Unitt Specific Gravity of Solid: m1 − V1 − V2

ɤs SL m2 − ɤw
( ssw
G +G
Weightt: Gs= m2 2
ɤ ω)ɤ 1+e ɤw = m
= e m2
(G
Bulk s + Gravity:
Specific SL ; SR
ɤ = Gs = V2
Se)ɤw g = Gs(1 −
= 1 ɤw
When S=0: 1 + e n)
Gs ɤ w Relative Compaction: Atttterberg G𝑠 = 1
ɤd = 1 + R
d
ɤ Limitts SR − SL
ɤd𝑚𝑎𝑥 PI = LL − GI = (F − 35)[0.2 +
Volum Weigh Se = sG e = 0.005(LL − 40)]
(Gs + e)ɤw
When S=100%: ω − PL
PL
e tt ω Relative Density/ +0.01(F − 15)(PI −
V Ww W ɤsat =1 + e Density Index: LI = LL −
e v 10)
ω= ɤ= e𝑚𝑎𝑥 − e LIState
= V Ws ɤsub = ɤsat Dr SIPL = PL LI < 0Semisolid 0 < PIDescription
s V e𝑚𝑎𝑥 − − SL 0Non-plastic
0<e<∞ W S − ɤw = LI < 1 Plastic
n V n ɤd = (G
s − e𝑚𝑖𝑛
1-5 Slightly plastic
e V ɤsu = 1)ɤ
w
11 CI LL − ω LI > 1Liquid 5-10 Low plasticity
= v 1+
ɤd𝑚𝑖𝑛 − d = LL −
1 − 10-20 Medium plasticity
V = ɤ ɤd = 1 b
Ac Class 20-40 High plasticity
0 < n <n e Dr ɤ PI
PIqu
; St = >40 Very High plastic
S V 1
+ω 1 1 Ac AC < 0.7 Inactive
n
e ɤza = Gsɤw = − = μ und
0.7 < AC < 1.2 Normal
= w 1 + 1+G s ɤd𝑚𝑖𝑛d𝑚𝑎𝑥 qurem
= v ɤ μ = % passing 0.002mm AC > 1.2 Active
V e ω
v Dr (%)Description 0 –
Permeabil Sttrattified 20Very Loose Sieve Analysis
itty ∆hv Soil 20 – 40 Loose
Uniformity
Coeff. of Gradation or Sorting
v = ki ; i = L ; 40 – 70 Medium Dense Curvature: Coefficient:
Coefficient:
v𝑠 = n 70 – 85 Dense (D30)2
85 – 100 Very Dense
Q = vA = kiA D6 D7
Constant Head Test: Cu =0 Cc = So = 5
D 1
D ∙
6010 √ 2
QL 0 D D
5
k Pumping Suitability Number:

= A Testt:
31 1
h
Falling/Variable Head Test:
for Parallel flow:
Unconfined:
Q 𝑙𝑛 Sn = 1.7√2 + 2
aLh (D50)(D20+) 2
t1 r1 r
k =𝑙𝑛 h1 k 1 + k (D10)
keq h2 k 2 +. . . π(h122−
Ath2 = =
+hn k n h22 )
Confined:
Hazen Formula Casagrande: for Perpendicular flow:
k = c ∙ D102k = 1.4e2k0.85 HH Q 𝑙𝑛 r1 Compressibilitty of Soil
Kozeny-Carman: Samarasinhe: k eq = h k = r2
h nh. + Compression Index, CC: Swell Index, CS:
e2 en k = C 3 ∙ 1 + e 1 + 2 +. . 2πt(h −h )
k = C1 ∙ 1 + e k1k2 kn 12
Cc = 0.009(LL − 10%) 1
Cs = 5 Cc
Cc = e − e′
∆P + P
Sttresses in Soil NOTE:
Quick condition: Flow Nett / Seepage 𝑙𝑜𝑔 o
Effective Stress/ Intergranular Stress: Isotropic soil: Po
pE = pT − pw Nf Flow line ---- 1 For normally consolidated clay:
Pore Water Pressure/ NeutralpEStress:
=0 q = kH
2
3 e − e′
pw = ɤwhw Nd 4 S= H (for one layer only)
Equipotential line ----
Total Stress:
Capillary Rise:
Non-Isotropic soil: 1 23 4 5 6 7 8 1+e
C 9 10
hcr =eD10 Nf CcH ∆P + Po
q = √k
xzkH S= 𝑙𝑜𝑔
Nd Nf → no. of flow channels [e.g. 4] 1+e Po
Nd → no. of potential drops [e.g. 10]
With Pre-consolidation pressure, Pc:
pT = ɤ1 h1 + ɤ2 h2 +. . . +ɤn hn
when (△P+Po) < Pc:
CsH ∆P + Po
S= 𝑙𝑜𝑔
Latteral Eartth Pressure AT REST:
Shear Sttrengtth of Soil 1 + eo Po
ACTIVE PRESSURE:
ko = 1 − sin Ø when (△P+Po) > pc:
Ө → angle of failure in shear
1 C sH
P C H
pa = kaɤH2 − 2cH√ka Ø → angle of internal friction/shearing resistance ∆P + cPo S = 𝑙𝑜𝑔c +
2 C → cohesion of soil 𝑙𝑜𝑔
Ø 1+e Po 1 + e Pc
For Inclined: θ = 45° + Over Consolidation Ratio (OCR):
cos β − √cos β − cos Ø 2 2 2
ka = cos β pc
TRI-AXIAL TEST: OCR = ; OCR = 1 (for normally consolidated soil)
cos β + √cos2 β − cos2 Ø σ1 → maximum principal stress po
For Horizontal: → axial stress
Coefficient of Compressibility:
1 − sin Ø △σ → additional pressure ∆e △e → change in void ratio
ka = → deviator stress
1 + sin → plunger pressure av =
Ø σ3 → minimum principal stress
∆P △P → change in pressure
→ confining pressure Coefficient of Volume Compressibility:
If there is angle of friction α bet. wall and soil: → lateral pressure ∆e
cos Ø 2
→ radial stress ∆P
ka = 2 → cell pressure mv =
sin(Ø + α) sin → chamber pressure 1 + eave
cos α [1 + √Ø]
 Normally consolidated: Coefficient of Consolidation:
cos α r Hdr → height of drainage path
sin Ø = 2
Hdr Tv → thickness of layer if drained 1 side
PASSIVE PRESSURE:
1 σ3 + r C
v = → half of thickness if drained both sides
p= k ɤH2 + 2cH√k t Tv → factor from table
 Cohesive soil: Coefficient of Permeability: t → time consolidation
P
2 P P
r
sin Ø = k = m vC vɤ w
For Inclined:
x + σ3 + r
cos β + √cos β − cos Ø 2 2
c
DIRECT SHEAR TEST:
kP = cos β tan Ø = σn → normal stress  Normally consolidated soil:
cos β − √cos2 β − cos2 Ø x σs → shear stress σS
tan Ø =
For Horizontal:  Unconsolidated-
σN
1 + sin Ø undrained test:
kP =  Cohesive soil:
1 − sin c=r σS c
Ø tan Ø = =
 Unconfined
If there is angle of friction α bet. wall and soil: compression test: x + σN x
cos2 Ø
σ3 = 0 σS = c + σN tan ∅
kP = 2
sin(Ø − α) sin
cos α [1 − √Ø]
cos α
Terzaghi‘s Bearing Capacitty (Shallow Foundattions) Soil Sttabilitty
 General Shear Failure  Bearing Capacity Factor  Analysis of Infinite Slope
(dense sand & stiff clay) Ø π tan Ø
2 Factor of safety against sliding (without seepage)
Square Footing: Nq = tan (45° + ) e C tan ∅
2 FS = +
qult = 1.3cNc + qNq + 0.4ɤBNɤ
aSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS Nc = (Nq − 1) cot Ø ɤ H sin 𝛽 cos 𝛽 tan 𝛽 β
Circular Footing: where:
Factor of safety against sliding (with seepage)
qult = 1.3cNc + qNq + 0.3ɤBNɤ Nɤ = (Nq − 1) tan 1.4Ø C → cohesion
C ɤ′ tan ∅ β → angle of backfill from horizontal
Strip Footing:  Parameters FS = + Ø → angle of internal friction
qult → ultimate bearing capacity ɤ𝑠𝑎𝑡 H sin 𝛽 cos 𝛽 ɤ𝑠𝑎𝑡 tan 𝛽 H → thickness of soil layer
q ult = cNc + qNq + 0.5ɤBNɤ qu → unconfined compressive strength
c → cohesion of soil
Local Shear Failure  Analysis of Finite Slope
qu

