere so that people would return again and again.

This study is aimed to achieve the following objectives:

• Designing a facility that will help in the expansion of the urban community's

economy.

• Creating a design that would promote actual interaction that will improve a

person's physical and psychological well-being.

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Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
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• This research proposes to develop a facility that will help promote both

domestic and foreign tourism.

• To design a facility while keeping the surrounding environment in mind,

employing various pollution-control measures.

• To conduct research that can be used as a basis for exploring the qualities

of environment involving existing and future facilities related to

entertainment centers.

1.4 Significance of the Study

Urban entertainment center has a big part and role in our community. The aim

of this study is to help community give social needs and give more importance of the

potential in urban entertainment center.

• Local government – The Local Government needs to consider that

entertainment is an important way of everyday living that can help people

in the most difficult situations.

• The People – This will help people to learn and to communicate with other

people and socialize but most importantly is to give a great bond with their

families.

• To the Community – This study will help them experience wider

opportunities in connecting their lifestyle to nature and encourage them to

participate in the development process of our country.

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Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
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1.5 Scope and Limitation

The study focuses for an effective way of architectural planning and designing

of urban entertainment center. This will cater the comfort, convenience, and safety of

the and safety of the people in a community by means of concentrating on providing

the necessary facilities of an urban entertainment center.

1.6 Definition of Terms

• Biomorphic - It is a modern architectural style that incorporates natural

shapes and patterns into the design.

• Exacerbate – Make a problem worse.

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Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

CHAPTER II:

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter will give relevant and essential information that will help guide the

proponents to create a significant design. This chapter also includes a legal foundation

and remarks relevant to the project’s design process. The information gathered will

have an impact on the design of the proposed project.

2.1 Review of Related Literature

This section will present a variety of connected literature that will present sets

of data that are useful and significant in the process of achieving the study's objectives.

2.1.A Project Locale

The Province of Rizal is located in CALABARZON region on the island of

Luzon. The province of Rizal is named after Dr. Jose Rizal, the national hero of the

Philippines. The capital of Rizal Province is the city of Antipolo, currently the most

populated city in CALABARZON region. It is approximately 16 kilometers (9.9 miles)

east of Manila. Rizal covers a total land area of 1,191.94 square kilometers (460.21

square miles) taking over the CALABARZON in Luzon's northern-central region. The

Province of Rizal is bordered on the north by Bulacan, east by Quezon, southeast by

Laguna, south by the Laguna De Bay, and west the Metro Manila.

The province is divided into four political districts, includes thirteen

municipalities, and one city with 188 barangays. The municipalities of Cainta, Taytay,

Angono, and Binangonan made up the 1st congressional district. The 2nd

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Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
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congressional district includes San Mateo, Rodriguez, Teresa, Morong, Baras,

Cardona, Pililla, Tanay, and Jalajala, as well as the two Congressional Districts of

Antipolo City, which is currently the new seat of the province government.

The province of Rizal has a civilian population of 2,930,670 people. With

725,926 residents, Antipolo has the highest population density.

2.1.B Profile of Antipolo, Rizal

I. Location

Located in the northern half of Rizal Province but rather close to its meridional

center. It lies approximately between latitudes 14° 32’ and 14°45’ north and longitudes

121°6’ and 121°24’east. It is bounded on the north by the Municipality of San Mateo,

on the southwest by the Municipalities of Taytay and Cainta, on the southeast by the

Municipalities of Tanay, Teresa, and Baras, and on the east by Quezon Province.

The Poblacion is approximately 29 kilometers from Metro Manila. The city can

be accessed from Marikina City via the Sumulong Highway; extends to the Poblacion

from Cubaoo, Quezon City via the Marcos Highway; extends eastward to Quezon

Province through the Marikina-Infanta Road; and from Cainta/Taytay, via Ortigas

Extension.

Based on its City Charter, Antipolo City has a total land area of 38,504.44

hectares. It is subdivided into 16 barangays namely: San Roque, San Jose, San Isidro,

De la Paz, Cupang, Mayamot, Mambungan, Calawis, Dalig, Beverly Hills, Sta. Cruz,

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San Luis, Inarawan, San Juan, Bagong Nayon, and Munting Dilaw. (CLUP Antipolo,

2010)

II. Climate

The City of Antipolo falls under Type I Classification as shown in the Modified

Corona’s Classification. It experiences two pronounced seasons, dry from November

to April and wet during the rest of the year with maximum rain period from June to

September. (Eco-Profile Antipolo, 2018)

SOURCE: ANTIPOLO CITY 2018 ECOLOGICAL PROFILE

Figure 1.

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III. Temperature

The temperature in Antipolo is very consistent throughout the year, confirming

the notion that the Philippines, and the tropics in general, have consistently high

temperatures.

