TGPCET/CSE
Tulsiramji Gaikwad-Patil College of Engineering and Technology
Wardha Road, Nagpur-441 108
NAAC Accredited
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
UNIT 1 Notes
Subject: Artificial Intelligence Year/Sem: 3rd yr./6th sem
Q1. Define Artificial Intelligence. Explain the task domains of AI. 7M
(S-18, S-17,S-16,W-17,W-16)
Ans: Definition: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is usually defined as the science of making
computers do things that require intelligence when done by humans. A.I is the study of ideas that
enable computers to be intelligent.
Task Domains of AI:-
• Mundane Tasks:
– Perception
• Vision
• Speech
– Natural Languages
• Understanding
• Generation
• Translation
– Common sense reasoning
– Robot Control
• Formal Tasks
– Games : chess, checkers etc
– Mathematics: Geometry, logic,Proving properties of programs
• Expert Tasks:
– Engineering ( Design, Fault finding, Manufacturing planning)
– Scientific Analysis
– Medical Diagnosis
– Financial Analysis
Q2. Define production system. Explain its characteristics and give the production system
for a water Jug problem. 8M (S-18,W-17)
Ans:
TGPCET/CSE
Tulsiramji Gaikwad-Patil College of Engineering and Technology
Wardha Road, Nagpur-441 108
NAAC Accredited
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Q3. Explain different problem characteristics in detail. 8M (S-18, S-17, S-16, W-17,W-16)
Ans: : Problem Characteristics:
1) IS YOUR PROBLEM DECOMPOSABLE?
2. Can Solution Steps Be Ignored Or Undone
TGPCET/CSE
Tulsiramji Gaikwad-Patil College of Engineering and Technology
Wardha Road, Nagpur-441 108
NAAC Accredited
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
3)IS THE UNIVERSE PREDICTABLE?
4) IS THE GOOD SOLUTION ABSOLUTE OR RELATIVE?
TGPCET/CSE
Tulsiramji Gaikwad-Patil College of Engineering and Technology
Wardha Road, Nagpur-441 108
NAAC Accredited
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
TGPCET/CSE
Tulsiramji Gaikwad-Patil College of Engineering and Technology
Wardha Road, Nagpur-441 108
NAAC Accredited
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
5)IS THE SOLUTION A STATE OR A PATH?
6) WHAT IS THE ROLE OF KNOWLEDGE?
7) DOES THE TASK REQUIRE INTERACTION WITH A PERSON?
TGPCET/CSE
Tulsiramji Gaikwad-Patil College of Engineering and Technology
Wardha Road, Nagpur-441 108
NAAC Accredited
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Q4. Define state space and explain with example. 5M (S-18, S-16)
Ans: Defining state space of the problem: A set of all possible states for a given problem is
known as state space of the problem. Representation of states is highly beneficial in AI because
they provide all possible states, operations and the goals. If the entire sets of possible states are
given, it is possible to trace the path from the initial state to the goal state and identify the
sequence of operators necessary for doing it.
A Water Jug Problem: You are given two jugs, a 4-gallon and a 3-gallon one. Neither has any
measuring marks on it. There is a pump that can be used to fill the jugs with water. How can you
get exactly 2-gallons of water into a 4-gallon jug?
The state space is described by the pair (m; n), the volumes in the 4pt and 3pt can respectively.
The initial state is (0; 0), and the final state is (2; 0). Here then we already see an example of
multiple goal states.
A set of production rules might be:
Solutions:-
TGPCET/CSE
Tulsiramji Gaikwad-Patil College of Engineering and Technology
Wardha Road, Nagpur-441 108
NAAC Accredited
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Q5. Discuss AI technique in detail. 5M (S-17)
Ans: In the real world, the knowledge has some properties −
• Its volume is huge, next to unimaginable.
• It is not well-organized or well-formatted.
• It keeps changing constantly.
AI Technique is a manner to organize and use the knowledge efficiently in such a way that −
• It should be perceivable by the people who provide it.
• It should be easily modifiable to correct errors.
• It should be useful in many situations though it is incomplete or inaccurate.
