1.
C)
Myxococcus
1. D)
all of the above
11)
Strains of which genus have had ≥70% of their genomes hybridized with Escherichia coli? 11)
1. A)
Shigella
1. B)
Campylobacter
1. C)
Salmonella
1. D)
Proteus
12)
A culture of nitrogen-fixing, free-living bacteria is composed of large gram-negative rods that form resting
structures called cysts, and is usually found in nature in neutral and alkaline soils. Its genus name is
12)
1. A)
Azotobacter.
1. B)
Azomonas.
1. C)
Derxia.
1. D)
Azospirillum.
13)
Which of the following is NOT a trait of bioluminescent bacteria? 13)
1. A)
Autoinduction of luminescence requires dense populations.
1. B)
The enzyme luciferase and a long-chain aliphatic aldehyde are required for bioluminescence.
1. C)
Most inhabit soil environments.
1. D)
They are luminescent only in the presence of oxygen.
14)
Which of the following is NOT a trait of rickettsias? 14)
1. A)
They lack cell walls.
1. B)
They have not been cultivated in the absence of host cells.
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1. C)
They are obligate intracellular parasites.
1. D)
Both the host and parasite are required in order to be alive and metabolically active.
15)
Which grouping is gram-negative bacillus-shaped, faculatively anaerobic, and commonly found in the
intestines of animals?
15)
1. A)
pseumonads
1. B)
Epsilonproteobacteria
1. C)
enteric bacteria
1. D)
acetic acid bacteria
16)
Type I methanotrophs
16)
1. A)
possess bundles of disc-shaped vesicles in internal membranes.
1. B)
are obligate aerobes.
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1. C)
use the ribulose monophosphate cycle.
1. D)
do all of the above.
17)
Which of the following bacteria is the least phylogenetically related to Desulfovibrio? 17)
1. A)
Desulfobulbus
1. B)
Desulfomonas
1. C)
Desulfotomaculum
1. D)
Desulfobacter
18)
Which of the following statements does NOT apply to magnetotactic bacteria? 18)
1. A)
In cells from the Northern Hemisphere, magnetosomes align themselves forward with respect to the flagella
and move north.
1. B)
Magnetic orientation may provide a means for maintaining the organisms in low oxygen levels.
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1. C)
The bacteria align their long axis at right angles to the lines of the magnetic fields.
1. D)
The cells contain particles of Fe3O4.
19)
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of myxobacteria? 19)
1. A)
1. B)The mounding of cells after aggregation leads to fruiting body formation.
1.
1. D) The organisms may be readily isolated from soil or dead organic matter on nutrient-rich agar.
20) A gram-negative rod, polar flagellated microbe that ferments sugars to ethanol is probably a(n) 20)
1. A) Gluconobacter.
1. B) Acetobacter.
1. C)
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Zymomonas.
1. D)
Vibrio.
21) Experiments with Azotobacter chroococcum have led to the observation that 21)
A) acetylene may be reduced by nitrogenase.
B) two alternative nitrogenases can be made under certain growth conditions.
C) nitrogenase reduces nitrogen to ammonia.
D) nitrogenase may contain molybdenum and iron.
22) Which genus is characterized by these traits: gram-negative, straight or slightly curved rod, polar flagella,
oxidase-positive, obligately aerobic, and some chemolithotrophic members?
22)
A) Saccharomyces
B) Pseudomonas
1. C)
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Beijerinckia
1. D) Serratia
23)The least derived (or most ancient) phylum contains the genus 23)
A) Propionibacterium.
B) Rhodospirillum.
C) Methylococcus.
D) Aquifex.
24) Which genus oxidizes both ferrous iron (Fe2+) and Mn2+ but obtains energy only from the former? 24)
A) Sphaerotilus
B) Leptothrix
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Proteus
1. D)
Arcobacter
25) What is a major distinction between the hydrogen chemolithotrophs and many sulfur chemolithotrophs and
the nitrifying bacteria?
25)
1. A)
Hydrogen chemolithotrophs cannot be cultured in vitro, whereas the sulfur chemolithotrophs and nitrifying
bacteria can easily be cultured.
1. B)
Hydrogen chemolithotrophs are almost all facultative chemolithotrophs; the sulfur chemolithotrophs and
nitrifying bacteria are nearly all obligate chemolithotrophs.
1. C)
Hydrogen chemolithotrophs are anaerobes, whereas the sulfur chemolithotrophs and nitrifying bacteria
are aerobes.
1. D)
Hydrogen chemolithotrophs are found in dry environments, while sulfur chemolithotrophs and nitrifying
bacteria are found in aquatic environments.
26)
Scientists studying bioremediation often use environmental strains of _ that is capable of
breaking down pesticides and other toxic chemicals.
