CHAPTER 2 Fluid Statics 24 For the dam shown in Fig. 2-1, find the horizontal pressure acting at the face of the dam at 20-ft depth. ' yh = (62.4)(20) = 1248 Ib/tt? 2.2 For the vessel containing glycerin under pressure as shown in Fig. 2-2, find the pressure at the bottom of the tank. ' P= 50+ yh = 50+ (12.34)(2.0) = 74.68 N/m? or 74.68kPa Grycerin 2m Fig. 22 23 If the pressure in a tank is 50 psi, find the equivalent pressure head of (a) water, (4) mercury, and (c) heavy fuel oil with a specific gravity of 0.92. ' amply @ hm [(50)(148)]/62.4 = 115.38 8 co) ‘A= [(50)(144)]/847.3 = 8.50 ft o ‘a= [(60)(144)}/[(0.929(62.4)] = 125.42 ft26 0 CHAPTER 2 24 2S 26 27 28 29 2.10 lt 2Az 213 A weather report indicates the barometric pressure is 29.75 in of mercury. What is the atmospheric pressure in pounds per square inch? ' p= rh = [(13.6)(62.4)]129.75/12)}/144= 14 61 Ib/in? oF 16.61 psi Find the atmospheric pressure in kilopascals if a mercury barometer reads 742 mm, a (p= yh = (133.1)GE) = 9BSKN/m* or 9B KPa ‘A pressure gage 7.0m above the bottom of a tank containing a liquid reads 64.94 kPa; another gage at height 4.0m reads 87.53 kPa. Compute the specific weight and mass density of the fluid. ' Y= Op/Ah = (87.53 ~ 64.94)/(7.0~4.0)=7.53kN/m? or 7530N/m° P= ¥/g = 7530/9.81 = 786 kg/m? A pressure gage 19.0 ft above the bottom of a tank containing a liquid reads 13.19 psi: another gage at height 14.0 ft reads 15.12 psi. Compute the specific weight, mass density, and specific gravity of the liquid. ’ Apa (Ah) (15.12~-13.19)(144) = (7)(19.0- 14.0) y= 55.6 1b/fe P= vig ~55.6/32.2 1.73 slugitt? ——_&.g. = 55.6/62.4= 0.891 ‘An open tank contains 5.7m of water covered with 2.8 m of kerosene (y= 8.0 KN/m?). Find the pressure at the interface and at the bottom of the tank. i Pm Peo: = 22.4 + (9.79)(5.7) = 78.2 kPa An open tank contains 9.4 ft of water beneath 1.8 ft of oil (s.g. = 0.85). Find the pressure at the interface and at the bottom of the tank. ‘ Pine = yh = [(0.85){62.4)](1.8)/144 = 0.663 psi Prox = 0.663 + (62.4}(9.4)/144 = 4.74 psi fair had a constant specific weight of 0.076 Ib/f and were incompressible, what would be the height of the atmosphere if sea-level pressure were 14.92 psia? fn b= ply =(14.92)(144)/0.076 = 28 2704 If the weight density of mud is given by y = 65.0 + 0.2h, where y is in Ib/ft* and depth h is in ft, determine the pressure, in pri, ata depth of 17 1 Ul dp = ydh = (65.0 + 0.2h) dh. Integrating both sides: p = 65.0h + 0.04". For h = 17 ft P= (65.0)(17)/144 + (0.1)(17)'/144 = 7.87 psi. If the absolute pressure in a gus is 40.0 in (a) Ib/int; (B) kPa; (e) bar. t@ Pam = (846)(0.0145) = 12.31b/in® —Pyge = 40.0 ~ 12.3 = 27.7 Ibfin? () Pate = (40.0)(6.894) = 276 kPa Prag = (846)(0.100) = 85 KPA Pyage = 276 — 85= 191 KP © Pam 40.0/14.5= 2.759 bar yy = 2.759 ~ 0.846 = 1.913 bar and the atmospheric pressure is 846 mbar abs, find the gage pressure If the atmospheric pressure is 0.900 bar abs and a gage attached (o a tank reads 390 mmHg vacuum, what is the absolute pressure within the tank? / P= 1h Page = 0.900 100 =90.0KPa Pens ~ [(13.6)(9.79)|(G55) = 51.9 KPa vacuum or 51.9 KPa Pan = 90.0-+ (51.9) = 38.1 kPaFLUID STATICS 2 27 214 Tfatmospheric pressure is 13.99 psia and a gage attached to a tank reads 7.4 inHg vacuum, find the absolute pressure