Google

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigationJump to search
This article is about the company. For the search engine, see Google Search. For other
uses, see Google (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with googol.

Google LLC

Logo since 2015

Google's headquarters, the Googleplex

Formerly Google Inc. (1998–2017)

Type Subsidiary (LLC)

 Artificial intelligence
Industry
 Advertising
 Cloud computing
 Computer software
 Computer hardware
 Internet

Founded September 4, 1998; 23 years ago[a] in Menlo

 Park, California, United States

Founders  Larry Page

 Sergey Brin

Headquarters 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, 

Mountain View, California
, 
U.S.

Area served Worldwide

Key people  Sundar Pichai (CEO)

 Ruth Porat (CFO)
 Thomas Kurian (CEO, Google Cloud
Platform)
 Prabhakar Raghavan (SVP, search, ads,
and e-commerce)[5]

Products List of products

Revenue 66,001,000,000 United States dollar (2014) 

Operating income 16,496,000,000 United States dollar (2014) 

Net income 14,444,000,000 United States dollar (2014) 

Total assets 131,133,000,000 United States dollar (2014) 

Number of 139,995 (2021) 

employees

Parent Alphabet Inc.

Website google.com

Footnotes / references
[6][7][8][9]

Then-CEO, and former Chairman of Google Eric Schmidt with cofounders Sergey Brin and Larry Page (left to

right) in 2008
Google LLC is an American multinational technology company that specializes
in Internet-related services and products, which include online advertising technologies,
a search engine, cloud computing, software, and hardware. It is considered one of
the Big Five companies in the American information technology industry, along
with Amazon, Apple, Meta (Facebook) and Microsoft.[10]
Google was founded on September 4, 1998, by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they
were Ph.D. students at Stanford University in California. Together they own about 14%
of its publicly-listed shares and control 56% of the stockholder voting power through
super-voting stock. The company went public via an initial public offering (IPO) in 2004.
In 2015, Google was reorganized as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Alphabet Inc..
Google is Alphabet's largest subsidiary and is a holding company for Alphabet's Internet
properties and interests. Sundar Pichai was appointed CEO of Google on October 24,
2015, replacing Larry Page, who became the CEO of Alphabet. On December 3, 2019,
Pichai also became the CEO of Alphabet.[11]
In 2021, the Alphabet Workers Union was founded, mainly composed of Google
employees.[12]
The company's rapid growth since incorporation has included products, acquisitions,
and partnerships beyond Google's core search engine, (Google Search). It offers
services designed for work and productivity (Google Docs, Google Sheets, and Google
Slides), email (Gmail), scheduling and time management (Google Calendar), cloud
storage (Google Drive), instant messaging and video chat (Google Duo, Google Chat,
and Google Meet), language translation (Google Translate), mapping and navigation
(Google Maps, Waze, Google Earth, and Street View), podcast hosting (Google
Podcasts), video sharing (YouTube), blog publishing (Blogger), note-taking (Google
Keep and Jamboard), and photo organizing and editing (Google Photos). The company
leads the development of the Android mobile operating system, the Google
Chrome web browser, and Chrome OS (a lightweight, proprietary operating system
based on the free and open-source Chromium OS operating system). Google has
moved increasingly into hardware; from 2010 to 2015, it partnered with major
electronics manufacturers in the production of its Google Nexus devices, and it released
multiple hardware products in 2016, including the Google Pixel line of
smartphones, Google Home smart speaker, Google Wifi mesh wireless router. Google
has also experimented with becoming an Internet carrier (Google Fiber and Google Fi).
Google.com is the most visited website worldwide. Several other Google-owned
websites also are on the list of most popular websites, including YouTube and Blogger.
[13]
 On the list of most valuable brands, Google is ranked second by Forbes[14] and fourth
by Interbrand.[15] It has received significant criticism involving issues such as privacy
concerns, tax avoidance, censorship, search neutrality, antitrust and abuse of
its monopoly position.

Contents

 1History
 o 1.1Early years
o 1.2Growth
o 1.3Initial public offering
o 1.42012 onward
 2Products and services
o 2.1Search engine
o 2.2Advertising
o 2.3Consumer services
 2.3.1Web-based services
 2.3.2Software
 2.3.3Hardware
o 2.4Enterprise services
o 2.5Internet services
 3Corporate affairs
o 3.1Stock price performance and quarterly earnings
o 3.2Tax avoidance strategies
o 3.3Corporate identity
o 3.4Workplace culture
o 3.5Office locations
 3.5.1North America
 3.5.2Latin America
 3.5.3Europe
 3.5.4Asia Pacific
 3.5.5Africa & Middle East
o 3.6Infrastructure
o 3.7Environment
o 3.8Philanthropy
 4Criticism and controversies
o 4.1Anti-trust, privacy, and other litigation
 4.1.1Private browsing lawsuit
 5See also
 6Notes
 7References
 8Further reading
 9External links

History
Main articles: History of Google and List of mergers and acquisitions by Alphabet
See also: Alphabet Inc.
Early years
Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 2003

Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey

Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in California.[16][17][18] The
project initially involved an unofficial "third founder", Scott Hassan, the original lead
programmer who wrote much of the code for the original Google Search engine, but he
left before Google was officially founded as a company; [19][20] Hassan went on to pursue a
career in robotics and founded the company Willow Garage in 2006.[21][22]
While conventional search engines ranked results by counting how many times the
search terms appeared on the page, they theorized about a better system that analyzed
the relationships among websites.[23] They called this algorithm PageRank; it determined
a website's relevance by the number of pages, and the importance of those pages that
linked back to the original site.[24][25] Page told his ideas to Hassan, who began writing the
code to implement Page's ideas.[19]
Page and Brin originally nicknamed the new search engine "BackRub", because the
system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of a site. [16][26][27] Hassan as well as
Alan Steremberg were cited by Page and Brin as being critical to the development of
Google. Rajeev Motwani and Terry Winograd later co-authored with Page and Brin the
first paper about the project, describing PageRank and the initial prototype of the
Google search engine, published in 1998. Héctor García-Molina and Jeff Ullman were
also cited as contributors to the project.[28] PageRank was influenced by a similar page-
ranking and site-scoring algorithm earlier used for RankDex, developed by Robin Li in
1996, with Larry Page's PageRank patent including a citation to Li's earlier RankDex
patent; Li later went on to create the Chinese search engine Baidu.[29][30]
Eventually, they changed the name to Google; the name of the search engine was a
play on the word googol,[16][31][32] a very large number written 10100 (1 followed by 100
zeros), picked to signify that the search engine was intended to provide large quantities
of information.[33]
Google's original homepage had a simple design because the company founders had little experience
in HTML, the markup language used for designing web pages.[34]

The domain name  www.google.com  was registered on September 15, 1997,[35] and the
company was incorporated on September 4, 1998. It was based in the garage of Susan
Wojcicki[18] in Menlo Park, California. Craig Silverstein, a fellow PhD student at Stanford,
was hired as the first employee.[18][36][37]
Google was initially funded by an August 1998 investment of $100,000 from Andy
Bechtolsheim,[16] co-founder of Sun Microsystems, a few weeks prior to September 7,
1998, the day Google was officially incorporated. [38][39] Google received money from three
other angel investors in 1998: Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos, Stanford University
computer science professor David Cheriton, and entrepreneur Ram Shriram.[40] Between
these initial investors, friends, and family Google raised around $1,000,000, which is
what allowed them to open up their original shop in Menlo Park, California.[41]
After some additional, small investments through the end of 1998 to early 1999, [40] a new
$25 million round of funding was announced on June 7, 1999, [42] with major investors
including the venture capital firms Kleiner Perkins and Sequoia Capital.[39]
Growth
In March 1999, the company moved its offices to Palo Alto, California,[43] which is home
to several prominent Silicon Valley technology start-ups.[44] The next year, Google began
selling advertisements associated with search keywords against Page and Brin's initial
opposition toward an advertising-funded search engine. [45][18] To maintain an uncluttered
page design, advertisements were solely text-based. [46] In June 2000, it was announced
that Google would become the default search engine provider for Yahoo!, one of the
most popular websites at the time, replacing Inktomi.[47][48]

Google's first production server[49]

In 2003, after outgrowing two other locations, the company leased an office complex
from Silicon Graphics, at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway in Mountain View, California.
  The complex became known as the Googleplex, a play on the word googolplex, the
[50]

number one followed by a googol zeroes. Three years later, Google bought the property
from SGI for $319 million.[51] By that time, the name "Google" had found its way into
everyday language, causing the verb "google" to be added to the Merriam-Webster
Collegiate Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary, denoted as: "to use the Google
search engine to obtain information on the Internet". [52][53] The first use of the verb on
television appeared in an October 2002 episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer.[54]
Additionally, in 2001 Google's Investors felt the need to have a strong internal
management, and they agreed to hire Eric Schmidt as the chairman and CEO of
Google[55]
Initial public offering
On August 19, 2004, Google became a public company via an initial public offering. At
that time Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Eric Schmidt agreed to work together at Google
for 20 years, until the year 2024.[56] The company offered 19,605,052 shares at a price of
$85 per share.[57][58] Shares were sold in an online auction format using a system built
by Morgan Stanley and Credit Suisse, underwriters for the deal.[59][60] The sale of $1.67
billion gave Google a market capitalization of more than $23 billion.[61]

Eric Schmidt, CEO of Google from 2001 to 2011

On November 13, 2006, Google acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock,[62][63]

[64][65]
 On March 11, 2008, Google acquired DoubleClick for $3.1 billion, transferring to
Google valuable relationships that DoubleClick had with Web publishers and advertising
agencies.[66][67]
By 2011, Google was handling approximately 3 billion searches per day. To handle this
workload, Google built 11 data centers around the world with several thousand servers
in each. These data centers allowed Google to handle the ever-changing workload
more efficiently.[55]
In May 2011, the number of monthly unique visitors to Google surpassed one billion for
the first time.[68][69]
In May 2012, Google acquired Motorola Mobility for $12.5 billion, in its largest
acquisition to date.[70][71][72] This purchase was made in part to help Google gain Motorola's
considerable patent portfolio on mobile phones and wireless technologies, to help
protect Google in its ongoing patent disputes with other companies,
[73]
 mainly Apple and Microsoft,[74] and to allow it to continue to freely offer Android. [75]
2012 onward
In June 2013, Google acquired Waze, a $966 million deal.[76] While Waze would remain
an independent entity, its social features, such as its crowdsourced location platform,
were reportedly valuable integrations between Waze and Google Maps, Google's own
mapping service.[77]
Google announced the launch of a new company, called Calico, on September 19,
2013, to be led by Apple Inc. chairman Arthur Levinson. In the official public statement,
Page explained that the "health and well-being" company would focus on "the challenge
of ageing and associated diseases". [78]

Entrance of building where Google and its subsidiary Deep Mind are located at 6 Pancras Square, London

On January 26, 2014, Google announced it had agreed to acquire DeepMind

Technologies, a privately held artificial intelligence company from London.[79] Technology
news website Recode reported that the company was purchased for $400 million, yet
the source of the information was not disclosed. A Google spokesperson declined to
comment on the price.[80][81] The purchase of DeepMind aids in Google's recent growth in
the artificial intelligence and robotics community. [82]
According to Interbrand's annual Best Global Brands report, Google has been the
second most valuable brand in the world (behind Apple Inc.) in 2013,[83] 2014,[84] 2015,
[85]
 and 2016, with a valuation of $133 billion.[86]
On August 10, 2015, Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as
a conglomerate named Alphabet Inc. Google became Alphabet's largest subsidiary and
the umbrella company for Alphabet's Internet interests. Upon completion of the
restructuring, Sundar Pichai became CEO of Google, replacing Larry Page, who
became CEO of Alphabet.[87][88][89]
Current Google CEO, Sundar Pichai, with Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi

On August 8, 2017, Google fired employee James Damore after he distributed a memo
throughout the company that argued bias and "Google's Ideological Echo Chamber"
clouded their thinking about diversity and inclusion, and that it is also biological factors,
not discrimination alone, that cause the average woman to be less interested than men
in technical positions.[90] Google CEO Sundar Pichai accused Damore in violating
company policy by "advancing harmful gender stereotypes in our workplace", and he
was fired on the same day.[91][92][93]
Between 2018 and 2019, tensions between the company's leadership and its workers
escalated as staff protested company decisions on internal sexual
harassment, Dragonfly, a censored Chinese search engine, and Project Maven, a
military drone artificial intelligence, which had been seen as areas of revenue growth for
the company.[94][95] On October 25, 2018, The New York Times published the exposé,
"How Google Protected Andy Rubin, the 'Father of Android'". The company
subsequently announced that "48 employees have been fired over the last two years"
for sexual misconduct.[96] On November 1, 2018, more than 20,000 Google employees
and contractors staged a global walk-out to protest the company's handling of sexual
harassment complaints.[97][98] CEO Sundar Pichai was reported to be in support of the
protests.[99] Later in 2019, some workers accused the company of retaliating against
internal activists.[95]
On March 19, 2019, Google announced that it would enter the video game market,
launching a cloud gaming platform called Google Stadia.[100]
On June 3, 2019, the United States Department of Justice reported that it would
investigate Google for antitrust violations.[101] This led to the filing of an antitrust lawsuit in
October 2020, on the grounds the company had abused a monopoly position in
the search and search advertising markets.[102]
In December 2019, former PayPal chief operating officer Bill Ready became Google's
new commerce chief. Ready's role will not be directly involved with Google Pay.[103]
In April 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Google announced several cost-cutting
measures. Such measures included slowing down hiring for the remainder of 2020,
except for a small number of strategic areas, recalibrating the focus and pace of
investments in areas like data centers and machines, and non-business essential
marketing and travel.[104]
The 2020 Google services outages disrupted Google services: one in August that
affected Google Drive among others, another in November affecting YouTube, and a
third in December affecting the entire suite of Google applications. All three outages
were resolved within hours.[105][106][107]
In January 2021, the Australian Government proposed legislation that would require
Google and Facebook to pay media companies for the right to use their content. In
response, Google threatened to close off access to its search engine in Australia. [108]
In March 2021, Google reportedly paid $20 million for Ubisoft ports on Google Stadia.
[109]
 Google spent "tens of millions of dollars" on getting major publishers such
as Ubisoft and Take-Two to bring some of their biggest games to Stadia. [citation needed]
In April 2021, The Wall Street Journal reported that Google ran a years-long program
called 'Project Bernanke' that used data from past advertising bids to gain an advantage
over competing for ad services. This was revealed in documents concerning the
antitrust lawsuit filed by ten US states against Google in December. [110]
In September 2021, the Australian government announced plans to curb Google’s
capability to sell targeted ads, claiming that the company has a monopoly on the market
harming publishers, advertisers, and consumers. [111]