The mean annual temperature for the ten-year period is 23.1°C, according to

data from PAGASA's Tanay Station for the period 2009-2019. This is the same

temperature as the 2008-2017 and 2007-2016 periods; however, it is 2.2°C warmer

than the 20.9°C mean annual temperature reported for the 2006-2015 period. (Eco-

Profile Antipolo, 2018)

SOURCE: ANTIPOLO CITY 2018 ECOLOGICAL PROFILE

Figure 2.

VI. Rainfall

According to PAGASA, the Philippines' average annual rainfall ranges from

965 to 4,064 millimeters.

The ten-year average annual rainfall in Antipolo was 2,943.03 millimeters,

with most of it falling between July and October. The highest mean monthly

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precipitation was 483.81 millimeters in August and October, while the lowest was

48.6 millimeters in April. (Eco-Profile Antipolo, 2018)

SOURCE: ANTIPOLO CITY 2018 ECOLOGICAL PROFILE

Figure 3.

SOURCE: ANTIPOLO CITY 2018 ECOLOGICAL PROFILE

Figure 4.

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Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
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SOURCE: ANTIPOLO CITY 2018 ECOLOGICAL PROFILE

Figure 5.

V. Topography

Antipolo is hilly and mountainous in general, with hilly sections in the west and

mountainous areas in the east, both of which are part of the Sierra Madre Mountain

Range. Valleys with abundant water may be found in the city's middle and western

halves, including the Poblacion and portions of Barangay Cupang and San Juan.

These can be found at Barangay Calawis and San Jose in the eastern side, with views

of the Boso-Boso River Valley to the west.

The 0-18 percent gradients cover 23,781.82 hectares, or 62% of the entire

land area of the city. These regions, which abundant in the eastern side of the city

along the length of the Boso-Boso River and in the Pintong Bocaue area (Brgy. San

Juan) near the city's center, are suitable for agriculture and urban use. The 18-50

percent slopes, which cover 14,344.94 hectares (37.3 percent) of the landscape, are

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ideal for silviculture or orchards. The gradients above 50% cover only 288 hectares

and can be found in areas in the city's southern and northern reaches towards the

center.

Antipolo has an altitude of 500 meters or less on roughly 94.0 percent of its

land area, or 36.176.17 hectares. These altitudes are located in the city's western and

southern areas. Elevations like these are ideal for growing warm-season lowland crops

as well as urban development. There are 2,328 hectares of cool heights above 500

meters above sea level. These can be located on the northern and eastern outskirts of

the city.

Antipolo is mostly a folded area in terms of geologic structure. Diastrophic

folding processes have resulted in its mountainous and rough topography. The frontal

collision between the Asiatic and Pacific plates crumpled its edges during this time of

orogenic processes, resulting in vulcanism and the construction of meridional mountain

systems defined by synclines and anticlines. This is obvious in the Philippines'

highlands, such as the Sierra Madre Mountains, on whose foothills the city of Antipolo

is located.

VI. Soil

The Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) of the Department of

Agriculture (DA) identified in 2013 seven soil series found in the city.

Table 1. shows the total soil series cover from three pedo-ecological zones

namely: soils of the warm cool upland (San Miguel, Antipolo and Pinugay series), soils

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Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
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of hilly land (Antipolo, Pinugay, Inarawan, and Faraon series); and soils of the warm

cool lowland (Quingua and Binangonan series).

SOIL SERIES HECTARES PERCENT

San Manuel Series 263.44 0.68

Antipolo Series 13,895.61 36.09

Pinugay Series 5,843.38 15.18

Inarawan Series 3,527.18 9.16

Faraon Series 173.77 0.45

Quingua Series 786.14 2.04

Binangonan Series 1,907.05 4.95

Miscellaneous Land Types

Built-up areas 9,836.09 25.55

Quarry 292.93 0.76

Major rivers 10.40 0.03

River wash 40.70 0.11

TOTAL 38,504.44 100.00

SOURCE: DA-Bureau of Soils and Water Management,2013

Table 1.

VII. Existing Land Use

Antipolo's land use is divided into two categories: urban and rural. Residential,

commercial, industrial, institutional, parks and recreation, and tourism land uses

accounted for 22.66 percent of the city's total land area in 2010. The most land was

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set aside for residential use (7,467.55 hectares). Commercial usage accounted for

298.16 hectares in the Poblacion and Barangay Mayamot, respectively. The entire

area of industrial land uses in Barangay Mayamot and the southern boundaries of the

city next to Teresa, Angono, and Baras was 242.86 hectares. Agro-industrial uses

spanned 172.14 hectares, mostly in Sitio Pinugay, Barangay San Jose in the city's

southern outskirts.

