1

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

According to Kurt Lewen “learning is more effective when it is active rather

than a passive process”. Education has changed its course over the years. As

we continue to grasp modern technologies, our field of education has

experienced a drastic change leading to the application of electronic technologies

and media in facilitating the teaching and learning process. The researchers

observed that integration of E-learning material in teaching and learning process

offers learners the opportunity to explore for themselves the materials which

promotes an active learning process. Learning aided with electronic technology

do not just generate an active classroom but also an attentive and participative

learner.

E-learning, also known as online learning or electronic learning, is the

process of acquiring knowledge via electronic technology and media. E-learning

is described as "learning that is enabled electronically" in simple terms (Tamm,

2020). Additionally, in higher education, e-learning is a vast and expanding

market with a lot of promise. To realize this potential, e-learning implementations

should make every effort to address the interests and concerns of all stakeholder

groups. Using technological tools in education has proven to be a wise move that
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can help solve a variety of issues related to human communication and creativity

(Benta, Bologa, Dzitac, S., Dzitac, I. 2015). This means that teachers use

electronic devices to improve their teaching instruction as well as enhancing the

students’ performance and engagement in the class. It does not only make

learning new and exciting, but it also gives students profound knowledge and at

the same time helps them cope with the fast-paced world of e-learning.

The effectiveness of e-learning materials plays an important role to help

facilitate the desired learning outcomes made by the teachers for their students.

Thus, this study identifies whether the e-learning materials affect the students’

performance in the class as it seeks to determine the effectiveness of e-learning

materials in teaching especially in Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics

subject in order to identify whether the instructional materials used by the

teachers is effective and at the same time integrate the learning development of

the students. The mentioned subject deals with human, social, and political

interaction and the researchers observed that the content of the topics is more

understandable if aided with technology, allowing students to see the real picture

of what is being discussed.

Moreover, this study will serve as a basis for improvement as well as raise

awareness to the academic staff of Danao National High School to the

effectiveness and importance of integrating e-learning materials in the teaching

and learning process. In addition to that, the researchers’ chose this locale

Danao National High School because the researchers’ observed that there
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haven’t any study conducted in the said school similar to the variables in the

study.

Literature Background

The primary goal of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of e-learning

materials in teaching Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics; and to

determine whether the teacher’s instructional materials are effective while also

tracking the students’ learning progress. This review also assesses the effectivity

of integrating e-learning materials in teaching in relation to students’ academic

performance in terms of their pre-test and post-test scores.

A review of the literature was provided in order to place this study in the

right context.

Nowadays, web-based learning is employed as an alternative to face-to-

face education. In reality, its utilization rises in direct proportion to the number of

pupils enrolled. This has prompted instructors to make a concerted effort to

assist students in obtaining interactive content that is rich in multimedia, as it had

been demonstrated to have a significant impact on the learning process.

According to Kurt (2015), educational technology is a method of using

current technology to improve the quality of education in a systematic and

coordinated manner. It is a method for envisioning, executing, and evaluating the

 4

educational process, learning, and teaching, as well as assisting in the

implementation of modern educational teaching strategies. Furthermore,

according to Roy (2019), transformed education and expanded educational

opportunities. Different educational technologies had helped both teachers and

PRAGMATISM THEORY Republic Act No. 10560, s.2014 titled

“Open Distance Learning Act”
(John Dewey,1870)
“Expand and further democratize access
Involves learning through the use of
to quality tertiary education and technical
different delivery approaches combined
educational services in the country with
with practical activities that will help reach
the use of open learning services.”
the different learning preferences of the
individuals that the teachers are teaching. DepEd Order 78, s.2010 titled
“Guidelines on The Implementation of
ELABORATION THEORY
the DepEd Computerization Program
(Charles Reigeluth,1979) (DCP)
--- “Provide public schools with appropriate
Instructional process and learning
contents should be organized technologies that would enhance the
progressively from simple to complex, teaching-learning process and meet the
easy to difficult for improving the challenges of 21st century.”
effectiveness of instruction and learning,
House Bill No. 3177, s. 2020
and providing students with structured,
meaningful, and mastery learning “Deliver educational advancement to the
activities. Filipino studentry through the use of
alternative means of instruction such as
DIFFUSION OF INNOVATIONS THEORY
print, radio, television and other multi-
(Roger, E. M., 1962) media learning and teaching technologies
Effectivity
Its application value is that of E- learning that
the training
allow students
in Teaching in to study on their own
without having to regularly attend class in
department and trainersRelation
are abletotoStudents’
match Academic Performance
a convention classroom setup.
the training plan and design with trainees’
beliefs, attitudes, and motivation to accept
new technology.
 5

Proposed Action Plan

Figure 1. Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

students; teachers have learnt how to integrate technology into their classrooms,

while students are becoming more interested in learning using technology. In our

educational sector, recent improvements in instructional technologies had

generated favorable results.

Both the teaching and learning processes are aided by new educational

technology. Digital learning tools such as laptops, iPads, cellphones, and smart

digital white boards have digitized classrooms. It has enhanced student

engagement and enthusiasm to learn by expanding course offerings.

In relation to that, according to Arkorful and Abaidoo (2015), learning via

the internet or other electronic means is referred to as e-learning. eLearning is

the process of learning through the use of electronic technology in order to gain

access to educational content outside of a typical classroom setting. It improves

or manages the learning process by utilizing technical resources, procedures,

and systems. To support that, according to Mobo and Sabado (2019), the goal of

an e-learning system is to help students improve their understanding of their

Effectivity of E-
Student's
academicAcademic
subjects so that their learning experience islearning
more nourishing
Materials and
Performance
interesting.
 6

According to Devlin-Scherer and Sardone (2013), technology is becoming

more common in classrooms, and it had been proved to help students achieve

their learning goals. There is strong evidence that using technology as an

instructional tool in the classroom, of any form, improves student learning and

educational results. According to Goodwin (2012), the advancement of

interactive technology ushered in a new generation of educational tools that have

been hailed as game-changing devices with the ability to change traditional

learning environments. The widespread use of these technologies has resulted in

a shift from the traditional learning model, in which the teacher is the major figure

in the learning process, to a modern learning model, in which the instructor is no

longer the focal point of the learning process.

According to Blackwell, Lauricella, Wartella, Robb, and Schomburg

(2013), one of the most difficult tasks for individuals who build these interactive

educational goods is to create effective tools or learning environments that allow

youngsters to use their natural learning talents and improve when compared to

traditional teaching methods. Though, according to Wisniewski (2010), most

school are involved in a paradigm shift as they move away from traditional

method and move toward a constructivist approach.

According to Goodwin (2012), mobile devices, such as tablets or laptops,

provide students with access to a broader and more flexible source of learning

resources than traditional classroom materials, such as blackboards or books,

due to their portability and connectivity. According to Dimitrios, Labros, Nikolaos,

Koutiva, and Athanasios (2013), the use of simple computer programs such as
 7

Microsoft's PowerPoint to ease the delivery of education had already progressed

beyond the use of a chalkboard and chalk to include the teaching of multiple

disciplines in a class. In this context, the authors looked at the perspectives of

two student groups, contrasting traditional chalkboard instruction with PowerPoint

teaching. The findings imply that using software like PowerPoint to teach a topic

helps students grasp it better; it's also deemed more interesting, which draws

students' attention and leads to greater student performance on the final exam.

