Functional English Definitions for B.

Com Part I
Read English Definitions for B. Com Part I: By Aqeel Ahmad 0300-1365468
Short Questions/ Definitions
Write answers of the following questions. Give examples where necessary
1. Neuter Genders.
Neuter genders represent the noun of neither sex or lifeless things.
e.g. room, pen, book etc.
2. Demonstrative pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns point to some noun going before. It is used in place of it.
e.g. This, that, those and these are commonly used Demonstrative pronouns.
3. Syllables
It is a unit of spoken language into which a word is divided.
e.g. absent has two syllables ‘ab’ and ‘sent’.
4. Predicates
The part of a sentences which tells something about subject of the sentences is called Predicate.
e.g. Dawood makes sentences. “Makes sentences” is predicate in this sentences.
5. Relative pronouns
A relative pronoun relates to some noun or other pronoun used earlier in a sentence.
e.g. The girl who talks in the class is stupid.
6. Causative verbs
Causative verbs are used to express that some person causes another person to do something.
e.g. Make, have, get are commonly used Causative verbs.
I made him leave.
7. Reciprocal pronouns
A pronoun that expresses mutual action or relationship is called reciprocal pronouns.
e. g. One another and each other are examples of reciprocal pronouns.
8. Phrase
A group of words that makes sense, but not a complete sense is called a phrase.
e. g. in the room, to the progress.
9. Alphabet
Letters are used to form words. These letters are called Alphabets. There are 26 letters in
English. They are vowels and consonants.
e.g. A, b, c etc.
10. Gerunds
The ing-form of a verb, used as a noun, is called a Gerund. It is also called a verbal noun.
Talking, during the lecture is a bad habit.
Talking is Gerund in this sentence
11. Proper noun
Proper noun is the name of a particular person place or thing.
e.g. Aqeel, Baloch, In the line of fire. etc.
12. Adverbs
An adverb is a word, used to qualify any part of speech except a noun or pronoun.
e.g. 1. He ran fast
 2. He ran very fast.
3. He is a fast runner.
13. Collective noun
A noun used to describe a group or collection of similar individuals.
e.g. flock, team etc.
14. Correlative conjunctions
The group of conjunctions used in pairs is called correlative conjunctions.
e.g. Both-and, either-or, not only- but also etc.
15. Interjection
A word used into a sentence to express some sudden feeling or emotion is called interjection.
Hurrah! We have got 90% marks in Functional English.
16. Nominative case of nouns with examples.
When a noun is used as the subject of a verb, it is said to be in the nominative case.
e.g. Ali killed a rat.
17. Clause with examples
A sentence which is a part of a larger sentence is called a clause. It has a subject and predicate of
its own. It does not convey complete sense.
e.g. It was the day when we were advised to give value to time.
18. Conjunctions with examples
A word that joins one word to another word, phrase or sentence is called conjunction.
e.g. We ate fish and snacks in winter season.
19. Abstract nouns
An abstract noun is the name of some quality, state, action or an idea.
e.g. Cleverness, pleasure, movement
20. Optative sentence
Optative sentence is a type of exclamatory sentence which gives an expression of some prayer or
wish.
e.g. May you live long!
21. Indirect object
Indirect object receives the action of the verb indirectly. It comes before the direct object in a
sentence. If we place it after the direct object it takes the preposition ‘to’ or ‘for’ before it.
e.g. She gave me (indirect object) some food (direct object).
She gave some food (direct object) to me (indirect object).
22. Participle
A participle is that form of the verb which is partly a verb and partly an adjective. But it cannot
be used as a main verb alone. It always needs a helping verb to be used as a main verb. Because
of its double meaning, it is called a verbal adjective. It can be used as an adjective or adverb. It
may be a present participle or a past participle. Look at the following example:
The breaking (Present participle) news caused great disturbance.
23. Emphatic sentence
Emphatic sentence is a kind of declarative sentence used to emphasize something.
e.g. We must obey our parents.
24. Differentiate between transitive and intransitive verbs.
A verb is transitive, if the action does not stop with the doer. It passes from the doer to
something else.
e.g. He picked a book.
A verb is intransitive when the action stops with the doer and does not pass from the doer to
anything else.
e.g. She wept bitterly.
25. What sort of sentence is used to express strong feelings? (2nd annual 2011)
Exclamatory sentence is used to express strong feelings.
e.g. What a great shot!.
26. Define subject and give examples.
A subject is a word or group of words that performs the action in a sentence.
e.g. Ahmed plays.
27. What type of sentence is used to give statement of fact? (1nd annual 2011)
Declarative or assertive sentence is used to give statement of fact.
e.g. Ali goes to school daily.
28. Describe imperative sentences.
A sentence that shows order, request, command, and suggestion is called imperative sentence.
e.g. Do your work. (Order)
29. Reflexive pronouns
Self or selves form of a pronoun is reflexive when the action is expressed by the verb reflects
back upon the subject and not to any other person or things.
e.g. He hits himself.
30. Adjective
An adjective is a word which adds something to the meaning of a noun or pronoun.
e.g. A good girl, A bad boy etc.
31. Emphatic pronoun
Self or selves form of a pronoun is emphatic when it is used for the sake of emphasis.
e.g. She has done it herself.
32. Name specific name of word that adds something to the meaning of a noun or pronoun.
Also give example.
Adjective is the name of a specific word that adds something to the meaning of a noun or
pronoun.
e.g. A good student works hard. (Good is adjective)
33. Define preposition
A preposition is a word or group of words used before a noun or pronoun to show its relationship
with the other noun or pronoun.
e.g. The books are on the table.
‘On’ shows the relationship between table and books.
34. What is the purpose of punctuation marks?
Punctuation marks make the writing free of any doubts. A sentence may not convey the desired
meaning if punctuation marks are not used properly.
35. Give an example of past perfect continuous and convert into passive voice.
He had been doing it for the last three years.
Its passive voice is not possible.
36. What is the specific term for the article “the”?
The specific term for the article is “Definite article”. “A and an” are called indefinite articles.
37. What is meant by mood of a verb?
Mood is the manner in which the action denoted by the verb is represented. There are three
moods in English.
1. Indicative
2. Imperative
3. Subjunctive
38. Define complement.
A noun or adjective used to complete the meaning of a linking verb is called complement.
e.g. (a) She seems pretty.
(b) He is a doctor.
39. What does the term ‘parts of speech’ mean?
Words are divided into different classes called Parts of speech. They are noun, pronoun, verb,
adverb, adjective, preposition, conjunction and interjection. Some grammarians include Article
in these.
40. Define helping verb or auxiliary verb.
Helping or auxiliary verb is used to help the main verb. It helps to form a tense or mood of the
main verb.
e.g. I am teaching.
41. What is grammatical function of predicate?
Grammatical function of predicate is that it tells about subject of the sentence.
For Example. Ahmed plays.
42. Define Syntax.
The study of the method in which words or phrases are put together to form sentences in a
language is called syntax.
e.g. Subject+ Verb+ Object/ Complement + Adverb
43. What is antecedent?
The noun or pronoun referred by another pronoun is called its Antecedent.
e.g. Mr. Basharat Ch. (antecedent) is our principal. He (pronoun) is a nice fellow.
44. Name the kinds of sentences according to structure.
The kinds of sentences according to structure are
1. Simple sentences
2. Compound sentences
3. Complex sentences
45. Name the major kinds of adverbs.
The major kinds of adverbs are
1. Adverbs of manner
2. Adverbs of time
3. Adverbs of place.