Rural land uses account for around 77 percent of Antipolo's jurisdiction. This

is due to the enormous Marikina Watershed, which is located within the city limits. A

significant portion of the land is now unused and might be exploited for agricultural

purposes. Although persistent destruction has been noticed throughout the years, the

city possesses a total of 26,679.88 hectares of forest or woodland. The protection

forest constituted 47.81 percent of the total forested area, or 17,408.05 hectares, while

the production forest covered 5.94 percent, or 2,289.46 hectares. The city's forest area

includes the Integrated Social Forestry (ISF), which covers 5,982.37 hectares, or 15.54

percent of the total forest area. Only 4.75 percent of the city is dedicated to agriculture,

which is found in well-watered areas, particularly in the upper and lower Boso-Boso,

which are flat and covered with alluvial soil. Antipolo could become a key supplier of

high-value crops like vegetables if this area is extended. The real mineral extraction

area is only 652.17 hectares, but the actual concession areas are much larger. This

land use activity has the potential to have negative environmental consequences,

hence its spread should be discouraged.

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Land Use 2010

Land Use Category
Area (has.) Percent

Residential 7,467.55 19.39

Socialized Housing 381.00 0.99

Commercial 298.16 0.77

Institutional 129.81 0.34

Industrial 242.86 0.63

Agro-Industrial 172.14 0.45

Agricultural 926.58 2.41

Agricultural – CARP 908.00 2.36

PUD 78.00 0.20

Mining/Quarry 652.17 1.69

Parks and Recreation 114.97 0.30

Tourism 16.31 0.04

Protection Forest 18,408.05 47.81

Production Forest 2,289.46 5.94

ISF 5,982.37 15.54

Cemetery/Memorial Park 28.01 0.07

Sanitary Landfill 10.00 0.03

Water Zone 399.00 1.04

Total Area (has.) 38,504.44

a 100.00

SOURCE: COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE MAP OF ANTIPOLO, 2010-2020

Table 2.

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VIII. Demography

The city's population was recorded to be 633,971 according to the National

Statistics Office's (NSO) 2007 population census (POPCEN, 2007). This represents a

34.6 percent increase over the 470,866 people counted in the 2000 census. With an

annual growth rate of 7.6 percent, the population is expected to reach 789,781 in 2010.

Using the 6.3 percent AGR determined by the NSO, Antipolo City's population will

double to 1,454,919 in 2020; the growth rate is attributable to migration, which

accounts for 61.96 percent of the overall population growth in 2010.

In 2010, the city's male and female populations are expected to be 369,145

and 393,636, respectively. The male population is.01 percent larger than the female

population, resulting in a male to female ratio of nearly 1:1. People under the age of

18 make up 39.96 percent of the population. Dependents of young age (0-14) and

elderly age (65 and beyond) are expected to number 298,927 and 16,719, respectively.

San Jose has the most people in terms of barangay population. Cupang

(94,986 or 12 percent) and Dela Paz (72,951 or 9.2 percent) came in second and third,

respectively, with 107,967 and 13.7 percent. Brgys. With 4,956 (0.6 percent) and 2,417

(0.3 percent), respectively, Calawis and Beverly Hills have the smallest populations.

The average household has five people. In 2010, the number of households is

expected to be 168,038. Brgy. The city with the most households is San Jose (19,766),

followed by Cupang (19,661) and Dela Paz (19,661). (16,032). Antipolo is currently

home to 489 subdivisions. Brgys. Cupang, San Roque, and Mayamot each have 57,

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54, and 51 subdivisions, respectively. There are no subdivisions in Barangay Calawis.

(CLUP Antipolo,2010)

IX. Natural Hazards/Constraints

Because of its geographic location, tectonic cut, and origin, Antipolo is

vulnerable to a variety of geologic hazards. According to a detailed assessment

undertaken by the DENR's Mines and Geosciences Bureau with the help of the United

Nations Development Program (UNDP), it is vulnerable to a variety of geohazards

including flash floods and flooding, subsidence, landslides, and earthquake-related

hazards.

IX.1 Flooding

Despite its mainly rugged and mountainous terrain, the City has flood-prone

sections. These locations are largely in the northwest and southwest sections of the

city, near creeks, waterways, and the major drainage system, as well as low-lying

flood-prone districts (catch basin). They can be found in Barangays Cupang, Mayamot,

San Roque, San Isidro, Dalig, San Luis, and San Jose.

IX.2 Erosion and Siltation

One of the factors identified as contributing to the declining land resource

quality in Calabarzon is erosion. The other two are deforestation and land conversion.

Erosion and landslide regions may be found in nine barangays in Antipolo, including

Mambugan, Sta. Cruz, Dela Paz, San Roque, San Isidro, San Luis, San Jose,

Inarawan, and Bagong Nayon.

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In the city, there are approximately 2,150 hectares of agricultural land that are

vulnerable to strong wind flooding and landslides. These can be found in 13 of Brgy's

sitios. Each Brgys has one (1) sitio in San Jose. In Brgys, there are Calawis, Inarawan,

and Munting dilaw, as well as agricultural land portions. Mayamot and San Luis are

two citrus fruits. In these locations, rice, corn, and vegetables are primarily farmed.