Products and services

Main article: List of Google products
Search engine
Main articles: Google Search and Google Images
Google indexes billions of web pages to allow users to search for the information they
desire through the use of keywords and operators.[112] According to comScore market
research from November 2009, Google Search is the dominant search engine in the
United States market, with a market share of 65.6%.[113] In May 2017, Google enabled a
new "Personal" tab in Google Search, letting users search for content in their Google
accounts' various services, including email messages from Gmail and photos
from Google Photos.[114][115]
Google launched its Google News service in 2002, an automated service which
summarizes news articles from various websites.[116] Google also hosts Google Books, a
service which searches the text found in books in its database and shows limited
previews or and the full book where allowed. [117]
Advertising

Google on ad-tech London, 2010

Google generates most of its revenues from advertising. This includes sales of apps,
purchases made in-app, digital content products on Google and YouTube, Android and
licensing and service fees, including fees received for Google Cloud offerings. Forty-six
percent of this profit was from clicks (cost per clicks), amounting to US$109,652 million
in 2017. This includes three principal methods, namely AdMob, AdSense (such as
AdSense for Content, AdSense for Search, etc.) and DoubleClick AdExchange.[118]
In addition to its own algorithms for understanding search requests, Google uses
technology its acquisition of DoubleClick, to project user interest and target advertising
to the search context and the user history.[119][120]
In 2007, Google launched "AdSense for Mobile", taking advantage of the emerging
mobile advertising market.[121]
Google Analytics allows website owners to track where and how people use their
website, for example by examining click rates for all the links on a page. [122] Google
advertisements can be placed on third-party websites in a two-part program. Google
Ads allows advertisers to display their advertisements in the Google content network,
through a cost-per-click scheme.[123] The sister service, Google AdSense, allows website
owners to display these advertisements on their website and earn money every time
ads are clicked.[124] One of the criticisms of this program is the possibility of click fraud,
which occurs when a person or automated script clicks on advertisements without being
interested in the product, causing the advertiser to pay money to Google unduly.
Industry reports in 2006 claimed that approximately 14 to 20 percent of clicks were
fraudulent or invalid.[125] Google Search Console (rebranded from Google Webmaster
Tools in May 2015) allows webmasters to check the sitemap, crawl rate, and for security
issues of their websites, as well as optimize their website's visibility.
Consumer services
Web-based services
Google offers Gmail for email,[126] Google Calendar for time-management and
scheduling,[127] Google Maps for mapping, navigation and satellite imagery,[128] Google
Drive for cloud storage of files,[129] Google Docs, Sheets and Slides for productivity,
[129]
 Google Photos for photo storage and sharing,[130] Google Keep for note-taking,
[131]
 Google Translate for language translation,[132] YouTube for video viewing and sharing,
[133]
 Google My Business for managing public business information, [134] and Duo for social
interaction.[135] In March 2019, Google unveiled a cloud gaming service named Stadia.
[100]
 A job search product has also existed since before 2017, [136][137][138] Google for Jobs is an
enhanced search feature that aggregates listings from job boards and career sites.[139][140]
Some Google services are not web-based. Google Earth, launched in 2005, allowed
users to see high-definition satellite pictures from all over the world for free through a
client software downloaded to their computers.[141]
Software
Google develops the Android mobile operating system,[142] as well as its smartwatch,
[143]
 television,[144] car,[145] and Internet of things-enabled smart devices variations.[146]
It also develops the Google Chrome web browser,[147] and Chrome OS, an operating
system based on Chrome.[148]
Hardware

Google Pixel smartphones on display in a store

In January 2010, Google released Nexus One, the first Android phone under its own
brand.[149] It spawned a number of phones and tablets under the "Nexus" branding[150] until
its eventual discontinuation in 2016, replaced by a new brand called Pixel.[151]
In 2011, the Chromebook was introduced, which runs on Chrome OS.[152]
In July 2013, Google introduced the Chromecast dongle, which allows users to stream
content from their smartphones to televisions. [153][154]
In June 2014, Google announced Google Cardboard, a simple cardboard viewer that
lets user place their smartphone in a special front compartment to view virtual
reality (VR) media.[155][156]
Other hardware products include:

 Nest, a series of voice assistant smart speakers that

can answer voice queries, play music, find information
from apps (calendar, weather etc.), and control third-
party smart home appliances (users can tell it to turn
on the lights, for example). The Google Nest line
includes the original Google Home[157] (later succeeded
by the Nest Audio), the Google Home Mini (later
succeeded by the Nest Mini, the Google Home Max,
the Google Home Hub (later rebranded as the Nest
Hub), and the Nest Hub Max.
 Nest Wifi (originally Google Wifi), a connected set
of Wi-Fi routers to simplify and extend coverage of
home Wi-Fi.[158]
Enterprise services
Main articles: Google Workspace and Google Cloud Platform
Google Workspace (formerly G Suite until October 2020[159]) is a monthly subscription
offering for organizations and businesses to get access to a collection of Google's
services, including Gmail, Google Drive and Google Docs, Google Sheets and Google
Slides, with additional administrative tools, unique domain names, and 24/7 support. [160]
On September 24, 2012,[161] Google launched Google for Entrepreneurs, a largely not-
for-profit business incubator providing startups with co-working spaces known as
Campuses, with assistance to startup founders that may include workshops,
conferences, and mentorships.[162] Presently, there are seven Campus
locations: Berlin, London, Madrid, Seoul, São Paulo, Tel Aviv, and Warsaw.
On March 15, 2016, Google announced the introduction of Google Analytics 360 Suite,
"a set of integrated data and marketing analytics products, designed specifically for the
needs of enterprise-class marketers" which can be integrated with BigQuery on the
Google Cloud Platform. Among other things, the suite is designed to help "enterprise
class marketers" "see the complete customer journey", generate "useful insights", and
"deliver engaging experiences to the right people". [163] Jack Marshall of The Wall Street
Journal wrote that the suite competes with existing marketing cloud offerings by
companies including Adobe, Oracle, Salesforce, and IBM.[164]
Internet services
In February 2010, Google announced the Google Fiber project, with experimental plans
to build an ultra-high-speed broadband network for 50,000 to 500,000 customers in one
or more American cities.[165][166] Following Google's corporate restructure to make Alphabet
Inc. its parent company, Google Fiber was moved to Alphabet's Access division.[167][168]
In April 2015, Google announced Project Fi, a mobile virtual network operator, that
combines Wi-Fi and cellular networks from different telecommunication providers in an
effort to enable seamless connectivity and fast Internet signal. [169][170]

Corporate affairs
Stock price performance and quarterly earnings
Google's initial public offering (IPO) took place on August 19, 2004. At IPO, the
company offered 19,605,052 shares at a price of $85 per share. [57][58] The sale of $1.67
billion gave Google a market capitalization of more than $23 billion.[61] The stock
performed well after the IPO, with shares hitting $350 for the first time on October 31,
2007,[171] primarily because of strong sales and earnings in the online advertising market.
[172]
 The surge in stock price was fueled mainly by individual investors, as opposed to
large institutional investors and mutual funds.[172] GOOG shares split into GOOG class C
shares and GOOGL class A shares.[173] The company is listed on the NASDAQ stock
exchange under the ticker symbols GOOGL and GOOG, and on the Frankfurt Stock
Exchange under the ticker symbol GGQ1. These ticker symbols now refer to Alphabet
Inc., Google's holding company, since the fourth quarter of 2015. [174]
In the third quarter of 2005, Google reported a 700% increase in profit, largely due to
large companies shifting their advertising strategies from newspapers, magazines, and
television to the Internet.[175][176][177]
For the 2006 fiscal year, the company reported $10.492 billion in total advertising
revenues and only $112 million in licensing and other revenues. [178] In 2011, 96% of
Google's revenue was derived from its advertising programs. [179]
Google generated $50 billion in annual revenue for the first time in 2012, generating $38
billion the previous year. In January 2013, then-CEO Larry Page commented, "We
ended 2012 with a strong quarter ... Revenues were up 36% year-on-year, and 8%
quarter-on-quarter. And we hit $50 billion in revenues for the first time last year – not a
bad achievement in just a decade and a half." [180]
Google's consolidated revenue for the third quarter of 2013 was reported in mid-October
2013 as $14.89 billion, a 12 percent increase compared to the previous quarter.
[181]
 Google's Internet business was responsible for $10.8 billion of this total, with an
increase in the number of users' clicks on advertisements. [182] By January 2014, Google's
market capitalization had grown to $397 billion.[183]
Tax avoidance strategies
Further information: Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland §  Multinational tax
schemes, and Google tax
Google uses various tax avoidance strategies. On the list of the largest information
technology companies, it pays the lowest taxes to the countries of origin of its revenues.
Google between 2007 and 2010 saved $3.1 billion in taxes by shuttling non-U.S. profits
through Ireland and the Netherlands and then to Bermuda. Such techniques lower its
non-U.S. tax rate to 2.3 per cent, while normally the corporate tax rate in, for instance,
the UK is 28 per cent.[184] This has reportedly sparked a French investigation into
Google's transfer pricing practices.[185]
Google said it overhauled its controversial global tax structure and consolidated all of its
intellectual property holdings back to the US.[186]
Google Vice-President Matt Brittin testified to the Public Accounts Committee of the UK
House of Commons that his UK sales team made no sales and hence owed no sales
taxes to the UK.[187] In January 2016, Google reached a settlement with the UK to pay
£130m in back taxes plus higher taxes in future.[188] In 2017, Google channeled $22.7
billion from the Netherlands to Bermuda to reduce its tax bill. [189]
In 2013, Google ranked 5th in lobbying spending, up from 213th in 2003. In 2012, the
company ranked 2nd in campaign donations of technology and Internet sections. [190]
Corporate identity
Further information: History of Google §  Name, Google (verb), Google logo, Google
Doodle, List of Google April Fools' Day jokes, and List of Google Easter eggs

Google's logo from 2013 to 2015

The name "Google" originated from a misspelling of "googol",[191][192] which refers to the

number represented by a 1 followed by one-hundred zeros. Page and Brin write in their
original paper on PageRank:[28] "We chose our systems name, Google, because it is a
common spelling of googol, or 10100 and fits well with our goal of building very large-
scale search engines." Having found its way increasingly into everyday language, the
verb "google" was added to the Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary and the Oxford
English Dictionary in 2006, meaning "to use the Google search engine to obtain
information on the Internet."[193][194] Google's mission statement, from the outset, was "to
organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful", [195] and
its unofficial slogan is "Don't be evil".[196] In October 2015, a related motto was adopted in
the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase: "Do the right thing". [197] The
original motto was retained in the code of conduct of Google, now a subsidiary of
Alphabet.
The original Google logo was designed by Sergey Brin.[198] Since 1998, Google has been
designing special, temporary alternate logos to place on their homepage intended to
celebrate holidays, events, achievements and people. The first Google Doodle was in
honor of the Burning Man Festival of 1998.[199][200] The doodle was designed by Larry
Page and Sergey Brin to notify users of their absence in case the servers crashed.
Subsequent Google Doodles were designed by an outside contractor, until Larry and
Sergey asked then-intern Dennis Hwang to design a logo for Bastille Day in 2000. From
that point onward, Doodles have been organized and created by a team of employees
termed "Doodlers".[201]
Google has a tradition of creating April Fools' Day jokes. Its first on April 1, 2000,
was Google MentalPlex which allegedly featured the use of mental power to search the
web.[202] In 2007, Google announced a free Internet service called TiSP, or Toilet Internet
Service Provider, where one obtained a connection by flushing one end of a fiber-
optic cable down their toilet.[203]
Google's services contain easter eggs, such as the Swedish Chef's "Bork bork
bork," Pig Latin, "Hacker" or leetspeak, Elmer Fudd, Pirate, and Klingon as language
selections for its search engine.[204] When searching for the word "anagram," meaning a
rearrangement of letters from one word to form other valid words, Google's suggestion
feature displays "Did you mean: nag a ram?" [205]
Workplace culture

Google employees marching in the Pride in London parade in 2016

On Fortune magazine's list of the best companies to work for, Google ranked first in
2007, 2008 and 2012,[206][207][208] and fourth in 2009 and 2010.[209][210] Google was also
nominated in 2010 to be the world's most attractive employer to graduating students in
the Universum Communications talent attraction index. [211] Google's corporate philosophy
includes principles such as "you can make money without doing evil," "you can be
serious without a suit," and "work should be challenging and the challenge should be
fun."[212]
As of September 30, 2020, Alphabet Inc. had 132,121 employees, [213] of which more than
100,000 worked for Google.[9] Google's 2020 diversity report states that 32 percent of its
workforce are women and 68 percent are men, with the ethnicity of its workforce being
predominantly white (51.7%) and Asian (41.9%).[214] Within tech roles, 23.6 percent were
women; and 26.7 percent of leadership roles were held by women. [215] In addition to its
100,000+ full-time employees, Google used about 121,000 temporary workers and
contractors, as of March 2019.[9]
Google's employees are hired based on a hierarchical system. Employees are split into
six hierarchies based on experience and can range "from entry-level data center
workers at level one to managers and experienced engineers at level six." [216] As a
motivation technique, Google uses a policy known as Innovation Time Off, where
Google engineers are encouraged to spend 20% of their work time on projects that
interest them. Some of Google's services, such as Gmail, Google News, Orkut,
and AdSense originated from these independent endeavors. [217] In a talk at Stanford
University, Marissa Mayer, Google's Vice-President of Search Products and User
Experience until July 2012, showed that half of all new product launches in the second
half of 2005 had originated from the Innovation Time Off. [218]
In 2005, articles in The New York Times[219] and other sources began suggesting that
Google had lost its anti-corporate, no evil philosophy. [220][221][222] In an effort to maintain the
company's unique culture, Google designated a Chief Culture Officer whose purpose
was to develop and maintain the culture and work on ways to keep true to the core
values that the company was founded on.[223] Google has also faced allegations
of sexism and ageism from former employees.[224][225] In 2013, a class action
against several Silicon Valley companies, including Google, was filed for alleged "no
cold call" agreements which restrained the recruitment of high-tech employees. [226] In a
lawsuit filed January 8, 2018, multiple employees and job applicants alleged Google
discriminated against a class defined by their “conservative political views[,] male
gender[,] and/or […] Caucasian or Asian race”.[227]
On January 25, 2020, the formation of an international workers union of Google
employees, Alpha Global, was announced.[228] The coalition is made up of "13 different
unions representing workers in 10 countries, including the United States, United
Kingdom, and Switzerland."[229] The group is affiliated with UNI Global Union, which
represents nearly 20 million international workers from various unions and federations.
The formation of the union is in response to persistent allegations of mistreatment of
Google employees and a toxic workplace culture. [229][230][227] Google had previously been
accused of surveilling and firing employees who were suspected of organizing a
workers union.[231] In 2021 court documents revealed that between 2018 and 2020
Google ran an anti-union campaign called Project Vivian to "convince them (employees)
that unions suck”.[232]
Office locations
Further information: Googleplex
Google's New York City office building houses its largest advertising sales team.