(loose sand & soft clay)
c= Factor of safety against sliding
Square Footing: ′ 2 F f + Fc
qult = 1.3c′Nc
′
+ qNq + 0.4ɤBNɤ
′ FS =
q = ɤD (for no water table) W sin 𝜃
f
β θ
Circular Footing: qult Pallow Maximum height for critical equilibrium where:
′
qult = 1.3c′Nc + qNq + 0.3ɤBNɤ
′ ′ qallow = = (FS=1.0)
Ff → frictional force; Ff = μN
FS A 4𝐶 sin 𝛽 cos ∅ Fc → cohesive force
Strip Footing: qult − q Hcr = [ ] Fc = C x Area along trial failure plane
′
qult = c′Nc + qNq + 0.5ɤBNɤ
′ ′ qnet = ɤ 1 − cos(𝛽 − ∅) W → weight of soil above trial failure plane
FS Stability No.: Stability Factor:
EFFECT OF WATER TABLE: C 1 H − H = BC
m= SF = tan 𝜃 tan 𝛽
ɤH m

Capacitty of Driven Piles (Deep Foundattions)


Pile in Sand Layer  Pile in Clay Layer

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Qf = PAkμ Q Qf = CLαP

q = ɤ(Df − d)+ɤ′d q = ɤDf q = ɤDf
where: where:
3rd term ɤ = ɤ′ 3rd term ɤ = ɤ′ 3rd term ɤ = ɤave P → perimeter of pile C → cohesion
A → area of pressure diagram dc L → length of pile
for d ≤ B
k → coefficient of lateral pressure α → frictional factor
ɤave ∙ B = ɤd + ɤ′(B − d) μ → coefficient of friction P → perimeter of pile
NOTE: for d > B
Qtip = pe Nq Atip Qf Q tip = cNc Atip
ɤ′= ɤ𝑠𝑢𝑏 = ɤ − ɤ𝑤 ɤave = ɤ (AKA Qbearing) (AKA Qbearing)

where: where:
Group of Piles  Alternate Equation for Group pe → effective pressure at bottom QTIP c → cohesion
Efficiency (sand only)
 Group Efficiency (sand or clay) Nq → soil bearing factor Nc → soil bearing factor
2(m + n − 2)s + 4d Atip → Area of tip
Critical depth, dc: Atip → Area of tip
Qdes−group Eff =
Eff =Q des−indiv mnπD QT = Q f + Qtip Loose 10 (size of pile)
Dense 20 (size of pile) Q T = Q f + Q tip
where:
m → no. of columns QT QT
n→ no. of rows Qdes = Q des =
s → spacing of piles F. S. F. S.
D → diameter of pile

Weirs Froude Number Crittical Deptth

v
NF = For all sections:
where:
√gdm Q2 Ac 3 Q → flow rate m3/s
where:
v → mean velocity (Q/A) = g → 9.81 m/s2
AC → critical area
g → 9.81 m/s2
dm → hydraulic depth (A/B) B
g Bc BC → critical width
→ width of liquid surface
NOTE:
 Rectangular Q2 ∙ Bc E is minimum for critical depth.
NF = √
Considering velocity of approach: where: Ac3 ∙ g For rectangular sections ONLY:
2 va 3/2 va 3/2 W → channel width Take note that it is only derived 3 q2 2
Q= C√2g L [(H + ) −( ) ] L → weir length from the critical depth equation.
dc = √ = Ec
3 2g 2g Z → weir height Critical Flow NF = 1 g 3
Neglecting velocity of approach: H → weir head Subcritical Flow NF < 1 Q
2 Supercritical Flow NF > 1 q=
Q= C√2g L H3/2 PARAMETERS: B where:
q → flow rate or discharge
3 C → coefficient of discharge eynold’s Number 2
va → velocity of approach m/s v per meter width
E → specific energy at
Considering velocity of approach: E𝑐 = + d𝑐 critical condition C

m → weir factor
NR = Dv
= Dvρ 2g v → critical velocity
C

Q = m L [(H + va)3/2 − (va)3/2 ]  Triangular (symmetrical only) υ μ

2g 2g vc = √gdc
Neglecting velocity of approach: 8 θ Laminar Flow (NR ≤ 2000)
Q= C√2g tan H5/2 64 Hydraulic Jump
Q = m L H3/2 15 2 hf = Height of the jump: Power Lost:
Q = m H5/2 NR
Francis Formula (when C and m is not given) ∆d = d2 − d1 P = QɤE
Considering velocity of approach: When θ=90° Turbulent Flow (NR > 2000) Length of the jump:
NF1−1
va 3/2 va 3/2 Q = 1.4H 5/2 L v2 L = 220 d tanh
Q = 1.84 L′ [(H + ) −( ) ] hf = f 1
2g 2g  Cipolletti (symmetrical, slope 4V&1H) D 2g 22
Solving for Q:
Neglecting velocity of approach: θ = 75°57’50”
0.0826 f L Q2
Q = 1.84 L′ H3/2 Q = 1.859 L H 3/2 hf = For all sections:
NOTE: D5 ɤQ
L’ = L for suppressed  with Dam:
Boundary Shear Stress P2 − P1 = (v1 − v2)
L’ = L – 0.1H for singly contracted Neglecting velocity of approach:
τ = ɤRS g
L’ = L – 0.2H for doubly contracted Q = 1.71 L H 3/2 P = ɤh̅ A
Boundary Shear Stress For rectangular sections ONLY:
Time required to discharge:
(for circular pipes only)
2 As 1 1 q2 1
t= [ − ] τo = fρv g = (d
2 1 ∙ d2)(d1 + d2)
mL √H2 8
√H1
Propertties of Fluids Pressure Dams Sttabilitty of Floatting Bodies
W = Mg p𝑎𝑏𝑠 = p𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 + p𝑎𝑡𝑚 F = ɤAh = 1ɤh ; 1
s
1 1 2 1 2 F2 = ɤAh2 = ɤh22
2
W M p = ɤh 1
ɤ= ; ρ= U1 = ɤh2B ; U2 = (h1 − h2)ɤB
V V s. g. 2
pg 1
h = h h2
ɤ = ρg = 2
s. g.2
1
RM = W (X ) + W (X )+. . . +W )+ ( )
(X F
RT 1 1 2 𝑛 𝑛 2
2 3
h𝑤 = s. g.1 h1 2 MG = metacentric height
V 1 h 1
s. v. = = OM = F1 ( ) + U1 ( B) + U2 ( B) MG = MB𝑂 ± GB𝑂
M
ρ Hydrosttattic Forces 3 2 3 Use (-) if G is above BO and (+) if G is below BO.
Note that M is always above BO.
ɤ ρ Rx̅ = RM −
s. g. = = Ig ɤIg sin RM or OM = Wx
ɤ𝑤 ρ𝑤 e
== e OM
θ
Aӯ F FS𝑂 = OM
RM & FS𝑆 = μR = W(MG sin θ)
∆P 1 R𝑥
𝑦

