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Tacheometry for Surveyors

Tacheometry is a surveying method that uses optical instruments to measure horizontal distances and elevation differences with lower accuracy than taping and leveling. It can be used to check more accurate measurements, determine elevation differences, carry out lines of levels where high accuracy is not required, measure traverse lines, and compile maps. The stadia method employs a telescope with stadia hairs to read a small angle along a vertical plane and determine the length that angle subtends on a graduated rod. The stadia interval factor is the ratio of the focal length to the interval between hairs, which remains constant for a given instrument. Measurements of stadia intercepts at known distances along a baseline allow solving for the stadia interval

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175 views4 pages

Tacheometry for Surveyors

Tacheometry is a surveying method that uses optical instruments to measure horizontal distances and elevation differences with lower accuracy than taping and leveling. It can be used to check more accurate measurements, determine elevation differences, carry out lines of levels where high accuracy is not required, measure traverse lines, and compile maps. The stadia method employs a telescope with stadia hairs to read a small angle along a vertical plane and determine the length that angle subtends on a graduated rod. The stadia interval factor is the ratio of the focal length to the interval between hairs, which remains constant for a given instrument. Measurements of stadia intercepts at known distances along a baseline allow solving for the stadia interval

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john kaibiru
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TACHEOMETRY

• Defined as a procedure of obtaining horizontal distances and differences in elevation based on


the optical geometry of the instrument employed
• compared to taping and differential leveling, the distances and elevations obtained by
tacheometric methods are usually of a lower degree of accuracy
Uses of Tacheometric Methods
• Check the more accurate taped distances to uncover errors or mistakes
• Determine differences of elevation between points
• Carry lines of levels where low order accuracy is required
• Measure the lengths of traverse lines
• Compile planimetric and topographic maps
• Complete field survey for photographic map
• Locate details for hydrographic survey
The stadia method
• This method employs the sighting telescope of an instrument in reading a small angle along
a vertical plane and in determining the length which the angle subtends on a graduated rod
held vertical on the distant point
• The word stadia denoted 600 Greek units, or 184 m 93 cm (606 ft 9 in) by present-day
international standards
• The term is now applied to the cross hairs and rod used in making measurements, as well
as to the method itself
• The equipment for stadia measurements consists of a telescope with two horizontal hairs
called stadia hairs and a graduated rod called a stadia rod
• Distances can be measured very rapidly by the stadia method

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Principle of the stadia

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Since ab is equal to a’b’, by similar triangles
f/i = d/s
And d = (f/i)s
also D = d + (f + c)
D = (f/i)s + C
D = Ks + C
Stadia constants
• The stadia constant C, the distance from the center of the instrument to the principal focus.
The quantity is composed of the focal length (f), which remains constant, and the distance
(c) from the center of the instrument to the center of the objective lens
• In the older instruments, C varies from about 0.18 to 0.43 m
• In present‐day surveying instruments, C may be considered 0.30 for external‐focusing
telescopes, 0 for internal‐focusing telescopes

Stadia interval factor


The ratio f/i is called the stadia interval factor
For any given instrument, the value remains constant and depends only on the spacing between
the stadia hairs
The most common value of K is 100
Sample Problem 1
• Stadia Interval Factor

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A theodolite is set up at one end of a level base line 150.0m long. The line is marked by stakes at
every 30.0m and a stadia rod is held at each stake. The stadia intercept at each location is
observed as follows: 0.302, 0.600, 0.899, 1.207, and 1.506 meters, respectively. Compute the
stadia interval factor (K) for each distance and also determine the average value of K.

Solution
k=D/s
k1 = 30/ 0.302 = 99.3
k2 = 60/ 0.600 = 100.0
k3 = 90/ 0.899 = 100.1
k4 = 120/1.207 = 99.4
k5 = 150/1.506 = 99.6
kave = 99.7
Sample Problem 2
• Horizontal Stadia Sights
An automatic level with an internal focusing telescope was set up somewhere at mid‐length of a
long‐span steel bridge. The rod readings tabulated below were observed on a stadia rod held
successively at the vicinity of the concrete abutments in the southern and northern approaches of
the bridge. If the stadia interval factor of the instrument is 98.5, determine the length of the
bridge.

Solution
ss= 2.98 ‐ 0.38 =2.60
Ds= 98.5 * 2.60 = 256.1 m
sn= 3.54 ‐ 0.49 = 3.05
Dn= 98.5 * 3.05 = 300.4 m
D = 256.1 + 300.4 = 556.5 m
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