Google's Toronto office

Google's headquarters in Mountain View, California is referred to as "the Googleplex", a

play on words on the number googolplex and the headquarters itself being a complex of
buildings. Internationally, Google has over 78 offices in more than 50 countries. [233]
In 2006, Google moved into about 300,000 square feet (27,900 m2) of office space
at 111 Eighth Avenue in Manhattan, New York City. The office was designed and built
specially for Google, and houses its largest advertising sales team. [234] In 2010, Google
bought the building housing the headquarter, in a deal that valued the property at
around $1.9 billion.[235][236] In March 2018, Google's parent company Alphabet bought the
nearby Chelsea Market building for $2.4 billion. The sale is touted as one of the most
expensive real estate transactions for a single building in the history of New York. [237][238][239]
[240]
 In November 2018, Google announced its plan to expand its New York City office to
a capacity of 12,000 employees.[241] The same December, it was announced that a $1
billion, 1,700,000-square-foot (160,000 m2) headquarters for Google would be built in
Manhattan's Hudson Square neighborhood.[242][243] Called Google Hudson Square, the
new campus is projected to more than double the number of Google employees working
in New York City.[244]
By late 2006, Google established a new headquarters for its AdWords division in Ann
Arbor, Michigan.[245] In November 2006, Google opened offices on Carnegie Mellon's
campus in Pittsburgh, focusing on shopping-related advertisement coding
and smartphone applications and programs.[246][247] Other office locations in the U.S.
include Atlanta, Georgia; Austin, Texas; Boulder, Colorado; Cambridge,
Massachusetts; San Francisco, California; Seattle, Washington; Kirkland,
Washington; Birmingham, Michigan; Reston, Virginia, Washington, D.C.,
[248]
 and Madison, Wisconsin.[249]
Google's Dublin Ireland office, headquarters of Google Ads for Europe

It also has product research and development operations in cities around the world,
namely Sydney (birthplace location of Google Maps)[250] and London (part of Android
development).[251] In November 2013, Google announced plans for a
new London headquarter, a 1 million square foot office able to accommodate 4,500
employees. Recognized as one of the biggest ever commercial property acquisitions at
the time of the deal's announcement in January, [252] Google submitted plans for the new
headquarter to the Camden Council in June 2017.[253][254] In May 2015, Google announced
its intention to create its own campus in Hyderabad, India. The new campus, reported to
be the company's largest outside the United States, will accommodate 13,000
employees.[255][256]
Google's Global Offices sum a total of 85 Locations worldwide, [257] with 32 offices in
North America, 3 of them in Canada and 29 in United States Territory, California being
the state with the most Google's offices with 9 in total including the Googleplex. In
the Latin America Region Google counts with 6 offices, in Europe 24 (3 of them in UK),
The Asia Pacific region counts with 18 offices principally in India and China, and
the Africa Middle East region counts 5 offices.
North America

1. Ann Arbor   Michigan

2. Atlanta   Georgia
3. Austin   Texas
4. Boulder   Colorado
5. Boulder – Pearl Place   Colorado
6. Boulder – Walnut   Colorado
7. Cambridge   Massachusetts
8. Chapel Hill   North Carolina
9. Chicago – Carpenter   Illinois
10. Chicago – Fulton Market   Illinois
11. Detroit   Michigan
12. Irvine   California
13. Kirkland   Washington
14. Kitchener   Canada
15. Los Angeles   California
16. Madison   Wisconsin
 17. Miami   Florida
18. Montreal   Canada
19. Mountain View   California
20. New York   New York
21. Pittsburgh   Pennsylvania
22. Playa Vista   California
23. Portland   Oregon
24. Redwood City   California
25. Reston   Virginia
26. San Bruno   California
27. San Diego   California
28. San Francisco   California
29. Seattle   Washington
30. Sunnyvale   California
31. Toronto   Canada
32. Washington DC   District of Columbia
Latin America

1. Belo Horizonte   Brazil

2. Bogota   Colombia
3. Buenos Aires   Argentina
4. Mexico City   Mexico
5. Santiago   Chile
6. Sao Paulo   Brazil
Europe

1. Aarhus   Denmark
2. Amsterdam   Netherlands
3. Athens   Greece
4. Berlin   Germany
5. Brussels   Belgium
6. Copenhagen   Denmark
7. Dublin   Ireland
8. Hamburg   Germany
9. Lisbon   Portugal
10. London – 6PS   United Kingdom
11. London – BEL   United Kingdom
12. London – CSG   United Kingdom
13. Madrid   Spain
14. Milan   Italy
15. Moscow   Russia
16. Munich   Germany
17. Oslo   Norway
 18. Paris   France
19. Prague   Czech Republic
20. Stockholm   Sweden
21. Vienna   Austria
22. Warsaw   Poland
23. Wroclaw   Poland
24. Zurich    Switzerland
Asia Pacific

1. Bangalore   India
2. Bangkok   Thailand
3. Beijing   China
4. Guangzhou   China
5. Gurgaon   India
6. Hong Kong   Hong Kong
7. Hyderabad   India
8. Jakarta   Indonesia
9. Kuala Lumpur   Malaysia
10. Melbourne   Australia
11. Mumbai   India
12. Seoul   South Korea
13. Shanghai   China
14. Singapore   Singapore
15. Sydney   Australia
16. Taipei   Taiwan
17. Tokyo – RPG   Japan
18. Tokyo – STRM   Japan
Africa & Middle East

1. Dubai   United Arab Emirates

2. Haifa   Israel
3. Istanbul   Turkey
4. Johannesburg   South Africa
5. Tel Aviv   Israel
Infrastructure
Further information: Google data centers
Google data centers are located in North and South America, Asia, and Europe.
[258]
 There is no official data on the number of servers in Google data centers; however,
research and advisory firm Gartner estimated in a July 2016 report that Google at the
time had 2.5 million servers.[259] Traditionally, Google relied on parallel computing on
commodity hardware like mainstream x86 computers (similar to home PCs) to keep
costs per query low.[260][261][262] In 2005, it started developing its own designs, which were
only revealed in 2009.[262]
Google built its own private submarine communications cables; the first, named Curie,
connects California with Chile and was completed on November 15, 2019.[263][264] The
second fully Google-owned undersea cable, named Dunant, connects the United States
with France and is planned to begin operation in 2020. [265] Google's third subsea cable,
Equiano, will connect Lisbon, Portugal with Lagos, Nigeria and Cape Town, South
Africa.[266] The company's fourth cable, named Grace Hopper, connects landing points
in New York, US, Bude, UK and Bilbao, Spain, and is expected to become operational
in 2022.[267]
Environment
In October 2006, the company announced plans to install thousands of solar panels to
provide up to 1.6 Megawatt of electricity, enough to satisfy approximately 30% of the
campus' energy needs.[268][269] The system is the largest rooftop photovoltaic power
station constructed on a U.S. corporate campus and one of the largest on any corporate
site in the world.[268] Since 2007, Google has aimed for carbon neutrality in regard to its
operations.[270]
Google disclosed in September 2011 that it "continuously uses enough electricity to
power 200,000 homes", almost 260 million watts or about a quarter of the output of
a nuclear power plant. Total carbon emissions for 2010 were just under 1.5 million
metric tons, mostly due to fossil fuels that provide electricity for the data centers. Google
said that 25 percent of its energy was supplied by renewable fuels in 2010. An average
search uses only 0.3 watt-hours of electricity, so all global searches are only 12.5
million watts or 5% of the total electricity consumption by Google. [271]
In 2010, Google Energy made its first investment in a renewable energy project, putting
$38.8 million into two wind farms in North Dakota. The company announced the two
locations will generate 169.5 megawatts of power, enough to supply 55,000 homes. [272] In
February 2010, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission FERC granted Google an
authorization to buy and sell energy at market rates. [273] The corporation exercised this
authorization in September 2013 when it announced it would purchase all the electricity
produced by the not-yet-built 240-megawatt Happy Hereford wind farm. [274]
In July 2010, Google signed an agreement with an Iowa wind farm to buy 114
megawatts of power for 20 years.[275]
In December 2016, Google announced that—starting in 2017—it would purchase
enough renewable energy to match 100% of the energy usage of its data centers and
offices. The commitment will make Google "the world's largest corporate buyer of
renewable power, with commitments reaching 2.6 gigawatts (2,600 megawatts) of wind
and solar energy".[276][277][278]
In November 2017, Google bought 536 megawatts of wind power. The purchase made
the firm reach 100% renewable energy. The wind energy comes from two power plants
in South Dakota, one in Iowa and one in Oklahoma. [279] In September 2019, Google's
chief executive announced plans for a $2 billion wind and solar investment, the biggest
renewable energy deal in corporate history. This will grow their green energy profile by
40%, giving them an extra 1.6 gigawatt of clean energy, the company said. [280]
In September 2020, Google announced it had retroactively offset all of its carbon
emissions since the company's foundation in 1998. [281] It also committed to operating its
data centers and offices using only carbon-free energy by 2030. [282] In October 2020, the
company pledged to make the packaging for its hardware products 100% plastic-free
and 100% recyclable by 2025. It also said that all its final assembly manufacturing sites
will achieve a UL 2799 Zero Waste to Landfill certification by 2022 by ensuring that the
vast majority of waste from the manufacturing process is recycled instead of ending up
in a landfill.[283]
Google donates to politicians who deny climate change, including Jim Inhofe, and
sponsors climate change denial political groups including the State Policy Network and
the Competitive Enterprise Institute.[284][285][286]
Philanthropy
Main article: Google.org
In 2004, Google formed the not-for-profit philanthropic Google.org, with a start-up fund
of $1 billion.[287] The mission of the organization is to create awareness about climate
change, global public health, and global poverty. One of its first projects was to develop
a viable plug-in hybrid electric vehicle that can attain 100 miles per gallon. Google
hired Larry Brilliant as the program's executive director in 2004[288] and Megan Smith has
since replaced him as director.[289]
In March 2007, in partnership with the Mathematical Sciences Research
Institute (MSRI), Google hosted the first Julia Robinson Mathematics Festival at its
headquarters in Mountain View.[290] In 2011, Google donated 1 million euros
to International Mathematical Olympiad to support the next five annual International
Mathematical Olympiads (2011–2015). [291][292] In July 2012, Google launched a "Legalize
Love" campaign in support of gay rights.[293]
In 2008, Google announced its "project 10 100" which accepted ideas for how to help the
community and then allowed Google users to vote on their favorites. [294] After two years
of silence, during which many wondered what had happened to the program, [295] Google
revealed the winners of the project, giving a total of ten million dollars to various ideas
ranging from non-profit organizations that promote education to a website that intends
to make all legal documents public and online. [296]

Criticism and controversies

Main articles: Criticism of Google, Censorship by Google, and Privacy concerns
regarding Google
This section should include a better summary of Criticism of
Google. See Wikipedia:Summary style for information on how to properly
incorporate it into this article's main text. (April 2019)
San Francisco activists protest privately owned shuttle buses that transport workers for tech companies such
as Google from their homes in San Francisco and Oakland to corporate campuses in Silicon Valley.

Google's market dominance has led to prominent media coverage, including criticism of
Google over issues such as aggressive tax avoidance,[297] search neutrality, copyright,
censorship of search results and content,[298] and privacy.[299][300] Other criticisms include
alleged misuse and manipulation of search results, its use of others' intellectual
property, concerns that its compilation of data may violate people's privacy, and
the energy consumption of its servers, as well as concerns over traditional business
issues such as monopoly, restraint of trade, anti-competitive practices, and patent
infringement.
Google formerly complied with Internet censorship policies of the People's Republic of
China,[301] enforced by means of filters colloquially known as "The Great Firewall of
China", but no longer does so. As a result, all Google services except for Chinese
Google Maps are blocked from access within mainland China without the aid of virtual
private networks (VPNs), proxy servers, or other similar technologies. In August
2018, The Intercept reported that Google is developing for the People's Republic of
China a censored version of its search engine (known as Dragonfly) "that will blacklist
websites and search terms about human rights, democracy, religion, and peaceful
protest".[302][303] However, the project had been withheld due to privacy concerns. [304]
Following media reports about PRISM, the NSA's massive electronic surveillance
program, in June 2013, several technology companies were identified as participants,
including Google.[305] According to unnamed sources, Google joined the PRISM program
in 2009, as did its wholly-owned subsidiary YouTube in 2010.[306]
Google has worked with the United States Department of Defense on drone software
through the 2017 Project Maven that could be used to improve the accuracy of drone
strikes.[307] In April 2018, thousands of Google employees, including senior engineers,
signed a letter urging Google CEO Sundar Pichai to end this controversial contract with
the Pentagon.[308] Google ultimately decided not to renew this DoD contract, which was
set to expire in 2019.[309]
In July 2018, Mozilla program manager Chris Peterson accused Google of intentionally
slowing down YouTube performance on Firefox.[310][311] In April 2019, former Mozilla
executive Jonathan Nightingale accused Google of intentionally and systematically
sabotaging the Firefox browser over the past decade in order to boost adoption
of Google Chrome.[312]
In 2019, a hub for critics of Google dedicated to abstaining from using Google products
coalesced in the Reddit online community /r/degoogle.[313] The DeGoogle grassroots
campaign continues to grow as privacy activists highlight information about Google
products, and the associated incursion on personal privacy rights by the company.
In November 2019, the Office for Civil Rights of the United States Department of Health
and Human Services began investigation into Project Nightingale, to assess whether
the "mass collection of individuals’ medical records" complied with HIPAA.[314] According
to The Wall Street Journal, Google secretively began the project in 2018, with St. Louis-
based healthcare company Ascension.[315]
In a 2022 National Labor Relations Board ruling, court documents suggested that
Google sponsored a secretive project -- Project Vivian to counsel its employees and to
discourage them from forming unions.[316]
Anti-trust, privacy, and other litigation
Main article: Google litigation