EB = − ; β= On plane surfaces: tan2θ

EB B B2 ]
∆V F = ɤh̅ A 𝑒=| −
Sttresses/Hoops MB𝑂 = [1 2
2 12D
V x̅| +
𝑑𝑦 FT On curved surfaces: B R 6𝑒 pD vs I
μ=τ = Fℎ = 𝑒< ; q=
𝑦
[1 ± ] MB𝑂 = =
𝑑𝑉 L2 − B B St = VD sin θ VD
ɤh̅ A 2t
6
μ L2 F𝑣 = ɤV B 2R 2T
υ= = ; q 𝑦 sg m
ρ T 𝑒> s= Buoyancy Abel = Atot
F = √F 2 + F 2 = 3x̅ pD
6 sg
ℎ 𝑣 l
pd
σ= NOTE: 𝑒 = B; − q=
R𝑦 St = tensile stress BF = sg m
p = unit pressure W
4 ħ = vertical distance from cg of
6 B Vbel V
submerged surface to liquid surface D = inside diameter BF = V𝑑 = sgl tot
4σcosθ t = thickness of wall
h = ɤd h̅ = ӯ (for vertical only) 𝑒 = 0; q=
2R𝑦 s = spacing of hoops
ɤ𝑤
B T = tensile force Celeritty (velocity of sound)
(rigid pipes)
elattive Equilibrium of Fluids Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem Major Losses in
z = elevation head; P/ɤ = pressure head; v2/2g = velocity head
Pipes c = √EB
Horizontal Rotation: 2 2 Darcy Weisbach Eq’n: ρ
Motion: w
a ωx 2
z + P1+ v1 P2 + H. L. Lv 2

= z + v2 +
tan θ = tan θ = 1
ɤ 2
ɤ 2g H. L. = f (non-rigid pipes)
g g D 2g EB
2g
2 2 2
2 with pump: c=√ E D
Inclined Motion: ω x r ρ (1 + B )
a xy = ; P v 2
P v 2
H. L. 0.0826 f L Q2 w Et
= h 1
=
tan θ g ±
h 2g y z1 +
2 2
+ H. L. D5
2g + HA = z22g+ ɤ + Watter Hammer
1

= a + ɤ
v 1 2 Manning’s Formula: ∆P = ρcv
Vertical Motion: V = πr h with turbine: max
2 10.29 n L Q 2 2

a π H. L. 2L
p = ɤh (1 ± P P tc = c
)
1 rpm = 30 rad/sec z1 + 1 + v12 − HE = z2 + 2 + v22 + H. = D16/3
L.
g ɤ 2g ɤ 2g Hazen William’s Formula:
A. TIME of closure:
efficiency = output ; HP = QɤE 10.64 L Q1.85 rapid/instantaneous
Series-Parallel Pipes input 746 H. L. ∆P = ∆Pmax
Slow Closure
= C1.85 D4.87
( tc )
Pump → Output & Turbine → Input
Series Connection: ∆P = ∆P
1 atm max tactual
H. L.T = H. L.1 + H. L.2 +. . . +H. Fluid Flow Mostt Efficientt Secttions = 101.325 B. TYPE of closure:
KPa
L.n QT = Q1 = Q2 = Qn Q = Av Rectangular: Partial Closure (vf ≠ 0)
Q → discharge b = 2d = 2166 psf ∆P = ρc(vi − vf)
= 14.7 psi
= 760 Total Closure (vf = 0)
Parallel Connection: → flow rate d
→ weight flux R =2 mmHg ∆P = ρcvi
H. L.T = H. L.1 = H. L.2 = H. volume flow rate → m /s 3
= 29.9 inHg

L.n
QT = Q1 + Q 2 +. . . weight flow rate → N/s Trapezoidal: Open Channel
mass flow rate → kg/s
+Q n x = y1 + Specific Energy: Manning Formula:
y2
Consttantt Head Orifice Falling Head Orifice d v2 1 1/6

Without headloss: R= E= + C= R
Time to remove water from h1 to h2 with constant cross-section: 2 d n
2As 2g Bazin Formula:
v = C√RS
v = √2gh t= (√h1 − √h2) Triangular: 87
CAo√2g b = 2d C=
With headloss:
Theoretically: 1+ m
A = d2 8g √R
Time to remove water from h1 to h2 with varying cross-section: C=√
v2gh
=C h1
As dh θ = 90° f
√
 v
t= ∫ Kutter Formula:

Q = CAo√2gh h2 CAo√2gh Semi-circular: 1

d = r (full) + 23 0.00015
5
+
n S
C=CC Time in which water surfaces of two tanks will reach same elevation:
R= r C=
n 0.000155
cv 2 (As1)(As2) 2 1+ (23 + )
S
Cc = a t=
+ As2 (√h1 −
√R
A CAo√2g ) Circular: TRAPEZOIDAL:
If C is not given, use Manning’s in V:
(As1 √h2) Q max if d = For minimum seepage:
1
0.94D
v Vmax if d = b = 4d tan
Cv = Hydrodynamics θ v = R2/3S1/2
0.81D n
vt Force on Curve Vane/Blade: Force on the Jet 2
v2 1 (at right angle):
H. L. = [ − 1] ∑ Fx = ρQ(v2x − v1x)
2g C 2 F = ρQv
v
H. L. = ∆H[1 −
2 ∑ Fy = ρQ(v2y − v1y)
Cv ]
Force on Pipe’s Bend & Reducer:
2
y= x (same as on Curve
2
4Cv h Vane/Blade)
Quadrattic Equattion Progression Trigonomettric Identtitties Spherical Trigonomettry
Form:
AM ∙ HM = Squared Identities: Sine Law:
(GM)2
Ax2 + Bx + C = 0 sin2A + cos2A = 1 sin 𝑎 sin 𝑏 sin 𝑎
Arithmetic Progression: = =
Roots: d=a−a=a−a 1 + tan2A = sec2A sin 𝐴 sin sin 𝐴
𝐵
2 1 3
−B ± √B
s
2
− 2 1 + cot2A = csc2A Cosine Law for sides:
4AC an = a1 + (n − 1)d cos 𝑎 = cos 𝑏 cos 𝑐 + sin 𝑏 sin 𝑐 cos 𝐴
x= Sum & Diff of Angles Identities:
2A an = ax + (n − x)d Cosine Law for angles:
Sum of Roots: n sin (A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A cos 𝐴 = − cos 𝐵 cos 𝐶 + sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶 cos 𝑎
x1 + x2 = −B Sn = (a1 + an) sin B cos (A ± B) = cos A cos B ∓ Spherical Polygon:
A 2
sin A sin B
Product of Roots: Harmonic Progression: tan A ± tan AB = πR2E
C - reciprocal of arithmetic
B 180° E = spherical excess
tan (A ± B) = 1
E = (A+B+C+D…) – (n-2)180°
B ∓ tan A tan
x1 ∙ x2 = + progression
Double Angle Identities: Spherical Pyramid:
Geometric Progression: 1 minute of arc =
A
r= = a3/a2 sin 2A = 2 sin A cos 1 πR E
3
1 nautical mile
Binomial Theorem A V = ABH 1 nautical mile =
a2/a1 cos 2A = cos2A − sin2A =
an = a1 rn−1 3 540° 6080 feet
Form:
an = ax rn−x cos 2A = 2 cos2A − 1 1 statute mile =
(x +
1 − rn cos 2A = 1 − 2 sin2A n-sided Polygon 5280 feet
y)n
rth term: Sn = a1 2 tan A # of diagonals:
1 knot =