within the tank. ' park aoe = ((13.6)(62.4)]{(7.4/12)/144] = 3.63 psi vacuum or ~3.63 ps Pam = 13.99 + (—3.63) = 0.36 psa 215 The closed tank in Fig. 2-3 is at 20°C. If the pressure at point A is 98 kPa abs, what is the absolute pressure at point B? What percent error results from neglecting the specific weight of the ai Bia Yadiac~ Yesoltoc ~ Yudhon = Px, 98 + (0.0118)(5) — (9.790)(5 — 3) = (0.0118)(3) = py = 78.444 kPa. ‘Neglecting air, p» = 98 — (9.790)(5 — 3) ~ 78.420 kPa; error = (78.444 — 78.420)/78.444 = 0.00031, or 0.031%. 216 ‘The system in Fig. 2-4 is at 70°F. If the pressure at point A is 2900 1b/ft*, determine the pressures at points B, ©, and D. ' Pn = 2900 — (62.4)(4—3) = 28381b/fE pp = 2900 + (62.4)(6) = 3274 10/8? Pe = 2900 + (62.4)(6 — 2) — (0.075)(5 + 3) = 3149 1b/# Water pi2t - oJ omg.24 247 ‘The system in Fig. 2-5 is at 20°C. If atmospheric pressure is 101.03 kPa and the absolute pressure at the bottom of the tank is 231.3 kPa, what is the specific gravity of olive oil?” HB 101.03 + (0.89)(9.79)(1.5) + (9.79).5) + (6.8.)09.79)(2.9) + (13.0)9.79)(0.4) = 231.3 5.g.=1.39 z- SAE 3000 | T5™ war | 25m Olive ot | 29m Mercury] “O-4mt 28 0 CHAPTER 2 218 Find the pressures at A, B, C, and D in Fig. 2-6. 1B pa=(62.4)(4-+2) = 374 Ib/ft!, py = ~(62.4)(2) = —125 lb/ft. Neglecting air, pe = pe = —125 1b/t; Po =~ 125— (62.4)(4 + 2 +2) = 624 b/IC. ahs 3-1 Fig. 2-6 2.19 The tube shown in Fig, 2-7 is filled with oil, Determine the pressure heads at A and B in meters of water. F (aso 110) = (hea) Yos) = (oa){C6-8. 231 ‘The reading of an automobile fuel gage is proportional to the gage pressure at the bottom of the tank (Fig. 2-16). If the tank is 32 cm deep and is contaminated with 3 em of water, how many centimeters of air Femains at the top when the gage indicates “full”? USE Yypeome = 0670 N/an? and Yoe= 11.8N/m". I When full of gasoline, Pepe = (6670)(0-32) = 2134 Pa, With water added, 2134 = (9790)(0.03) + (€670){(0.32 — 0.03) — h} + C11 8)(A), = 0.0141 m, or 1.41 em82 0 CHAPTER 2 Fig. 216 2.3% The hydraulic jack shown in Fig. 2-17 is filled with oil at 55 Ib/ft’, Neglecting the weight of the two pistons, what force Fon the handle is required to support the 2200. weight? I The pressure agains th large and the small piston is the same. p = W /A nye =2200/[3)°/4] = 4481810/f. Let P be the force from the small piston onto the handle. P = paras = (44 818)[7(5)"/4}=244 Ib. For the handle, EM, = 0= (16+ 1)(F)— (1)(244), F= 14.410. ie. 217 250 ee 2ttsdore emer nth sve minting page solder Wir re Fs rao ens | a the weight of the cylinder if the weight of the plunger is negligible? | ’ 10.000/500 — [(0.78)(62.4)](A5)/144 = F/S FF =74.61b fe i re Plonger een = Sta? ih q ie Oitee = 078) Fig. 218 2.34 For the vertical pipe with manometer attached, as shown in Fig. 2-19, find the pressure in the oil at point A. ' Pa + [(0.91)(62.4)](7.22) — [(13.6)(62.4)](1.00)=0 pa =438.7Ib/f? or 3.05 Ib/in®FLUID STATICS 0 33 Mercury Ge= 16) Fig. 249 ‘A monometer is attached to a tank containing three different fluids, as shown in Fig. 2-20. What will be the difference in elevation of the mercury column in the manometer (i.e., y in Fig. 2-20)? F304 [(0.82)8.79)](5—2) + (9.79) — 0) + (9.799(1.00) - [13.6)9.79)]y=0 y= 0.627 m Bev. 6m Bev. 5m Blew. 2m Water tev. Om Mercury Ge = 136) Fig. 2:20 {236 Oilof specific gravity 0.750 flows through the nozzle shown in Fig. 2-21 and deflects the mercury in the U-tube gage. Determine the value of fr if the pressure at A is 20.0 psi. ' 20.0 + [(0.750)(62.4)](2.15 + h)/144 — [(13.6)(62.4)|(AY/144= 0 h=3.75 834 0 CHAPTER 2 Fig. 221 'b 2.37 Determine the reading i in Fig. 2-22 for pa ~ 39 kPa vacuum if the liquid is kerosene (3.2. = 0.83). ‘ ' 39+ [(0.83)(9.79))k=0 = 4.800m Fig. 2-22 2.38 In Fig. 2:22, the liquid is water. If h = 9in and the barometer reading is 29.8 inFlg, find p. in feet of water absolute. , Pat = (13.6)29.8/12) p,=33.0ft of water absolute a 2.39 In Fig. 2-23, 5.g., = 0.84, 5 g.2= 1.0, y= 96mm, and h, = 159 mm. Find p, in mmHg gage. If the barometer s reading is 729 mmHg, what isp, in mmH,O absolute? ' Pat (0.84)(96) ~ (1.0)(159) =0 Pa=78.4mmlHl,O gage = 78.4/13.6=5.76mmbig gage = 78.4 + (13.6)(729) = 9993 mmH,O absolute Fig. 2:23 2.40 At20°C, gage A in Fig. 2-24 reads 290 kPa abs. What is the height h of water? What does gage B read? ' 290 ~ [13.619.79)]%) ~9.79h = 175th =2.227m Po~ (9.79\ 8) +2.227)=175 py = 204KPa22 23 244 FLUID STATICS 0 35 ae Water 70cm | Mercury {Sameer wees ‘The U-tube shown in Fig. 2-25a is 10 mm in diameter and contains mereury. If 12.0 mL. of water is poured into the right-hand leg, what are the ultimate heights in the two legs? IL After the water is poured, the orientation ofthe liquids will be as shown in Fig. 2-256; h = (12.0% 10° mme)/n(5 mm) = 152.8 mm, (13.6)(240 — L) = 13.6L + 152.8, L~ 114.4 mm. Left leg height above bottom of U-tube = 240 ~ 114.4= 125.6mm; right leg height above bottom of U-tube = 114.4 + 152.8= 267.2 mm, water, Tr Mercury epee h e404. { 20mm 120mm L t £ 120mm Pig. 2-25¢@) “20mm Fig. 2-28(0) Assuming sea water to have a constant specific weight of 10.05 kN/m, what is the absolute pressure at a depth of 10 kin? ' p= 14 (10.05)(10 000)/101.3 = 993 atm In Fig. 2-26, fluid 2 is carbon tetrachloride and fluid 1 is benzene. If Pum is 101.5 kPa, determine the absolute pressure at point A. ' 101.5-+ (15.57)(0.38) ~ (8.62)(0.12) =p, pa = 105.9 kPa Patm tui 1 3Sem a Ze pea fiuid 2 Fig, 2.26 In Fig. 2-27a, the manometer reads 4 in when atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia. If the absolute pressure at A is, doubled, what is the new manometer reading? 1H pot (2.43.5) ~ (013.6(0.4)](4) = 14.7)0144), pa = 2181 W/E. If pis doubled to 4362 Ib/? ‘mercury level will fll inches on the left side of the manometer and will ise by that amount on the right side of the manometer (see Fig. 2-27b). Hence, 4362-+ (62.4)(3.5 -+/12) ~ ((13.6)(62.4)][(4 + 2)/12] x = 16.0in. New manometer reading = 4 + (2)(16.0) = 36.0in.96 0 CHAPTER 2 2.48 2.46 247 ie re. ast + - 7 MACY Hg, 2270) = In Fig. 2-282, A contains water, and the manometer fluid has density 2900 kg/m. When the left meniscus is at zero on the seale, p= 100 mm of water. Find the reading of the right meniscus for p, = 10 kPa with no adjustment of the U-tube or scale, ig. 2.2706) I First, determine the reading of the right meniscus for p.