The European Commission, which imposed three fines on Google in 2017, 2018, and 2019

Google has been involved in a number of lawsuits including the High-Tech Employee

Antitrust Litigation which resulted in Google being one of four companies to pay a $415
million settlement to employees.[317]
On June 27, 2017, the company received a record fine of €2.42 billion from
the European Union for "promoting its own shopping comparison service at the top of
search results."[318] Commenting on the penalty, New Scientist magazine said:
"The hefty sum – the largest ever doled out by the EU's competition regulators – will
sting in the short term, but Google can handle it. Alphabet, Google’s parent company,
made a profit of $2.5 billion (€2.2 billion) in the first six weeks of 2017 alone. The real
impact of the ruling is that Google must stop using its dominance as a search engine to
give itself the edge in another market: online price comparisons."
Google (Alphabet) disputed the ruling.[319] The hearing at the General Court of
Luxembourg was scheduled for 2020. The court is going to deliver the ultimate
judgment by the end of the year.[320]
On July 18, 2018,[321] the European Commission fined Google €4.34 billion for breaching
EU antitrust rules. The abuse of dominant position has been referred to Google's
constraint applied to Android device manufacturers and network operators to ensure
that traffic on Android devices goes to the Google search engine. On October 9, 2018,
Google confirmed[322] that it had appealed the fine to the General Court of the European
Union.[323]
On October 8, 2018, a class action lawsuit was filed against Google and Alphabet due
to "non-public" Google+ account data being exposed as a result of a bug that allowed
app developers to gain access to the private information of users. The litigation was
settled in July 2020 for $7.5 million with a payout to claimants of at least $5 each, with a
maximum of $12 each.[324][325][326]
On January 21, 2019, French data regulator CNIL imposed a record €50 million fine on
Google for breaching the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation. The
judgment claimed Google had failed to sufficiently inform users of its methods for
collecting data to personalize advertising. Google issued a statement saying it was
“deeply committed” to transparency and was “studying the decision” before determining
its response.[327]
On March 20, 2019, the European Commission imposed a €1.49 billion ($1.69 billion)
fine on Google for preventing rivals from being able to “compete and innovate fairly” in
the online advertising market.[328] European Union competition commissioner Margrethe
Vestager said Google had violated EU antitrust rules by “imposing anti-competitive
contractual restrictions on third-party websites” that required them to exclude search
results from Google's rivals. Kent Walker, Google's senior vice-president of global
affairs, said the company had “already made a wide range of changes to our products to
address the Commission’s concerns,” and that "we'll be making further updates to give
more visibility to rivals in Europe."[329]
After U.S. Congressional hearings in July 2020,[330] and a report from the U.S. House of
Representatives' Antitrust Subcommittee released in early October, [331] the United States
Department of Justice filed an antitrust lawsuit against Google on October 20, 2020,
asserting that it has illegally maintained its monopoly position in web search and search
advertising.[332][333] The lawsuit alleged that Google engaged in anticompetitive behavior by
paying Apple between $8 billion and $12 billion to be the default search engine on
iPhones.[334] Ken Paxton, the Texas Attorney General leading the suit, stated that
"Google is a trillion-dollar monopoly brazenly abusing its monopolistic power, going so
far as to induce senior Facebook executives to agree to a contractual scheme that
undermines the heart of [the] competitive process." In part, the suit challenges
Alphabet's capacity to fairly compete with the company in online advertising. No
Democratic politicians joined Mr. Paxion in the suit. The majority of the accusations
against Google involve their ad-tech software, of which Google owns the dominant tool
at every link in the chain connecting online publishers and advertisers. [335] Later that
month, both Facebook and Alphabet agreed to "cooperate and assist one another" in
the face of investigation into their online advertising practices. [336][337]
On 06 January 2022, France's data privacy regulatory body CNIL fined Alphabet's
Google a 150 million euros (US$169 million) for not allowing its internet users an easy
refusal of Cookies along with Facebook.[338]
Private browsing lawsuit
See also: Private browsing
In early June 2020, a $5 billion class-action lawsuit was filed against Google by a group
of consumers, alleging that Chrome’s Incognito browsing mode still collects their user
history.[339][340] The lawsuit became known in March 2021 when a federal judge denied
Google's request to dismiss the case, ruling that they must face the group’s charges. [341]
[342]
 Reuters reported that the lawsuit alleged that Google's CEO Sundar Pichai sought to
keep the users unaware of this issue.[343]

See also
 Outline of Google
 History of Google
 List of mergers and acquisitions by Alphabet
 List of Google products
 Google China
 Google logo
 Googlization
 Google.org
 Google ATAP

Notes
1. ^ Google was incorporated on September 4, 1998, however,
since 2002, the company has celebrated its anniversaries on
various days in September, most frequently on September 27.[1][2]
[3]
 The shift in dates reportedly happened to celebrate index-size
milestones in tandem with the birthday.[4]