26)
1. A)
Clostridium
1. B)
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Pseudomonas
1. C)
Bacillus
1. D)
Staphylococcus
27)
A gram-negative, nonsporulating rod that is highly motile, oxidase negative, facultatively aerobic, ferments
glucose, and urease positive is likely to be of which genus?
27)
1. A)
Pseudomonas
1. B)
Lactobacillus
1. C)
Rickettsia
1. D)
Proteus
28)
Which of the following organisms does NOT produce prosthecae? 28)
1. A)
Leptothrix
1. B)
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Caulobacter
1. C)
Hyphomicrobium
1. D)
Gallionella
29)
The cyanobacteria are oxygenic phototrophic bacteria with evolutionary roots near those of the 29)
1. A)
deinococci.
1. B)
gram-positive Bacteria.
1. C)
phototrophic green sulfur bacteria.
1. D)
hyperthermophilic hydrogen-oxidizing chemolithotrophs.
30)
Mud, lake water, or a sewage sample inoculated into mineral salts medium supplemented with an organic
acid as the carbon source, lacking fixed or organic nitrogen, and incubated anoxically in the light invariably
selects for
30)
1. A)
purple nonsulfur bacteria.
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1. B)
purple sulfur bacteria.
1. C)
nitrifying bacteria.
1. D)
green nonsulfur bacteria.
31)
The structures often present in cells of obligate chemolithotrophs and which contain high levels of Calvin cycle
enzymes (such as RuBisCO) are known as
31)
1. A)
peroxisomes.
1. B)
inclusion bodies.
1. C) lysosomes.
1. D)
carboxysomes.
32)
Sheathed bacteria are commonly isolated from 32)
1. A) fertile
soils.
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1. B)
marine or brackish habitats.
1. C)
freshwater habitats that are rich in organic matter.
1. D)
human intestinal tracts.
33)
Luminescence in bacteria is catalyzed by bacterial 33)
1. A)
hydrogenase.
1. B) catalase.
1. C)
luciferase.
1. D) oxidases.
34)
Which bacillus-shaped genus are primarily intracellular parasites of arthropods such as crustaceans and
insects?
34)
1. A)
Klebsiella
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1. B)
Coxiella
1. C)
Roseospirillum
1. D)
Wolbachia
35)
Campylobacter and Helicobacter are two genera within the _ class of Proteobacteria.
35)
1. A)
Delta
1. B)
Epsilon
1. C)
Alpha
1. D)
Beta
TRUE/FALSE. Write ‘T’ if the statement is true and ‘F’ if the statement is false.
36)
Organisms that can grow using carbon compounds lacking C-C bonds are called methylotrophs. 36)
37)
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All methylotrophs are also methanotrophs. 37)
38)
An identifying trait of the cell division cycle of Caulobacter is the absence of a motile stage. 38)
39)
Nitrifying bacteria develop particularly well in lakes and streams receiving sewage because of the ammonia
(NH3) present in the sewage.
39)
40)
Nitrification occurs especially well in habitats where acids are present. 40)
41)
Pseudomonas pathogens affect only members of the animal kingdom. 41)
42)
Most bioluminescent bacteria are found in marine environments.
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42)
43)
The primary mode of transmission for a rickettsial disease is person-to-person contact. 43)
44)
The very large Spirillum volutans, which was observed by the earliest microscopists, is microaerophilic.
44)
45)
The polarity of magnetic cells from the Southern Hemisphere is opposite the polarity of those from the
Northern Hemisphere.
45)
46)
Methane oxidizers and ammonia oxidizers exhibit great similarity in the structure of their internal membrane
systems and are phylogenetically closely related.
46)
47)
All nitrifying bacteria are obligate chemolithotrophs and obligate aerobes.
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47)
48)
Sulfur lithotrophs can grow either chemolithotrophically or chemoorganotrophically. 48)
49)
Sterols are thought to be unique to autotrophic prokaryotes. 49)
50)
Organisms that attach to solid surfaces will grow in a very dilute nutrient solution. 50)
51)
The gram-positive bacteria are a large group of primarily chemoorganotrophic Bacteria. 51)
52)
Proteobacteria are all gram-negative. 52)
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53)
No chemolithotroph is known to completely oxidize ammonia to nitrate. 53)
54)
Opportunistic pathogens are often referred to as protopathogens. 54)
55)
Purple phototrophic bacteria are so diverse that they actually are present within the Alpha–, Beta–, and
Gammaproteobacteria.
55)
56)
Members of the genus Vibrio are typically isolated from the mammalian intestinal tract. 56)
57)
Some species of luminous bacteria colonize specialized organs of certain marine fishes and squids and
produce light that the animal uses for signaling, avoiding predators, and attracting prey.