~ 100 mm of water (see Fig. 2-280): 100+ 500 ~ 2.904 = 0, A= 206.9 mm. When p= 10 kPa, the mercury level wil fall some amount, d, on the left side of the manometer and will rise by that amount on the right side of the manometer (see Fig. 2.280). Hence, 1079.79 + (500 + d)/1000 — [(206.9 + 2d) /1000](2.90) = 0, d = 192.0:mm. Scale reading for ps = 10 kPa is 206.9 + 192.0, oF 398.9 mm. ‘500mm ~ Fig. 2-28() Fig. 2-28(6) ‘A manometer is attached to a conduit, as shown in Fig. 2-29. Calculate the pressure at point A. t a> 62.4NCS + 15)/12] ~ [(13.6)(62.4)]4)=0 pa = 957 1b/t Fig. 2-29 ‘A manometer is attached to « pipe containing oil, as shown in Fig. 2-30. Calculate the pressure at point A. a+ [(0.85)9.79)](0.2) — (9.79¥1.5)=0 py = 1R.02EN/mm?FLUID STATICS 0 37 Oil (os. = 085) 4 Water vig. 2:30 1 248 A monometer is attached to a pipe to measure pressure, as shown in Fig, 2-31. Caleulate the pressure at 2 ‘point A. ' Pa + (62.4)(H8) — ((13.6)(62.4)]¢&)= 0p, = 331 Ib/ fee Orifice Geo136) Fig. 231 2.49 A glass U-tube open to the atmosphere at both ends is shown in Fig. 2-32. if the U-tube contains oil and water as shown, determine the specific gravity of the oil. ; ' [6-8.9(9.79)\0.35) = (9.79¥0.30) = 05.8.8 =0.86 otell ow HL ' i ‘Water Fig. 2-32 eee.38 0 CHAPTER 2 250 2.51 282 ‘A differential manometer is shown in Fig. 23. Caleulate the pressure difference between points A and B. Ha ((0.929(62.4)]{e + 129/22] — [€3.6)(62.4)] 8) ~ [0.92)(62.4)][(= + 249/12] = Pn Pa Pa= 906 Ib/fe -— cit (eg =092) Mercury (og: = 136) Fig. 2:33 {A differential manometer is attached to a pipe, as shown in Fig. 2.34. Calculate the pressure difference between points A and B. ' Pa + [(0.91)(62.4)](y/12) ~ [13.6)(62.4)]4) ~ [(0-91)(62.4)]{(y — 4)/12] = po | Pam Px= 264 Ib/ft? | Ole = 091) Ge ~ 136) Fig. 2-34 A differential manometer is attached to a pipe, 2s shown in Fig. 2-35. Calculate the pressure difference between points A and B. ' Pa ~ {(0.91)(62.4)}(¥/12) ~ [(13.6)(62.4)]() + 1€.91)(62.4)IE(y +4)/12] = po Pa~ Pa=2641b/t0 Mercury (e139) ou 6-091) Fig. 235FLUID STATICS J 39 253 For the configuration shown in Fig, 2-36, calculate the weight of the piston if the gage pressure reading is 70.0kPa. Let W = weight of the piston. W /{(a)(1)°/4] ~ [(0.86)(9.79)](1) = 70.0, W = 61.6 KN. Je 1-m diameter —o4 Fig. 2-36 284 A manometer is attached to a horizontal oil pipe, as shown in Fig. 2-37. If the pressure at point A is 10 psi, find the distance between the two mercury surfaces in the manometer (i.e., determine the distance y in Fig. 2-37). 1 (10)(144) + [(0.90)(62.4)](3 + y) — [43.6)(62.4)]y =0 y=203f oF 24.4in “4 011 = 090) — Mercury (28. = 13.6) Fig. 2:37 255 A.vertical pipe with attached gage and manometer is shown in Fig. 2-38. What will be the gage reading pounds per square inch if there is no flow in the pipe? HF Gage reading + [(0.85)(62.4)](2 + 8)/144 — [(13.6)(62.4)]()/144=0 Gage reading= 5.16 psi | 256 A monometer is attached to a vertical pipe, as shown in Fig. 2-39. Calculate the pressure difference between points A and B. 1 Pa~(62.A)(5 + 1) — [(13.6)(62.4)](2) + (62.4)(2+ 1) = po Pa—Pa= 188A lb/ft? ox 13.1 Ibfin® F257 — Amanometer is attached to a water tank, as shown in Fig. 2-40. Find the height of the free water surface above the bottom of the tank. 1 (0.79)(H 0.15) ~ [([email protected])}00.20)= 0 H=2.87m& 5 j 5 8 be iRr rea FLUID STATICS J 41 Het Water Mercury e136 Fig. 240 {A differential manometer is attached to two tanks, as shown in Fig. 2-41. Calculate the pressure difference between chambers