According to Guragain (2016), e-learning is already gaining traction in

institutions, with estimates predicting that by 2019, about half of university

classes would be available online. Major international corporations are also

utilizing technology to train their employees. He also mentioned that e-learning

may save money and increase productivity. Moreover, Guragain explained that

while e-learning is normally a less expensive alternative in the long term, it may

be prohibitively pricey for some institutions at initially. Furthermore, according to

Goyal (2012), who cited the Brandon Hill’s article, online students had an

efficiency advantage because they may cover the same material in half the time

as a typical class. Furthermore, Goyal stated that learning is largely a socio-

cognitive process, and that e-learning is not fit for every student's learning style.

Investing in e-learning, according to Espinosa (2016), both teachers and

students will benefit. Students may work on their assignments and lessons at

home, and teachers can quickly disseminate their teachings and assignments.

He also remarked that technological improvements had changed the educational

environment tremendously, as teaching is no longer limited to face-to-face

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training. Moreover, according to Somayeh, Dehghani, Mozaffari, Ghasemnegad,

Hakimi, and Samaneh (2016), the overall benefits of e-learning include

promoting learning, independence, and individual satisfaction, learning at

anytime, anywhere, and with any background, learning without the same

prerequisites, speed and process of learning due to individual needs, individual

learning alongside cooperative learning, and significantly saving time and costs.

teaching and learning for all individuals, mutual teaching and learning, gaining

quick results in learning, learning more by employing multimedia and sustaining

resources, and minimizing environmental and audio pollution are all possibilities.

Through comparison studies on the distinctions between e-learning and

traditional classroom, people discovered that e-learning has its own advantages

on student learning results. Koh and Lim (2012) studied the impact on academic

performance when an online tool for collaborative work was used in a university

computer science course. They also studied the relationship between age,

academic performance, and the level of social interaction afforded by different

web-based collaborative tools. As the age of the student decreased, the

student’s preference for tools that allowed for more online means of

communication increased. Students in the class ranged in age from 18 to 26

years old, and the average age of the students in the course was 21.18. The

researchers found that as the age of the student increased, the student’s grade

on the final project also increased. This study lends support to the thesis that

older students score higher than younger students on measures of academic

performance when web-based tools are utilized in a course. According to

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Alghamdi, Karpinski, Lepp, and Barkley (2020), females had stronger self-

regulation than males, which also led to their significantly more positive online

learning outcomes than males. However, according to Harvey, Parahoo, and

Santally (2017), no significant gender differences were revealed in leaning

outcomes because males were more stable in attitudes, while females performed

well in engagement. Furthermore, no significant gender differences in learning

outcomes were found based on learning styles. There were also no significant

gender differences in the learning satisfaction of online millennial learners.

According to Li, Qi, Wang, and Wang (2014), evaluated the outcomes of

students who took a classroom-based and an internet-based construction safety

course. Students on an internet-based course performed much better than

students on a classroom-based course across four assessments, with particular

reference to application-type examination topics. Furthermore, the study found

no significant differences in students' behavioral involvement in traditional

classrooms versus e-learning. However, e-learning is more effective in facilitating

higher-level learning in areas such as critical thinking and innovative thinking.

Hence, e-learning can take place outside of the classroom. It can be taken

at your own place with the help of an instructor. Many other elements of e-

learning make it easier for both educator and students to achieve educational

goals. Maximizing the use of E-learning tools help students be more effective in

terms of scholastic skills by allowing them to be more flexible by providing them

with the time they need to read, learn, and practice their subjects, which may
 10

lead to improved academic performance (Clairborne, Morrell, Bandy, and Bruff,

2014).

Noda (2012) cited in his article that Senator Edgardo Angara highlighted

the importance of developing a progressive Information and Communication

Technology sector in the Philippines seeing it as the key in achieving the

promises of distance education or E-Learning. According to him, "If we are able

to connect each person in the archipelago through broadband, for example, we

would be able to provide quality education even to those in the most distant

barrios." In addition, Rao (2011) believed that there is a strong sense that the

educational processes must change, if for no other reason than to keep up with a

rapidly emerging information-based society. As the need for learning and

knowledge has outstripped what is possible using conventional learning

methods, e-Learning may allow us to respond more effectively. The new

generations of e-Learning technologies that allow interactive knowledge

construction and provide richer learning environments have been gaining

increased global acceptance.

In the advent of the implementation of the 2002 Basic Education

Curriculum of the Philippines under the leadership of the Department of

Education (DepEd), the need to use e-learning in the classroom is important

since integration of subject areas is emphasized. According to former President

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo of the Philippines, she envisioned every child in the

Philippines to acquire quality education, and that every classroom should have a

computer. On July 2003, President Arroyo started the program known as the
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Strong Republic School Distance Learning System (SRDLS). She stated the

need for a government to support the use of distance education utilizing e-

learning as one approach to promote the provision of quality education in the

local communities and to promote equal access to basic education that include

the elementary and secondary school level.

The thesis writers include the following legal bases to support the

relevance of the study:

The House Bill No. 3177 known as “An Act Institutionalizing the Open

Electronic Learning School System in the Philippines, Appropriating Funds

therefor and other Purposes”, this bill seeks to deliver educational advancement

to the Filipino studentry through the use of alternative means of instruction such

as print, radio, television and other multi-media learning and teaching

technologies that allow students to study on their own without having to regularly

attend class in a convention classroom setup.

As stipulated in the House Bill No. 7189 of the 18th Congress, this act

institutes flexible learning in the basic education curriculum by fully integrating

outside class learning, establishing a digital transformation of education roadmap

for the effective delivery of education through information and communications

technology and for other purposes. This means that integrating e-learning

materials in teaching enables the teachers to have an effective way of delivering

his/her lessons about a certain topic. That way, students are able to have a

better understanding of the lessons as well as integrating new learning

strategies.
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More so, on December 9, 2014, Republic Act No. 10560 otherwise known

as the “Open Distance Learning Act”, was signed into law in order to expand and

further democratize access to quality tertiary education and technical educational

services in the country with the use of open learning services. Under RA 10560,

open distance learning in the Philippines for higher educational institutions

(HEIs), and technical-vocational courses have the goal of providing accessible,

quality education through the use of open educational resources (OER) and

delivery of learning materials via print, audio-visual, electronic/computer and

virtual classrooms, and face-to-face sessions.

In the enclosure of DepEd Order 78, s.2010 titled “Guidelines on The

Implementation of the DepEd Computerization Program (DCP), the aim is to

provide public schools with appropriate technologies that would enhance the

teaching-learning process and meet the challenges of 21st century. The following

program components includes infrastructure provision where computer laboratory

and E-classroom models, laptop units for mobile teachers are provided, program

orientation, and monitoring and evaluation to ensure the effectiveness of the

program as well as the deployment of the computer packages (Potane, and

Bayeta Jr., 2018).

In addition, the Philippine Department of Education introduced the

Philippine Education Technology Master Plan which has the following operational

targets (Bonifacio, 2013):(1) all public secondary schools shall be provided with

an appropriate educational technology package;(2) 75% of public secondary

schools shall have a computer laboratory room equipped with basic multimedia
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equipment;(3) all public secondary schools shall have an electronic library

system;(4) 75% of public secondary schools teachers shall have been trained in

basic computer skills and he use of the internet and computer-aided instruction;

and (5) all learning areas of the curriculum shall be able to integrate the

application of ICT, where appropriate.

Several theories are corroborating the advent of technology-based

instructions.

