Crossover (automobile)

A crossover, crossover SUV,[1] or crossover utility vehicle

(CUV) is a type of sport utility vehicle-like automobile built with
unibody frame construction. A term that originated from North
America, crossovers are based on a platform shared with a passenger
car, as opposed to a platform shared with a pickup truck. Because of
that, crossovers may also be referred as "car-based SUVs".[2][3]
There are inconsistencies about whether some vehicles are
considered crossovers or SUVs; therefore, the term "SUV" is often
used as a catch-all for both crossovers and compact SUVs.[4] Ford Flex full-size crossover
Forerunners of the modern crossover include the 1977 Matra
Rancho and the AMC Eagle introduced in 1979.[5]

In the United States as of 2006, crossover models comprised more

than 50% of the overall SUV market.[6] Crossovers have become
increasingly popular in Europe also since the early 2010s.
Honda Pilot mid-size crossover

Contents
Definition
Characteristics
History Ford Escape/Kuga
Size categories compact crossover
Subcompact crossover SUV (B-segment)
Compact crossover SUV (C-segment)
Mid-size crossover SUV (D/E-segment)
Full-size crossover SUV
Body style categories
Three-door crossover
Hyundai Kona
Coupe crossover subcompact crossover
Convertible crossover
Crossover-styled cars
Station wagon
Hatchback
MPV/minivan
Sedan
Sales
Europe
United States
List
See also
References

Definition
The difference between crossover SUVs and other SUVs is generally defined by journalists and
manufacturers as a crossover being built using a unibody platform (the type used by most passenger cars),
while an SUV is built using a body-on-frame platform (the type used by off-road vehicles and pickup
trucks).[7][8][9][10] However, these definitions are often blurred in practice, since unibody vehicles are also
often referred to as SUVs.[11][12] "Crossover" is a relatively recent term, and early unibody SUVs (such as
the 1984 Jeep Cherokee) are rarely called crossovers. Due to these inconsistencies, the term "SUV" is often
used as an umbrella term for both crossovers and SUVs.[13][14][15]

Some regions outside North America do not have a distinction between a crossover SUV and body-on-
frame SUV, calling both of them SUVs. Several governmental bodies in the United States also did not
acknowledge the crossover distinction, including the United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA).[16] Crossovers are sometimes also classified as light trucks in some jurisdictions.

Outside of the United States, the term "crossover" tends to be used for C-segment (compact) or smaller
vehicles, with large unibody vehicles—such as the Audi Q7, Range Rover, Porsche Cayenne and
Volkswagen Touareg—usually referred to as SUVs rather than crossovers. In the United Kingdom, a
crossover is sometimes defined as a hatchback with raised ride height and SUV-like styling features.[17][18]

Characteristics
Compared to truck-based SUVs, they typically have better interior comfort, a more comfortable ride, better
fuel economy, and lower manufacturing costs, but also inferior off-road and towing capability.[19][14][20]

Many crossovers lack all-wheel drive or four-wheel-drive drivetrain, which, in combination with their
lesser off-road capability, causes many journalists and consumers to question their definition as "sports
utility vehicles". This has led some to describe crossovers as pseudo-SUVs.[21][22][23]

History
Introduced in 1979, the AMC Eagle is retroactively considered to be the first dedicated crossover
automobile that made its debut prior to the terms "SUV" or "crossover" being coined.[24][25][26][27] The
mass-market Eagle model line was based on a unibody passenger car platform, with fully automatic four-
wheel drive and a raised ride height.[28][29][30][31][32]

Though it is not part of the modern linear evolution, and only fifteen were built, some stretch the definition
and history of the "crossover" to regard the off-road racing 1936 Opel Geländesportwagen as the first of
the class.[33]

A writer for Motor Trend characterized Studebaker's 1963 Wagonaire as the "first crossover" because the
innovative station wagon with a sliding roof "mashed up various vehicle types."[34] It was available only in
conventional rear-wheel drive.
Some cite the front-wheel drive 1977 Matra Rancho as a slightly earlier forerunner to the modern
crossover.[35] Marketed as a "lifestyle" vehicle, it was not available with four-wheel drive.[36] In 1981,
American Motors Corporation (AMC) introduced four-wheel drive subcompact models built on the two-
door AMC Spirit, the "Eagle SX/4" and "Eagle Kammback."[37][38] These two 166.6 in (4,232 mm) long,
low-priced models joined the compact-sized AMC Eagle line and they predicted the market segment of
comfortable cars with utility and foul-weather capabilities.[37][39]

In North America, crossovers increased in popularity during the 2000s, when fuel efficiency standards for
light trucks, which had been stuck at 20.7 miles per US gallon (11.4  L/100  km; 8.8  km/l) since 1996,
moved upwards by 2005. With increasing fuel prices, traditional SUVs began to lose market share to
crossovers.[40]