(DRRM Plan 2016-2020)

2.2 Review of Related Studies

2.2.A Local Studies

I. Sky Ranch, City of Tagaytay, Philippines

Sky Ranch Tagaytay, a 5-hectare site is a leisure and entertainment park with

thrilling attractions, food options, horseback riding, and a spectacular view of Taal Lake

in Batangas. This is a place that both children and adults will appreciate. This

entertainment park is not only family-friendly, but it also hosts events and meetings.

The venue, a 2000 square meter event space, caters to business events, receptions,

and other social gatherings.

The Sky Eye is the most well-known and quite well of all the rides at Sky Ranch

Tagaytay. The Tagaytay Eye, also known as "Sky Eye," is the country's tallest Ferris

Wheel, at 207 feet tall with 32 gondolas, and is part of the new Sky Ranch fun park. It

provides breathtaking views of Tagaytay and is a renowned tourist and local attraction.

It's a 10-minute ride to the highest point, where you'll get a panoramic view of the entire

Taal. There are a variety of other rides for both children and adults.

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Sky Ranch Tagaytay

Figure 6.

Note: From Sky Ranch Tagaytay by Project Lupad

(https://www.projectlupad.com/sky-ranch-amusement-park-aerial-view/)

II. SM Mall of Asia, City of Pasay, Philippines

SM Mall of Asia Complex is a huge shopping mall in the Philippines

located at Pasay City within the reclaimed area in Manila Bay or the SM Central

Business Park. It has a land area of 64 hectares and a gross floor area of approximately

489,891 square meters. It is currently the largest shopping mall in the Philippines and

third in the world.

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SM Mall of Asia

Figure 7.

Note: From SM Mall of Asia Complex by Philstarlife

(https://philstarlife.com/self/480222-ikea-philippines-hiring)

The Main Mall, the Entertainment Mall, and the North and South Wing Parking

Buildings make up the Mall of Asia, which is connected by walkways and elevated

paths. The Main Mall is home to a variety of shops, restaurants, and a food court. The

Entertainment Mall is a two-story structure with a majority of its space exposed to the

sky, as well as some retail and food establishments. The Music Venue, an event facing

Manila Bay, is also located within the Entertainment Mall. The bulk of the area has

been restored with the addition of air conditioning as of late 2021. Because of the mall's

size, all of the towers feature concierge desks that may provide local information.

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Figure 8.

Note: From SM Mall of Asia Complex by The Mallmanac

(http://mallmanac.blogspot.com/2013/05/emerging-marketplaces-sm-mall-of-

asia.html)

2.2.B Foreign Studies

I. Lazona Kawasaki Plaza, Kawasaki, Japan

Lazona Kawasaki Plaza is a large modern shopping park. Lazona is a five-

story shopping mall in Kawasaki's Saiwai-ku area. The building is located next to JR

East's Kawasaki Station and is only a three-minute walk from Keikyu Kawasaki Station,

which connects the city to Shinagawa. There are many retailers here, including clothing

stores, grocery stores, electrical stores, a theater, and an open plaza. A big open-air

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square with a stage and casual outdoor seating is located in the complex's heart. More

than 300 retail outlets surround the area and are located within the mall.

Lazona Kawasaki Plaza

Figure 9.

Note: From Lazona Kawasaki Plaza by Mitsui Shopping Park (https://mitsui-

shopping-park.com/lalaport/msp-info/en/facilities/mitsui-shopping-park-lazona-

kawasaki-plaza/)

Lazona was founded in 2006 with the goal of creating an American-style

shopping complex in Tokyo's outskirts. The building's construction is made up of five

circular floors that are arranged around a large plaza where visitors are urged to take

a seat in the shade of a tree and relax in between waves of shoppers. On the fifth floor

of this building, there is no shops and only fitness gym and cinema which can be found.

There's also a long corridor where you may sit and watch the crowd under the sun's

rays. [Virginia Gonzalez, 2013]

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II. The Point, El Segundo, California

The Point has completely reimagined what a modern shopping mall can be.

The Point is a South Bay gathering area for locals and visitors alike, and it's more than

simply a place to shop. There's something new to discover around every corner: a mix

of modern retail and restaurants, one-of-a-kind artwork, contemporary architecture,

fountains, and lush greenery make the outdoor complex a place you'll never want to

leave. The Point has attractive grounds with plenty of places to sit under shade and

structures and games for kids to play, in addition to a large number of retailers and

restaurants.

The Point

Figure 10.

From The Point El Segundo by accelevents

(https://www.accelevents.com/e/MBHometownFair/A/PNT)

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The massive outdoor shopping mall contains over 115,000 square feet of retail

and restaurant space, as well as unique shops and retailers not found in any other

California mall.