57)
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58)
Bacteria within the genus Wolbachia can influence sexual differentiation in certain insects and
amphibians.
58)
59)
Cytoplasmic extrusions can minimize sinking of aquatic bacteria that possess them. 59)
60)
The epsilon proteobacterium Arcobacter nitrofigilis is often found in a parasitic relationship with the roots of
the salt marsh cordgrass Spartina.
60)
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the
question.
61)
Currently, well over phyla of Bacteria have been identified from _ sequencing.
61)
62)
is the term used to identify salt-loving bacteria.
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62)
63)
The metal must be present in the medium for chemolithotrophic growth of hydrogen
bacteria because virtually all hydrogenases contain the ion as a metal cofactor.
63)
64)
Because of the rapid motility of Proteus cells, colonies growing on agar plates often exhibit a
characteristic phenotype.
64)
65)
Gliding myxobacteria often form multicellular structures called . These bacteria have
also developed intercellular .
65)
66)
Methane produced in the anoxic regions of lakes rises through the water column, and methanotrophs
are often concentrated in a narrow range at the interface of and
in the water.
66)
67)
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The oxidation of ammonia to nitrite is carried out by the bacteria. The product of this
step is subsequently oxidized to nitrate by the bacteria.
67)
68)
constitute the majority of known bacteria of medical, industrial, and agricultural
significance.
68)
69)
Bacteria able to grow chemolithotrophically at the expense of reduced inorganic nitrogen
compounds are called _.
69)
70)
Two broad ecological classes of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria exist: those living at and those
living at .
70)
71)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is naturally resistant to many of the widely used antibiotics due to the presence
of a(n) .
71)
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72)
The bacteria are commonly found in alcoholic juices such as hard cider, wine, or beer. 72)
73)
Members of the genus can be isolated from the intestines of homeothermic animals (such
as humans) and poikilothermic animals (such as lizards and turtles).
73)
74)
The genus _ forms pigments called prodigiosins that are produced only during the
of growth and are metabolites.
74)
75)
Azospirillum lipoferum is a terrestrial nitrogen-fixing bacterium that often forms a(n)
relationship with .
75)
76)
Some acetic acid bacteria can also synthesize the polymer from monomers.
76)
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77)
Cysts, although similar to bacterial endospores in being resting structures, can rapidly oxidize
substrates when exposed to them and are less resistant to than endospores.
77)
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
78)
Explain bulking as it occurs in an activated sludge plant. Include the names of some common organisms
found in a wastewater treatment facility.
79)
Compare and contrast type I and type II methanotrophs.
80)
Discuss the mechanism of motility and the unique morphology of the spirochetes.
81)
Explain the significant ecological role played by carboxydotrophic bacteria.
82)
Explain the intracytoplasmic photosynthetic membrane systems of the purple phototrophic bacteria and
discuss why it is advantageous for these organisms to regulate the quantity of these membranes.
83)
Explain how the oxidation of iron pyrite by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in mining operations can have
both beneficial and negative outcomes.
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84)
Explain why Thioploca plays a major role in sulfur and nitrogen cycling in the marine environment.
85)
Why are purple nonsulfur bacteria named as such despite being capable of using sulfur-containing compounds?
Why have they not been put together with the other purple sulfur bacteria?
86)
Explain the symbiotic relationship between the methanotrophic bacteria and certain marine mussels and
sponges.
87)
Explain why many thiobacilli are acidophilic.
88)
Although the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Azotobacter is an obligate aerobe, the enzyme nitrogenase is
oxygen-sensitive. Explain how this enzyme functions in an aerobic atmosphere.
89)
Explain how the enteric bacteria can be differentiated by the type and proportion of fermentation products
produced by the anaerobic fermentation of glucose.
90)
Explain the process of quorum sensing as it relates to regulation of bacterial bioluminescence in Vibrio
fischeri.
