Mar Thoma Higher Secondary

School

2021-2022
CLASS- 12th ‘A’
TOPIC- “EXTRACTION OF NICOTINE
SULPHATE FROM SAMPLE OF CIGARETTES”

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

Sonali Jangid Prerna Lele
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that “SONALI JANGID” student of class

‘XII A’ has successfully completed the research on the topic
“EXTRACTION OF NICOTINE SULPHATE FROM
SAMPLE OF CIGARETTES” under the guidance of
“MRS. PRERNA LELE” during the academic year 2021-
2022. The references taken in making of this project have
been declared in the end of this report.

Date Teachers’s Signature

____________ ____________

Principal’s Signature Examiner’s Signature

_____________ _____________
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

SONALI JANGID, a student of class XII A, Marthoma

Higher Secondary School would like to sincerely
acknowledge our principal MR. JOY VARGHESE and the
help given by my respected teachers MRS. PRERNA LELE
in completion of project file.

I express my gratitude for the guidance, encouragement and

help received during this course of completion of this
project.

I specially thank my parents for encouraging me and help

received from time to time during my tenure completion of
project file.
 DECLARATION

I SONALI JANGID of class XII A of Marthoma Higher

Secondary School hereby declare that the project
“EXTRACTION OF NICOTINE SULPHATE
FROM SAMPLES OF CIGARETTES” is the result of
my efforts under the guidance of my teachers.
 CONTENTS
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
 Addictive Nature Of Nicotine

OBJECTIVE

 Extraction Of Nicotine From Cigarettes

INTRODUCTION

 Tobacco
 Nicotine
 Manufacturing Of Tobacco

ADDICTIVE NATURE OF TOBACCO

 Physical Addiction
 Psychological Addiction
 Health Effects

PROCEDURE

APPARATUS REQUIRED

CHEMICALS AND OTHER MATERIALS REQUIRED

OBSERVATIONS

RESULT

CONCLUSION

LIMITATION OF STUDY

BIBLIOGRAPHY
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

o Nicotine is very addictive. It increases the release

of brain chemicals called neurotransmitters, which
help regulate mood and behavior. One of these
neurotransmitters is dopamine, which makes one
feel good. Getting that dopamine boost is part of
the addiction process.

o Nicotine dependence, also referred to as tobacco

dependence, involves behavioural as well as
physical factors.
 OBJECTIVE

“Extraction of Nicotine Sulphate

from Samples of Cigarettes”

 INTRODUCTION
 TOBACCO
Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the leaves of plants in the genus
Nicotiana. It can be consumed, used as a pesticide and, in the form of nicotine tartrate, used
in some medicines. It is most commonly used as a drug, and is a valuable cash crop for
countries such as Cuba,India, China, and the United States. Tobacco is a name for any plant
of the genus Nicotiana of the Solanaceae family (nightshade family) and for the product
manufactured from the leaf and used in cigars and cigarettes, snuff, and pipe and chewing
tobacco. Tobacco plants are also used in plant bioengineering, and some of the 60 species
are grown as ornamentals. The chief commercial species, N. tabacum, is believed native to
tropical America, like most nicotiana plants, but has been so long cultivated that it is no
longer known in the wild. N.Rrustica, a mild-flavored, fast-burning species, was the
tobacco originally raised in Virginia, but it is now grown chiefly in Turkey, India, and
Russia. The alkaloid nicotine is the most characteristic constituent of tobacco and is
responsible for its addictive nature. The harmful effects of tobacco derive from the
thousands of different compounds generated in the smoke, including polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (such as benzpyrene), formaldehyde, cadmium, nickel, arsenic, radioactive
polonium-210, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), phenols, and many others.

Tobacco is cultivated similarly to other agricultural products. Seeds are sown in cold
frames or hotbeds to prevent attacks from insects, and then transplanted into the
fields. Tobacco is an annual crop, which is usually harvested mechanically or by hand.
After harvest, tobacco is stored for curing, which allows for the slow oxidation and
degradation of carotenoids. This allows for the agricultural product to take on properties
that are usually attributed to the "smoothness" of the smoke. Following this, tobacco is
packed into its various forms of consumption, which include smoking, chewing, snuffing,
and so on. Most cigarettes incorporate flue-cured tobacco, which produces a milder, more
inhalable smoke. Use of low- pH, inhalable, flue-cured tobacco is one of the principal
reasons smoking causes lung cancer and other diseases association with smoke inhalation.
 NICOTINE

Nicotine is an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants (Solanaceae) that acts
as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. The biosynthesistakes place in the roots and
accumulation occurs in the leaves of the Solanaceae. It constitutes approximately 0.6–
3.0% of the dry weight of tobacco and is present in the range of 2–7 µg/kg of various
edible plants. It functions as an antiherbivore chemical; therefore, nicotine was widely
used as an insecticide in the past and nicotine analogs such as imidacloprid are currently
widely used.