2.3 Review of Related Legal Frameworks

2.3.1 National Building Codes of the Philippines (PD 1096)

I. Sidewalks

The minimum width of the sidewalk for a RROW width of 9.00 meters or more

shall be 1.20 meters on each side of the RROW or a total of 2.40 meters on both sides

of the RROW.

SOURCE: NBC, PRESIDENTIAL DECREE (P.D.) NO. 1096.pdf

Figure 11. Road & Sidewalk Section Details

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Road Right-Of-Way Range of Required Sidewalk Widths

(RROW) Width (Total at both sides of RROW)

30.00 meters & above From 1/6 up to 1/4 of RROW width

25.00 – 29.00 meters From 1/6 up to 1/3 of RROW width

20.00 – 24.00 meters From 1/6 up to 1/3 of RROW width

10.00 – 19.00 meters From 1/4 up to 1/3 of RROW width

Below 10.00 meters From 1/4 up to 1/3 of RROW width

SOURCE: NBC, PRESIDENTIAL DECREE (P.D.) NO. 1096.pdf

Table 3.

SOURCE: NBC, PRESIDENTIAL DECREE (P.D.) NO. 1096.pdf

Figure 12. Sidewalks & Planting Strips A

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SOURCE: NBC, PRESIDENTIAL DECREE (P.D.) NO. 1096.pdf

Figure 13. Sidewalks & Planting Strips B

2.3.2 Accessibility Law (BP 344)

All implementing offices of the Department shall adopt the attached standard

drawings containing the following minimum requirements for accessibility in order to

ensure the proper and uniform implementation of accessibility features for the use of

persons with disabilities along national roads in accordance with "Batas Pambansa

Blg. 344", also known as the Accessibility Law, and its implementing rules and

regulations:

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I. Dropped Sidewalks

SOURCE: BP 344 IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) AMENDMENTS

Figure 14. Dropped Curb / Sidewalk Details

Minimum Requirements:

• Changes in level at sidewalks should be affected by slight ramps and dropped

curbs;

• Dropped curbs should be provided at pedestrian crossing and at the end of

footpaths of a private street of access road; no dropped curbs shall be provided at

corners of sidewalk.

• Dropped curbs at pedestrian crossings should have a length corresponding to the

width of the crossing if the sidewalk width is less than 3.50 meters otherwise, the

minimum width should be 0.90 meters.

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• Dropped curbs shall be ramped towards adjoining curbs with a gradient not more

than 1:12;

• Dropped curbs be sloped towards the road with a maximum cross gradient of

1:20 to prevent water collection at the sidewalk;

• The lowest point of the dropped curb should not exceed 25 millimeters (mm)

height above road gutter.

SOURCE: BP 344 IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) AMENDMENTS

Figure 15. Dropped Curb at Corner

SOURCE: BP 344 IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) AMENDMENTS

Figure 16. Curb Cut-Outs Details

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SOURCE: BP 344 IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) AMENDMENTS

Figure 17. Cross Section of Dropped Curb

Minimum requirements:

• Curb cut-outs should only be allowed when it will not obstruct a sidewalk or in any

way lessen the width of a sidewalk or if the sidewalk width is less than 3.50 meters.

No curb cut-outs shall be provided at corners of sidewalks.

• The minimum width of a curb cut-out should be 0.90 meters;

• Curb cut-outs should not have a gradient not more than 1:12.

II. Sidewalks, Handrails, and Open Spaces

SOURCE: BP 344 IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) AMENDMENTS

Figure 18. Rest Stop on Busy Length Sidewalk

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Minimum Requirements:

• Sidewalks should be kept as level as possible and provided with slipresistant

material;

• Whenever and wherever possible, sidewalks should have a grade no more than

1:20 or 5%

• Sidewalks should have a maximum cross gradient of 1:100; • Sidewalks should

have a minimum width of 1.20 meters;

• If possible, gratings should never be located along sidewalks; when occurring

along sidewalks, grating opening should have a maximum dimension of 13mm x

13mm and shall not project more than 6.5 mm above or below the level of the

sidewalk;

• Sidewalks should have a continuing surface without abrupt pitches in angle or

interruptions by cracks or breaks creating edges above 6.5mm;

• In lengthy or busy sidewalks, spaces should be provided at some point along the

route so that a wheelchair may pass another or turn around; these spaces should

have a minimum dimension of 1.5 meters and should be spaced at maximum

distance of 12 meters between stops;

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SOURCE: BP 344 IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) AMENDMENTS

Figure 19. Sidewalks to Guide the Blind

• To guide the blind, sidewalks should as much as possible follow straight forward

routes with right angle turns;

• Where planting is provided adjacent to the walkway regular maintenance is

essential to ensure branches of trees or shrubs do not overhang sidewalks or paths,

as they do not only present a particular danger to the blind, but they also reduce

effective footway width available to pedestrians;