References
1. ^ Fitzpatrick, Alex (September 4, 2014).  "Google Used to Be the
Company That Did 'Nothing But Search'".  Time.
2. ^ Telegraph Reporters (September 27, 2019). "When is
Google's birthday – and why are people confused?". The
Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022.
3. ^ Griffin, Andrew (September 27, 2019). "Google birthday: The
one big problem with the company's celebratory doodle".  The
Independent.
4. ^ Wray, Richard (September 5, 2008).  "Happy birthday
Google". The Guardian.
5. ^ Langley, Hugh (May 11, 2021). "Prabhakar Raghavan is the
surprisingly powerful exec running Google's most important
businesses. Insiders describe how he went from wonky Stanford
professor to CEO Sundar Pichai's most trusted lieutenant at
record speed".  Business Insider. Archived from the original  on
May 11, 2021.
6. ^ "Company – Google". January 16, 2015. Archived from  the
original on January 16, 2015. Retrieved  September 13,  2018.
7. ^ Claburn, Thomas (September 24, 2008).  "Google Founded By
Sergey Brin, Larry Page... And Hubert
Chang?!?". InformationWeek. UBM plc. Archived from the
original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
8. ^ "Locations— Google Jobs". Archived from the original on
September 30, 2013. Retrieved September 27, 2013.
9. ^ Jump up to:a b c Wakabayashi, Daisuke (May 28,
2019). "Google's Shadow Work Force: Temps Who Outnumber
Full-Time Employees (Published 2019)".  The New York
Times.  ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on
December 18, 2020. Retrieved  December 30, 2020.
10. ^ "Bloomberg - The 'Big Five' Could Destroy the Tech
Ecosystem".  Bloomberg.com. November 15, 2017.
Retrieved August 2, 2021.
Wall Street Journal (May 1, 2021). "Five Tech Giants Just Keep
Growing".  Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660.
Retrieved August 2, 2021.
Bary, Andrew. "Big 5 Tech Stocks Now Account for 23% of the
S&P 500".  www.barrons.com. Retrieved  August 2,  2021.
11. ^ Feiner, Lauren (December 3, 2019).  "Larry Page steps down
as CEO of Alphabet, Sundar Pichai to take over".  CNBC.
Retrieved June 16, 2021.
12. ^ "Google employees are forming a union". Android Police.
January 4, 2021. Retrieved  January 25,  2021.
13. ^ "The top 500 sites on the web".  Alexa Internet.
14. ^ "THE WORLD'S VALUABLE BRANDS".  Forbes.
15. ^ "BEST GLOBAL BRANDS". Interbrand.
16. ^ Jump up to:a b c d "How we started and where we are today -
Google". about.google.  Archived  from the original on April 22,
2020. Retrieved  April 24,  2021.
17. ^ Brezina, Corona (2013).  Sergey Brin, Larry Page, Eric
Schmidt, and Google (1st ed.). New York: Rosen Publishing
Group. p.  18. ISBN 9781448869114. LCCN 2011039480.
18. ^ Jump up to:a b c d "Our history in depth". Google Company.
Archived from  the original on April 1, 2012. Retrieved  July
15,  2017.
19. ^ Jump up to:a b Fisher, Adam (July 10, 2018). "Brin, Page, and
Mayer on the Accidental Birth of the Company that Changed
Everything".  Vanity Fair.  Archived  from the original on July 4,
2019. Retrieved  August 23,  2019.
20. ^ McHugh, Josh (January 1, 2003).  "Google vs.
Evil". Wired. Archived from the original on June 2, 2019.
Retrieved August 24, 2019.
21. ^ "Willow Garage Founder Scott Hassan Aims To Build A
Startup Village".  IEEE Spectrum. September 5,
2014.  Archived  from the original on August 24, 2019.
Retrieved September 1, 2019.
22. ^ D'Onfro, Jillian (February 13, 2016). "How a billionaire who
wrote Google's original code created a robot
revolution".  Business Insider.  Archived  from the original on
August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
23. ^ Page, Lawrence;  Brin, Sergey; Motwani, Rajeev; Winograd,
Terry (November 11, 1999). "The PageRank Citation Ranking:
Bringing Order to the Web".  Stanford University. Archived from
the original on November 18, 2009.
24. ^ "Helpful products. For everyone".  Google, Inc.  Archived  from
the original on February 10, 2010.
25. ^ Page, Larry  (August 18, 1997). "PageRank: Bringing Order to
the Web".  Stanford Digital Library Project. Archived from the
original on May 6, 2002. Retrieved  November 27, 2010.
26. ^ Battelle, John (August 2005). "The Birth of
Google". Wired. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012.
Retrieved October 12, 2010.
27. ^ "Backrub search engine at Stanford University". Archived
from  the original on December 24, 1996. Retrieved  March
12,  2011.
28. ^ Jump up to:a b Brin, Sergey; Page, Lawrence (1998).  "The
anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search
engine"  (PDF).  Computer Networks and ISDN Systems. 30 (1–
7): 107–117. CiteSeerX  10.1.1.115.5930.  doi:10.1016/S0169-
7552(98)00110-X.  ISSN  0169-7552. Archived  (PDF)  from the
original on September 27, 2015. Retrieved  April 7,  2019.
29. ^ ""About: RankDex"". Archived February 2, 2012,
at WebCite, RankDex
30. ^ "Method for node ranking in a linked database". Google
Patents. Archived from the original on October 15, 2015.
Retrieved October 19, 2015.
31. ^ Koller, David (January 2004). "Origin of the name
"Google"".  Stanford University. Archived from the original on
July 4, 2012.
32. ^ Hanley, Rachael (February 12, 2003). "From Googol to
Google". The Stanford Daily. Stanford University. Archived
from  the original on March 27, 2010. Retrieved  February
15,  2010.
33. ^ "Google! Beta website".  Google, Inc. Archived from the
original on February 21, 1999. Retrieved  October 12,  2010.
34. ^ Williamson, Alan (January 12, 2005). "An evening with
Google's Marissa Mayer". Alan Williamson. Archived from the
original on September 21, 2011. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
35. ^ "Google.com WHOIS, DNS, & Domain Info -
DomainTools".  WHOIS.  Archived  from the original on March 14,
2016.
36. ^ "Craig Silverstein's website".  Stanford University. Archived
from  the original on October 2, 1999. Retrieved  October
12,  2010.
37. ^ Kopytoff, Verne (September 7, 2008). "Craig Silverstein grew
a decade with Google". San Francisco Chronicle. Hearst
Communications, Inc. Archived from the original on October 20,
2012.
38. ^ Long, Tony (September 7, 2007). "Sept. 7, 1998: If the Check
Says 'Google Inc.,' We're 'Google Inc.'".  Wired.
39. ^ Jump up to:a b Kopytoff, Verne (April 29, 2004). "For early
Googlers, key word is $".  San Francisco
Chronicle.  Archived  from the original on September 19, 2009.
40. ^ Jump up to:a b Auletta, Ken (2010).  Googled: The End of the
World as We Know it (Reprint  ed.). New York, N.Y.: Penguin
Books. ISBN 9780143118046. OCLC  515456623. On
September 7, 1998, the day Google officially incorporated, he
[Shriram] wrote out a check for just over $250,000, one of four of
this size the founders received.
41. ^ Hosch, William L.; Hall, Mark. "Google Inc". Britannica.
Britannica.  Archived  from the original on February 20, 2019.
Retrieved March 17, 2019.
42. ^ "Google Receives $25  Million in Equity Funding"  (Press
release). Palo Alto, Calif. June 7, 1999.  Archived  from the
original on February 12, 2001. Retrieved February 16, 2009.
43. ^ Weinberger, Matt (October 12, 2015).  "Google's cofounders
are stepping down from their company. Here are 43 photos
showing Google's rise from a Stanford dorm room to global
 internet superpower".  Business Insider.  Axel Springer
SE.  Archived  from the original on August 19, 2017.
44. ^ "A building blessed with tech success".  CNET. CBS
Interactive.  Archived  from the original on May 23, 2017.
Retrieved July 15, 2017.
45. ^ Stross, Randall (September 2008).  "Introduction".  Planet
Google: One Company's Audacious Plan to Organize Everything
We Know. New York: Free Press. pp. 3–4.  ISBN  978-1-4165-
4691-7. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
46. ^ "Google Launches Self-Service Advertising Program". News
from Google. October 23, 2000. Archived from  the original on
April 1, 2012. Retrieved  July 15,  2017.
47. ^ Naughton, John (July 2, 2000). "Why's Yahoo gone to
Google? Search me". The Guardian. Archived from the original
on January 31, 2019. Retrieved  January 30,  2019  – via
www.theguardian.com.
48. ^ "Yahoo! Selects Google as its Default Search Engine Provider
– News announcements – News from Google –
Google". googlepress.blogspot.com. Archived from the original
on January 31, 2019. Retrieved  January 30,  2019.
49. ^ Google Server Assembly. Computer History Museum.
1999.  Archived  from the original on July 22, 2010.
Retrieved July 4, 2010.
50. ^ Olsen, Stephanie (July 11, 2003).  "Google's movin' on
up".  CNET. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on
October 20, 2012. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
51. ^ "Google to buy headquarters building from Silicon
Graphics". American City Business Journals. June 16,
2006.  Archived  from the original on April 18, 2010.
52. ^ Krantz, Michael (October 25, 2006).  "Do You
"Google"?".  Google, Inc.  Archived  from the original on May 30,
2012. Retrieved  February 17,  2010.
53. ^ Bylund, Anders (July 5, 2006).  "To Google or Not to
Google". msnbc.com. Archived from the original  on July 7,
2006. Retrieved  February 17,  2010.
54. ^ Meyer, Robinson (June 27, 2014). "The First Use of 'to
Google' on Television? Buffy the Vampire Slayer".  The Atlantic.
Retrieved June 30, 2021.
55. ^ Jump up to:a b Hosch, William L.; Hall, Mark. "Google
Inc".  Britannica. Britannica. Archived from the original on
February 20, 2019. Retrieved  March 17,  2019.
56. ^ Lashinsky, Adam (January 29, 2008).  "Google wins
again". Fortune. Time Warner. Archived from the original on
October 20, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2011.
57. ^ Jump up to:a b "GOOG Stock". Business Insider.
58. ^ Jump up to:a b "2004 Annual Report"  (PDF). Google, Inc.
Mountain View, California. 2004. p. 29.  Archived  (PDF) from the
original on February 2, 2012. Retrieved  February 19,  2010.
59. ^ La Monica, Paul R. (April 30, 2004).  "Google sets $2.7  billion
IPO".  CNN Money. Archived from the original on October 20,
2012. Retrieved  February 19,  2010.
60. ^ Kawamoto, Dawn (April 29, 2004).  "Want In on Google's
IPO?".  ZDNet. Archived from the original on February 2, 2012.
Retrieved February 19, 2010.
61. ^ Jump up to:a b Webb, Cynthia L. (August 19, 2004).  "Google's
IPO: Grate Expectations".  The Washington Post. Washington,
 D.C.  Archived  from the original on October 20, 2012.
Retrieved February 19, 2010.
62. ^ Arrington, Michael (October 9, 2006). "Google Has Acquired
YouTube".  TechCrunch. AOL. Archived from the original on
March 16, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
63. ^ Sorkin, Andrew Ross; Peters, Jeremy W. (October 9,
2006). "Google to Acquire YouTube for $1.65 Billion". The New
York Times.  Archived  from the original on June 9, 2017.
Retrieved March 15, 2017.
64. ^ Arrington, Michael (November 13, 2006). "Google Closes
YouTube Acquisition". TechCrunch.  AOL.  Archived  from the
original on March 16, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
65. ^ Auchard, Eric (November 14, 2006).  "Google closes YouTube
deal".  Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on
March 16, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
66. ^ Lawsky, David (March 11, 2008).  "Google closes DoubleClick
merger after EU approval".  Reuters.
67. ^ Story, Louise; Helft, Miguel (April 14, 2007).  "Google Buys
DoubleClick for $3.1 Billion". The New York
Times.  Archived  from the original on April 4, 2017.
Retrieved March 9, 2017.
68. ^ Worstall, Tim (June 22, 2011). "Google Hits One Billion
Visitors in Only One Month". Forbes.
69. ^ Efrati, Amir (June 21, 2011). "Google Notches One Billion
Unique Visitors Per Month".  The Wall Street Journal.
70. ^ "Google Completes Takeover of Motorola
Mobility". IndustryWeek. Agence France-Presse. May 22, 2012.
71. ^ Tsukayama, Hayley (August 15, 2011). "Google agrees to
acquire Motorola Mobility". The Washington Post.  Archived  from
the original on November 13, 2012.
72. ^ "Google to Acquire Motorola Mobility  — Google Investor
Relations". Google.  Archived  from the original on August 17,
2011. Retrieved  August 17,  2011.
73. ^ Page, Larry  (August 15, 2011). "Official Google Blog:
Supercharging Android: Google to Acquire Motorola
Mobility". Official Google Blog.  Archived  from the original on
July 28, 2012.
74. ^ Hughes, Neil (August 15, 2011).  "Google CEO:
'Anticompetitive' Apple, Microsoft forced Motorola
deal".  AppleInsider.  Archived  from the original on December 10,
2011.
75. ^ Cheng, Roger (August 15, 2011). "Google to buy Motorola
Mobility for $12.5B".  CNet News. Archived from the original on
October 6, 2011. Retrieved  August 15,  2011.
76. ^ Kerr, Dara (July 25, 2013). "Google reveals it spent $966
million in Waze acquisition". CNET. CBS
Interactive.  Archived  from the original on February 16, 2017.
Retrieved June 12, 2017.
77. ^ Lunden, Ingrid (June 11, 2013).  "Google Bought Waze For
$1.1B, Giving A Social Data Boost To Its Mapping
Business". TechCrunch.  AOL.  Archived  from the original on July
6, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
78. ^ Wakefield, Jane (September 19, 2013).  "Google spin-off
Calico to search for answers to ageing". BBC
News.  Archived  from the original on September 19, 2013.
Retrieved September 20, 2013.
79. ^ Chowdhry, Amit (January 27, 2014).  "Google To Acquire
Artificial Intelligence Company
DeepMind". Forbes.  Archived  from the original on January 29,
2014. Retrieved  January 27,  2014.
80. ^ Helgren, Chris (January 27, 2014). "Google to buy artificial
intelligence company DeepMind".  Reuters. Archived from the
original on January 27, 2014. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
81. ^ Ribeiro, Jon (January 27, 2014). "Google buys artificial
intelligence company DeepMind".  PC World. Archived from the
original on January 30, 2014. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
82. ^ Opam, Kwame (January 26, 2014).  "Google buying AI startup
DeepMind for a reported $400 million". The Verge.  Vox
Media. Archived from the original on July 8, 2017.
Retrieved March 9, 2017.
83. ^ "Rankings - 2013 - Best Global Brands -
Interbrand". Interbrand. Archived from the original on October
22, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
84. ^ "Rankings - 2014 - Best Global Brands -
Interbrand". Interbrand. Archived from the original on November
3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
85. ^ "Rankings - 2015 - Best Global Brands -
Interbrand". Interbrand. Archived from the original on October
21, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
86. ^ "Rankings - 2016 - Best Global
Brands". Interbrand. Archived from the original on December
20, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
87. ^ Womack, Brian (August 10, 2015). "Google Rises After
Creating Holding Company Called Alphabet".  Bloomberg
L.P.  Archived  from the original on November 23, 2016.
Retrieved November 22,  2016.
88. ^ Barr, Alistair; Winkler, Rolf (August 10, 2015).  "Google
Creates Parent Company Called Alphabet in Restructuring".  The
Wall Street Journal.  Archived  from the original on November 28,
2016. Retrieved  November 22, 2016.
89. ^ Dougherty, Conor (August 10, 2015).  "Google to Reorganize
as Alphabet to Keep Its Lead as an Innovator".  The New York
Times.  Archived  from the original on October 19, 2016.
Retrieved November 22,  2016.
90. ^ Wakabayashi, Daisuke (August 8, 2017). ""Google Fires
Engineer Who Wrote Memo Questioning Women in Tech"". The
New York Times. Archived August 10, 2017, at the Wayback
Machine. The New York Times, August 7, 2017
91. ^ Wakabayashi, Daisuke (August 8, 2017). "Contentious Memo
Strikes Nerve Inside Google and Out". The New York
Times. Archived August 9, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. The
New York Times, August 8, 2017
92. ^ diversitymemo.com
93. ^ Friedersdorf, Conor (August 8, 2017).  "The Most Common
Error in Media Coverage of the Google Memo". The
Atlantic.  Archived  from the original on August 8, 2017.
Retrieved August 9, 2017.
94. ^ Bergen, Mark (November 22, 2019).  "Google Workers Protest
Company's 'Brute Force Intimidation'".  Bloomberg.com.
95. ^ Jump up to:a b Hollister, Sean (November 25, 2019). "Google is
accused of union busting after firing four employees". The
Verge. Retrieved  November 26, 2019.
96. ^ Welch, Chris (October 25, 2018).  "Google says 48 people
have been fired for sexual harassment in the last two
years". The Verge.  Archived  from the original on October 31,
2018. Retrieved  October 31,  2018.
97. ^ Hamilton, Isobel Asher; et  al. (November 1, 2018). "PHOTOS:
Google employees all over the world left their desk and walked
out in protest over sexual misconduct".  Business
Insider. Archived from the original on November 2, 2018.
Retrieved November 6,  2018.
98. ^ Segarra, Lisa Marie (November 3, 2018).  "More Than 20,000
Google Employees Participated in Walkout Over Sexual
Harassment Policy". Fortune.  Archived  from the original on
November 7, 2018. Retrieved  November 6, 2018.
99. ^ Liedtke, Michael (November 1, 2018). "Google workers walk
out to protest sexual misconduct". San Francisco, Calf.: Akron
Beacon/Journal. The Associated Press. Retrieved November
6, 2018.
100. ^ Jump up to:a b Warren, Tom (March 19, 2019).  "Google
unveils Stadia cloud gaming service, launches in 2019". The
Verge.  Archived  from the original on March 19, 2019.
Retrieved April 8, 2019.
101. ^ "Google shares take a dive with reports of US DoJ
'competition' probe".  www.theregister.com.
102. ^ "U.S. Files Antitrust Suit Against Google". NPR.org.
103. ^ Perez, Sarah (December 11, 2019).  "PayPal's exiting
COO Bill Ready to join Google as its new president of
Commerce".  TechCrunch.
104. ^ "Bloomberg - Google to Slow Hiring for Rest of 2020,
CEO Tells Staff".  www.bloomberg.com. April 15, 2020.
Retrieved April 16, 2020.
105. ^ "Google services including Gmail hit by serious
disruption".  Sky News.
106. ^ Li, Abner (November 12, 2020).  "YouTube is currently
down amid widespread outage".
107. ^ "YouTube back online, all services restored as Google
apologizes for 'system outage' |
TechRadar".  www.techradar.com. December 14, 2020.
108. ^ Jose, Renju (January 22, 2021).  "Google says to block
search engine in Australia if forced to pay for news". Reuters.
Retrieved January 22, 2021.
109. ^ "Google reportedly paid $20m for Ubisoft ports on
Stadia". GamesIndustry.biz. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
110. ^ "Google's Secret 'Project Bernanke' Revealed in Texas
Antitrust Case".  The Wall Street Journal. April 11, 2021.
Retrieved April 13, 2021.
111. ^ "Australian Government Plans to Curb Google's
Capability to Sell Targeted Ads - September 28, 2021".  Daily
News Brief. September 28, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
112. ^ Arrington, Michael (July 25, 2008).  "Google's Misleading
Blog Post: The Size Of The Web And The Size Of Their Index
Are Very Different". TechCrunch.  AOL.  Archived  from the
original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
113. ^ "comScore Releases November 2009 U.S. Search
Engine Rankings". December 16, 2006.  Archived  from the
original on February 25, 2010. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
114. ^ Schwartz, Barry (May 26, 2017). "Google Adds Personal
Tab To Search Filters". Search Engine Roundtable.
 RustyBrick. Archived from the original on May 27, 2017.
Retrieved May 27,  2017.
115. ^ Gartenberg, Chaim (May 26, 2017).  "Google adds new
Personal tab to search results to show Gmail and Photos
content".  The Verge. Vox Media. Archived from the original on
May 26, 2017. Retrieved  May 27, 2017.
116. ^ Macht, Joshua (September 30, 2002).  "Automatic for the
People".  Time. Archived from the original  on October 22, 2010.
Retrieved June 7, 2010.
117. ^ Martin, China (November 26, 2007). "Google hit with
second lawsuit over Library project".  InfoWorld. Archived from
the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
118. ^ Annualg report (Alphabet Inc.) - 2017. Alphabet Inc.
Investor relations. March 1, 2018.  Archived  from the original on
February 3, 2016. Retrieved  December 3, 2018.