rth = C xn−mym r 1− tan 2A = n Interior Angle, ɤ: 1 nautical mile

n m a 1− d = (n −
2
tan2A
1 (n − 2)180° per hour
where: m=r-1
S∞ = γ=
1− n
r
Worded Problems Tips Deflection Angle, Area = n ∙ ATRIANGLE
Triangle Common Quadrilatteral δ:
1
δ = 180° − γ
Area = n R sinβ
2
 Age Problems 1 Square: Rectangle:
→ underline specific time conditions
Central Angle, β: ∙ 2
A= A= A = bh 360° 1
bh 2 s2
 Motion Problems P = 4s P = 2a + 2b β=
1 n Area = n ∙ ah
→a =0 A = ab sin d= d = √ b2 + h2 2
C 2 √2s
→s = vt
1 s in B sin Parallelogram: Polygon Names
Ex-circle-
Work Problems 111 1 A= a2 A = bh 16 - hexadecagon
Case 1: Unequal =++ C A = ab sin 3 -- quad/tetragon
4 triangle 17 - septadecagon
rate
In-circle sin A
𝑟𝑟1𝑟2𝑟3 2 θ
1 18 - octadecagon
work A = √s(s − a)(s − b)(s − 5 - pentagon 19 - nonadecagon
rate = A = d1d2 sin θ 6 - hexagon/sexagon 20 - icosagon
time c) a + b + c 2 7 - septagon/heptagon 21 - unicosagon
Case 2: Equal rate Rhombus:
s= 8 - octagon 22 - do-icosagon
→ usually in project management 2 A = ah 9 - nonagon 30 - tricontagon
→ express given to man-days or man- A = a2 sin θ 10 - decagon 31 - untricontagon
hours Trapezoid 1 11 - undecagon/ 40 - tetradecagon
A = d1d2 monodecagon 50 - quincontagon
 Clock Problems 1 2 12 - dodecagon/ 60 - hexacontagon
11M − 60H + if M is ahead of H A= (a + b)h bidecagon 100 - hectogon
θ= - if M is behind of H
2 Ellipse 13 - tridecagon 1,000 - chilliagon
2
A1 n ma + nb 2 2
a2 + b 2 14 - quadridecagon 10,000 - myriagon
√ A=2 m ; w = A = πab C = 2π √ 15 - quindecagon/ 1,000,000 - megagon
m+ 2
n
pentadecagon Pointted
∞ - aperioSolid
(circle)
1
V = 3 ABH
Triangle-Circle elattionship General Quadrilatteral Right Circ. Cone Reg. Pyramid

Circumscribing Circle: Inscribed Circle: LA = πrLLA = 1 P L

Cyclic Quadrilateral: (sum of opposite angles=180°) 2B

AT = abc AT = rs A = √(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)(s − d)

4R
opposite Escribed Circle: Ptolemy’s Theorem is applicable:
side
diameter = A = R (s − a) ac + bd = d s=a+b+c+d
d
sine of angle T a 1 2
2
a b c AT = Rb(s −
d= = = Non-cyclic Quadrilateral:
sin A sin B sin b) ε
AT = Rc(s − c) A = √( s − a)(s − b)(s − c)(s − d) − abcd
C cos 2

2
Pappus Theorem
Pappus Theorem 1: Prism or Cylinder
SA = L ∙ 2πR V = ABH = AXL
v

Pappus Theorem 2: LA = PBH = PxL

V = A ∙ 2πR AB/PB → Perimeter or Area of base
H → Height & L → slant height
AX/PX → Perimeter or Area of cross-
NOTE: It is also used to locate centroid of an area. section perpendicular to slant height

Spherical Wedge:
Special Solids Spherical Solids Spherical Lune:
Sphere: Alune 4 4πR2 V
Truncated Prism or Cylinder:
4 πR3 =
3 θ 2π
Archimedean Solids Analyttic Geomettry Ellipse Hyperbola
- the only 13 polyhedra that are - the locus of point that moves such - the locus of point that moves such
convex, have identical vertices, and Slope-intercept form: Distance from a point to another point: that the sum of its distances from that the difference of its distances
their faces are regular polygons. y = mx + b d = √(y2 − y1) + (x2 − x1)
2 2 two fixed points called the foci is from two fixed points called the foci
Nn Nn Point-slope form:
constant. is constant.
Distance from a point to a line:
E= V= y − y1 General Equation: General Equation:
where: 2 v | |
d = Ax + By + C
m = x−x Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 Ax2 − Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F =
E → # of edges
s 0
1
V → # of vertices √A + B
2 2 Standard Equation:
N → # of faces Two-point form: (x − h)2 (y − k)2 Standard Equation:
n → # of sides of each face + =1 (x − h)2 (y − k)2
v → # of faces meeting at a vertex y2 − y1= y − y2 Distance
|Cof1two
−C parallel lines:
2| a2 b2
x −x x−x − =1
2 1 2 d= (x − h)2 (y − k)2 a2 b2
Conic Secttions 2 2
√A + B (y − k) (x − h)
2 2
Point-slope form: + =1
General Equation: b2 a2 − =1
x+ y = 1 Angle between two lines: a2 b2
Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 m2 − m1
a b tan θ =
Based on discriminant: 1 + m1m2
B − 4AC = 0 ∴ parabola
2

B2 − 4AC < 0 ∴ ellipse Parabola

B2 − 4AC > 0 ∴ - the locus of point that moves such that it is always equidistant from a
fixed point (focus) and a fixed line (directrix).
hyperbola
Elements:
General Equation:
Based on eccentricity, e=f/d: Elements: Elements:
Eccentricity, e:
𝑒 = 0 ∴ circle y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 df Loc. of directrix, d: Location of foci, c: Same as ellipse:

x2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 e= =1 Location of foci, c: a
𝑒 = 1 ∴ parabola dd c =a −b d=
2 2 2
2
c =a +b 2 2 Length of LR,
Loc.of directrix, d
𝑒 < 1 ∴ ellipse Standard Equation: Length of LR:
e Eq’n of asymptote:
Eccentricity, e
Length of latus Eccentricity, e:
𝑒 > 1 ∴ hyperbola (x − h)2 = ±4a(y − k) rectum, LR:
2b2 c
y − k = ±m(x − h)
(y − k)2 = ±4a(x − h) LR = 4a where:
m is (+) for upward asymptote;
Circle LR = e= m is (-) for downward