In low doses (an average cigarette yields about 1 mg of absorbed nicotine), the substance
acts as a stimulant in mammals, while high amounts (30–60 mg) can be fatal. This
stimulant effect is the main factor responsible for the dependence-forming properties of
tobacco smoking. According to the American Heart Association, nicotine addiction has
historically been one of the hardest addictions to break, while the pharmacological and
behavioral characteristics that determine tobacco addiction are similar to those
determining addiction to heroin and cocaine. The nicotine content of popular American-
brand cigarettes has slowly increased over the years, and one study found that there was an
average increase of 1.6% per year between the years of 1998 and 2005. This was found for
all major market categories of cigarettes.
 MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO

Filter Paper made up of 95% Cellulose Acetate

Tipping paper to cover the filter

Rolling paper to cover the Tobacco

Tobacco blend

Modern commercially manufactured cigarettes are seemingly simple

objects consisting mainly of a tobacco blend, paper, PVA glue to
bond the outer layer of paper together, and often also a cellulose
acetate–based filter. While the assembly of cigarettes is
straightforward, much focus is given to the creation of each of the
components, in particular the tobacco blend. A key ingredient that
makes cigarettes more addictive is the inclusion of reconstituted
tobacco, which has additives to make nicotine more volatile as the
cigarette burns
 PROBLEM QUESTION
 ADDICTIVE NATURE OF TOBACCO

 Physical Addiction:
Over 13 million smokers try to quit each year, yet less than 5% of those who
attempt to quit unaided are cigarette-free after 6-12 months. For one simple
reason: a nicotine addiction is harder to beat than most people realize.
Nicotine from smoking changes the structure and function of your brain.
When the brain stops getting the nicotine it's used to, you begin feeling strong
withdrawal cravings. You think you want a cigarette when, actually, your
brain wants nicotine.
Let's take a look at how nicotine addiction works. Each puff on a cigarette
sends nicotine to the brain within 10 seconds. Immediately, we feel more alert
and calm. It feels good, so we have another puff. And another. Soon the
brain's chemical structure actually changes. It becomes hooked into wanting
more and more nicotine to make the effects last.
Physical dependence on nicotine is defined by the appearance of characteristic
withdrawal symptoms when the substance is suddenly discontinued. So,
while physical dependency can be a major factor in the psychology of
addiction and most often becomes a primary motivator in the continuation of
an addiction, the initial primary attribution of an addictive substance is
usually its ability to induce pleasure, although with continued use the goal is
not so much to induce pleasure as it is to relieve the anxiety caused by the
absence of a given addictive substance, causing it to become used
compulsively.
The speed with which a given individual becomes addicted to nicotine varies
with the substance, the frequency of use, the means of ingestion, the intensity
of pleasure or euphoria, and the individual's genetic and psychological
susceptibility. Some people may exhibit addictive tendencies from the
moment of first intoxication, while most people can smoke socially without
ever becoming addicted. Opioid dependent individuals have different
responses to even low doses of opioids than the majority of people, although
this may be due to a variety of other factors, as opioid use heavily stimulates
pleasure-inducing neurotransmitters in the brain. Nonetheless, because of
these variations, in addition to the adoption and twin studies that have been
well replicated, much of the medical community is satisfied that addiction is
in part genetically moderated. That is, one's genetic makeup may regulate
how susceptible one is to a substance and how easily one may become
psychologically attached to a pleasurable routine
 Psychological Addiction:

Psychological dependency is a dependency of the mind, and leads to

psychological withdrawal symptoms (such as cravings, irritability, insomnia,
depression, anorexia, etc). Addiction can in theory be derived from any
rewarding behaviour, and is believed to be strongly associated with the
dopaminergic system of the brain's reward system (as in the case of cocaine
and amphetamines). Some claim that it is a habitual means to avoid undesired
activity, but typically it is only so to a clinical level in individuals who have
emotional, social, or psychological dysfunctions (psychological addiction is
defined as such), replacing normal positive stimuli not otherwise attained.

A person who is physically dependent, but not psychologically dependent can

have their dose slowly dropped until they are no longer dependent. However,
if that person is psychologically dependent, they are still at serious risk for
relapse into abuse and subsequent physical dependence.