119. ^ Nakashima, Ellen (August 12, 2008). "Some Web Firms
Say They Track Behavior Without Explicit Consent".  The
Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 12,
2012.
120. ^ Helft, Miguel (March 11, 2009). "Google to Offer Ads
Based on Interests". The New York Times. Archived from the
original on March 28, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
121. ^ "Google AdSense for Mobile unlocks the potential of the
mobile advertising market".  Google, Inc. September 17,
2007.  Archived  from the original on June 20, 2012.
Retrieved February 26, 2010.
122. ^ Bright, Peter (August 27, 2008). "Surfing on the sly with
IE8's new "InPrivate" Internet". Ars Technica.  Condé
Nast.  Archived  from the original on March 12, 2017.
Retrieved March 9, 2017.
123. ^ Beal, Vangie (December 21, 2010). "AdWords - Google
AdWords".  Webopedia. QuinStreet Inc. Archived from the
original on June 29, 2017. Retrieved May 27,  2017.
124. ^ Beal, Vangie (December 20, 2010). "AdSense - Google
AdSense".  Webopedia. QuinStreet Inc. Archived from the
original on May 2, 2017. Retrieved  May 27, 2017.
125. ^ Mills, Elinor (July 25, 2006).  "Google to offer advertisers
click fraud stats".  news.cnet.com. CNET.  Archived  from the
original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved  July 29,  2006.
126. ^ Gayomali, Chris (April 1, 2014). "When Gmail Launched
On April 1, 2004, People Thought It Was A Joke".  Fast
Company. Mansueto Ventures. Archived from the original on
October 18, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
127. ^ Vincent, James (January 5, 2017).  "Google Calendar
update makes it easier to track your New Year's fitness
goals". The Verge.  Vox Media.  Archived  from the original on
January 13, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
128. ^ Broussard, Mitchel (March 22, 2017).  "Google Maps
Introduces New Location Sharing Feature With Real-Time
Friend Tracking".  MacRumors.  Archived  from the original on
March 27, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
129. ^ Jump up to:a b Sottek, T.C. (April 24, 2012).  "Google Drive
officially launches with 5  GB free storage, Google Docs
integration".  The Verge. Vox Media. Archived from the original
on December 26, 2016. Retrieved  June 12,  2017.
130. ^ Perez, Sarah (May 28, 2015). "Google Photos Breaks
Free Of Google+, Now Offers Free, Unlimited
 Storage".  TechCrunch. AOL. Archived from the original on July
6, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
131. ^ Graziano, Dan (March 20, 2013).  "Google launches
Google Keep note-taking service [video]".  BGR.  Penske Media
Corporation.  Archived  from the original on October 8, 2016.
Retrieved June 12, 2017.
132. ^ Eadicicco, Lisa (November 16, 2016). "Google's
Translation App Is About To Get Much
Better".  Time.  Archived  from the original on April 1, 2017.
Retrieved June 12, 2017.
133. ^ Hamedy, Saba (February 28, 2017).  "People now spend
1 billion hours watching YouTube every
day". Mashable. Archived from the original on May 17, 2017.
Retrieved June 12, 2017.
134. ^ "Google My Business – Stand Out on Google for
Free". www.google.com.  Archived  from the original on February
7, 2019. Retrieved February 6,  2019.
135. ^ Levy, Steven (June 28, 2011). "Inside Google+ - How the
search giant plans to go social". Wired. Condé
Nast.  Archived  from the original on April 5, 2017.
Retrieved June 12, 2017.
136. ^ Zakrasek, Nick (2017). "Connecting more Americans with
jobs". blog.google.
137. ^ "Job Search on Google - Get Your Job Postings on
Google Today".  jobs.google.com.
138. ^ "Search Job Opportunities & Expand Career
Skills".  Grow With Google.
139. ^ Ryan, Robin (2019). "How To Use Google's Job Search
Feature To Land A Job".  forbes.com. Archived from the
original on August 6, 2019.
140. ^ "How to post job listings on the 'Google for Jobs' search
engine". Recruiting Resources: How to Recruit and Hire Better.
July 17, 2017.
141. ^ Clarke, Philippa; Ailshire, Jennifer; Melendez, Robert;
Bader, Michael; Morenoff, Jeffrey (2010).  "Using Google Earth
to conduct a neighborhood audit: reliability of a virtual audit
instrument".  Health & Place. 16 (6): 1224–
1229.  doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.08.007. PMC  2952684.  P
MID  20797897.
142. ^ Schonfeld, Erick (November 5, 2007). "Breaking: Google
Announces Android and Open Handset
Alliance".  TechCrunch. AOL. Archived from the original on June
22, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
143. ^ D'Orazio, Dante (March 18, 2014). "Google reveals
Android Wear, an operating system for smartwatches". The
Verge.  Vox Media.  Archived  from the original on February 10,
2017. Retrieved  April 4,  2017.
144. ^ Ong, Josh (June 25, 2014). "Google announces Android
TV to bring 'voice input, user experience and content' to the
living room". The Next Web. Archived from the original on
March 13, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
145. ^ Wilhelm, Alex (June 25, 2014).  "Google Announces
Android Auto, Promises Enabled Cars By The End Of
2014". TechCrunch.  AOL.  Archived  from the original on June
22, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
146. ^ Kastrenakes, Jacob (December 13, 2016).  "Android
Things is Google's new OS for smart devices".  The Verge. Vox
 Media. Archived from the original on February 17, 2017.
Retrieved April 4, 2017.
147. ^ Pichai, Sundar; Upson, Linus (September 1, 2008). "A
fresh take on the browser". Official Google Blog.  Archived  from
the original on March 15, 2016. Retrieved  November 22, 2016.
148. ^ Pichai, Sundar; Upson, Linus (July 7, 2009). "Introducing
the Google Chrome OS".  Official Google Blog. Archived from
the original on November 22, 2016. Retrieved  November
22,  2016.
149. ^ Siegler, MG (January 5, 2010).  "The Droid You're
Looking For: Live From The Nexus One
Event".  TechCrunch. AOL. Archived from the original on
November 23, 2016. Retrieved  November 22, 2016.
150. ^ Ion, Florence (May 15, 2013). "From Nexus One to
Nexus 10: a brief history of Google's flagship devices".  Ars
Technica.  Condé Nast. Archived from the original on June 24,
2017. Retrieved  June 12,  2017.
151. ^ Bohn, Dieter (October 4, 2016). "The Google Phone: The
inside story of Google's bold bet on hardware".  The Verge. Vox
Media. Archived from the original on January 6, 2017.
Retrieved June 12, 2017.
152. ^ Pichai, Sundar; Upson, Linus (May 11, 2011).  "A new
kind of computer: Chromebook". Official Google
Blog. Archived from the original on November 22, 2016.
Retrieved November 22,  2016.
153. ^ Robertson, Adi (July 24, 2013).  "Google reveals
Chromecast: video streaming to your TV from any device for
$35".  The Verge. Vox Media. Archived from the original on
December 26, 2016. Retrieved  November 29, 2016.
154. ^ "Google Chromecast takes on streaming content to
TV". BBC News. BBC. July 31, 2013.  Archived  from the original
on November 29, 2016. Retrieved  November 29, 2016.
155. ^ O'Toole, James (June 26, 2014).  "Google's cardboard
virtual-reality goggles".  CNN.  Archived  from the original on
November 29, 2016. Retrieved  November 29, 2016.
156. ^ Kain, Erik (June 26, 2014).  "Google Cardboard Is
Google's Awesomely Weird Answer To Virtual
Reality". Forbes.  Archived  from the original on November 29,
2016. Retrieved  November 29, 2016.
157. ^ Bohn, Dieter (October 4, 2016). "Google Home is smart,
loud, and kind of cute". The Verge.  Vox Media.  Archived  from
the original on October 7, 2016. Retrieved  October 8,  2016.
158. ^ Bohn, Dieter (October 4, 2016). "The Google Wifi routers
are little white pucks you can scatter throughout your
house".  The Verge. Vox Media. Archived from the original on
October 7, 2016. Retrieved  October 8,  2016.
159. ^ "Announcing Google Workspace, everything you need to
get it done, in one location". Google Cloud Blog.
Retrieved October 24, 2020.
160. ^ "Choose a Plan".  G Suite by Google
Cloud. Archived from the original on December 12, 2016.
Retrieved December 2,  2016.
161. ^ "Celebrating the spirit of entrepreneurship with the new
Google for Entrepreneurs". Official Google Blog. September 24,
2012.  Archived  from the original on March 20, 2018.
Retrieved March 20, 2018.
162. ^ Fell, Jason (September 27, 2012). "How Google Wants
to Make Starting Up Easier for
Entrepreneurs". Entrepreneur.  Archived  from the original on
March 20, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
163. ^ Muret, Paul (March 15, 2016). "Introducing the Google
Analytics 360 Suite".  Archived  from the original on January 12,
2017. Retrieved  January 22,  2017.
164. ^ Marshall, Jack (March 15, 2016). "Google Launches New
Data Tools for Marketers".  The Wall Street
Journal.  Archived  from the original on November 13, 2016.
Retrieved January 22, 2017.
165. ^ Ingersoll, Minnie; Kelly, James (February 10,
2010). "Think big with a gig: Our experimental fiber
network".  Official Google Blog. Archived from the original on
November 29, 2016. Retrieved  November 29, 2016.
166. ^ Schonfeld, Erick (February 10, 2010).  "Google Plans To
Deliver 1Gb/sec Fiber-Optic Broadband Network To More Than
50,000 Homes".  TechCrunch. AOL. Archived from the original
on November 29, 2016. Retrieved  November 29, 2016.
167. ^ McLaughlin, Kevin (August 25, 2016). "Inside the Battle
Over Google Fiber".  The Information. Archived from the original
on November 29, 2016. Retrieved  November 29, 2016.
168. ^ Statt, Nick (August 25, 2016).  "Alphabet is putting serious
pressure on Google Fiber to cut costs". The Verge.  Vox
Media. Archived from the original on November 29, 2016.
Retrieved November 29,  2016.
169. ^ Fox, Nick (April 22, 2015). "Say hi to Fi: A new way to
say hello".  Official Google Blog. Archived from the original on
November 29, 2016. Retrieved  November 29, 2016.
170. ^ Goldman, David (April 22, 2015). "Google launches
'Project Fi' wireless service". CNN. Archived from the original on
November 29, 2016. Retrieved  November 29, 2016.
171. ^ Hancock, Jay (October 31, 2007). "Google shares hit
$700". The Baltimore Sun.  Archived  from the original on
February 2, 2012. Retrieved  November 27, 2010.
172. ^ Jump up to:a b La Monica, Paul R. (May 25,
2005). "Bowling for Google". CNN.  Archived  from the original on
February 2, 2012. Retrieved  February 28,  2007.
173. ^ "This could cost Google more than $500 million".  CNBC.
April 2, 2015.  Archived  from the original on December 26, 2015.
Retrieved December 30,  2015.
174. ^ Pramuk, Jacob (August 10, 2015).  "Google to become
part of new company, Alphabet".  CNBC.  Archived  from the
original on August 11, 2015. Retrieved  August 11,  2015.
175. ^ Vise, David (October 21, 2005).  "Online Ads Give Google
Huge Gain in Profit".  The Washington Post. Archived from the
original on October 20, 2016. Retrieved November 27,  2016.
176. ^ La Monica, Paul R. (October 21, 2005).  "All signals go for
Google". CNN.
177. ^ "Google shares jump on big profit increase". CBC News.
October 21, 2005.
178. ^ "Form 10-K – Annual Report". SEC.  Archived  from the
original on November 6, 2010. Retrieved  July 5,  2010.
179. ^ "Google Inc, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date
January 26, 2012"  (PDF).
secdatabase.com.  Archived  (PDF) from the original on May 2,
2013. Retrieved  March 8,  2013.
180. ^ Fiegerman, Seth (January 22, 2013).  "Google Has Its
First $50 Billion Year". Mashable. Archived from the original on
December 1, 2016. Retrieved  November 30, 2016.
181. ^ Whitwam, Ryan (October 18, 2013). "Google Beats
Analyst Estimates For Third Quarter Results, Stock Passes
$1000 Per Share". Android Police.  Archived  from the original on
March 16, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
182. ^ "Google earnings up 12% in third quarter even as
Motorola losses deepen".  The Guardian. Reuters. October 17,
2013. Archived from the original  on October 17, 2013.
Retrieved October 18, 2013.
183. ^ "Google Overview". Marketwatch.  Archived  from the
original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved  February 2, 2014.
184. ^ Metz, Cade (October 22, 2010). "Google slips $3.1bn
through 'Double Irish' tax loophole".  The
Register.  Archived  from the original on July 6, 2017.
Retrieved August 10, 2017.
185. ^ Leach, Anna (October 31, 2012).  "French gov 'plans to
hand Google €1bn tax bill'  – report".
Theregister.co.uk. Archived from the original on January 4,
2013. Retrieved  January 2,  2013.
186. ^ Waters, Richard (January 2, 2020). "Google to end use
of 'double Irish' as tax loophole set to close".  Financial Times.
187. ^ Brid-Aine Parnell (May 17, 2013). "I think you DO do evil,
using smoke and mirrors to avoid tax".
Theregister.co.uk. Archived from the original on December 26,
2013. Retrieved  March 13,  2014.
188. ^ John Gapper (January 23, 2016).  "Google strikes £130m
back tax deal". FT.com. Archived from the original on January
24, 2016. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
189. ^ Bart Meijer (January 3, 2019).  "Google shifted $23 billion
to tax haven Bermuda in 2017: filing".  Reuters. Archived from
the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved  January
3, 2019.  Google moved 19.9 billion euros ($22.7 billion) through
a Dutch shell company to Bermuda in 2017, as part of an
arrangement that allows it to reduce its foreign tax bill
190. ^ Hamburger, Tom; Gold, Matea (April 13, 2014).  "Google,
once disdainful of lobbying, now a master of Washington
influence". The Washington Post.  Archived  from the original on
October 27, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
191. ^ Koller, David. ""Origin of the name,
"Google."". Archived 2012-07-04 at WebCite Stanford
University. January, 2004.
192. ^ Hanley, Rachael. ""From Googol to Google: Co-founder
returns". Archived March 30, 2010, at the Wayback
Machine." The Stanford Daily. February 12, 2003. Retrieved on
August 26, 2010.
193. ^ Harris, Scott D. (July 7, 2006). "Dictionary adds verb: to
google". San Jose Mercury News. Archived from the original  on
February 6, 2007. Retrieved  July 7,  2006.
194. ^ Bylund, Anders (July 5, 2006).  "To Google or Not to
Google". The Motley Fool. Archived from  the original on July 7,
2006. Retrieved  July 7,  2006  – via  MSNBC.
195. ^ Gibbs, Samuel (November 3, 2014).  "Google has
'outgrown' its 14-year old mission statement, says Larry
Page".  The Guardian.  Archived  from the original on March 26,
2017. Retrieved  March 25,  2017.
196. ^ "Google Code of Conduct".  Alphabet Investor Relations.
Alphabet Inc. April 11, 2012. Archived from the original on
February 11, 2017. Retrieved  March 25,  2017.
197. ^ Lawler, Richard (October 2, 2015). "Alphabet replaces
Google's 'Don't be evil' with 'Do the right
thing'". Engadget. AOL. Archived from the original on July 1,
2017. Retrieved  March 25,  2017.
198. ^ "Happy Birthday Google!". ndtv.com. NDTV Convergence
Limited. Archived from the original on April 7, 2019.
Retrieved April 28, 2016.
199. ^ "Doodle 4 Google".  Archived  from the original on April
27, 2014. Retrieved April 23, 2014.
200. ^ "Burning Man Festival". August 30, 1998. Archived from
the original on April 25, 2014. Retrieved  April 23,  2014.
201. ^ "Meet the people behind the Google Doodles". The
Guardian. April 12, 2014. Archived from the original on October
6, 2014. Retrieved September 27, 2014.
202. ^ "Google MentalPlex". Google, Inc. April 1,
2000.  Archived  from the original on September 21, 2010.
Retrieved July 5, 2010.
203. ^ "Welcome to Google TiSP". Google, Inc. April 1,
2007.  Archived  from the original on July 9, 2010. Retrieved  July
5, 2010.
204. ^ "Language Tools". Google, Inc. Archived from the
original on June 12, 2009. Retrieved  July 4,  2010.
205. ^ "anagram search". Google, Inc.  Archived  from the
original on June 24, 2013. Retrieved September 22, 2010.
206. ^ Levering, Robert; Moskowitz, Milton (January 22,
2007). Serwer, Andrew  (ed.). "In good company".  Fortune
Magazine. 155 (1): 94–6, 100, 102
passim. PMID 17256628.  Archived  from the original on March
1, 2010. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
207. ^ Levering, Robert; Moskowitz, Milton (February 4,
2008). Serwer, Andrew  (ed.). "The 2008 list".  Fortune
Magazine. 157 (2). Archived from the original on July 23, 2010.
Retrieved June 19, 2010.
208. ^ "The 2012 list".  Fortune Magazine. Archived from the
original on October 31, 2012. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
209. ^ Levering, Robert; Moskowitz, Milton (February 2,
2009). Serwer, Andrew  (ed.). "The 2009 list".  Fortune
Magazine. 159 (2). Archived from the original on July 26, 2010.
Retrieved June 19, 2010.
210. ^ Levering, Robert; Moskowitz, Milton (February 8,
2010). Serwer, Andrew  (ed.). "The 2010 list".  Fortune
Magazine. 161 (2). Archived from the original on June 18, 2010.
Retrieved June 19, 2010.
211. ^ "The World's Most Attractive Employers 2010".
Universum Global. September 28, 2010. Archived from  the
original on November 12, 2010. Retrieved  October 28,  2010.
212. ^ "Our Philosophy". Google, Inc.  Archived  from the original
on July 9, 2010. Retrieved  June 20,  2010.
213. ^ "Alphabet Q3 2020 10-Q Report"  (PDF). Alphabet
Inc.  Archived  (PDF) from the original on December 30, 2020.
Retrieved December 30,  2020.
214. ^ Nieva, Richard; Carson, Erin (May 5, 2020).  "Google's
diversity numbers show incremental progress". CNET.
Retrieved January 1, 2021.
215. ^ "Google Diversity Annual Report 2020". Google.
2020.  Archived  from the original on December 16, 2020.
Retrieved January 1, 2021.
216. ^ Wakabayashi, Daisuke (September 8, 2017). "Google
workers collected data showing their male colleagues make
more than women".  CNBC.  Archived  from the original on
September 26, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
217. ^ Mediratta, Bharat; Bick, Julie (October 21, 2007). "The
Google Way: Give Engineers Room".  The New York
Times.  Archived  from the original on April 2, 2017.
Retrieved March 9, 2017.
218. ^ Mayer, Marissa (speaker) (June 30, 2006). Marissa
Mayer at Stanford University (Seminar). Martin Lafrance. Event
occurs at 11:33.  Archived  from the original on August 16, 2010.
Retrieved June 20, 2010.  Fifty percent of what Google launched
in the second half of 2005 actually got built out of 20% time.
219. ^ Rivlin, Gary (August 24, 2005).  "Relax, Bill Gates; It's
Google's Turn as the Villain".  The New York
Times.  Archived  from the original on April 3, 2017.
Retrieved March 9, 2017.
220. ^ Utz, Richard (2013). "The Good Corporation? Google's
Medievalism and Why It Matters".  Studies in Medievalism. 23:
21–28.
221. ^ Gibson, Owen; Wray, Richard (August 25,
2005). "Search giant may outgrow its fans".  The Sydney
Morning Herald.  Archived  from the original on May 17, 2010.
Retrieved November 27,  2010.
222. ^ Ranka, Mohit (May 17, 2007). "Google  – Don't Be Evil".
OSNews.  Archived  from the original on July 6, 2010.
Retrieved November 27,  2010.
223. ^ Mills, Elinor (April 30, 2007).  "Google's culture
czar".  ZDNet. Archived from  the original on October 31, 2010.
Retrieved November 27,  2010.
224. ^ Kawamoto, Dawn (July 27, 2005).  "Google hit with job
discrimination lawsuit".  CNET. CBS Interactive.
Retrieved November 27,  2010.
225. ^ "Google accused of ageism in reinstated lawsuit". ctv.ca.
October 6, 2007.  Archived  from the original on October 11,
2007. Retrieved  January 22,  2017.
226. ^ Rosenblatt, Seth (May 16, 2014). "Judge approves first
payout in antitrust wage-fixing lawsuit".  CNET. CBS
Interactive.  Archived  from the original on February 2, 2017.
Retrieved January 22, 2017.
227. ^ Jump up to:a b "Damore, et al. v. Google -
FAC"  (PDF). www.dhillonlaw.com. Retrieved December
12,  2020.
228. ^ "Google Unions Announce Global Alliance: "Together, we
will change Alphabet"". UNI Global Union. Retrieved January
25,  2021.
229. ^ Jump up to:a b Schiffer, Zoe (January 25,
2021). "Exclusive: Google workers across the globe announce
international union alliance to hold Alphabet accountable".  The
Verge. Retrieved  January 25,  2021.
230. ^ Ghaffary, Shirin (September 9, 2019). "Dozens of Google
employees say they were retaliated against for reporting