- the locus of point that moves such

a a m = b/a if the transverse axis is horizontal;
m = a/b if the transverse axis is vertical
that its distance from a fixed point
called the center is constant. 1 revolution Engineering Economy
General Equation: = 2π rad Unitt Circle
x2 + y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 = 360˚  Simple Interest:
Versed sine:
= 400 grads vers A = 1 − cos A I = P𝑖n where:
F → future worth
Standard Equation:
(x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = = 6400 mills Versed cosine: F = P(1 + 𝑖n) P → principal or present worth
i → interest rate per interest period
r2 covers A = 1 − sin A  Compound Interest: r → nominal interest rate
Tettrahedron n
n → no. of interest periods
Line Tangentt tto Conic Secttion
Half versed sine: F = P(1 + 𝑖) m → no. of interest period per year
1 − cos A t → no. of years
2 hav A = r mt
To find the equation of a line
H = a√ 2 F = P (1 +
ER → effective rate
tangent to a conic section at a
3 Exsecant: m)
given point P(x1, y1):
exsec A = sec A − 1 I rm
ER = = (1 − ) − 1
In the equation of the conic P m
equation, replace:
SA = a2√3
 Inflation:  Rate of return:
√2  Continuous Compounding Interest:
𝑥 2 → 𝑥𝑥1 V = a3 𝑖f = 𝑖 + f + 𝑖f annual net profit F = Pert
RR = capital
𝑦 2 → 𝑦𝑦1 12 
Break-even analysis: Annual net profit
ER = er − 1
𝑥 + 𝑥1 = savings – expenses

𝑥→ cost = revenue – depreciation (sinking fund)

1  Annuity:
2 RP = ′
𝑦 + 𝑦1 RR (1 + 𝑖)n − 1 where:
𝑦→ F=A[ ] F → future worth
2 Depreciattion 𝑖 P → principal or present worth
𝑥𝑦1 + 𝑦𝑥1 A → periodic payment
𝑥𝑦 → BVm = FC − Dm (1 + 𝑖n)′ − 1 i → interest rate per payment
2 P= A[ ] n → no. of interest periods
n’ → no. of payments
 Straight-Line: CALTECH: 𝑖(1 + 𝑖)n
Differenttial Calculus Mode 3 2  Perpetuity:
Curvature: Radius of curvature: d = FC − SV x y
A
n (time) (BV)
P= = F(1 + 𝑖)−n
y" [1 + (y′)2]2
3 0 FC
𝑖
k= Dm = d(m) n SV where:
3 C → capitalized cost
ρ=  Capitalized Cost: FC → first cost
[1 + (y′)2]2 𝑦"  Sinking Fund: where:

( 1 + i)n − 1
−1
FC → first cost
SV → salvage cost
OM RC − SV OM → annual operation
Maxima & Minima (Critical Points): C = FC + + or maintenance cost
d = (FC − SV) [ ] d → depreciation
𝑑 𝑦 𝑖 per year
𝑖 (1 + 𝑖)n − 1 SV
RC → replacement cost
→ salvage cost
(+) minima
= y′ = 0 m n → economic life
Dm = d [(1 + i) − 1]
m → any year before n
𝑑𝑥 (-) maxima BVm → book value AC = C ∙ 𝑖 AC → annual cost
𝑖 after m years
Point of inflection: Dm → total depreciation (RC − SV)𝑖
 Sum-of-the-Years-Digit (SYD): AC = FC ∙ 𝑖 + OM +
𝑑2𝑦 n−m+1 (1 + i)n − 1
= y" = 0 CALTECH:

𝑑𝑥2 dm = (FC − SV) [ ] Mode 3 3  Single-payment-compound-amount factor:

∑n−m+1
years x y
D = (FC − SV) [∑n x] (time) (BV) (F/P, 𝑖, n) = (1 + 𝑖)n
Inttegral Calculus-The Cardioid m 0 FC
∑n1 x
n SV  Single-payment-present-worth factor:
n+1 SV
A = 1.5πa2 (P/F, 𝑖, n) = (1 + 𝑖)−n
 Declining Balance (Matheson):
P = 8a BVm = FC(1 − k)m CALTECH:
 Equal-payment-series-compound-amount factor:
Mode 3 6 ′
r = a(1 − sin θ) r = a(1 − cos (1 + 𝑖)n − 1
SV = FC(1 − k)n k → obtained x y (F/A, 𝑖, n) = [ ]
θ) r = a(1 + sin θ)r = a(1 + cos θ) (time) (BV)
𝑖
Dm = FC − BVm 0 FC
n SV
 Equal-payment-sinking-fund factor:
 Double Declining Balance: ′ −1
BVm = FC(1 − k) m (1 + 𝑖)n − 1
(A/F, 𝑖, n) = [ ]
k = 2/n k → obtained 𝑖
Dm = FC − BVm where:
 Equal-payment-series-present-worth factor:
′
FC → first cost (1 + 𝑖)n − 1
 Service Output Method: SV → salvage cost (P/A, 𝑖, n) = [ ]
FC − SV d → depreciation per year 𝑖(1 + 𝑖)n
Qn → qty produced during
d=  Equal-payment-series-capital-recovery factor:
economic life
Qn Qm → qty produced during
(1 + 𝑖)n − 1
′ −1

D = dQm up to m year
Dm → total depreciation (A/P, 𝑖, n) = [ ]
𝑖(1 + 𝑖)n
Sttattisttics Fracttiles Transporttattion Engineering Traffic Accidentt Analysis
Measure of Natural Tendency  Range Design of Horizontal Curve  Accident rate for 100 million
= 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚 − 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚 vehicles per miles of travel in a
 Mean, x̅, μ → average
 Minimum radius of curvature segment of a highway:
→ Mode  Coefficient of Range
Stat 1-var A (100,000,000)
→ Shift Mode ▼ StatFrequency? on =
𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚 − 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚
R= v2 R=
s
→ Input 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚 + 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚 g(e + f) ADT ∙ N ∙ 365 ∙ L
→ AC Shift 1 var x̅ R → minimum radius of curvature A → no. of accidents during period of analysis
 Quartiles e → superelevation
ADT → average daily traffic
f → coeff. of side friction or
 Median, Me → middle no. when n is even
1 2 3 skid resistance
N → time period in years

th n+1 Q = n Q = n Q= n v → design speed in m/s L → length of segment in miles

Me = 1 4 2 4 3 4 g → 9.82 m/s2
1 2 n n  Accident rate per million entering
when n is odd
M th = [( + ( + 1)]  Centrifugal ratio or impact factor vehicles in an intersection:
) 1 1 1
e
22 2 2 A (1,000,000)
Impact factor = v
Q1 = (n + 1) ; Q1 = (n + 1) ; Q1 = (n + 1)
 Mode, Mo → most frequent
4 4 4 R=
 Interquartile Range, IQR gR ADT ∙ N ∙ 365
R → minimum radius of curvature
Standard Deviation = 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 − 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 v → design speed in m/s
A → no. of accidents during period of analysis
ADT → average daily traffic entering all legs
 Population standard deviation = Q3 − Q1 g → 9.82 m/s2
N → time period in years
→ Mode Stat 1-var  Coefficient of IQR Power to move a vehicle  Severity ratio, SR:
→ Shift Mode ▼ StatFrequency? on 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 − 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒
= P = vR f ∙i
→ Input 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 + 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 P → power needed to move vehicle in watts SR =
→ AC Shift 1 var σx Q 3 − Q1
= v → velocity of vehicle in m/s f∙i∙p
Q+Q R → sum of diff. resistances in N
3 1 f → fatal
 Sample standard deviation Design of Pavement i → injury
→ Mode Stat 1-var  Quartile Deviation (semi-IQR) = IQR/2 p → property damage