A and B. ' Pa + [(0.89)(9.79)](1.1) + [(13.6)(9.79)](0.3) ~ [(1-59)(9.79)](0.8) = Pa y= STEN? (4.0.5 Pa > Pa) SAE 30 oil Mercury Fig. 2-41 Calculate the pressure difference between A and B for the setup shown in Fig. 2-42. pa (62.49(66.6/12) — ((13.6)(62.4)](40.3/12) + (62.4)(22.2/32) = [(13.6)(62.4)](30.0/12) — (62.4)(10.0/12) = pe Pa~Pn@ 4562 1b/f2 or 31.7 Ibfin® Calculate the pressure difference between A and B for the setup shown in Fig. 2-43. ' pa—(9.79)x —[(0.89.79)](0.70) + (9.79) - 0.80) = pe Pa Py = 33.3N/m* Calculate the pressure difference between A and B for the setup shown in Fig, 2-44. ' pat (62-4)(x + 4) — [(13.6)(62.4)](4) + (62.4)(7 = 2) = Pe Pa-Pe=208Ib/fE or 18.81b/in*42 0 CHAPTER 2 (6s = 136) Fig, 2-42 Oil 62 = 08) 1 x mn + 0.20 mv = 1.50 mm = (x 0.80) om Water ig, 2-43FLUID STATICS 2 43 Mercury (e135) ag. 2 ‘B62 Vessels A and B in Fig. 2-45 contain water under pressures of 40.0 psi and 20.0 psi, respectively. What is the deflection of the mercury in the differential gage? Hi (40,0)(144) + (62.4)( + hy — [(13.6)(62.4))h + 62.4y = (20.0)(144). Since x + y = 16.00 — 10.00, o 6.00, adtdee Fig. 2-45 For a gage pressure at A in Fig. 2-46 of —1.58 psi, find the specific gravity of gage liquid B. 1 (-1.58)(144) + [(4.60)(62.4)}(10.50 — 9.00) — (0.0750)(11.25 ~ 9.00) + [(6-8-g,4)(62.4)](11.25 — 10.00) =0 5.8.1 2 = 1.0044 0 CHAPTER 2 Fig. 2-46 2.64 In Fig. 2-47, liquid A weighs 53.5 Ib/ft? and liquid weighs 78.8 Ib/f°. Manometer liquid M is mercury. If the pressure at B is 30 psi, find the pressure at A. ' Pa (53.5)(6.5-+ 1.3) + [(13.6)(62.4)](1.3) + (78.8(6.5 + 10.0) = (30)(144) \ pam 2334lb/f® or 16.2Ib/in* tan 2.68 What would be the manometer reading in Fig. 2-47 if pp — pa is 165 kPa? I Converting to 1b/ft*, pp — p4 = 3446 Ib/f?, The mercury level will rise some amount, x, on the left side of the ‘manometer and will fall by that amount on the right side of the manometer (see Fig. 2.48). Hence, taking weight densities from Prob. 2.64, pq ~ (53.5\(6.5+ 1.3 +2) + [(13.6)(62.4)|(1.3 + 2x) + (78.8)(6.5 + 10.0— x)= Day 1dr + 1986 = py — pa = 3446, x = 0.89 ft; manometer reading = 1.3 + (2)(0.89) = 3.08 ft. Fig. 2-48, 2.66 In Fig. 2-49, water is contained in A and rises in the tube to a level 85 in above A; glycerin is contained in B. The inverted U-tube is filed with air at 23 psi and 70°F. Atmospheric pressure is 14.6 psia. Determine theFLUID STATICS 0 45 difference in pressure (psi) between A and B if y is 16in. What is the absolute pressure in B in inches of mercury and in feet of glycerin? ' Pa~(62.4)($$) = (23)(144)—_p =3754.0 10/8 Pr ~[G.26)(62.4)]{(85-16)/12] = (23)(144) py = 3764.1 10/0 Pa~ Pe = 3794.0 — 3764.1 = ~10.1 b/f? or 0.070 b/in? (Para)o = (3764. 1/144 + 14.6)/{(13.6)(62.4)/(12)"] = 83.0 inkig (Pasa)o = (3764.1/144 + 14.6)/[(1.26)(62.4)/(12)"]= 895.4 in or 74.6, of glycerin Fig. 2-49 2.67 Gas confined in a rigid container excrts a gage pressure of 150 kPa when its temperature is 7°C. What pressure would the gas exert at 67°C? Barometric pressure remains constant at 719 mmHg, ' Pam = [(13.5(9.79) (0.719) =95.7kPa aye = 95.7 + 150 = 245.7 kPa PiVIT,=p2VisT — (245.7(V)/2T3 +7) =(pKV)/Z73+67)__[V (volume) is constant] 72 = 298.4 kPa (absolute) = 298.4 — 95.7 = 202.7 kPa (gage) 268 In Fig. 2-50, atmospheric pressure is 14.6 