• Sidewalk headroom should not be less than 2.00 meters and should be preferably

be higher;

• Passageways for the disabled should not be obstructed by street furniture,

bollards, sign posts, or columns along the defined route as they can be hazardous;

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SOURCE: BP 344 IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) AMENDMENTS

Figure 20. Sidewalks with Headroom

SOURCE: BP 344 IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) AMENDMENTS

Figure 21. Handrail Height

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• Handrails should be installed at both ends of ramps and stairs and at the outer

edges of dropped curbs at crossings; handrails should not be installed beyond the

width of any crossing so as not to obstruct pedestrian flow;

• Handrails shall be installed at 0.90 meters and 0.70 meters above steps or ramps;

Handrails for protection at great heights may be installed at 1.00 meters to 1.06

meters;

• 0.30 meters long extension of the handrail should be provided at the start and end

of ramps and stairs;

• Handrails that require full grip should have a dimension of 30mm to 50mm;

• Handrails attached to walls should have a clearance no less than 50mm from the

wall; handrails on ledges should have a clearance not less than 40mm;

SOURCE: BP 344 IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) AMENDMENTS

Figure 22. Grass Area Defines Edges

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SOURCE: BP 344 IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) AMENDMENTS

Figure 23. Planters Define Edges

• Where open spaces are provided adjacent to walkway, the blind become

particularly disoriented. Therefore, it is extremely helpful if any sidewalk or paths

can be given defined edges either by the use of planters with dwarf walls, or grass

verge, or similar, which provides a texture different from the path.

III. Stairs

Minimum Requirements:

• Uniform risers of 150 mm (maximum) and treads of 300 mm (minimum) shall be

used.

• Tread surfaces shall be of slip-resistant material; nosing shall be slip resistant to

further minimize slipping.

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SOURCE: BP 344 IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) AMENDMENTS

Figure 24. Risers and Treads

• Slanted nosings are preferred than protruding nosings so as not to pose difficulty

for people using crutches or braces whose feet have a tendency to get caught in

protruding nosings.

• A tactile strip 300 mm wide shall be installed before hazardous areas such as

sudden changes in floor levels and at the top, bottom and intermediate landings of

stairs; special care must be taken to ensure the proper mounting or adhesion of

tactile strips so as not to cause accidents.

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SOURCE: BP 344 IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) AMENDMENTS

Figure 25. Tactile Strip

IV. Ramps

a. Changes in level shall require a ramp except when served by a dropped

sidewalk, curb ramp, an elevator, or other mechanical device.

b. Accessible ramps shall have the following facilities and features:

• Minimum clear width of 1.20 m

• Gradient not steeper than 1:12.

SOURCE: BP 344 IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) AMENDMENTS

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Figure 26. Requiring Intermediate Handrails

SOURCE: BP 344 IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) AMENDMENTS

Figure 27. Gradient not steeper than 1:12

V. Parking

Accessible Parking Slot Requirement

Where parking spaces are required to be provided, the number of accessible

parking slots for vehicles driven by persons with disabilities or vehicles with passengers

with disabilities shall be in accordance with the table below:

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Accessible Parking Slot Requirement

TOTAL NO. OF PARKING SLOT REQUIRED NO. OF ACCESSIBLE

PARKING SLOT

1-25 1

26-50 2

51-75 3

76-100 4

101-150 5

151-200 6

201-300 7

301-400 8

401-500 9

501-1000 2% OF TOTAL SPACES

1001-OVER 20+ (1 FOR EACH 100 OR A FRACTION

THERE OF OVER 1000)

SOURCE: BP 344 IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) AMENDMENTS

Table 4.

The building management should impose appropriate sanctions for the

unauthorized use of the reserved parking slots for vehicles of PWDs.

V.I. Parking slots for persons with disabilities should allow enough space for a person

to transfer from a vehicle to a wheelchair

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V.II. Accessible parking slots shall be located nearest to accessible main entrances.

V.III. PWDs should be on board the vehicle to be able to use the reserved parking

space for PWDs (for control use). In addition, an access parking sticker/card is required

with control number.

V.IV. Whenever and wherever possible, accessible parking slots should be

perpendicular or to an angle to the road or circulation aisles.

V.V. Parallel parking is discouraged unless it can be situated so that persons entering

and exiting vehicles will be out of the flow of traffic.

V.VI. Accessible parking slots shall have:

▪ A minimum width of 3.70 m and a length of 5.00 m.

▪ A walkway with a minimum clear width of 1.20 m. provided between the front

ends of parked cars.

▪ Dropped sidewalks or curb ramps leading to the parking level where access

walkways are raised.

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SOURCE: BP 344 IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) AMENDMENTS

Figure 28.

SOURCE: BP 344 IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) AMENDMENTS

Figure 29.