→ Shift Mode ▼ StatFrequency? on  Outlier  Rigid pavement without dowels

 Spacing mean speed, US:
→ Input → extremely high or low data higher than
3W ∑d n
→ AC Shift 1 var s or lower than the following limits: t= √ Us = =
Q1 − 1.5IQR > x f ∑t ∑ 1
NOTE:
( )
If not specified whether population/sample
Q 3 + 1.5IQR < x U1
in a given problem, look for POPULATION.  Rigid pavement with dowels
 Time mean speed, Ut:
Coefficient of Linear Correlation  Decile or Percentile
m 3W 3W d
or Pearson’s r
im = (n) t=√ t=√ ∑t ∑ U1
10 or 100 2f 4f U= =
→ Mode Stat A+Bx t
n n
→ Input (at the edge) (at the center)
Ʃd → sum of distance traveled by all vehicles
→ AC Shift 1 Reg r Normal Disttributtion t → thickness of pavement
W → wheel load
Ʃt → sum of time traveled by all vehicles
Ʃu1 → sum of all spot speed
NOTE: f → allow tensile stress of concrete 1/Ʃu1 → reciprocal of sum of all spot speed
-1 ≤ r ≤ +1; otherwise erroneous n → no. of vehicles
 Flexible pavement
 Population standard deviation
 Rate of flow:
W
Variance  Z-score or t= √ − r q = kUs
standard score → Mode Stat 𝜋f1
 standard deviation = σ q → rate of flow in vehicles/hour
or variate → AC Shift 1 Distr
f1 → allow bearing pressure of subgrade k → density in vehicles/km
 variance = σ2 x−μ left of z → P( r → radius of circular area of contact uS → space mean speed in kph
 relative variability = σ/x z= between wheel load & pavement
σ right of z → R(
bet. z & axis → Q(  Minimum time headway (hrs)
Mean/Average Deviation x → no. of observations  Thickness of pavement in terms = 1/q
μ → mean value, x̅ → Input of expansion pressure
 Mean/average value σ → standard deviation expansion pressure  Spacing of vehicles (km)
t=
b pavement density = 1/k
1 Exponenttial Disttributtion
mv = ∫ f(x)dx
b−a a P(x ≥ a) = e−λa  Stiffness factor of pavement  Peak hour factor (PHF)
= q/qmax
P(x ≤ a) = 1 − e−λa 3 Es
s

 Mean value
P(a ≤ x ≤ b) = e−λa − e−λb SF = √
b
Ep
1
RMS = √ ∫ ES → modulus of elasticity of subgrade
f(x) dx b −
2
aa EP→ modulus of elasticity of pavement

Discrette Probabilitty Disttributtions Walli’s Formula

π
 Binomial Probability Distribution 2 [(m − 1)(m − 3)(m − 5) … (1 or 2)][(n − 1)(n − 3)(n − 5) … (1 or 2)]
∫ cosm θ sinn θ dθ = ∙α
P(x) = C(n, x) px qn−x (m + n)(m + n − 2)(m + n − 4) … (1 or 2)
where:
0
p → success NOTE:
q → failure α = π/2 for m and n are both even
α =1 otherwise
 Geometric Probability Distribution
P(x) = p(qx−1) Fibonacci Numbers Tip to remember:

𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 1 = 0
 Poisson Probability Distribution n n
x −μ
1 1 + √5 1 − √5 Mode Eqn 5
P(x) =μ e an = [( ) −( )]
x! √5 2 2 𝑥=
1 ± √5
2

Period, Amplittude & Frequency

x = r cos θ
Period (T) → interval over which the graph of y = r sin θ
function repeats r = x2 + y2
Amplitude (A) → greatest distance of any point y
on the graph from a horizontal line which passes θ = tan−1
halfway between the maximum & minimum values
x
of the function
Frequency (ω) → no. of repetitions/cycles per unit
of time or 1/T

Function Period Amplitude

y = A sin (Bx + C) 2π/B A
y = A cos (Bx + C) 2π/B A
y = A tan (Bx + C) π/B A
Sttattisttics Fracttiles Transporttattion Engineering Traffic Accidentt Analysis
Measure of Natural Tendency  Range Design of Horizontal Curve  Accident rate for 100 million
= 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚 − 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚 vehicles per miles of travel in a
 Mean, x̅, μ → average
 Minimum radius of curvature segment of a highway:
→ Mode  Coefficient of Range
Stat 1-var A (100,000,000)
→ Shift Mode ▼ StatFrequency? on =
𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚 − 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚
R= v2 R=
s
→ Input 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚 + 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚 g(e + f) ADT ∙ N ∙ 365 ∙ L
→ AC Shift 1 var x̅ R → minimum radius of curvature A → no. of accidents during period of analysis
 Quartiles e → superelevation
ADT → average daily traffic
f → coeff. of side friction or
 Median, Me → middle no. when n is even
1 2 3 skid resistance
N → time period in years

th n+1 Q = n Q = n Q= n v → design speed in m/s L → length of segment in miles

Me = 1 4 2 4 3 4 g → 9.82 m/s2
1 2 n n  Accident rate per million entering
when n is odd
M th = [( + ( + 1)]  Centrifugal ratio or impact factor vehicles in an intersection:
) 1 1 1
e
22 2 2 A (1,000,000)
Impact factor = v
Q1 = (n + 1) ; Q1 = (n + 1) ; Q1 = (n + 1)
 Mode, Mo → most frequent
4 4 4 R=
 Interquartile Range, IQR gR ADT ∙ N ∙ 365
R → minimum radius of curvature
Standard Deviation = 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 − 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 v → design speed in m/s
A → no. of accidents during period of analysis
ADT → average daily traffic entering all legs
 Population standard deviation = Q3 − Q1 g → 9.82 m/s2
N → time period in years
→ Mode Stat 1-var  Coefficient of IQR Power to move a vehicle  Severity ratio, SR:
→ Shift Mode ▼ StatFrequency? on 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 − 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒
= P = vR f ∙i
→ Input 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 + 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 P → power needed to move vehicle in watts SR =
→ AC Shift 1 var σx Q 3 − Q1
= v → velocity of vehicle in m/s f∙i∙p
Q+Q R → sum of diff. resistances in N
3 1 f → fatal
 Sample standard deviation Design of Pavement i → injury
→ Mode Stat 1-var  Quartile Deviation (semi-IQR) = IQR/2 p → property damage