psia, the gage reading at A is 6.1 psi, and the vapor pressure of the alcohol is 1.7 psi. Compute x and y. 4 Working in terms of absolute pressure heads, [(6.1 + 14.6)(144)}/[(0.90(62.4)] — x (1.79(144)/[(0.90)(62.4)], x = 48.72 5 [(6.1 + 14.6)(144)]/[(0.90)(62.4)] + (y + 4.2) — (4.2)(13.6/0.90) = 0, y= o19t, ‘Alcohol vapor ony Fig. 2-50 269 In Fig. 2-50, assume the following: atmospheric pressure ~ 858 mbar abs, vapor pressure of the alcohol = 160 mbar abs, x= 2.90m, y =2.10m. Compute the reading on the pressure gage (p,) and on the ‘manometer (2).46 0 CHAPTER 2 2.70 am 2m Working in terms of absolute pressure heads, [(74)mee + 858](0.100)/[(0.90)(9.79)] ~ 2.90 = (260)(0.100)/{(0.90)(9.79)]. (Pa)pe = —442 mbar; ((~442 + 858)(0.100)}/[(0.90)(9.79)] + (2.10 + 2) — (=)(13.6/0.90) 0, 2 = 0.483 m. A pipeline contains an incompressible gas (y = 0.08 Ib/ft!) at rest; at point A the pressure is 4.69 in of water. ‘What is the pressure, in inches of water, at point B, 492 ft higher than A? The change in pressure in the atmosphere must be considered; assume, however, that ¥.;, = 0.076 Ib/ft is ‘constant. (Cale = Pal Dae + 4.69/12 fof water w (Pal Van= Pal Dam + 2/12 fof water @) Subtracting Eq. (2) from Eq. (1), (Pal Yam ~ Wal Dae (Pal Daim —(Pnl Yam + 4.6912 = x [AZ @ (Pal Youn — (Pn! Yam = 492 ft Of si = (492)(0.076/62.4) = 0.599 ft of water (Pl Dam — (Pn! Yan = 492 fof gas = (492)(0.05/62.4) = 0.394 ft of water Substituting these relationships into Eq. (3), 0.394 = 0.599 + 4.69/12 — 2/12, x =7.15 in of water. Determine the pressure difference between points A and B in Fig. 2-51. H pa + [(0.88)(9.79)](0.21) — [€43.6)(9.79)](0.09) ~ [(0.82)(9.79)|(0.41 — 0.09) + (9.79)(0.41 ~ 0.15) — (0.0118)(0.10) = px Fig. 2-51 In Fig. 2-52, if pe — p= 97-4 kPa, calculate H. ’ Pa —(9.79)(H/100) — [(0.827)(9-79)1(%) + [(13.6)(9.79)][34 + H+ 17)/100] = pn 1.234H + 66.53" Py—p.=974 HH =25.0em 3g." 0827293 274 28 276 FLUID STATICS 0 47 For Fig. 2-53, if uid L is water and fluid 2 is mercury, and z,=0 and 2, Pa Pam? ' 0+ (9.79}I0~(~11)}/100 ~ [(13.6)9.79)]{z,—(-11)]/100~=0 = ~10.19¢m OpeR. Pot mn, Lem, what is level z, at which > Fig. 283 “The inclined manometer in Fig. 2-S4e contains Meriam red manometer cil (.g. = 0.827). Assume the reservoir is very large. What shotld the angle 9 be if each inch along the scale isto represent a change of 0.8 tb/ft in pape pressure p,? 1) From Fig, 2-540, Ap = As, oF 0.8 lb/ft? = [(0.827)(62.4 Ib/fe?)|(+ FO (sin 8) from which @ = 10.722, wet oe = ae e240 1 Pat [(0.85)(62.4)]( 2) ~ [13.6)(62.4)]() + (62.4) 8) = 14.7)(144) py = 2691 Ib/iE abs oo ° a Very small pressure differences p— py can be measured accurately by the two-fluid differential manometer shown in Fig, 2-56. Density p, is only slightly larger than the upper fluid p;. Derive an expression for the proportionality between h and p,,~ pif the reservoirs are very large. HD+ push, — pagh ~ pig (hs —h) = Par Da~ Pa = (Ps— prdeh. If (os — p)) is small, # will be large (sensitive). | Pa _|__ |sy Pe Fig. 2-5648 0 CHAPTER 2 2.77 Water flows downward in a pipe at 35°, as shown in Fig. 2-57. The pressure drop p, ~p: is partly due to gravity ‘and partly due to friction. The mercury manometer reads a 5-in height difference. What is the total pressure drop p, — ps? What is the pressure drop due to