Educational learning theories have their value and can be applied to

instructive settings. In a classroom situation it would be difficult to assert that only

one learning method should be implemented. The constructivist learning theory

(1978) seems to fit well with instructional technology.

This study is logically based on John Dewey Pragmatism Theory (1870).

This theory involves learning through the use of different delivery approaches

combined with practical activities that will help reach the different learning

preferences of the individuals that the teachers are teaching. It is essential in

facilitating learning process through promoting various activities with an aid of an

electronic devices to make learning session more fun and interesting. It also

helps teachers get their student's interest and attention to learn and remember

the topics better.

Cognitive Load Theory by John Sweller (1988) asserts that learning

happened best under conditions that are aligned with human cognitive

architecture. It is best applied in the area of instructional design of cognitively

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complex or technically challenging material. In relation to the study, this theory

implies that the design of learning materials specifically e-learning materials must

be effective to keep the cognitive load of the learners at a minimum during the

learning process wherein information delivered through e-learning devices could

make learner concentrate more on the learning content.

Charles Reigeluth’s Elaboration Theory (1979) states that instructional

process and learning contents should be organized progressively from simple to

complex, easy to difficult for improving the effectiveness of instruction and

learning, and providing students with structured, meaningful, and mastery

learning activities. Influenced by this theory, the development and

implementation of educational technology in schools are mainly in technology

supported instructional design of the contents and strategies, in the development

of educational software, and in the organization of online instruction.

Roger’s Diffusion of Innovations Theory (2003) is the most appropriate for

investigating the adoption of technology in higher education and educational

environments. The theory of diffusion of innovations is widely applied in

educational technology training. Its application value is that the training

department and trainers are able to match the training plan and design with

trainees’ beliefs, attitudes, and motivation to accept new technology. When

teachers and students are exposed to new educational technologies, their beliefs

and understanding of new technology determine the degree of their acceptance

of the new technology. Therefore, while school or training department introduces

and promotes newest features and functions of a new educational technology to

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teachers and students, one of the effective strategies is to maximize the use of

real instructional cases in classrooms to demonstrate the strengths of

educational technology in improving the effectiveness of instruction and learning,

fully promoting instructors’ teaching and students’ learning motivation and

helping teachers and students maintain a good state of mind and a positive

learning attitude.

Moreover, Kolb’s Experiential Learning Theory (1984) is also one of effective

ways to optimize instruction. But understanding experiential learning theory is the

foundation of optimizing instruction and learning environment. Relying on one’s

experience alone, one cannot effectively acquire knowledge, develop thinking

skills and improve problem-solving and decision-making skills. As such, the

implementation of experiential learning theory requires as to create an optimal

learning environment. Experiential learning environment is designed to provide

learners opportunity to construct experimental knowledge structure, knowledge

feedback and update to optimize instruction. The key is that we must be able to

effectively balance the “discovery instruction” design and “heuristic-guided

instruction” design. Today, supported by the rapid development of educational

technology, creating experiential learning environment is no doubt and effective

strategy to optimize instruction with integration of technology and experience.

Mayer’s Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning (2005) is the bases of

principles specifically applicable to technology-based-multimedia learning

environment. It considers the role of working memory in filtering new information

given multiple sensory (e.g. listening to a speaker while viewing slides).

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Accordingly, CTML places greater emphasis on the attentional aspects of

learning Again, this theory is relevant to the design of instructional systems, as it

addresses the problems that may arise when content and delivery demands

overwhelm working memory.

Kearsley and Shneiderman Engagement theory (1998) has emerged from

the authors' experiences teaching in electronic and distance education

environments. The fundamental idea underlying engagement theory is that

students must be meaningfully engaged in learning activities through interaction

with others and worthwhile tasks. While, in principle, such engagement could

occur without the use of technology, we believe that technology can facilitate

engagement in ways which are difficult to achieve otherwise. So, engagement

theory is intended to be a conceptual framework for technology-based learning

and teaching. Although not directly derived from other theoretical frameworks for

learning, it has much in common with many such frameworks. For example, with

its emphasis on meaningful learning, it is very consistent with constructivist

approaches. Because it emphasizes collaboration among peers and a

community of learners, it can be aligned with situated learning theories. Because

its focuses on experiential and self-directed learning, it is similar in nature to

theories of adult learning.

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THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

The focal point of this study is to determine the effectiveness of e-learning

materials in teaching Social Studies in relation to Grade 11 students’ academic

performance in Danao National High School, Poblacion, Danao, Bohol of S.Y.

2021-2022.

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following:

1. What is the profile of the students in terms of:

1.1 age;
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1.2 sex;

1.3 strand?

2. What is the academic performance of the students in terms of their pre-

test and post-test taught by conventional method (controlled group)?

By e-learning method (experimental group)?

3. Is there a significant relationship between the profile of the students

and the effectiveness of e-learning towards students’ academic

performance?

4. Is there a significant relationship between the effectiveness of

integrating e-learning materials towards students’ academic

performance in teaching Understanding Culture, Society and Politics?

5. What is the proposed action plan based on the findings of the study?

Statement of the Null Hypotheses

HO₁: There is no significant relationship between the profile of the students and

the effectiveness of e-learning materials and the academic performance.

HO₂: There is no significant relationship between the effectiveness of e-learning

materials towards the student’s academic performance.

Significance of the study

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The researchers’’ believe that the findings of the study will particularly be

significant to the following entities:

Curriculum Planners. This study will provide ideas to the curriculum

planners on how to improve and revise their plans to ensure the improvement of

the students’ academic performance.

Teachers. This study will provide teachers insights on how to deal and

integrate e-learning materials in their teaching discussions. Also, this study will

provide insights and understand the effectiveness of e-learning materials in

improving the academic performance of the students.

Students. This study will serve as an enlightenment to the students about

the effectiveness of e-learning materials in teaching and learning process. Thus,

they will be able to value the use of electronic technologies particularly in the

educative process.

Parents/Guardians. This study will increase their awareness about the

effectiveness of e-learning materials in teaching and learning process. Thus,

empowering them to provide what they can contribute to improvement of the

school as well as support their children to become productive and technology-

literate individuals.

Administrators. This study will improve the school in the development of

student’s academic performance. This will also help the school to determine the

effectivity of the e-learning materials in teaching Understanding Culture, Society

 20

and Politics subject. This study will foster new ways of enhancing teaching

approaches or methods that may lessen the workload of the teachers as well as

improving the student’s active participation in the class.

Future Researchers. This study will provide ideas for the future

researchers conducting a similar study about the e-learning materials in teaching

for better understanding and more meaningful insights.

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study will employ an experimental research design to generate a

verifiable evidence that will answer the proposed research questions. This

method is the only method of research that can truly test hypotheses concerning

cause-and-effect relationships.
 21

Using this method, the researchers selected two (2) teaching methods to

be experimented. The respondents will be divided into two (2) groups: the

controlled group using the modular method and the experimental group using e-

learning method. Specifically, this will include a researchers’ made instrument in

a form of pre-test and post-test to assess the profile of the respondents,

effectivity of e-learning materials, and its relation to the respondent’s academic

performance. The researchers deemed it to be the most appropriate research

design to be use in this study.

Research Environment

This study will be conducted at Danao National High School, in

municipality of Danao located at the northeastern part of Bohol. The school

consists of 1 principal, 55 teachers, and 5 non-teaching staffs, with 2 school

guards. The junior high school has 20 sections and 10 sections in senior high

with a total of 30 sections. The school is subdivided into 6-year levels and a

population of almost 1382 enrollees.