→ Shift Mode ▼ StatFrequency? on  Outlier  Rigid pavement without dowels

 Spacing mean speed, US:
→ Input → extremely high or low data higher than
3W ∑d n
→ AC Shift 1 var s or lower than the following limits: t= √ Us = =
Q1 − 1.5IQR > x f ∑t ∑ 1
NOTE:
( )
If not specified whether population/sample
Q 3 + 1.5IQR < x U1
in a given problem, look for POPULATION.  Rigid pavement with dowels
 Time mean speed, Ut:
Coefficient of Linear Correlation  Decile or Percentile
m 3W 3W d
or Pearson’s r
im = (n) t=√ t=√ ∑t ∑ U1
10 or 100 2f 4f U= =
→ Mode Stat A+Bx t
n n
→ Input (at the edge) (at the center)
Ʃd → sum of distance traveled by all vehicles
→ AC Shift 1 Reg r Normal Disttributtion t → thickness of pavement
W → wheel load
Ʃt → sum of time traveled by all vehicles
Ʃu1 → sum of all spot speed
NOTE: f → allow tensile stress of concrete 1/Ʃu1 → reciprocal of sum of all spot speed
-1 ≤ r ≤ +1; otherwise erroneous n → no. of vehicles
 Flexible pavement
 Population standard deviation
 Rate of flow:
W
Variance  Z-score or t= √ − r q = kUs
standard score → Mode Stat 𝜋f1
 standard deviation = σ q → rate of flow in vehicles/hour
or variate → AC Shift 1 Distr
f1 → allow bearing pressure of subgrade k → density in vehicles/km
 variance = σ2 x−μ left of z → P( r → radius of circular area of contact uS → space mean speed in kph
 relative variability = σ/x z= between wheel load & pavement
σ right of z → R(
bet. z & axis → Q(  Minimum time headway (hrs)
Mean/Average Deviation x → no. of observations  Thickness of pavement in terms = 1/q
μ → mean value, x̅ → Input of expansion pressure
 Mean/average value σ → standard deviation expansion pressure  Spacing of vehicles (km)
t=
b pavement density = 1/k
1 Exponenttial Disttributtion
mv = ∫ f(x)dx
b−a a P(x ≥ a) = e−λa  Stiffness factor of pavement  Peak hour factor (PHF)
= q/qmax
P(x ≤ a) = 1 − e−λa 3 Es
s

 Mean value
P(a ≤ x ≤ b) = e−λa − e−λb SF = √
b
Ep
1
RMS = √ ∫ ES → modulus of elasticity of subgrade
f(x) dx b −
2
aa EP→ modulus of elasticity of pavement

Discrette Probabilitty Disttributtions Walli’s Formula

π
 Binomial Probability Distribution 2 [(m − 1)(m − 3)(m − 5) … (1 or 2)][(n − 1)(n − 3)(n − 5) … (1 or 2)]
∫ cosm θ sinn θ dθ = ∙α
P(x) = C(n, x) px qn−x (m + n)(m + n − 2)(m + n − 4) … (1 or 2)
where:
0
p → success NOTE:
q → failure α = π/2 for m and n are both even
α =1 otherwise
 Geometric Probability Distribution
P(x) = p(qx−1) Fibonacci Numbers Tip to remember:

𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 1 = 0
 Poisson Probability Distribution n n
x −μ
1 1 + √5 1 − √5 Mode Eqn 5
P(x) =μ e an = [( ) −( )]
x! √5 2 2 𝑥=
1 ± √5
2

Period, Amplittude & Frequency

x = r cos θ
Period (T) → interval over which the graph of y = r sin θ
function repeats r = x2 + y2
Amplitude (A) → greatest distance of any point y
on the graph from a horizontal line which passes θ = tan−1
halfway between the maximum & minimum values
x
of the function
Frequency (ω) → no. of repetitions/cycles per unit
of time or 1/T

Function Period Amplitude

y = A sin (Bx + C) 2π/B A
y = A cos (Bx + C) 2π/B A
y = A tan (Bx + C) π/B A
 Design of Beam Sttirrups T-Beam Thickness of One-way Slab & Beam
NSCP Provisions for effective flange width:
NSCP Provisions for minimum thickness:

i. Interior Beam: ii. exterior Beam: Canti- Simple One Both

L leverL Support End Ends
(1st) Solve for Vu: bf = 4 bf = bw + 12 Slab L/10 L/20 L/24 L/28
NSCP Provisions for
ΣFv = 0 bf = bw +
s12s+
22bbff==bbww++
s8t
2b
1 ff = bw + L/8
Beams 6tf L/16 L/18.5 L/21
max. stirrups spacing:
1 fy
V u = R − w ud Factor: [0.4 + ] [1.65 − 0.0003𝜌 ]
wuL 2Vc = √fc ′bw d 700 𝑐
Vu = − wud 3 (for lightweight concrete only)
2 i. when Vs < 2Vc,
(2nd) Solve for Vc: d
1 Minimum Stteel
smax = or 600mm
Vc = √fc ′bw d 2
6 ii.when Vs > 2Vc, attio
(3rd) Solve for Vs: d For one-way
Vu = ∅(Vc + Vs) smax = or 300mm bending: k → steel
Vs → obtained 4 ratio
iii. & not greater than
(4th) Theoretical Spacing: to: i. fy = 275 MPa,
3Av fy k = 0.0020
dAv fy n k = 0.0018
s= V
n smax = ] [400
b f
s
NOTE: (choose
For larger between the
two-way
fyn → steel strength for shear reinforcement bending: ρ → steel
Av → area of shear reinforcement 1.4 √f
c ′
n → no. of shear legs ρmin=ρ min
=
4fy
π 2 f
Av =
n 4d ∙

Design of One-way Slab

(1st) Compute ultimate moment, Mu: LONGITUDINAL OR MAIN BARS TEMPERATURE BARS/ SHRINKAGE BARS
WU = 1.4WD + 1.7WL (6th) Compute steel ratio, ρ: (11th) Solve for As:
As = kb⫠h
WUL2 As NSCP Provision for k:
MU= ρ= i. fy = 275 MPa, k = 0.0020 ii. fy = 415 MPa, k = 0.0018
8 iii. fy > 415 MPa, k = 0.0018 (400/fy)
bd
(7th) Check for minimum steel ratio: (12th) Determine # of req’d temp. bars:
(2nd) Solve for slab thickness, h:
See NSCP Provisions for minimum thickness. 1.4 √f
c ′
ρmin=& ρ min=
4fy
fy
(3rd) Solve for effective depth, d:
db If ρmin < ρ, use ρ.
d = h − cc − If ρmin > ρ, use ρmin & recompute As. As As
(8th) Determine # of req’d main bars: N ==
Ab
2 π 2
d
(4th) Solve for a: As =sA 4 b
M = ∅(C) [d − a] N= (13th) Determine spacing of temp. bars:
u 2 Ab π d 2
′
a 4 b b
M = ∅(0.85f
u c ab) [d − ] s =N
2 (9th) Determine spacing of main bars:
a → obtained
b (14th) Check for max. spacing of temp. bars:
(5th) Solve for As: s= smax= 5h or 450mm
C=T N
sy (10th) Check for max. spacing of main bars:
0.85f
c ′ab = A f smax = 3h or 450mm
As → obtained
Design of Column TIED COLUMN SPIRAL COLUMN
PN = 0.8P PN = 0.85P
P = PC + PS
PU = ∅0.8P ; ∅ = 0.7 PU = ∅0.85P ; ∅ = 0.75
P = 0.85f ′(A − A ) + PUf= (0.7)(0.8)[0.85f ′(Ag − Ast )
A P+U =
Ast
(0.75)(0.85)[0.85f
fy ] ′(Ag
cgstst y
c c
Ast
ρ= No. of main bars:
Spacing of bars: f ′ Ag volume of spira
Ast ρ = 0.45 c [− 1] =
Ag s = 16db s = 48dt s
fy Ac volume of core
Thus, N= s = least dimension
Ag= P Ab π (d )2 ∙ π(D −d )
′c
0.85f ρ) + ρfN is based on Pu.
(1 − y 4sp csp 4Asp
s= π = Dcρs
0.01Ag < Ast < 0.08AgNOTE: If spacing of main bars < 150mm, use 1 tie per set. 4 (Dc)2 ∙ ρs