1)
2)
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3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
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16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
21)
22)
23)
24)
25)
26)
27)
28)
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29)
30)
31)
32)
33)
34)
35)
36)
TRUE
37)
FALSE
38)
FALSE
39)
TRUE
40)
FALSE
41)
FALSE
42)
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TRUE
43)
FALSE
44)
TRUE
45)
TRUE
46)
TRUE
47)
FALSE
48)
TRUE
49)
FALSE
50)
TRUE
51)
TRUE
52)
TRUE
53)
TRUE
54)
FALSE
55)
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TRUE
56)
FALSE
57)
TRUE
58)
FALSE
59)
TRUE
60)
FALSE
61)
80 / 16S ribosomal RNA gene 62)
Halophilic
63)
nickel / nickel (Ni2+)
64)
swarming
65)
fruiting bodies / communication 66)
CH4 / O2 (either order) 67)
nitrosifying / nitrifying
68)
Proteobacteria
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69)
nitrifying bacteria
70)
neutral pH / acidic pH (either order) 71)
resistance transfer plasmid (R plasmid) 72)
acetic acid
73)
Salmonella
74)
Serratia / stationary phase / secondary 75)
mutualistic / crops (or grasses) 76)
cellulose / glucose 77)
carbon / heat 78)
Sphaerotilus bacillus-shaped cells can grow as large filamentous masses, and because they are obligate
aerobes, they occur as tangled masses at the upper surface of water. The large masses can entangle sludge in
wastewater and prevent the sludge from settling. Sewage water also can contain: Beggiatoa spp.,
Enterobacter aerogenes, nitrifying bacteria such as Nitrosomonas, purple nonsulfur bacteria, sheathed
bacteria such as Arcobacter, and many others.
79)
Both types of methanotrophs assimilate one-carbon compounds and oxidize methane with extensive internal
membrane systems. The type I methanotroph membranes contain bundles of disc-shaped vesicles throughout
the cell, and the type II methanotrophs have paired membranes along only the periphery of the cell. The type
I methanotrophs assimilate carbon with the ribulose monophosphate cycle, and type II methanotrophs use
the serine pathway. Phylogenetically the type I are Gammaproteobacteria and the type II are
Alphaproteobacteria.
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80)
Although the spirochetes are phylogenetically distinct from spirilla, they both appear spiral-shaped. Most
spirochetes contain an outer sheath as well as endoflagella. The axial filaments on their protoplasm allow for
rotational motility.
81)
Carboxydotrophic bacteria contain carbon monoxide-resistant cytochromes that allow them to oxidize CO
into CO2. Because carboxydotrophic bacteria are present in the upper layers of soil, they are the primary
sink for CO released from burning of fossil fuels in the environment.
82)
The purple phototrophic bacteria can increase the number of cytoplasmic membrane invaginations that
increase the overall size of their photosynthetic membrane system. With an increased photosynthetic
capacity, they are capable of harvesting more light when light is limited. If they were unable to do this,
low light conditions could be fatal if they were unable to obtain sufficient energy.
83)
From an ecological standpoint, the chemolithotrophic oxidation of iron pyrite can acidify the
environment as well as release toxic metals such as Al, Cd, and Pb. For miners, it can also be beneficial
by releasing iron from FeS2 oxidization.
84)
Thioploca have been observed to reduce nitrate into ammonium by coupling it to the anoxic oxidation of
H2S. Because these bacteria occur as large mats on the ocean’s floor, they likely contribute greatly to
cycling of sulfur and nitrogen through this coupled redox reaction.
85)
The purple nonsulfur bacteria were initially described as being incapable of using sulfur-containing
compounds, because the concentrations (1-3 mM) usable by purple sulfur bacteria are toxic to purple
nonsulfur bacteria. It has since been found that most species of purple nonsulfur bacteria are capable of
using H2S, but the concentration must be quite low. The physiologies of the two groups are still different
aside from sulfur utilization, so they remain as two separate groups.
86)
Methanotrophic bacteria have developed mutualistic relationships with certain marine mussels and sponges
that live near hydrocarbon seeps in on the seafloor where CH4 is at relatively high levels. The bacteria reside
within vacuoles that are present in the animals’ cells. Once the bacteria assimilate the methane, organic
compounds are excreted and distributed throughout the animal as carbon sources.
87)
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Thiobacillus bacteria grow chemolithotrophically on sulfur-containing compounds such as S0, H2S, and
thiosulfate (S2O32-). A product formed from oxidization of sulfur compounds is sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and
therefore thiobacilli must be able to tolerate acidic environments.
88)
Azotobacter can grow in the presence of oxygen with oxygen-sensitive enzymes such as nitrogenase by
protecting the enzymes in the cytoplasm. Extensive capsules or slime layers outside of the cell to prevent
nitrogenase from contacting oxygen.
89)
While glucose is fermented by all enterics, the two main patterns of products formed are called the 2,3-
butanediol fermenters and the mixed acid fermenters. Butanediol, ethanol, CO2 and H2 are the primary
products of 2,3-butanediol fermentation, and small quantities of acids are also formed. Mixed acid
fermentation produces considerably more acetic, lactic, and succinic acids and only small quantities of
ethanol, CO2 and H2.
90)
Bioluminescence in Vibrio fischeri will occur only when there is a high concentration of cells present. The
transcriptional inducer molecule, acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL), accumulates until a high enough
concentration is reached through an increase in cell density making more AHL.
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