harassment". Vox. Retrieved  January 25,  2021.
231. ^ Rahman, Rema (December 2, 2020).  "Google illegally
surveilled and fired organizers, NLRB complaint
alleges". TheHill. Retrieved  January 25,  2021.
232. ^ "Google Had Secret Project to 'Convince' Employees
'That Unions Suck'". www.vice.com. Retrieved January
10,  2022.
233. ^ "Google: Our Offices". Archived from the original on July
26, 2018. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
234. ^ Reardon, Marguerite (October 11, 2006).  "Google takes
a bigger bite of Big Apple".  CNET. CBS
Interactive.  Archived  from the original on October 12, 2016.
Retrieved June 13, 2017.
235. ^ Grant, Peter (December 3, 2010). "Google to Buy New
York Office Building". The Wall Street Journal.  Dow Jones &
Company.  Archived  from the original on October 10, 2016.
236. ^ Gustin, Sam (December 22, 2010). "Google buys giant
New York building for $1.9 billion".  Wired.  Condé
Nast.  Archived  from the original on January 2, 2017.
Retrieved June 13, 2017.
237. ^ "Google buys NYC's Chelsea Market building for $2.4
bn".  Archived  from the original on June 13, 2018.
Retrieved June 1, 2018.
238. ^ "Google bought Manhattan's Chelsea Market building for
$2.4 billion – TechCrunch". techcrunch.com.  Archived  from the
original on June 8, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
239. ^ Reuters Editorial. "Google closes $2.4 billion Chelsea
Market deal to expand New York..." U.S.  Archived  from the
original on May 27, 2018. Retrieved  June 1,  2018.
240. ^ "Report: Alphabet Is Buying Chelsea Market for Over
$2B". PCMag UK. February 9, 2018.  Archived  from the original
on June 13, 2018. Retrieved  June 1,  2018.
241. ^ Grant, Douglas MacMillan, Eliot Brown and
Peter. "Google Plans Large New York City
Expansion".  WSJ. Archived from the original on November 8,
2018. Retrieved  November 8, 2018.
242. ^ "Google To Build New $1 Billion Campus In NYC".  CBS
New York. December 17, 2018. Archived from the original on
December 17, 2018. Retrieved  December 17, 2018.
243. ^ Gartenberg, Chaim (December 17, 2018). "Google
announces a new $1 billion NYC campus in Hudson
Square". The Verge.  Archived  from the original on December
17, 2018. Retrieved December 17,  2018.
244. ^ Chappell, Bill (December 17, 2018).  "Google Will Spend
$1 Billion For New York City Campus On Hudson
River".  NPR. Archived from the original on December 17, 2018.
Retrieved December 17,  2018.
245. ^ Weier, Mary Hayes (October 24, 2007).  "Inside Google's
Michigan Office".  InformationWeek.  UBM plc. Archived from the
original on May 3, 2008. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
246. ^ "Google Completes Pittsburgh Office, Holds Open
House".  WTAE. November 17, 2006. Archived from the
original on June 4, 2009. Retrieved  January 13,  2008.
247. ^ Olson, Thomas (December 8, 2010).  "Google search:
Tech-minded workers". Trib Total Media.  Archived  from the
original on June 3, 2013. Retrieved December 8,  2010.
248. ^ "Google locations". Archived from the original on August
15, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
249. ^ "Xconomy: Google's Madison Expansion to Triple Size of
Local Offices". Xconomy. January 31, 2019. Retrieved August
5, 2021.
250. ^ "Sydney".  Google Careers. Archived from the original on
May 5, 2017. Retrieved June 4, 2017.
251. ^ "London".  Google Careers. Archived from the original on
February 14, 2017. Retrieved  June 4,  2017.
252. ^ Mirani, Leo (November 1, 2013).  "Inside Google's new 1-
million-square-foot London office—three years before it's
ready".  Quartz.  Atlantic Media. Archived from the original on
March 16, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
253. ^ Vincent, James (June 1, 2017).  "Google's new London
HQ is a 'landscraper' with a rooftop garden". The Verge.  Vox
Media. Archived from the original on June 3, 2017.
Retrieved June 4, 2017.
254. ^ Brian, Matt (June 1, 2017).  "Google's 'innovative' new
London HQ features giant moving
blinds". Engadget. AOL. Archived from the original on June 4,
2017. Retrieved  June 4,  2017.
255. ^ "Google to build biggest campus outside US in
Hyderabad".  The Indian Express. May 12, 2015.  Archived  from
the original on November 18, 2015. Retrieved  June 13,  2017.
256. ^ "Google's upcoming campus in Hyderabad to be its
biggest outside the US".  Firstpost. Network 18. May 13,
2015.  Archived  from the original on November 18, 2016.
Retrieved June 13, 2017.
257. ^ "Google world office locations". Google. Retrieved  May
29,  2021.
258. ^ "Data center locations". Archived from the original on
May 17, 2018. Retrieved  May 17, 2018.
259. ^ "How Many Servers Does Google Have?". Data Center
Knowledge. March 16, 2017. Archived from the original on
February 17, 2019. Retrieved  September 20,  2018.
260. ^ "Google's Secret: 'Cheap and Fast'
Hardware"  (PDF). PCWorld. October 10,
2003.  Archived  (PDF) from the original on December 14, 2009.
Retrieved May 26,  2018.
261. ^ Barroso, L.A.; Dean, J.; Holzle, U. (April 29, 2003). "Web
search for a planet: the google cluster architecture".  IEEE
Micro. 23 (2): 22–
28.  doi:10.1109/mm.2003.1196112. ISSN 0272-1732.  S2CID 1
5886858. We believe that the best price/performance tradeoff
for our applications comes from fashioning a reliable computing
infrastructure from clusters of unreliable commodity PCs.
262. ^ Jump up to:a b "Google uncloaks once-secret
server". CNET. April 1, 2009.  Archived  from the original on June
6, 2018. Retrieved May 26,  2018. Mainstream servers with x86
processors were the only option, he added. "Ten years ago...it
was clear the only way to make (search) work as free product
was to run on relatively cheap hardware. You can't run it on
a  mainframe. The margins just don't work out," he said.
263. ^ "Home - Submarine Networks". Submarine Networks.
Retrieved July 14, 2020.
264. ^ "Google and other tech giants are quietly buying up the
most important part of the internet". VentureBeat. April 6,
2019.  Archived  from the original on April 25, 2019.
Retrieved April 25, 2019.
265. ^ Sawers, Paul (April 24, 2019).  "How Google is building its
huge subsea cable infrastructure".  VentureBeat.  Archived  from
the original on April 25, 2019. Retrieved  April 26,  2019.
266. ^ Sawers, Paul (June 28, 2019).  "Google announces
Equiano, a privately funded subsea cable that connects Europe
with Africa". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on
November 25, 2020. Retrieved  December 31, 2020.
267. ^ Lardinois, Frederic (July 28, 2020).  "Google is building a
new private subsea cable between Europe and the
US".  TechCrunch. Archived from the original on December 31,
2020. Retrieved  December 31, 2020.
268. ^ Jump up to:a b Marshall, Matt (October 16, 2006).  "Google
builds largest solar installation in U.S. — oh, and bigger than
Microsoft's". VentureBeat.
269. ^ THANGHAM, CHRIS V. (June 19, 2007). "Google Solar
Panels Produced 9,810 Kilowatt-hours of Electricity in 24
Hours". Digitaljournal.com.
270. ^ McGrath, Jack (May 18, 2011). "Google's Green
Initiative: Environmentally Conscious Technology".
TechnoBuffalo.  Archived  from the original on October 12, 2016.
Retrieved January 22, 2017.
271. ^ Glanz, James (September 8, 2011).  "Google Details, and
Defends, Its Use of Electricity".  The New York
Times.  Archived  from the original on March 12, 2017.
Retrieved March 9, 2017.
272. ^ Morrison, Scott; Sweet, Cassandra (May 4,
2010). "Google Invests in Two Wind Farms". The Wall Street
Journal.  Archived  from the original on February 13, 2015.
Retrieved November 27,  2010.
273. ^ "Google Energy can now buy and sell
energy".  Cnet.com. Archived from the original on September 19,
2013. Retrieved  September 23,  2013.
274. ^ Todd Woody (September 18, 2013).  "Google is on the
way to quietly becoming an electric
utility". Quartz. Archived from the original on September 21,
2013. Retrieved  September 23,  2013.
275. ^ "Google buys power from Iowa wind
farm". News.techworld.com. July 21, 2010. Archived from the
original on February 2, 2012. Retrieved  October 26,  2010.
276. ^ Hölzle, Urs (December 6, 2016). "We're set to reach
100% renewable energy — and it's just the beginning".  The
Keyword Google Blog. Archived from the original on December
8, 2016. Retrieved December 28,  2020.
277. ^ Statt, Nick (December 6, 2016).  "Google just notched a
big victory in the fight against climate change".  The Verge. Vox
Media. Archived from the original on December 8, 2016.
Retrieved December 28,  2020.
278. ^ Etherington, Darrell (December 7, 2016). "Google says it
will hit 100% renewable energy by
2017". TechCrunch.  AOL.  Archived  from the original on
December 7, 2016. Retrieved  December 28, 2020.
279. ^ Donnelly, Grace (November 30, 2017).  "Google Just
Bought Enough Wind Power to Run 100% On Renewable
Energy". Fortune.  Archived  from the original on December 1,
2017. Retrieved  December 1, 2017.
280. ^ correspondent, Jillian Ambrose Energy (September 20,
2019). "Google signs up to $2bn wind and solar
 investment". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077.
Retrieved September 25, 2019.
281. ^ Hern, Alex (September 15, 2020). "Facebook and Google
announce plans to become carbon neutral".  the
Guardian. Archived from the original on December 9, 2020.
Retrieved December 28,  2020.
282. ^ "Google aims to run on carbon-free energy by
2030". CNBC. September 14, 2020. Archived from the original
on December 10, 2020. Retrieved  December 28, 2020.
283. ^ Schoon, Ben (October 26, 2020). "Google will ditch
plastic packaging by 2025". 9to5Google. Archived from the
original on November 4, 2020. Retrieved  December 28, 2020.
284. ^ Legum, Judd.  "These corporations are quietly bankrolling
Congress' top climate denier". popular.info. Retrieved  February
7, 2020.
285. ^ Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (October 11,
2019). "Revealed: Google made large contributions to climate
change deniers".  The Guardian.  ISSN  0261-3077.
Retrieved February 7,  2020.
286. ^ Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (October 11, 2019). "The
obscure law that explains why Google backs climate
deniers".  The Guardian.  ISSN  0261-3077. Retrieved February
7, 2020.
287. ^ "About the Foundation". Google, Inc. Archived from the
original on July 14, 2010. Retrieved July 16, 2010.
288. ^ Hafner, Katie (September 14, 2006). "Philanthropy
Google's Way: Not the Usual".  The New York
Times.  Archived  from the original on July 23, 2016.
Retrieved March 9, 2017.
289. ^ Helft, Miguel (February 23, 2009). "Google Chief for
Charity Steps Down on Revamp".  The New York
Times.  Archived  from the original on April 22, 2017.
Retrieved March 9, 2017.
290. ^ "The 2007". YouTube. Archived November 20, 2018, at
the Wayback Machine Julia Robinson Mathematics Festival at
Google was the founding of this event for middle school and high
school students. video
291. ^ Duffy, Jill (January 21, 2011).  "Mathletes Receive €1M
Donation from Google".  PC Magazine. Ziff Davis. Archived from
the original on March 23, 2017. Retrieved  March 23,  2017.
292. ^ "Google donating 1  million euros to IMO". January 20,
2011. Archived from the original  on July 24, 2011.
Retrieved February 4,  2011.
293. ^ "Google launches 'Legalise Love' gay rights
campaign".  PinkNews.co.uk. July 8, 2012.  Archived  from the
original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved  September 9,  2014.
294. ^ "Project 10 to the 100th". Google, Inc. Archived from  the
original on June 12, 2009. Retrieved  July 16,  2010.
295. ^ Van Burskirk, Elliot (June 28, 2010). "Google Struggles to
Give Away $10  million".  Wired.  Archived  from the original on
August 31, 2010. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
296. ^ Twohill, Lorraine (September 24, 2010).  "$10  million for
Project 10^100 winners". Google, Inc. Archived from the original
on September 26, 2010. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
297. ^ Drucker, Jesse (October 21, 2010).  "Google 2.4% Rate
Shows How $60 Billion Is Lost to Tax Loopholes".  Bloomberg
 News.  Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on September
22, 2016.
298. ^ "The Case Against Google".  The New York Times.
February 20, 2018.  Archived  from the original on March 19,
2018. Retrieved  March 21,  2018.
299. ^ "Google ranked 'worst' on privacy". BBC News. June 11,
2007.  Archived  from the original on October 20, 2012.
Retrieved April 30, 2010.
300. ^ Rosen, Jeffrey (November 28, 2008). "Google's
Gatekeepers". The New York Times. Archived from the original
on February 28, 2017. Retrieved  March 9,  2017.
301. ^ "Google censors itself for China".  BBC News. January
25, 2006. Archived from the original on November 19, 2018.
Retrieved August 4, 2018.
302. ^ Gallagher, Ryan (August 1, 2018).  "Google Plans to
Launch Censored Search Engine in China, Leaked Documents
Reveal".  The Intercept.  Archived  from the original on August 1,
2018. Retrieved  August 4,  2018.
303. ^ Disis, Jill (September 26, 2018). "Google grilled over
'Project Dragonfly' at Senate hearing on data
privacy".  CNN. Archived from the original on September 26,
2018.
304. ^ Gallagher, Ryan (December 17, 2018).  "Google's Secret
China Project "Effectively Ended" After Internal
Confrontation". The Intercept. Archived from the original on
March 21, 2019. Retrieved December 17,  2018.
305. ^ "Edward Snowden: Leaks that exposed US spy
programme".  BBC News. January 17, 2014.  Archived  from the
original on March 20, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
306. ^ Greenwald, Glenn; MacAskill, Ewen (June 7,
2013). "NSA Prism program taps in to user data of Apple,
Google and others".  The Guardian.  Archived  from the original
on August 18, 2006. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
307. ^ Amadeo, Ron (April 4, 2018). "Google employees revolt,
say company should shut down military drone project".  Ars
Technica.  Archived  from the original on February 2, 2021.
Retrieved April 21, 2021.
308. ^ Chapman, Ben (April 3, 2018). "Google staff protest
company's involvement with Pentagon drones programme". The
Independent.  Archived  from the original on February 14, 2021.
Retrieved April 21, 2021.
309. ^ Wakabayashi, Daisuke; Shane, Scott (June 1,
2018). "Google Will Not Renew Pentagon Contract That Upset
Employees".  The New York Times.  Archived  from the original
on October 16, 2018. Retrieved  October 16,  2018.
310. ^ Kan, Michael (July 25, 2018). "Mozilla Developer Claims
Google Is Slowing YouTube on Firefox". PCMag. Archived from
the original on August 13, 2019.
311. ^ Cimpanu, Catalin (April 15, 2019).  "Former Mozilla exec:
Google has sabotaged Firefox for years".  ZDNet.
312. ^ Cimpanu, Catalin.  "Former Mozilla exec: Google has
sabotaged Firefox for years".  ZDNet. Archived from the original
on August 19, 2019. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
313. ^ "Thousands of Reddit users are trying to delete Google
from their lives, but they're finding it impossible because Google
is everywhere". Business Insider. March 23,
 2019.  Archived  from the original on March 25, 2019.
Retrieved April 24, 2019.
314. ^ Copeland, Rob (November 12, 2019). "Google's 'Project
Nightingale' Triggers Federal Inquiry". Retrieved November
18,  2019.
315. ^ Copeland, Rob (November 11, 2019). "Google's 'Project
Nightingale' Gathers Personal Health Data on Millions of
Americans". Retrieved  November 17, 2019.
316. ^ "Google Had Secret Project to 'Convince' Employees
'That Unions Suck'". www.vice.com. Retrieved January
11,  2022.
317. ^ Rosenblatt, Joel (March 2, 2015).  "Apple-Google $415
Million No-Poaching Accord Wins Approval".  Bloomberg
L.P.  Archived  from the original on January 30, 2016.
Retrieved January 24, 2016.
318. ^ Kelion, Leo (June 27, 2017).  "Google hit with record EU
fine over Shopping service". bbc.co.uk. Archived from the
original on June 27, 2017. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
319. ^ "Google's €2.4bn fine is small change – the EU has
bigger plans". newscientist.com.  Archived  from the original on
January 24, 2019. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
320. ^ "Google starts appeal against £2bn shopping fine".  BBC
News. February 12, 2020.
321. ^ "Antitrust: Commission fines Google €4.34 billion for
illegal practices regarding Android mobile devices to strengthen
dominance of Google's search engine". European Commission.
Bruxelles. July 18, 2018.  Archived  from the original on July 18,
2018.
322. ^ "Google appeals $5 billion EU fine in Android antitrust
case".  APNews.com. Bruxelles. October 10,
2018.  Archived  from the original on October 10, 2018.
323. ^ Foo Yun Chee (May 13, 2014). "Google challenges
record $5 billion EU antitrust fine". Reuters.  Archived  from the
original on December 22, 2018.
324. ^ Murdock, Jason (August 5, 2020).  "Google+ Settlement:
How to Submit a Claim over Privacy Bug and Get a
Payout".  Newsweek. Archived from  the original on August 6,
2020. Retrieved  August 5,  2020.
325. ^ Graham, Jefferson (August 4, 2020). "Did you use
Google+? You may be owed some money from class-action
privacy settlement".  USA Today. Archived from  the original on
August 6, 2020. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
326. ^ "In re Google Plus Profile Litigation District Court ND of
California". courtlistener.com.  Free Law Project. July 22, 2020.
Archived from  the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved August
5, 2020.
327. ^ Fox, Chris (January 21, 2019). "Google hit with £44m
GDPR fine". BBC. Archived from the original on January 21,
2019. Retrieved  January 22,  2019.
328. ^ "Europe hits Google with a third, $1.7 billion antitrust
fine". CNN. March 20, 2019. Archived from the original on
March 20, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2019.
329. ^ Reid, David (March 20, 2019). "EU regulators hit Google
with $1.7 billion fine for blocking ad
rivals".  CNBC.com.  Archived  from the original on March 20,
2019. Retrieved  March 20,  2019.
 330. ^ "Tech bosses grilled over claims of 'harmful' power". BBC
News. July 30, 2020. Archived from the original  on July 30,
2020. Retrieved  July 30,  2020.
331. ^ Bond, Shannon; Selyukh, Alina; Allyn, Bobby (October 6,
2020). "How Are Apple, Amazon, Facebook, Google
Monopolies? House Report Counts The Ways".  NPR.
332. ^ McCabe, David; Kang, Cecilia (October 20, 2020). "U.S.
Accuses Google of Illegally Protecting Monopoly". The New
York Times. Retrieved  October 20,  2020.
333. ^ Allyn (NPR), Bobby. "DOC".  www.documentcloud.org.
334. ^ "Google Paid Apple Billions To Dominate Search On
iPhones, Justice Department Says". NPR.org.
335. ^ Ngo, Keach Hagey and Vivien (November 7, 2019). "How
Google Edged Out Rivals and Built the World's Dominant Ad
Machine: A Visual Guide". The Wall Street Journal.  ISSN  0099-
9660. Retrieved  December 25, 2020.
336. ^ McKinnon, Ryan Tracy and John D. (December 22,
2020). "WSJ News Exclusive | Google, Facebook Agreed to
Team Up Against Possible Antitrust Action, Draft Lawsuit
Says". The Wall Street Journal.  ISSN  0099-9660.
Retrieved December 25,  2020.
337. ^ Tracy, John D. McKinnon and Ryan (December 16,
2020). "Ten States Sue Google, Alleging Deal With Facebook to
Rig Online Ad Market".  The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-
9660. Retrieved  December 25, 2020.
338. ^ Rosemain, Mathieu (January 6, 2022).  "Google hit with
150 mln euro French fine for cookie breaches".  Reuters.
Retrieved January 6, 2022.
339. ^ "$5 billion class-action lawsuit against Google".  The
Verge. March 13, 2021. Retrieved  October 4,  2021.
340. ^ "$5 billion class-action lawsuit against
Google". SearchEngineJournal. March 15, 2021.
Retrieved October 4, 2021. {{cite web}}: External link in |
publisher= (help)
341. ^ "$5 billion class-action lawsuit". Bloomberg. March 13,
2021. Retrieved  October 4,  2021.
342. ^ "Google gets sued".  Ars Technica. March 15, 2021.
Retrieved October 4, 2021.
343. ^ "$5 billion class-action lawsuit against Google".  Reuters.
September 24, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.