BENDING MOMENT
WIDE BEAM SHEAR PUNCHING/DIAGONAL TENSION SHEAR
Design of Footting x MU = qU(B)(x) (2)
VU1 = qU(B)(x) VU2 = PU − qU(a + d)(b + d)
qA = qS + qC + qsur + qE P ** design of main bars and temperature bars
Same as slab.
PU √f ′ √f ′
qE = A ;qU = Aftg V≤U1 ∅V wb
= ∅c Bd V≤
U2
∅V=pc∅c b d o
where: ftg 6 3
VU1 VU2
τwb = ∅Bd
qA → allowable bearing pressure qS → soil pressure τ=
pc
qC → concrete pressure qsur → surcharge ∅bo d
qE → effective pressure
qU → ultimate bearing pressure √fc′ √fc′
Ø = 0.85 τ =
wb(allw) τ =
pc(allw)
6 3
 measure lay-out too long Effectt of Curvatture & efracttion
Measurementt e
too long add subtract Azimuth
Correcttions CD = MD (1 + )
too short subtract add TL hcr = 0.067K 2 from South
Due to temperature: too short D2
(add/subtract); measured length Probable Errors e
CD = MD (1 − ) h = h2 + (h1 − h2 ) − 0.067D1D2
D 1 + D2 educttion tto
C = αL(T2 − T1) Probable Error (single): TL
Sea Level
Due to pull:
∑(x − x̅) Sttadia Measurementt Leveling
(add/subtract); measured length CD MD
E = 0.6745√ =
(P2 − P1)L n−1 Horizontal: Elev𝐵 = Elev𝐴 + 𝐵𝑆 − 𝐹𝑆 R R+h
C=
EA D = d + (f + c) Inclined Upward:
Probable Error (mean): 𝑓 error/setup = −eBS + eFS
Due to sag: D=()s+C Subttense Bar
(subtract only); unsupported length
E ∑(x − x̅) 𝑖 Inclined Downward:
D = Ks + C error/setup = +eBS − eFS θ
2 3 Em = = 0.6745√ D = cot
C =w L2 √n n(n − 1)
Inclined: Total Error: 2
24P eT = error/setup ∙ no. of setups
Proportionalities of weight, w:
Due to slope: E=error; d=distance; n=no. of trials D = Ks cos θ + C
(subtract only); measured length
1 1 H = D cos θ
𝑤∝ 𝑤∝ 𝑤∝𝑛 V = D sin θ Double Meridian Disttance Metthod DMD
C2 = S2 − h2
𝐸 2
𝑑 DMD𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 = Dep𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡
Normal Tension:
Area of Closed Traverse Area of Irregular Boundaries DMD𝑛 = DMD𝑛−1 + Dep𝑛−1 + Dep𝑛 DMD𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 =
0.204W√AE −Dep𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡
PN = Trapezoidal Rule: 2A = Σ(DMD ∙ Lat)
√PN − P Lat = L cos α
Dep = L sin α d
A= [h + h +
2Σh]12 n
Parabolic Curves Error of Closure: Double Parallel Disttance Metthod DPD
Simpson’s 1/3 Rule: DPD𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 = Lat𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡
Symmetrical: = √ΣL + ΣD 2 2

d DPD𝑛 = DPD𝑛−1 + Lat𝑛−1 + Lat𝑛

L Relative Error/Precision: A= [h1 + hn + 2Σh𝑜𝑑𝑑 + 4Σh𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛] 3
H = 8 (g1 + g2) Error of Closure DPD𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 = −Lat 𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡
= Note: n must be odd
Perimeter 2A = Σ(DMD ∙ Dep)
L 2
x 2 (2) 1 acre = Simple, Compound & everse Curves Spiral Curve
= L1 4047 m2
y H
Unsymmetrical:
L1L2
H = 2(L +L (g 1 + g 2)
1 2)

g3(L1+L2) = g1L1 + g2L2

Note: Consider signs.

Eartthworks
𝑑𝐿 0 𝑑𝑅
±𝑓𝐿 ±𝑓 ±𝑓𝑅 L2 180°
θ= ∙
f w I 2RLs π
A = 2(dL + dR ) + 4 (fL + fR) T = R tan
2 θ Ls2
Volume (End Area): I i= ;p =
E = R [sec − 1] 3 24R
2
L 3
x= L
I
Ve = (A1 + A2) m = R [1 − cos ]
2 2 6RLs
Volume (Prismoidal): I
L = 2R sin L5 LT → long tangent
L 2 ST → short tangent
π Y=L−
VP = (A1 + 4Am + A2) L = RI ∙ 40R2L
s
2 R → radius of simple curve
6 L → length of spiral from TS to any point
along the spiral
Prismoidal Correction:
c
180° Ls I Ls → length of spiral

L 20 2πR Ts = + (R + p) tan I → angle of intersection

= 2 2 Ic → angle of intersection of the simple

curve
CP = (c1 − c2)(d1 − d2) D 360°
12 I p → length of throw or the distance from
tangent that the circular curve has been
1145.916 Es = (R + p) sec − Rx → offset distance
VP = Ve − Cp R= 2
offset
(right angle
distance) from tangent to any point on
D 0.036k3
Volume (Truncated): the spiral

Ls = xc → offset distance (right angle

VT = ABase ∙ Have = A ( Σh) R distance) from tangent to SC
Ec → external distance of the simple
n 0.0079k2
curve

A θ → sp
iral angle from tangent to any
e= point on the spiral
VT = (Σh1 + 2Σh2 + 3Σh3 + 4Σh4 ) R θS → spiral angle from tangent to SC
n i → deflection angle from TS to any point
D L on the spiral
= is → deflection angle from TS to SC

D C Ls y → distance from TS along the tangent

to any point on the spiral

Sttopping Sightt Disttance Parabolic Summitt Curve Parabolic Sag Curve Underpass Sightt Disttance Horizonttal Curve
L>S
S = vt + v2 A(S) 2 L>S L>S L>S
2g(f ± G) L= A(S)2 A(S)2 h1 + h2 2
200(√h1 + √h2)
2 L= L= H=C− R= S
a = g f ± G) (deceleration)
( 122 + 3.5S 800H 2 8M
L<S
v 2 L<S L<S L<S
200(√h1 + √h2) 122 + 3.5S 800H L(2S − L)
tb = (breaking time)
L = 2(S) − L = 2(S) − L = 2(S) −
gf(f ± G) A A A R=
8M
Eff = (100) L → length of summit curve A → algebraic difference A → algebraic difference of L → length of horizontal
f
ave S → sight distance of grades, in percent grades, in percent curve
v → speed in m/s h1 → height of driver’s eye L → length of sag curve L → length of sag curve S → sight distance
t → perception-reaction time h1 = 1.143 m or 3.75 ft S → sight distance A(K)2 For passengers comfort,
R → radius of the curve
f → coefficient of friction M → clearance from the
h2 → height of object L=
G → grade/slope of road where K is speed in KPH centerline of the road
h2 = 0.15 m or 0.50 ft 395