Research Participants
 22

The participants of this research will be the Grade XI senior high students of

Danao National High School with a total population of 231 students. Upon

determining the respondents, quota sampling method is used under non-

probability sampling method which means the number of respondents from the

two groups are the same. Hence it is an experimental study, the researchers’

purposively chose the General Academic Strand (GAS) students to be the

respondents of the study. The section will be divided into two (2) groups: the

controlled group using the modular method as and the experimental group using

the e-learning method. The class have a total number of 46 students that will be

divided alternately following the sequence alphabetically, there would be 23

respondents in each group respectively.

Research Instrument

The researchers made and will administer a test in a form of pre-test and post-

test, as the main data gathering for this study. The instrument consisted of four

parts: effectiveness of e-learning, student’s profile, pre-test that consists of 10

multiple choice items, and post-test that consists of 10 identification items.

Considering that this study is using an experimental method and the respondents
 23

will be divided into two (2) groups: the controlled group using the modular

method and the experimental group using e-learning method. In terms of

questionnaire’s validity, the researchers will select an expert to assess and

evaluate the validity of the instrument.

To interpret the gathered data, a scale below is provided.

Students’ Pre- Test and Post-Test Scores of Controlled Group and Treated

Group

Legend Interpretation
25-20 Outstanding
19-24 Very Satisfactory
13-18 Satisfactory
7-12 Fairly Satisfactory
0-6 Poor

Data Gathering and Procedure

Phase I. Asking Permission

The researchers will send a letter requesting permission to conduct the

study to the Dean of the College of Teacher Education and to the Campus

Director of Bohol Island State University – Main Campus to conduct the study

outside the school premises. The researchers will also present a letter of

approval to the School Principal of Danao National High School to conduct the

study in their area, also another letter will be presented to the School Principal of
 24

Francisco Dagohoy Memorial High School to conduct the pilot testing in their

area.

Phase II. Constructing the Instrument

Given the approval, the researchers will construct a test and will be

modified before it will be finalized and distribute to the target group of

respondents. The researcher made instrument will be consisting of a total of 20

item questions that were modified and is related to the presented specific lesson.

The reliability of the tool will be based upon the result of the academic

performance of the students in Francisco Dagohoy Memorial High School,

located at Barangay Magtangtang, Danao, Bohol.

Phase III. Conducting the Pilot Testing

Upon doing the pilot study, a letter will also be sent to significant

authorities such as the Principal of Francisco Dagohoy Memorial High School

and the adviser of Grade 11 General Academic Strand (GAS) students. The

letter will also include the sample questionnaire to the further assessment,

approval or modification of the study.

Before starting the data gathering procedure, a pilot test will be conducted to

detect the weakness in the design and instrumentation. The research instrument
 25

will be subjected for reliability and validity test to ensure that the quality of data

that will be gathered from the respondents is accurate. The pilot respondents will

be the Grade 11 GAS students of Francisco Dagohoy Memorial High School.

The respondents will be divided into two (2) groups: the controlled group using

the modular method and the experimental group using e-learning method.

Reliability test will be conducted based on the results of the pilot study. Then, the

researcher made instrument will be validated by a statistician who is expert in the

field.

Phase IV. Conducting the Survey

Before administering the tool, a letter will also be sent to significant authorities

such as the Principal of Danao National High School and the adviser of Grade 11

General Academic Strand (GAS) students. The letter will also include the sample

questionnaire to the further assessment, approval or modification of the study.

The respondents will be oriented about the questionnaire that they are going to

answer and will be informed about the purpose of the study. The researchers will
 26

also emphasize that their identity and privacy are ensured, and their answers will

be treated with much confidentiality. After the data has been collected, it will be

statistically treated, analyzed and interpreted.

Statistical Treatment

In treating the profile the researchers will use descriptive statistics.

1. Percentage. This statistical measure was used to determine how a

part related to its whole. It was used extensively in describing the

demographic profile of the respondents.

2. Frequency. It is the number of times the event occurred in an

experiment or study. It was also used to describe the respondents’

demographic profile and the results of the pre-test and post-test both

for controlled group and experimental group.

3. Arithmetic Mean. A measure of central tendency used to determine

quantitative variables such as students’ achievement. It was

extensively used to determine the mean scores of the respondents in

the pre-test and post-test. It was also used to get the average of the

respondents’, age, sex, and the strand chosen by the respondents.

 27

In determining and measuring the academic performance of the students

in terms of their pre-test and post-test, the Arithmetic Mean is used:

Formula: x̄ =
∑x where:
N

x̄ - Arithmetic mean

∑x - Summation of scores

N - Total number of population

In getting the differences of two means of the academic performance of

the students from treated and controlled group, the independent t-test is used:

( X 1− X 2 )−( μ 1−μ2 )
t=

√
2
S1 S2
2 where:
+
n1 n2 X 1 - mean of the pre-test of the treated group

X 2 - mean of the post-test of the treated group

μ1- mean of the pre-test of the controlled group

In determining the significantμrelationship between

2- mean of the theofprofile
post0test of the students
the controlled group in

√
2 2
terms of the effectiveness of e-learning
S1 S 2 materials and effectivity of their academic
+ - Standard error of the difference of two
n1 n2
performance, Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient is used:
mean

n( ∑ xy )( ∑ x)( ∑ y)
r=
√¿ ¿ ¿

And t- test for Correlation Coefficient value.

t=r
√ n−2
1−r
2
 28

In determining the significant relationship between effectiveness of integrating e-

learning materials towards students’ academic performance in teaching

Understanding Culture, Society and Politics, Pearson Product Moment

Correlation Coefficient is used:

n( ∑ xy )( ∑ x)( ∑ y)
r=
√¿ ¿ ¿

And t- test for Correlation Coefficient value.

t=r
√ n−2
1−r
2

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following are the terms used in the study to aid the understanding of

the readers.

Academic Performance. It is the measurement of student achievement

across various academic subjects.

Controlled Group.
 29

E-learning. It is the acquisition of knowledge which takes place through

electronic technologies and media.

E-learning Materials. These are the study materials published in digital

or electronic format. It is provided through electronic devices such as computers,

tablets and even cellular phones.

Effectiveness.

Experimental Group.

Technology-Based Learning. It constitutes learning via electronic

technology, including the Internet, intranets audio and video conferencing which

fosters greater accessibility to learning by offering anytime and anywhere

delivery.

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 35

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 36

APPENDICES

Appendix A: Transmittal Letter

Republic of the Philippines
BOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITY
Main Campus
CPG North Avenue, Tagbilaran City

VISION: A premier S & T university for the formation of world class and virtuous human resource for sustainable
development in Bohol and the country.
MISSION: BISU is committed to provide quality higher education in the arts and sciences, as well as in the professional
and technological fields; undertake research and development, and extension services for the sustainable development of
Bohol and the country.

June 19, 2021

MR. ARNEL B. QUIÑO, MAEd

School Principal
Danao National High School
Poblacion, Danao, Bohol

Sir:

We, the students of Bohol Island State University- Main Campus taking up Bachelor of Secondary
Education major in Social Studies hereby conduct a study entitled “Effectivity of E-learning Materials in
Teaching in Relation to Students’ Academic Performance” in Danao National High School. This study is one
of our requirements in FSSE 101- Research in Social Studies.