The first-generation Toyota RAV4 released in 1994 has been credited as the model that expanded the
concept of the crossover market segment.[41] Essentially a shrunken SUV, the RAV4 was based on a
modified platform used by the Toyota Corolla and Toyota Carina.[20]

1977 Matra-Simca Rancho 1979–1987 AMC Eagle 1990-1991

Volkswagen Golf
Country

1995 Toyota RAV4

Size categories
Depending on the market, crossovers are divided into several size categories. Since there is an absence of
any official distinction, often times the size category might be ambiguous for some crossover models.
Several aspects needed to determine the size category of a vehicle may include length/width dimensions,
positioning in its respective brand line-up, platform, and interior space.

Subcompact crossover SUV (B-segment)

Subcompact crossover SUVs (also called B-segment crossover SUV, B-SUV,[42] small SUV[43]) are
crossovers that depending on the market and the manufacturer, typically have a length dimension under
4,400  mm (173.2  in).[44][45] Subcompact crossovers are usually based on the platform of a subcompact
(also known as supermini or B-segment) passenger car,[46][47][48] although some high-end subcompact
crossover models may be based on a compact car (C-segment).[49] Although some subcompact crossovers
offer all-wheel-drive, the majority only offers front-wheel-drive.[50]

The segment may be called differently depending on the market. In several regions, the category may be
known as "compact crossover" or "compact SUV" instead.[51]

This category is particularly popular in Europe, India, and Brazil where they count for 37 percent, 75
percent, and 69 percent of total SUV sales in 2018 respectively. In the United States, it accounted for 7
percent of total SUV sales in 2018.[45] The best-selling vehicle is the segment in 2019 was the Honda HR-
V, recording 622,154 units being sold worldwide.[52]

Honda HR-V (also called Volkswagen T-Roc, built on the

Vezel), built on the same same platform as the compact
platform as the subcompact (B- (C-segment) Golf
segment) Fit/Jazz

Mercedes-Benz GLA-Class
subcompact luxury crossover
built on the same platform as
the subcompact luxury (C-
segment) A-Class

Compact crossover SUV (C-segment)

Compact crossover SUVs (also called C-segment SUV[53] or C-SUV[54]) are usually based on the
platform of a compact car (C-segment), while some models may be based on a mid-size car (D-segment) or
a B-segment platform. It typically has a length dimension between 4,300  mm (169.3  in) and 4,700  mm
(185.0 in).[55][44][56][57] Most compact crossovers have two-row seating, while some of others have three
rows.[58] "Compact crossover SUV" is a UK term and a part of the C-segment in the European car
classification.

The naming of the segment may differ depending on the market. In several regions outside North America,
the category may be known as "mid-size crossover" or "mid-size SUV",[56][59] not to be confused with the
North American definition of a mid-size crossover SUV, which is a larger D-segment crossover SUV.

The first compact crossover was the 1980 AMC Eagle that was based on the compact-sized Concord line.
Its four-wheel drive system was an almost unheard-of feature on regular passenger cars at the time and it
came with full-time all-wheel drive, automatic transmission, power steering, power front disk brakes
standard as well as numerous convenience and comfort options.[60] Later models included the 1994 Toyota
RAV4,[41] 1995 Honda CR-V, 1997 Subaru Forester, 2000 Nissan X-Trail, 2000 Mazda Tribute, and the
2001 Ford Escape.

Between 2005 and 2010, the market share of compact crossovers in the US has increased from 6 percent to
11.2 percent.[61] In 2014, for the first time ever, sales of compact crossovers have outpaced mid-size sedans
in the United States.[62]

In 2019, it was stated by American magazine Car and Driver that "so many of these vehicles are crowding
the marketplace, simply sorting through them can be a daunting task".[63] Due to its popularity and to cater
customer needs, many manufacturers offer more than one compact crossover, usually offering them in
slightly different sizes at different price points.

By late 2010s, the segment has emerged as the most popular segment in several regions. For example,
nearly 1 in every 4 cars sold in the United States in 2019 is a compact crossover, precisely at about 24.2
percent.[64] It also makes up 5.6 percent of the total European car market.[65]

The best-selling vehicle in the segment in 2019 was the Toyota RAV4, with 961,918 units sold globally.[52]


Toyota RAV4 two-row compact Honda CR-V two-row compact

crossover, built on a D-segment crossover, built on a C-segment
platform platform, with three-row seating
optional in several markets

Peugeot 3008 two-row compact

crossover

Mid-size crossover SUV (D/E-segment)

Mid-size crossover SUVs are usually based on the platform of a mid-size (also known as D-segment)
passenger car. The first mid-size crossover was the 1999 BMW X5. Some mid-size crossovers have a
three-row of seats, while others have two rows, which led to several brands offering multiple models to
cater both sub-segments. It typically has a length dimension between 4,700 mm (185.0 in) and 5,100 mm
(200.8 in).[44][66] In Australia, American mid-sized crossovers are classified as large SUVs.