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SOURCE: BP 344 IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) AMENDMENTS

Figure 30.

V.VI. Pavement markings, upright, pole mounted signages

V.VII. Have a firm, level surface without aeration slabs.

V.VIII. Pavement markings, upright, pole mounted signages

V.IX. Have a firm, level surface without aeration slabs.

V.X. Pavement markings, upright, pole mounted signage Parking slots for persons with

disabilities shall never be located at ramped or sloping areas.

V.XI. For multi-story indoor parking structures, accessible parking slots shall be located

right next to accessible elevators, or as close as possible to accessible pedestrian

entrances.

V.XII. In buildings with multiple accessible entrances with adjacent parking, accessible

parking slots shall be dispersed and located closest to the accessible entrances.

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V.XIII. In parking facilities that do not serve a particular building, accessible parking shall

be located on the shortest accessible route of travel to an accessible pedestrian entrance

of the parking facility.

V.XIV. For all accessible parking slots, provide the following signage:

• Pole mounted parking signage, 600 mm x 600 mm in size and mounted at a

minimum clear height of 2.00 m from the parking floor.

• Pavement sign painted or marked on the designated lot complying with the

following:

o a square with dimensions of at least 1.00 m but not more than 1.50

m;

o be located in the center of the accessible parking slot;

o The International Symbol of Access shall be composed of a white

symbolized figure of a person in a wheelchair with a square

background in UN Blue Color. The symbolized figure shall always

face to the right.

2.3.3. Environmental and Other Related Laws, Implementing Rules and

Regulations

I. Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act 8749)

This states that the government shall promote and protect the environment to

attain a sustainable development hence mandating that cleaning the natural

environment is primarily an area based. It also states that anyone who will fail to follow

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the rules, regulations and requirements indicated under the law shall pay an

appropriate punishment, and lastly states that it is a people’s right to breath the clean

air and enjoy healthy environment that was given to them.

II. Senate Bill 1195 (2012) Pedestrian Safety Law

This states that all specific areas running parallel to both sides of a public road,

with a width and elevation as may be deemed appropriate for safe and convenient

pedestrian passage by the appropriate local government unit in consultation with the

Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH).

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2.4 Theoretical Frameworks

INPUT PROCESS

• Data from Research • Data Analysis

Materials • Site Research and Analysis

• Related Studies and Review • Conceptualization

of Related Literature • Design Planning and

• Legal Frameworks Consultations

• Preparation of Schematic

Diagram

• Initial Working Drawings and

Video Presentation

OUTPUT

KALIPAYAN:

A PROPOSED BIOMORPHIC URBAN ENTERTAINMENT CENTER

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2.5 Research Frameworks

KALIPAYAN:

A PROPOSED BIOMORPHIC URBAN ENTERTAINMENT CENTER

RESEARCH STUDY

SITE INVESTIGATION IDENTIFICATION

• LOCATION • PROBLEMS

• EXISTING CONDITION

• LOCAL ORDINANCES
• USERS
• ENVIRONMENTAL

CONSIDERATION

• NEEDS

RESEARCH STUDY &

SPATIAL PROGRAMMING
• FACILITIES

INITIAL PLANNING & DESIGN

• SERVICES

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CHAPTER III:

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the various methods and processes used by the study's

researchers. Different methods and approaches are used to acquire relevant data to

support the study.

The various methods used by the researchers are listed and outlined below in

order to obtain more in-depth data collection from the factual basis for the pursuit of

this analysis.

3.1 Methodology

Different methods, such as descriptive, qualitative, and observational

methodology, are used in this study.

3.1.1 Descriptive Method

The descriptive strategy to gathering information involves searching for

relevant materials and conducting interviews. Researchers have also looked for

documents in order to clarify the meaning of the study's subject.

3.1.2 Historical Method

Historical research is a strategy that is used to gather information in a

qualitative way. Historical study looks at the meaning of previous events in order to

analyze the facts and explain what happened and how it influenced current events.

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3.2 Research Design

All obtained data for the proposed project, including site data, related

governing laws, and other legal bases, were thoroughly analyzed and assessed to

ensure that only the most relevant facts were included.

I. Gathering of Data

After identifying the study's problems, the researchers gathered the essential

data and documentation to prove the proposal's feasibility. The researchers went on

site visits and collected data from the municipality/city and the location's primary

administration office. To develop a factual and viable study, the agencies/departments

engaged in the study were also visited.

II. Government Agencies

The researchers went to Antipolo City Hall's Planning and Development Office

for an actual interview about the site's zoning. They provided crucial information such

as the Comprehensive Land Use Plan and Zoning Ordinance (CLUPZO), Socio-

Economic Profile, Zoning, and Hazard Maps.

III. Site Selection

Calamba City in Laguna, Angeles City in Pampanga, and Antipolo City in Rizal

were chosen as the study's three urbanized cities.