In this connection, we would like to ask permission from your office to allow us to conduct the study in your
school and utilize the Grade 11 students as our respondents.

We are hoping for a favorable action on this request.

Respectfully yours,

JOSIEVELL D. PETALCORIN
Group 1 Leader

Recommending Approval: Approved by:

ROSE ANNE Q. PALMA FAVIO JAMERO MR. ARNEL B. QUIÑO
Subject Teacher Research Adviser School Principal
 37

Republic of the Philippines

BOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITY
Main Campus
CPG North Avenue, Tagbilaran City

VISION: A premier S & T university for the formation of world class and virtuous human resource for sustainable
development in Bohol and the country.
MISSION: BISU is committed to provide quality higher education in the arts and sciences, as well as in the professional
and technological fields; undertake research and development, and extension services for the sustainable development of
Bohol and the country.

MARCH 19, 2021

FAVIO JAMERO, LPT

Instructor, College of Teacher Education
Bohol Island State University Main Campus
Tagbilaran City, Bohol

Dear Sir:

I, in behalf of Social Studies III students of Bohol Island State University Main Campus pursuing
the degree of Bachelor in Secondary Education major in Social Studies, am currently enrolled in
FSSE 101 – Research in Social Studies.

I am writing to humbly request your service and expertise to serve as the Research Adviser for
our thesis.

I believe that your knowledge and insights will be valuable and will greatly enrich our work.

Respectfully yours,

JOSIEVELL D. PETALCORIN (Sgd.)

Research Leader

Noted:

ROSE ANNE Q. PALMA (Sgd.)

Research Instructor

Approved: Conforme:

MARIA ELENA S. MANDIN, PhD (Sgd.) FAVIO JAMERO (Sgd.)

Dean, College of Teacher Education Research Adviser
 38

Republic of the Philippines

BOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITY
Main Campus
CPG North Avenue, Tagbilaran City

VISION: A premier S & T university for the formation of world class and virtuous human resource for sustainable
development in Bohol and the country.
MISSION: BISU is committed to provide quality higher education in the arts and sciences, as well as in the professional
and technological fields; undertake research and development, and extension services for the sustainable development of
Bohol and the country.

MARCH 19, 2021

RENARIO G. HINAMPAS JR., PhD

Instructor, College of Teacher Education
Bohol Island State University Main Campus
Tagbilaran City, Bohol

Dear Sir:

I, in behalf of Social Studies III students of Bohol Island State University Main Campus pursuing
the degree of Bachelor in Secondary Education major in Social Studies, am currently enrolled in
FSSE 101 – Research in Social Studies.

I am writing to humbly request your service and expertise to serve as the Research Statistician
for our thesis.

I believe that your knowledge and insights will be valuable and will greatly enrich our work.

Respectfully yours,

JOSIEVELL D. PETALCORIN (Sgd.)

Research Leader

Noted:

ROSE ANNE Q. PALMA (Sgd.)

Research Instructor

Approved: Conforme:

MARIA ELENA S. MANDIN, PhD (Sgd.) RENARIO G. HINAMPAS JR., PhD (Sgd.)
Dean, College of Teacher Education Research Statistician
 39

Republic of the Philippines

BOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITY
Main Campus
CPG North Avenue, Tagbilaran City

VISION: A premier S & T university for the formation of world class and virtuous human resource for sustainable
development in Bohol and the country.
MISSION: BISU is committed to provide quality higher education in the arts and sciences, as well as in the professional
and technological fields; undertake research and development, and extension services for the sustainable development of
Bohol and the country.

MARCH 19, 2021

MA. CORAZON R. TATAD, PhD

Instructor, College of Teacher Education
Bohol Island State University Main Campus
Tagbilaran City, Bohol

Dear Maam:

I, in behalf of Social Studies III students of Bohol Island State University Main Campus pursuing
the degree of Bachelor in Secondary Education major in Social Studies, am currently enrolled in
FSSE 101 – Research in Social Studies.

I am writing to humbly request your service and expertise to serve as the Research Critic for our
thesis.

I believe that your knowledge and insights will be valuable and will greatly enrich our work.

Respectfully yours,

JOSIEVELL D. PETALCORIN (Sgd.)

Research Leader

Noted:

ROSE ANNE Q. PALMA (Sgd.)

Research Instructor

Approved: Conforme:

MARIA ELENA S. MANDIN, PhD (Sgd.) MA. CORAZON R. TATAD, PhD (Sgd.)
Dean, College of Teacher Education Research Critic
 40

Appendix B: Questionnaire

Republic of the Philippines

Bohol Island State University
Main Campus
CPG North Avenue, Tagbilaran City, Bohol

VISION: A premier S & T university for the formation of a world class and virtue-laden human
resource for sustainable development of Bohol and the country
MISSION: BISU is committed to provide quality higher education in the arts and sciences, as well
as in the professional and technological fields, undertake research and development and extension
services for the sustainable development of Bohol and the country.

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE EFFECTIVITY OF E- LEARNING

MATERIALS IN RELATION TO STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN

DANAO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Dear Respondents,
We are conducting the study entitled “EFFECTIVITY OF E-LEARNING
MATERIALS IN RELATION TO STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN
DANAO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL”. We humbly ask for your attentive
cooperation to answer honestly and wholeheartedly in this questionnaire. Rest
assured that your responses will be treated confidentially.
Thank You very much and God Bless!

The Researchers

What is the profile of the students’ in terms of:

Name: (Optional) _________________

Age: 15 years old

16 years old
 41

17 years old

Others (please specify):

Sex: Female

Male

Senior High Strand:

General Academic Strand (GAS)

TVL- Cookery

TVL- Computer System Servicing

TVL- Shielded Metal Arc Welding

TVL- Agriculture
Others (please specify):

What is the level of effectivity in integrating e-learning materials in teaching

Understanding Culture, Society and Politics?

Listed below are statements about the effectivity of integrating E-learning

materials in teaching. Please check under the appropriate column that

corresponds to your response according the its rating.

LIKERT ATTITUDE SCALE

Legend:
5- Strongly Agree (SA)
4- Agree (A)
3- Neither agree nor disagree (N)
 42

2- Disagree (D)
1-Strongly Disagree (SD)

Effectivity of E-learning materials in

teaching SA A N D SD
1. I like using e-learning materials
for Understanding Culture,
Society and Politics.
2. I think the teacher’s application of
e-learning in teaching
Understanding Culture, Society
and Politics helps me understand
more the subject.
3. I think the teacher’s application of
e-learning in teaching
Understanding Culture, Society
and Politics is not useful.
4. I think my grades will improve by
using e-learning in teaching
Understanding Culture, Society
and Politics.
5. I find Understanding Culture,
Society and Politics subject easier
when the teacher uses e-learning
in the teaching process.
6. I hope the teachers of
Understanding Culture, Society
and Politics continue to use e-
learning in their teaching.
7. Using e-learning for
Understanding Culture, Society
and Politics modules is more
interesting than the traditional
method.
8. E-learning make me more
interested in learning
Understanding Culture, Society
and Politics.
 43

9. By using e-learning for

Understanding Culture, Society
and Politics subject, the
opportunity of interaction with the
teacher is enhanced.
10. By using e-learning for
Understanding Culture, Society
and Politics subject, the
opportunity of interaction with my
classmates is enhanced.
11. Using e-learning for
Understanding Culture, Society
and Politics subject encourages
me to continue learning on the
Internet by myself.
12. I am unwilling to learn
Understanding Culture, Society
and Politics subject through using
e-learning.
 44