The segment is most popular in North America and China, where larger vehicles are preferred. It makes up
15.8 percent of the total United States car market.[67] In Europe, the segment covers 2.1 percent of the total
market in 2019 with luxury crossover SUVs dominating most of the share.[68]

The Toyota Highlander/Kluger is the best-selling vehicle in the category in 2018, with 387,869 sold
worldwide.[69]


Honda Passport two-row mid- Toyota Highlander three-row

size crossover, which is a mid-size crossover
shortened version of the three-
row, mid-size Pilot

Lexus RX mid-size luxury

crossover

Full-size crossover SUV

Full-size crossover SUVs are usually based on full-size cars. They are the largest crossovers that offer
exclusively three rows. The first full-size crossovers include the GMC Acadia, Saturn Outlook, and the
Buick Enclave, with older full-size SUVs were mostly built above a body-on-frame chassis. The full-size
crossover SUV class is sometimes intersect and being compared with the three-row mid-size crossover
class as in the case of the Jeep Grand Cherokee L.[70] Vehicles in this category usually are longer than
5,100 mm (200.8 in) in length.[44]

GMC Acadia Lincoln MKT[71]

Body style categories

Three-door crossover

While a three-door body-on-frame SUV are not uncommon, crossover SUVs with three doors (including
the tailgate door) are more rare in contrast. The decline of two or three-door vehicles in general have led to
the disappearance of this category.[72][73][74]

Honda HR-V three-door Toyota RAV4 three-door

Range Rover Evoque three-

door

Coupe crossover

Crossover SUVs with a sloping rear roofline may be marketed as a "coupe crossover SUV" or "coupe
SUV". Although coupe itself supposed to mean a passenger car with a sloping or truncated rear roofline
and two or three doors, most coupe crossover SUV is equipped with five doors.[75] The sloping roofline
arguably offers styling advantage compared to its standard crossover counterpart.[76][77] The body style has
attracted criticism as being less attractive and less practical than normal crossovers.[78] The BMW X6 has
generally been considered as the first coupé crossover.[79]


Audi Q3 Sportback subcompact Renault Arkana compact coupé

luxury coupé crossover crossover

BMW X6 mid-size luxury coupé

crossover

Convertible crossover

There are several notable convertible crossover SUVs entering mass production, including the first of its
kind which is the Toyota RAV4 soft top convertible. Released in North America for the 1998 model year, it
was only offered up to 1999 model year.[80][81] Other examples include the Nissan Murano
CrossCabriolet, Range Rover Evoque Convertible, and Volkswagen T-Roc Cabriolet.[82]

The category was heavily criticized by journalists, enthusiasts, and analysts for numerous reasons. Industry
analyst Dave Sullivan from AutoPacific said that "they're awkward" and "a strange kind of Franken-
vehicle."[83] On reviewing the Murano CrossCabriolet, Car and Driver criticized its styling and the steep
price tag.[84] Some also questioned its purpose, as the practicality that crossovers usually have did not
carryover to its convertible version, since it could only have two doors and little luggage space.[85][86]


Toyota RAV4 convertible Nissan Murano CrossCabriolet

Range Rover Evoque Volkswagen T-Roc Cabriolet

Convertible

Crossover-styled cars
Many manufacturers have been capitalizing the SUV trend by offering a version of station wagons,
hatchbacks or MPVs with a raised ride height and the addition of rugged-looking accessories such as black
plastic wheel arch extension kit, body cladding, skid plates and roof rails. Due to its raised ground
clearance, it may be marketed as more capable off-road. Some of them may also equipped with all-wheel-
drive. This strategy has been used by manufacturers to move models upmarket, or to help filling an absence
in a crossover SUV segment. These vehicles has been described as pseudo-crossovers.[87][88]

Station wagon

Due to its large cargo space and its practicality,[89][90] many manufacturers are releasing "off-road"
versions of station wagons that are marketed to be more capable in soft off-road or all-weather situations
due to its raised height,[91] making them a "crossover" between a station wagon and an SUV. In North
America, some manufacturers are selling station wagons as crossovers due to the former's unpopularity,[92]
with the Subaru Outback as the most popular model.[93]

One of the first manufacturer to offer a crossover version of a station wagon is Subaru, which offers the
SUV-look version of the Legacy wagon since 1994 as the Legacy Outback (later as the Outback). At the
time, Subaru was absent in the growing SUV segment. Lacking the finances to design an all-new SUV,
Subaru added two-tone paint scheme, body cladding and a suspension lift to the Legacy wagon. It was
marketed as a capable and more efficient alternative to larger truck-based SUVs. Sales exceeded
expectations in North America.[94]
Another example include the Volvo V70 XC (also called V70 Cross Country), first introduced in
1999.[95][96] In 2002, the model was renamed XC70. Audi has been making Allroad versions of their
station wagons since 1999.[97] Volkswagen and Škoda equivalent variants are called Alltrack and Scout
respectively.