friction only between 1 and 2? Does the manometer reading ‘correspond only to friction drop? ' Pit 62A)(G sin 35° + x/12+ 8) ~[C3.6)(62.4)](E) — 24) 12) = ps Pi—P2=112.91b/f? (total pressure drop) Pressure drop due to friction only = [(13.6)(62.4) ~ 62.4]() = 327.6 Ib/ft* -Manometer reads only the friction los. Mercury Fig. 257 2.78 Determine the gage pressure at point in Fig. 2-58. B pa~(9:799(0.50) + (0.0118)(0.33) + [(13.6)(9.79)10.17) ~ (0.83)9.79)}0.44) =0 pa —14.17 KPa adem water Mercury ig. 2-58 2.79 In Fig. 2-59, calculate level h of the oil in the right-hand tube. Both tubes are open to the atmosphere. ' 0+ (9.79)(0.110 + 0.240) — [(0.83)(9.79)](0.240 +4) =0 k= 0.1817 m= 181.7 mm fd a omm 1. sg 2603 | 240mm Water292 ; FLUID STATICS J 49 In Fig. 2-60a the inclined manometer measures the excess pressure at A over that at B. The reservoir diameter is 2.5in and that of the inclined tube is 4 in. For 6 = 32" and gage fiuid with s.g. = 0.832, calibrate the scale in Psi per ft, ' pa=YAh+ Ay) +p (see Fig. 2-606) papa = y(Ah + Ay) From Fig. 2-606, (Ax)(Ay) = (Aa\(R) or Ay =AnR/Ay, Ak = R sin 8, pa — pa = Y(R sin 0+ AnR/Aa) = YR(sin 6+ AnlAa), An/Aa = [a(4)*/4V/L%(2.5)'/4] = vos Pa — Px = [(0.832)(62.4)](R)(sin 32° + qhg)/144 = 0.1947R. The scale factor is thus 0.1947 psi/tt. Fig. 2.60(6) Determine the weight W that can be equilibrated by the force acting on the piston of Fig. 2-61 i Pim Pes BlAy= RIA, 1.25/2(35)*/4] = W/[x(250)'/4]— W = 63.8 KN 250mm giam 35mm diam Ce | pec] T on bs Hig. 261 1.25 ——>1 Neglecting the container's weight in Fig, 2-62, find the force tending to lift the circular top CD. i Peo — [(0.8)62.4)]4)=9 peo = 199.7 Ib/ft? F = pA =(199.7)[x(2.5)"/4] = 9801550 9 CHAPTER 2 2.88 2.84 2.85 2.86 2.88 2.89 2.90 Find the force of oil on the top surface CD of Fig. 2-62 if the liquid level in the open pipe is reduced by 1.3 m. Feo ~{(0.8)62.4)]14 ~ (1.33.28 =0 pep = —13.241b/fE (i.c., a downward pressure by CD) A= (=13.24)[42.5¥/4] = -65.016 A drum 2.25 ft in diameter filled with water has a vertical pipe of 0.70-in diameter attached to the top. How ‘many pounds of water must be poured into the pipe to exert a force of 1500 Ib on the top of the drum? ' p= F/A = 1500/{20(2.25)'/4] = 377.3 lb/ft? k= p/y ~377.3/62.4= 6.05 ft Wrngo = (6.05)[7e(0.70/12)*/4](62.4) = 1.01 1b In Fig. 2-63, the liquid at A and Bis water and the manometer liquid is oil with s.g. = 0.80, , = 300 mm, ‘dz = 200 mm, and hy = 600mm. (a) Determine p4~ pr- (6) If py = 50 kPa and the barometer reading is 730 mmHg, find the absolute pressure at A in meters of water. 1@ Pa (9.79) — [(0.80)(9.79) 1S) + (9.79)(88) =P» Pa~ Po = —1.3TKPA ) Pa — (9-79) (SS) — [(0.80)(9.79)] (28) + (9.79) (4885) = SO .63kPa (gage) = 48.63/9.79 + (13.6) = 14.90 m water (absolute) In Fig. 2-63, 5.81 = LO, hy =, = 269 mm, and y= 1.2m. Compute p,— Pp» in millimeters of water. , Pa ~ (1.0)(269) — (0.96)(269) + (1.0)(1200) . 5.82 = 0.96, 5. 