The researchers chose the place "Antipolo, Rizal" for their study with the

support of the thesis head panel, thesis advisor, and technical adviser.

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IV. Site Analysis

This research shows how to conduct a site analysis from a macro to a micro

level, which includes information on wind, sand, nearby structures, and noise pollution.

V. Architectural Finishes (Materials) Specifications

Architectural finishes must be identified in a way that reflects the derived

building form motif. The use of sustainable materials would be the key approaches

used in the structure to ensure the efficiency of the design.

VI. Data Analysis

All obtained data for the planned study, including site data, related governing

laws, and other legal basis, were thoroughly evaluated and assessed to ensure that

only the relevant and applicable data were included.

VII. Design Conceptualization

The information and thoughts acquired will be used to develop a possible

notion for use in architectural planning, which will aid the researchers in developing

architectural conceptions.

VIII. Preliminary Design

The study shall include architectural plans, space programming, conceptual

building system such as the acoustic treatment for the building. This will be applied on

the said project proposal.

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IX. Research Instrument

To fulfill the architectural aims and have a credible and dependable design,

the study includes a variety of information. The researchers hoped to convey key

aspects of their study through the use of research instruments, which ranged from

devices and research materials to research consultants.

3.3.1 Gadgets and Research Material

I. Gadgets and School Equipment

The researchers documented the study with a digital/android camera, particularly

during site visits, interviews, and surveys. A notebook/paper for writing down crucial

notes for data gathering, as well as flash drives for soft copies of material gathered

throughout the research.

II. World Wide Web (WWW)

Given that the World Wide Web, or internet, is the most accessible, common, and

fastest method of research, all information is available with only one click. The linked

international studies, local studies, and some related publications from the internet, in

particular.

III. Published or Unpublished Material Review

These resources provide enough knowledge for the researchers to come up with

a design solution. It consists of manuscripts, archives, papers, and other

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published/unpublished material reviews that have been collected and studied in order

to determine the possible influences on the study.

IV. Government Agencies

These will enable researchers to promote the study's potential design solutions,

such as their laws, mandates, statistical reports, implementing rules and regulations,

and other relevant data. The following are the government agencies that the

researchers used to collect data:

IV.1. Local Government Unit (LGU) – City of Antipolo, Rizal

The Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) of Antipolo City 2010 – 2020 is a 10-

year physical development plan of the City Government which serves as a guide in the

allocation and sustainable management of its land, physical and other natural

resources. It delineates the actual boundaries and presents the desired land use

patterns of the barangays and the city as well as provides appropriate policies and

spatial development strategies.

IV.2. Consultation on Technical Persons

Consultations with various individuals who are credible and informed about the

study were undertaken to fully understand and collect only factual and necessary data

in order to be able to collect data for the proposal because not all research information

was available from internet sources.

❖ Ar. Carlo J. Madrona, uap, rmp

Thesis Adviser

❖ Ar. Frank Cale, uap

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Thesis Technical Adviser

❖ Ar. Abraham R. Naval, uap

Head Panel, Department of Architecture

❖ Engr. Melvin Q. Balagot

Zoning Administrator

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REFERENCES:

• Photos: Sky ranch amusement park aerial view. Project LUPAD. (2018, January
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• About the author Brooke VillanuevaContent ProducerBrooke Villanueva is a

lifestyle journalist at PhilSTAR L!fe, Villanueva, B., & Producer, C. (2021, March
4). IKEA Philippines still hiring, welcoming 322 more people to their growing
team. l!fe • The Philippine Star. Retrieved January 10, 2022, from
https://philstarlife.com/self/480222-ikea-philippines-hiring

• Spalding, C. (1970, January 1). SM Mall of Asia, Pasay, Philippines. The

Mallmanac. Retrieved January 10, 2022, from
http://mallmanac.blogspot.com/2013/05/emerging-marketplaces-sm-mall-of-
asia.html

• Mitsui Shopping Park lazona kawasaki plaza: Facilities｜【official】mitsui outlet

park・lalaport・divercity Tokyo plaza portal. Facilities | 【Official】MITSUI
OUTLET PARK・LaLaport・DiverCity Tokyo Plaza Portal. (n.d.). Retrieved
January 11, 2022, from https://mitsui-shopping-park.com/lalaport/msp-
info/en/facilities/mitsui-shopping-park-lazona-kawasaki-plaza/

• Gonzalez, V. (n.d.). Lazona Kawasaki Plaza, Kawasaki - Kawasaki, Kanagawa.

JapanTravel. Retrieved January 11, 2022, from
https://en.japantravel.com/kanagawa/lazona-kawasaki-plaza/5441

• El Segundo Hospitality and tourism. Shopping at The Point | El Segundo

Hospitality and Tourism. (n.d.). Retrieved January 11, 2022, from
https://www.destinationelsegundo.com/shop/shops-at-the-point

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