Pre-test
Directions: Read and understand the following statements and encircle the letter
that best describes the answer.
1. The natural process of biological change occurring in a population across
successive generations.
a. Evolution
b. Culture
c. Biology
d. Sociology
2. It is a genus of modern humans and the first group that came out of Africa.
a. Rama
b. Australopithecus
c. Homo
d. Homo habilis
3. It is considered as the earliest known fossil creature identified as definitely
manlike form.
a. Ramapithecus
b. Australopithecus
c. Pithecanthropus
d. Eutherian
4. The specie is also known as “handy man”.
a. Homo erectus
b. Homo habilis
c. Homo sapiens
d. Homo rudolfensis
5. This specie is also known as the “Upright Man”
a. Homo sapiens
b. Homo habilis
c. Australopithecus
d. None of the above
6. The earliest tools used by pre-human primates
a. Spear
b. Broken pebbles
c. Gatling gun
d. Arrows
7. It refers to the period of flaked and polished stone implements
 45

a. Mesolithic
b. Paleolithic
c. Neolithic
d. Marsupial Period
8. It refers to relatively high level of cultural and technological development
of human beings.
a. Society
b. Community
c. Civilization
d. Nation
9. It refers to genetic variation among human groups that characterizes their
common biological traits along with supposedly correlated other traits.
a. Race
b. Ancestry
c. Civilization
d. Ethnicity
10. The cultural differences among groups of people bounded by certain
cultural ang historical commonalities that establish their unique identity.
a. Ethnicity
b. Race
c. Ancestry
d. Civilization

Post- Test
Directions. Read and understand the following statements and write your
answers on the space provided.
1. The cultural differences among groups of people bounded by
certain cultural and historical commonalities that establish their
unique identity.
2. It refers to genetic variation among human groups that
characterizes their common biological traits along with supposedly
correlated other traits.
3. It refers to relatively high level of cultural and technological
development of human beings.
4. It refers to the period of flaked and polished stone implements.
5. It is the earliest tools used by pre-human primates.
6. It is the specie that is also known as the “Upright Man”.
7. It is the specie that is also known as the “Handy Man”.
8. It is considered as the earliest known fossil creature identified as
definitely manlike form.
 46

9. It is a genus of modern humans and the first group that came out of
Africa.
10. It is a natural process of biological change occurring in a population
across successive generations.

Detailed Lesson Plan

in
Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
I. Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students are able to:

 Trace back the origin of man using a time-graph,

 Creatively craft a timeline about the origin of early species with their specific
characteristics,
 Formulate a reflective essay about why is it important to look back at human
biocultural and social evolution.

II. Subject Matter:

Topic: Chapter 3: Looking Back at Human Biocultural and Social Evolution

Reference: Banaag, Lee Mark T (2012). Socio- Anthro: An Integrated and
Interdisciplinary Approach to the Study of Society
and Culture. Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp.
Publishing Corp.
Palispis, Epitacio S. (2007). Introduction to Sociology and
Anthropology. Manila: Rex Bookstore.
Materials: Laptop, Projector, Projectors Screen, Multimedia Instructional
Materials

Teaching Approach: Collaborative Learning Approach

Values Integration: Building a good teacher-student relationship through active

participation in class discussions and creating an interactive classroom
 47

integrating values formation with respect. As well as accentuating the sense of

cooperation and unity among students in classroom activities.

Time Frame: 1 hour (9:30- 10:30)

III. Procedure:
Teacher’s Activity Student’s Activity
A. Classroom Management/
Preparation
I. Opening Prayer

Let us all stand for a prayer. The students stand for a prayer.

Good morning, class Good morning, Teachers.

Thank you students, you Thank you teacher.

may take your seat.

II. Cleanliness and

Orderliness

(The students pick up the pieces of

Kindly pick up the pieces paper, straighten their chairs and set
of papers under your aside all the unrelated things to the
chairs and throw it to the subject.)
garbage bin.
Straighten your chairs and
remove all the unecessary
things that are not related
to this subject.

III. Checking of Attendance

Class monitor, kindy check (The class monitor checks the

the attendance. Then give attendance and gives the list of
me the names of those students who were absent.)
who are absent.
Were fine, thank you.
Once again good morning
 48

my dear students. How

are you today? Yes, Teachers.

Are you ready to learn another

lesson?

B. Motivation (Boomerang Bubble

Map)

Before we delve into a new lesson, (The students gathered according to

please group yourselves into 2 their groupings)
groups.

Instruction:
Let’s play a bubble map. All you
need to do is to boomerang the
pictures that is being shown in the
projector’s screen. The students will
be rated according to the accuracy
of its boomerang to the shown
picture. Yes, Teacher.

Understood?

(Note: The pictures shown reflect the

simple differentiation of the Cultural
Evolution during Paleolithic Age and
Neolithic Age)

C. Presentation of the topic

Based on the pictures presented on Our topic for today is about human
the projectors screen, what do you origins and man’s cultural evolution.
think is our topic for today?

Yes, today were going to discuss

about human origins and man’s
cultural revolution.

D. Reading of the Objectives

 49

But before we discuss our new (Reads the objectives in chorus.)

lesson, let us read first the
objectives. Kindly read the objectives
on the projectors screen. At the end of the lesson, the
students are able to:

 Trace back the origin of man,

 Creatively craft a timeline about

the origin of early species with their
specific characteristics,
 Formulate a reflective essay about
why is it important to look back at
human biocultural and social
evolution.
We will not achieve these objectives
without Y. O. U.
Y- You should listen and participate
during the discussion.
O-Openness in giving ideas in
relation to your prior knowledge
U- Uphold values integration and
impart.

Class, understood? Yes, Teachers.

Now, eyes on the projectors screen.

E. Discussion
Looking Back at Human
Biocultural and Social Evolution
Human Origins
Evolution is a natural process of
biological changes occurring in a
population across successive
generations (Banaag,2012 p.31).
Early man’s development served as
an avenue in analyzing the progress
 50

of our society.

Again, what is evolution?

Evolution is a natural process of
Mr…? biological changes occurring in a
population across successive
generations

Species and Characteristics of the

origin of man:

Before we proceed to the species

and characteristics of the origin of a
man, can you tell us what specie we
are?
Homo sapiens, Ma’am.
Miss…?

Very good! Again, eyes on the

projectors screen.

Homo habilis
- species with brain of Broca’s
area which is associated with
speech in modern humans and was
the first to make stone tools. The
ability to make and use tools is a
unique quality to humans such that
the species is recognized to be the
first true human. The species name
means “Handy Man”. Lived about
2.4 to 1.4 million years ago
scavenging for food. Homo rudolfensis
- species characterized by a
Now, can you please read the longer face, larger molar and premolar
definition of Homo rudolfensis in the teeth and having a larger braincase
slide, Miss… compared to habilis particularly larger
frontal lobes, areas of the brain that
processes information. The species
lived about 1.9 ton to 1.8 million years
ago.
 51

Homo erectus
- the species name means “the
Thank you. Next kindly read the text upright man” with bod proportions
Mr… similar to that of modern humans. Lived
1.89 to 143,000 years ago; adapted to
hot climates and mostly spread in Asia
and Africa. They were the first hunters
with improvised tools such as axes and
knives, and were the first to produce
fire.