2 Pa Pn = —673 mm of water In Fig. 2-63, 8.8.5 = 1.0, 5.8.2 = 0.94, 5.8.5 1.0, fy) = 300 mm, As = 1.1m, and p,— py = ~360 mm of water. Find the gage difference (h). pa ~ (1.0)(300) ~ (0.94)(H) + (1.0)(1100) = px pa Ps —360 = —800+ (0.94)(h,) k= 468 mm ‘What is the pressure difference, in pounds per square inch, of a 1000-ft water column? p= yh = (62.4)(1000)/144 = 433 psi Find the pressure at a point 9.5m below the free surface in a fuid whose density varies with depth f: (in m) according to p= (450 kg/m’) + (11 kg/m") I dp = 7dh = pg dh = (g)( 450+ 11h) dh, Integrating both sides: p = (g)(450h + 1147/2). For h p= (9.81){(450)(9.5) + (11)(9.5)/2] = 46.807 kPa Sm If atmospheric pressure is 29.72 inHg, what will be the height of water in a water barometer if the temperature of the water is (a) 50°F, (6) 100°F, and (c) 150°F? ’ = yh = [(13.6)(62.4)}(29.72/12) = 2102 1b/f? or 14.60 Ib/in*® (a) At 50°F, y = 62.4 1b/ft? and apy = 25.7/144, oF 0.178 Ib/in®, Ayryo = (14.60 — 0.178)(144)/62.4 = 33.28 ft () At 100°F, y =62.01b/f€ and Pega, = #3, OF 0.938 Ib/in?, hyo = (14.60 — 0.938)(144)/62.0= 31.73 f. (6) At 150°F, y = 61.2 1b/ft and Props = #8. OF 3.78 Ibfin", hyo ~ (14.60 — 3.78)(148)/61.2 = 25.46 ftFLUID STATICS 9 51 2.91 A bicycle tire is inflated at sea level (where atmospheric pressure is 14.6 psia and the temperature is 69°F) to 65.0 psi. Assuming the tire does not expand, what is the gage pressure within the tire on the top of Everest, (@ltitude 30000 ft), where atmospheric pressure is 4.3 psia and the temperature is 38 FF Let subscript 1 indicate sea level and subseript 2 indicate altitude 30 000 ft (ae =18.6 + 65.0=79.6 prin paVi/T. = p.Va/T: (79.6)(V)/(460 + 69) = (p2(V)/[460 + (—38)] (V is constant) (Pm = 63.5 psia (Pada = 68.5 — 4.3 = 59.2 pri 2.92 Find the difference in pressure betwoen tanks A and B in Fig. and d,=230 mm, -64 if d; = 330 mm, d,= 160 mm, d= 480mm, ' Pa + (9.79)(0.330) ~ [(13.6)(9.79) (0.480 + 0.230 sin 45°)= Py Pa ~ Py = 82.33 kPa Fig. 2-64 2.93 A cylindrical tank contains water at a beight of 55 mm, as shown in Fig. 2-65. Inside is a smaller open cylindrical tank containing cleaning fluid ( 8) at height h. If pe = 13.40 kPa gage and pe = 13.42 kPa gage. what are gage pressure p, and height h of cleaning fluid? Assume that the cleaning fuid is prevented from moving to the top of the tank. ' Pat (9.790.055) 13.42 p= 12.88 KPa 12,88 + (9.79)(0.055 — h) + [(0.8)(9.79)) = 13.40 =0.00942 m= 9.42 mm Air Fars a al oo alll iH |i , ee en ee 2.94 An open tube is attached to a tank, as shown in Fig. 2-66. Ifthe water rises to a height of 800 mm in the tube, what are the pressures p, and pp ofthe air above the water? Neglect capillary effects in the tube ' Pa — (9.79){(800 — 300 — 100)/1000] =0 pa = 3.92 kPa Pn ~ (8.79){(800~ 300)/1000]=0 py = 4.90 kPa' h i : 52 0 CHAPTER 2 2.98 2.96 2.97 pire Fig. 2-66 For the setup shown in Fig, 2-67, what is the pressure pq if the specific gravity of the oil is 0.82? ry Pa + ((0.82)(9.79)](3) + (9.79)(4 — 3) — [(13.6)(9.79)](0.320)=0 py 73 kPa _ nr a a For the setup shown in Fig. 2-68, calculate the absolute pressure at a, Assume standard atmospheric pressure, 101.3 kPa. ' 101.3 + (9.79)(0,600 — 0.200) ~ [(13.6)(9.79)](0.140) + [(0.83(9.79)|(0.140-+ 0.090) = px P= 8844 kPa Fig. 2-68 A force of 460N is exerted on lever AB, as shown in Fig. 2-69. End B is connected to a piston which fits into a ‘oylinder having a diameter of 60 mm. What force F, acts on the larger piston, if the volume between C and D is filed with water? I Let Fe = force exerted on smaller piston at C: Fe = (460)(#8) = 843 N. F-/Ac = Fo/Ap, (843)/{ 0 88s)"/4) = Follec(ia)?/4], Fo = 15 830, of 15.83 kN.