AI techniques elevate the speed of execution of the complex program it is equipped with.
THREE IMPORTANT AI TECHNIQUES:
Q6. What is production system? Explain its characteristics. 6M (S-17, S-16)
Ans:
TGPCET/CSE
Tulsiramji Gaikwad-Patil College of Engineering and Technology
Wardha Road, Nagpur-441 108
NAAC Accredited
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
A Knowledge representation formalism consists of collections of condition-action
rules(Production Rules or Operators), a database which is modified in accordance with the rules,
and a Production System Interpreter which controls the operation of the rules i.e The 'control
mechanism' of a Production System, determining the order in which Production Rules are fired.
A system that uses this form of knowledge representation is called a production system.
Example:-
IF the initial state is a goal state THEN quit.
The major components of an AI production system are
i. A global database
ii. A set of production rules and
iii. A control system
The goal database is the central data structure used by an AI production system. The production
system. The production rules operate on the global database. Each rule has a precondition that is
either satisfied or not by the database. If the precondition is satisfied, the rule can be applied.
Application of the rule changes the database. The control system chooses which applicable rule
should be applied and ceases computation when a termination condition on the database is
satisfied. If several rules are to fire at the same time, the control system resolves the conflicts.
Advantages of Production Systems:-
• Production systems provide an excellent tool for structuring AI programs.
• Production Systems are highly modular because the individual rules can be added,
removed or modified independently.
• The production rules are expressed in a natural form, so the statements contained in the
knowledge base should the a recording of an expert thinking out loud.
Disadvantages of Production Systems:-
• It’s very difficult to analyse the flow of control within a production system
• It describes the operations that can be performed in a search for a solution to the problem.
They can be classified as follows.
• There is an absence of learning due to a rule-based production system which does not
store the result of the problem for future use.
• The rules in the production system should not have any type of conflict resolution as
when a new rule is added to the database it should ensure that it does not have any
conflict with any existing rules.
TGPCET/CSE
Tulsiramji Gaikwad-Patil College of Engineering and Technology
Wardha Road, Nagpur-441 108
NAAC Accredited
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Production system describes the operations that can be performed in a search for a solution to the
problem. These are 4 classifications :
• A monotonic production system
• A non-monotonic production system
• A partially commutative production system
• A commutative production system.
1. Monotonic Production System: It’s a production system in which the application of a
rule never prevents the later application of another rule, that could have also been applied
at the time the first rule was selected.
2. Partially Commutative Production System: It’s a type of production system in
which the application of a sequence of rules transforms state X into state Y, then any
permutation of those rules that is allowable also transforms state x into state Y. Theorem
proving falls under the monotonic partially communicative system.
Example:
• Blocks world and 8 puzzle problems like chemical analysis and synthesis come under
monotonic, not partially commutative systems.
• Although, playing the game of bridge comes under non-monotonic, not partially
commutative system. For any problem, several production systems do exist. Some will be
efficient than others.
3. Non-Monotonic Production Systems are useful for solving ignorable problems.
• These systems are important for man implementation standpoint because they can be
implemented without the ability to backtrack to previous states when it is discovered that
an incorrect path was followed.
• This production system increases the efficiency since it is not necessary to keep track of
the changes made in the search process.
4. Commutative Systems are usually useful for problems in which changes occur but
can be reversed and in which the order of operation is not critical.
Example :8 puzzle problem.
• Production systems that are not usually not partially commutative are useful for many
problems in which irreversible changes occur, such as chemical analysis.
• When dealing with such systems, the order in which operations are performed is very
important and hence correct decisions must be made at the first time itself.
TGPCET/CSE
Tulsiramji Gaikwad-Patil College of Engineering and Technology
Wardha Road, Nagpur-441 108
NAAC Accredited
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Q7. Compare and contrast between Depth first search and Breadth first search. 7M(W-17)
Ans: BREADTH- FIRST SEARCH:
DEPTH- FIRST SEARCH:
TGPCET/CSE
Tulsiramji Gaikwad-Patil College of Engineering and Technology
Wardha Road, Nagpur-441 108
NAAC Accredited
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