Further reading
 Saylor, Michael (2012). The Mobile Wave: How
Mobile Intelligence Will Change Everything. Perseus
Books/Vanguard Press. ISBN 978-1593157203.
 Vaidhyanathan, Siya. 2011. The Googlization of
Everything: (And Why We Should Worry). University of
California Press.

External links
Googleat Wikipedia's sister projects
  Definitions from Wiktionary

 Media from Commons
 News from Wikinews

 Quotations from Wikiquote

 Textbooks from Wikibooks

 Resources from Wikiversity
 Data from Wikidata

 Discussions from Meta-Wiki

 Official website 

 Business data for Google, Inc.: 

o Bloomberg
o Reuters
o SEC filings

show
 v

 t

 e
Google

hide
 v

 t

 e
Alphabet Inc.

Subsidiaries Current  Access 

o Google Fiber

 Calico

 CapitalG

 DeepMind 
o AlphaFold

o AlphaGo

o AlphaGo Zero

o AlphaStar
 o AlphaZero

o Master

o MuZero

o WaveNet

 Google 
o DoubleClick

o Firebase

o Fitbit

o Tenor

o Waze

o YouTube

 GV

 Isomorphic Labs

 Verily 
o Baseline Study

 X Development

 Waymo

 Wing

 Boston Dynamics

 Chronicle Security

 Jigsaw

 Loon

 Makani
Former
 Meka Robotics

 Nest Labs

 Redwood Robotics

 Sidewalk Labs 
o Toronto

People
 Sundar Pichai (CEO)
Current
 Ruth Porat (CFO)

Executives  Larry Page (CEO)

Former  Sergey Brin (President)

 David Drummond (CLO)
  Sergey Brin

 John Doerr

 John L. Hennessy

 Ann Mather

Current  Alan Mulally

Board of
 Larry Page
directors
 Sundar Pichai

 Ram Shriram

 Roger W. Ferguson Jr.

 Eric Schmidt
Former
 Diane Greene

 Andrew Conrad

 Tony Fadell

 Arthur D. Levinson
Others
 David Krane

 Ruth Porat

 Astro Teller

  Category

  Companies portal

  Internet portal

show
Links to related articles
Portals:
Companies

Computer programming

Internet
San Francisco Bay Area

Technology

show
Authority control 
Categories: 
 Google
 1998 establishments in California
  2004 initial public offerings
 Alphabet Inc.
 Artificial intelligence
 Cloud computing providers
 Companies based in Mountain View, California
 Companies in the PRISM network
 Computer companies established in 1998
 Computer-related introductions in 1998
 Internet properties established in 1998
 Mobile phone manufacturers
 Multinational companies headquartered in the United
States
 Technology companies based in the San Francisco Bay
Area
 Technology companies established in 1998
 University spin-offs
 Virtual reality companies
 Web portals
 Web service providers
 Webby Award winners
 World Wide Web
 American corporate subsidiaries
Navigation menu
 Not logged in
 Talk
 Contributions
 Create account
 Log in
 Article
 Talk
 Read
 View source
 View history
Search
Search Go

 Main page
 Contents
 Current events
 Random article
 About Wikipedia
  Contact us
 Donate
Contribute
 Help
 Learn to edit
 Community portal
 Recent changes
 Upload file
Tools
 What links here
 Related changes
 Special pages
 Permanent link
 Page information
 Cite this page
 Wikidata item
Print/export
 Download as PDF
 Printable version
In other projects
 Wikimedia Commons
 Meta-Wiki
 Wikiquote
 Wikiversity
Languages
 አማርኛ
 Bosanski
 Cebuano
 Español
 Euskara
 ‫فارسی‬
 Tagalog
 Winaray
 中文
148 more
Edit links
 This page was last edited on 20 January 2022, at 15:42 (UTC).
 Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using
this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
 Privacy policy

 About Wikipedia

 Disclaimers

 Contact Wikipedia
 Mobile view

 Developers

 Statistics

 Cookie statement