Homo heidelbergenesis
- species with large brow ridge
Thank you, Miss… kindly read the and short wide bodies that lived about
definition of Homo heidelbergenesis. 700,000 to 200,000 years ago in
Europe and Africa. They were the first
of early human species to live in colder
climates, first to hunt large animals on
routine basis using spears and first to
construct human shelters.

Homo floresienses
- species nicknamed “hobbit” due
to their small stature with aheight of
Thank you! Kindly read the text in more or less 3 feet and lived 95,000 to
the slide Mr… 17,000 years ago in the island of
Flores, Indonesia along with other
dwarfed animal species.

Now, for the specie we belong to,

Homo Sapiens.

Homo sapiens
 52

- the species name means

“wise man” that appeared from
200,000 years ago. The present
human race belongs to this species. Homo neanderthalensis
- subspecies with short yet
Next, Homo neanderthalensis, kindly stocky in body build adapted to winter
read the text on the screen Miss… climates especially in icy coldy places in
Europe and Asia.
- Also known as “Neanderthal
Man” closest relative of modern
humans.
- First to practice burial of dead,
hunting, gathering food, and sewing
clothes from animal skin using bone
needles. Lived about 200,000 to 28,000
years ago.

Homo sapiens sapiens

Lastly, the Homo sapiens sapiens. - known as Cro-magnon
Mr… kindly read the text on the characterized to be anatomically
screen. modern humans lived in the last Ice
Age of Europe from 40,000 to 10,000
years ago. They were the first to
produce art in cave paintings and
crafting decorated tools and
accessories.

Culture enables the members of the

society to develop ways of coping
the exigencies of nature as well as
ways of harnessing their
environment (Panopio, et.al 1994).

Man’s Cultural Evolution

Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age)

- Traditionally coincide with the
 53

first evidence of tool

construction and by use by
homo sapiens 2.5 million
years ago.
Cultural development:
 Use of simple pebble tools
 Learn to live in cages
 Discovered the use of fire
 Developed small sculptures
and monumental painting,
incised designs, and reliefs on
walls of caves.
 “Food-collecting cultures”

Neolithic Age (New Stone Age)

- Occurred sometime about
10,000 BCE
Cultural Development
 Stone tools were shaped by
polishing or grinding
 Settlement in permanent
villages
 Dependence on domesticated
plants or animals
 Appearance of such crafts as
pottery and weaving
 “Food-producing cultures”
Characteristics of Human Society
1. It is a social system.
2. A society is relatively large.
3. A society recruits most its
members from within.
4. A society sustains itself
across generations.
5. A society’s members share a
culture.
6. A society occupies a territory.

Types of Societies
1. Hunting and Food Gathering
 54

Societies
2. Horticultural Societies
3. Pastoral Societies
4. Agricultural Societies
5. Industrial Societies
6. Post- Industrial Societies

That’s the end of our discussion

today, thank you class for listening
attentively and participating in our
discussion.

F. Generalization

Thus, Early man’s development

served as an avenue in analyzing
the progress of our society. The
cultural evolution of man and tracing
back the origin of man allow us to be
aware of the importance of historical
precepts to how the man evolve as
well as how they live through years.
(The student stands up)
Anyone from the class, can you give
your generalization of the topic that More so, the contributions of early
we discuss today? human origin particularly their
inventions showed great contribution in
the society until now.
Aside from that, the types of societies
enable us to appreciate how each
society lives, their cultural differences
particularly in the means of survival.
Very, Good.
Any questions? None so far.
G. Application
Activity 1: Craft a timeline about the
origin of early species with their
specific characteristics.
H. Evaluation

Create a reflective essay minimum

of 10 sentences each.
 55

Criteria:

Content and Relevance – 10 pts

Organization - 5 pts

Grammar and Neatness- 5 pts

Total - 20 pts

1. Why is it important to look back at

human biocultural and social
evolution?

2. How does the biocultural and

social evolution of man influence the
shaping of the present society?

Detailed Lesson Plan

in
Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
I. Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students are able to:

 Trace back the origin of man using a time-graph,

 56

 Creatively craft a timeline about the origin of early species with their specific
characteristics,
 Formulate a reflective essay about why is it important to look back at human
biocultural and social evolution.

II. Subject Matter:

Topic: Chapter 3: Looking Back at Human Biocultural and Social Evolution

Reference: Banaag, Lee Mark T (2012). Socio- Anthro: An Integrated and
Interdisciplinary Approach to the Study of Society
and Culture. Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp.
Publishing Corp.
Palispis, Epitacio S. (2007). Introduction to Sociology and
Anthropology. Manila: Rex Bookstore.
Materials: Chalkboard, Chalk, Instructional Materials

Teaching Approach: Collaborative Learning Approach

Values Integration: Building a good teacher-student relationship through active

participation in class discussions and creating an interactive classroom
integrating values formation with respect. As well as accentuating the sense of
cooperation and unity among students in classroom activities.

Time Frame: 1 hour (9:30- 10:30)

III. Procedure:
Teacher’s Activity Student’s Activity
A. Classroom Management/
Preparation
I. Opening Prayer

Let us all stand for a prayer. The students stand for a prayer.

Good morning, class Good morning, Teachers.

Thank you students, you Thank you teacher.

may take your seat.
 57

II. Cleanliness and

Orderliness

(The students pick up the pieces of

paper, straighten their chairs and set
Kindly pick up the pieces of aside all the unrelated things to the
papers under your chairs subject.)
and throw it to the garbage
bin.
Straighten your chairs and
remove all the unecessary
things that are not related to
this subject.

III. Checking of Attendance

Class monitor, kindy check (The class monitor checks the

the attendance. Then give attendance and gives the list of
me the names of those who students who were absent.)
are absent.
Were fine, thank you.
Once again good morning
my dear students. How are
you today? Yes, Teachers.

Are you ready to learn another lesson?

B. Motivation (Boomerang Bubble

Map)

Before we delve into a new lesson, (The students gathered according to

please group yourselves into 2 groups. their groupings)

Instruction:
Let’s play a bubble map. All you need
to do is to boomerang the pictures that
is being shown in the projector’s
screen. The students will be rated
according to the accuracy of its
 58

boomerang to the shown picture.

Understood? Yes, Teacher.

(Note: The pictures shown reflect the

simple differentiation of the Cultural
Evolution during Paleolithic Age and
Neolithic Age)

C. Presentation of the topic

Today were going to discuss about

human origins and man’s cultural
revolution.

D. Reading of the Objectives

But before we discuss our new lesson,
let us state first the objectives.

At the end of the lesson, the

students are able to:

 Trace back the origin of man,

 Creatively craft a timeline about

the origin of early species with
their specific characteristics,
 Formulate a reflective essay
about why is it important to look
back at human biocultural and
social evolution.

And we will not achieve these

objectives without Y. O. U.
Y- You should listen and participate
during the discussion.
O-Openness in giving ideas in relation
to your prior knowledge
U- Uphold values integration and
 59

impart.

Class, understood? Yes, Teachers.

E. Discussion
Looking Back at Human Biocultural
and Social Evolution

Human Origins
Evolution is a natural process of
biological changes occurring in a
population across successive
generations (Banaag,2012 p.31). Early
man’s development served as an
avenue in analyzing the progress of our
society.

Again, what is evolution? Evolution is a natural process of

biological changes occurring in a
Mr…? population across successive
generations

Species and Characteristics of the

origin of man:

Before we proceed to the species and

characteristics of the origin of a man,
can you tell us what specie we are?
Homo sapiens, Ma’am.
Miss…?