Psychological dependence does not have to be limited only to substances;

even activities and behavioural patterns can be considered addictions, if they
become uncontrollable.
 Health Effects:

Tobacco is the single greatest cause of preventable death globally. Tobacco use
leads most commonly to diseases affecting the heart, liver and lungs, with
smoking being a major risk factor for heart attacks, strokes, chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (including emphysema andchronic
bronchitis), and cancer (particularly lung cancer, cancers of the larynx and
mouth, and pancreatic cancer). It also causes peripheral vascular disease and
hypertension. The effects depend on the number of years that a person smokes
and on how much the person smokes. Starting smoking earlier in life and
smoking cigarettes higher in tar increases the risk of these diseases. Also,
environmental tobacco smoke, or secondhand smoke, has been shown to
cause adverse health effects in people of all ages. Cigarettes sold in
underdeveloped countries tend to have higher tar content, and are less likely
to be filtered, potentially increasing vulnerability to tobacco-related disease in
these regions.

Source:
netdoctor.co.uk
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that tobacco caused 5.4
million deaths in 2004 and 100 million deaths over the course of the 20th
century. Similarly, the United States Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention describes tobacco use as "the single most important preventable
risk to human health in developed countries and an important cause of
premature death worldwide." Several countries have taken measures to
control the consumption of tobacco with usage and sales restrictions as well as
warning messages printed on packaging.
Smoke contains several carcinogenic pyrolytic products that bind to DNA
and cause many genetic mutations. There are 45 known or suspected chemical
carcinogens in cigarette smoke. Tobacco also contains nicotine, which is a
highly addictive psychoactive drug. When tobacco is smoked, nicotine causes
physical and psychological dependency. Tobacco use is a significant factor in
miscarriages among pregnant smokers, it contributes to a number of other
threats to the health of the fetus such as premature births and low birth weight
and increases by 1.4 to 3 times the chance forSudden Infant Death Syndrome
(SIDS). The result of scientific studies done in neonatal rats seems to indicate
that exposure to cigarette smoke in the womb may reduce the fetal brain's
ability to recognize hypoxic conditions, thus increasing the chance of
accidental asphyxiation. Incidence ofimpotence is approximately 85 percent
higher in male smokers compared to non-smokers, and is a key factor causing
erectile dysfunction(ED).
 PROCEDURE
 Collect different samples of cigarettes.

 Remove the covers and collect the contents of the cigarettes on separate
pieces of papers. Weigh 1 gram of each sample using a physical balance
and label them. Place them in a dry place.
 Dissolve each sample in Calcium Hydroxide solution taken in 100ml
beakers. Stir them with the help of a glass rod.
 Filter the different solutions after the Nicotine has fully dissolved. Collect
them separately in separating funnels.
 Add two test tubes of Kerosene Oil to each separating funner. Before
pouring, ensure that the valve is closed.
 After Pouring shake the mixture vigorously in order to mix the two liquids
and leave it for two days without disturbing. Two layers – one heavy layer
in the bottom and the second lighter layer in the top separates out.
 Open the valve of the funnel and let the heavy layer out through the open
valve. The lighter layer remains in the separating funnel.
 Add half a test tube of concentrated Sulphuric Acid to each separating
funnel. Again shake it vigorously in order to mix them and leave it for
sometime.
 Two layers are formed – one heavy (dark drown) layer at the bottom and
another lighter (almost transparent) layer on the top.
 Open the valve of the separating funnel and collect the heavier layer in a
test tube.

 Now transfer the contents into a china dish. Repeat the same procedure for
the different samples and label them after the name of the cigarettes from
which they have been obtained.
 Heat the crystals in liquid form and ultimately subject them to cold water
and leave them for a day or two.
 Weigh the crystals hence obtained with the help of a physical balance.
 MATERIAL REQUIRED
1.APPARATUS:
 250 ml Beaker
 Filter Paper
 Separating funnel
 China Dish
 Physical Balance

 Glass Rod

2.CHEMICALS:

 Calcium Hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]

 Kerosene as solvent
 Concentrated Sulphuric Acid

 Cigarettes
 OBSERVATION

S.no Cigarette Sample Quantity of Nicotine Suphate

1. Country Cigarette (Beedi) 0.17 gram

2. Sample A 0.06 gram

3. Sample B 0.05 gram

 RESULT

The analysis showed relatively higher levels of

nicotine in tobacco from beedis (0.17g) as compared to
cigarettes (0.05g in Sample B and 0.06g in Sample A).
 CONCLUSION

This study concludes that the nicotine content in

tobacco contained in country cigarettes (beedi) is
higher compared to the content in company
manufactured branded cigarettes.
LIMITATION OF STUDY
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 www.en.wikipedia.com;
 http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/287555-
overview;
 www.righthealth.com;
 www.netdoctor.co.uk;
 www.nicorette.com;
 “World Health Survey” by the World Health
Organisation (WHO);
 “Practical Chemistry for Class XII” by Ratna Sagar
Publications;
 “Science Reporter” July, 2010 edition;