Volkswagen Golf Alltrack Volvo V90 Cross Country

Buick Regal TourX

Hatchback

Crossover-styled variant of hatchbacks or city cars with the same body has been introduced either as a
substitute or a complement to the subcompact crossover SUV segment. Most crossover-styled hatchbacks
are not offered with all-wheel-drive.

Forerunners of SUV-themed hatchback is the 1983 Fiat Panda 4x4, the 1996 Toyota Starlet Remix, and the
2003 Rover Streetwise. The Volkswagen Golf Country, a conversion by Steyr-Daimler-Puch was also sold
during 1990 and 1991.[98] The Golf Country was a lifted version of the Golf Mk2 with part-time four-
wheel drive and off-road exterior cladding.[99]

In the 2000s, the Volkswagen CrossPolo started the crossover-styled hatchback trend and was marketed as
an SUV-like "lifestyle" vehicle.[100] The Dacia/Renault Sandero Stepway, the crossover-styled version of
the Sandero launched in 2009 is an example of a well-received crossover-styled hatchback, as it
consistently outsold its standard model and makes up for 65 percent of Sandero sales figures.[101][102]


Vauxhall Viva Rocks city car (A- Dacia Sandero Stepway

segment) supermini/subcompact
hatchback (B-segment)

Ford Focus Active compact

hatchback (C-segment)

MPV/minivan

One of the first MPV with a crossover-styled variant was the Renault Scénic RX4 introduced in 2000,
which feature a lifted ride height, rugged body cladding, tailgate-mounted spare wheel and offered with
part time four-wheel-drive.[103] Another early example also include the Volkswagen CrossTouran,
launched in 2006 as a "lifestyle" version of the Touran. It is fitted with a slightly different suspension to
give a higher ride height.[104]


Renault Scénic RX4 Volkswagen CrossTouran

Suzuki XL6, based on the

Ertiga

Apart from crossover-styled variants equipped with accessories, due to the declining popularity of MPVs
and minivans, many manufacturers had also began developing MPVs with crossover-inspired styling from
scratch, and may market them either purely as an MPV or as a "crossover MPV". This include the
Chevrolet Orlando,[105] fifth-generation Renault Espace,[106] Mitsubishi Xpander,[107] Renault Triber,[108]
fourth-generation Kia Carnival,[109] and Toyota Veloz.[110][111]

Sedan

Crossover-styled sedans remained a rare phenomenon, however some manufacturers had experimented
with it which led to the release of the Subaru Legacy SUS (short for "Sport Utility Sedan"),[112] Volvo S60
Cross Country,[113] Citroën C3L,[114] Renault/Dacia Logan Stepway, and the Qoros 3 GT.[115]

Subaru Legacy SUS Volvo S60 Cross Country

Sales
Europe

Since the early 2010s, sales of crossover-type vehicles have been increasing in Europe.[116] By 2017,
European sales of compact and mid-sized crossover models continued to surge.[117] Analysis of the
European new car market by data firm JATO Dynamics reveals that SUVs which mostly consisted of
crossovers took almost 40% of the market in 2019, with the crossover segment being a key driver of
growth for volume and profits.[118]

United States

Sales of crossovers increased 30% between 2003 and 2005.[14] By 2006, the segment came into strong
visibility in the U.S., when crossover sales "made up more than 50% of the overall SUV market".[6] Sales
increased in 2007 by 16%.[119] In 2013, the Audi Q5 became Audi's second best-selling vehicle in the
United States market after the Audi A4 sedan.[120] Around half of Lexus' sales volume has come from its
SUVs since the late 1990s.[121]

American manufacturers were initially slow to switch from their emphasis on light truck-based SUVs, and
foreign automakers developed crossovers targeting the U.S. market as an alternative to station wagons that
were unpopular there. By early 2000s, American car manufacturers had caught up.[14]

List
See Category:Crossover sport utility vehicles ( 497 )

See also
Car classification
List of sport utility vehicles
Mini SUV
Minivan
Recreational vehicle

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