Very good! Again, eyes on the visual

aids.

Homo habilis
- species with brain of Broca’s
 60

area which is associated with speech

in modern humans and was the first to
make stone tools. The ability to make
and use tools is a unique quality to
humans such that the species is
recognized to be the first true human.
The species name means “Handy
Man”. Lived about 2.4 to 1.4 million
years ago scavenging for food.

Now, can you please read the Homo rudolfensis

definition of Homo rudolfensis in the - species characterized by a
visual aid, Miss… longer face, larger molar and
premolar teeth and having a larger
braincase compared to habilis
particularly larger frontal lobes, areas
of the brain that processes
information. The species lived about
1.9 ton to 1.8 million years ago.

Thank you. Next kindly read the Mr… Homo erectus

- the species name means “the
upright man” with bod proportions
similar to that of modern humans.
Lived 1.89 to 143,000 years ago;
adapted to hot climates and mostly
spread in Asia and Africa. They were
the first hunters with improvised tools
such as axes and knives, and were
the first to produce fire.

Thank you, kindly read the definition of

Homo heidelbergenesis Miss… Homo heidelbergenesis
- species with large brow ridge
and short wide bodies that lived about
700,000 to 200,000 years ago in
Europe and Africa. They were the first
of early human species to live in
colder climates, first to hunt large
animals on routine basis using spears
 61

and first to construct human shelters.

Homo floresienses
Thank you! Kindly read the text in the - species nicknamed “hobbit”
visual aid Mr… due to their small stature with aheight
of more or less 3 feet and lived
95,000 to 17,000 years ago in the
island of Flores, Indonesia along with
other dwarfed animal species.

Now, for the specie we belong to,

Homo Sapiens.

Homo sapiens
- the species name means
“wise man” that appeared from
200,000 years ago. The present
human race belongs to this species.

Next, Homo neanderthalensis, kindly Homo neanderthalensis

read Miss… - subspecies with short yet
stocky in body build adapted to winter
climates especially in icy coldy places
in Europe and Asia.
- Also known as “Neanderthal
Man” closest relative of modern
humans.
- First to practice burial of
dead, hunting, gathering food, and
sewing clothes from animal skin using
bone needles. Lived about 200,000 to
28,000 years ago.
Lastly, the Homo sapiens sapiens,
kindly read Mr… Homo sapiens sapiens
- known as Cro-magnon
characterized to be anatomically
modern humans lived in the last Ice
Age of Europe from 40,000 to 10,000
years ago. They were the first to
 62

produce art in cave paintings and

crafting decorated tools and
accessories.

Culture enables the members of the

society to develop ways of coping the
exigencies of nature as well as ways
of harnessing their environment
(Panopio, et.al 1994).

Man’s Cultural Evolution

Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age)

- Traditionally coincide with the
first evidence of tool
construction and by use by
homo sapiens 2.5 million years
ago.
Cultural development:
 Use of simple pebble tools
 Learn to live in cages
 Discovered the use of fire
 Developed small sculptures and
monumental painting, incised
designs, and reliefs on walls of
caves.
 “Food-collecting cultures”

Neolithic Age (New Stone Age)

- Occurred sometime about
10,000 BCE
Cultural Development
 Stone tools were shaped by
polishing or grinding
 Settlement in permanent
villages
 Dependence on domesticated
plants or animals
 Appearance of such crafts as
 63

pottery and weaving

 “Food-producing cultures”
Characteristics of Human Society
7. It is a social system.
8. A society is relatively large.
9. A society recruits most its
members from within.
10. A society sustains itself across
generations.
11. A society’s members share a
culture.
12. A society occupies a territory.

Types of Societies
7. Hunting and Food Gathering
Societies
8. Horticultural Societies
9. Pastoral Societies
10. Agricultural Societies
11. Industrial Societies
12. Post- Industrial Societies

That’s the end of our discussion today,

thank you class for listening attentively
and participating in our discussion.

F. Application

Trace me back
Instruction: Creatively craft a timeline
about the origin of early species with
their specific characteristics.

G. Evaluation

Create a reflective essay minimum of

 64

10 sentences each.

Criteria:

Content and Relevance – 10 pts

Organization - 5 pts

Grammar and Neatness- 5 pts

Total - 20 pts

1. Why is it important to look back at

human biocultural and social
evolution?

2. How does the biocultural and social

evolution of man influence the shaping
of the present society?
 65

RESEARCHERS BIODATA

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Name : Josievell D. Petalcorin
Age : 21
Sex : Female
Date of Birth : November 23, 1999
Place of Birth : Poblacion, Danao, Bohol
Father's Name : Vernando R. Petalcorin +
Mother's Name: Josynda D. Petalcorin
Home Address : Sitio Canlunggo Hibale, Danao, Bohol
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary : Bohol Island State University - Main Campus
C.P.G North Avenue, Tagbilaran City
Course : Bachelor of Secondary Education major in Social Studies
 66

Secondary : Danao National High School (2018)

Poblacion, Danao, Bohol
Elementary : Danao Central Elementary School (2012)
Poblacion, Danao, Bohol
Motto : Do it now. Sometimes later, becomes never.

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Name : Victor A. De Veyra Jr.
Age : 21
Sex : Male
Date of Birth : January 28, 2000
Place of Birth : Poblacion, Dauis, Bohol
Father's Name : Victor B. Deveyra
Mother's Name: Arlene A. Deveyra
Home Address : Purok 8, Poblacion, Dauis, Bohol
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary : Bohol Island State University - Main Campus

C.P.G North Avenue, Tagbilaran City
 67

Course : Bachelor of Secondary Education major in Social Studies

Secondary : Dr. Cecilio Puting National High School (2018)
CPG North Avenue, Tagbilaran City
Elementary : Dauis, Central Elementary School (2012)
Motto : The best way to predict your future is to create it.

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Name : Anilyn A. Celis
Age : 20
Sex : Female
Date of Birth : January 16, 2001
Place of Birth : Brgy.Can-oling, Dagohoy, Bohol
Father's Name : Amancio B. Celis
Mother's Name: Nicolasa A. Celis
Home Address : Centro I, Brgy. Can-oling, Dagohoy, Bohol
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary : Bohol Island State University - Main Campus

C.P.G North Avenue, Tagbilaran City
Course : Bachelor of Secondary Education major in Social Studies
Secondary : San Jose National High School (2018)
 68

San Jose, Inabanga, Bohol

Elementary : Can-oling Elementary School (2012)
Brgy. Can-oling, Dagohoy, Bohol

Motto : Isaiah 60:22 " When the time is right, I, the Lord, will make it happen."

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Name : Edna Gene B. Tangaro
Age : 21
Sex : Female
Date of Birth : June 7, 2000
Place of Birth : Tagbilaran City, Bohol
Father's Name : Hermogenes L. Tangaro
Mother's Name: Edna B. Tangaro
Home Address : Sitio Hayahay Poblacion, Sagbayan, Bohol
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary : Bohol Island State University - Main Campus
C.P.G North Avenue, Tagbilaran City
Course : Bachelor of Secondary Education major in Social Studies
Secondary : San Agustin National High School (2018)
 69

San Agustin, Sagbayan, Bohol

Elementary : Sagbayan, Central Elementary School (2012)
Poblacion, Sagbayan, Bohol
Motto : Start where you are, Use what you have, and Do what you can.