Atom: The building blocks of all matter are atoms.
We cannot see atoms with naked eyes
because they are very small in size.
Molecule: A group of two or more atoms is called a Molecule. Molecule that contains only one
atom is known as a Monoatomic molecule. Molecule that contains two atoms is known as a
diatomic molecule, O2. The number of atoms constituting a molecule is known as its atomicity.
ATOMIC MASS UNIT: One atomic mass unit is a mass unit equal to exactly one twelfth
(1/12th) the mass of one atom of carbon-12. The atomic masses of all elements have been found
with respect to an atom of carbon-12.
TABLE 1
Elements Symbols Atomic Mass
Aluminium Al 27u
Calcium Ca 40u
Carbon C 12u
Chlorine Cl 35.5u
Copper Cu 63u
Hydrogen H 1u
Magnesium Mg 24u
Nitrogen N 14u
Oxygen O 16u
Potassium K 39u
Sodium Na 23u
Sulphur S 32u
Zinc Zn 65u
TABLE 2 (WORKSHEET 1)
Number of Molecular mass/Formula unit mass
Atoms
1. H2 2 2*1=2u
2. O2 2 2*16=32u
3. O3 (Ozone) 3 3*16=48u
4. Cl2 2 2*35.5=71u
5. CO2 (Carbon 1+2=3 (1*12)+(2*16)=44u
dioxide)
6. CH4 (Methane) 1+4=5 (1*12)+(4*1)=16u
7. C2H6 2+6=8 (2*12)+(6*1)=30u
8. C2H4 2+4=6 (2*12)+(4*1)=28u
9. NH3 1+3=4 (1*14)+(3*1)=17u
10 CH3OH 1+3+1+1=6 (1*12)+(3*1)+(1*16)+(1*1)=32u
.
11 ZnO 1+1=2 (1*65)+(1*16)=81u
.
12 Na2O 2+1=3 (2*23)+(1*16)=62u
.
13 K2CO3 2+1+3=6 (2*39)+(1*12)+(3*16)=138u
.
14 H2S 2+1=3 (2*1)+(1*32)=34u
.
15 HCl (Hydrochloric 1+1=2 (1*1)+(1*35.5)=36.5u
. acid)
16 MgCl2 1+2=3 (1*24)+(2*35.5)=95u
.
17 CCl4 4+1=5 (1*12)+(4*35.5)=154u
.
18 NaCl 1+1=2 (1*23)+(1*35.5)=58.5u
.
19 H2O (Water) 2+1=3 (2*1)+(1*16)=18u
.
20 Na2S 2+1=3 (2*23)+(1*32)=78u
.
21 NaNO3 1+1+3=5 (1*23)+(1*14)+(3*16)=85u
.
22 Ca(OH)2 1+2+2=5 (1*40)+(2*16)+(2*1)=74u
.
23 CaCl2 1+2=3 (1*40)+(2*35.5)=111u
.
24 K2SO4 2+1+4=7 (2*39)+(1*32)+(4*16)=174u
.
25 KNO3 1+1+3=5 (1*39)+(1*14)+(3*16)=101u
.
25 CaCO3 1+1+3=5 (1*40)+(1*12)+(3*16)=100u
.
26 HNO3 (Nitric acid) 1+1+3=5 (1*1)+(1*14)+(3*16)=63u
.
27 Na2CO3 2+1+3=6 (2*23)+(1*12)+(3*16)=106u
.
28 Mg(OH)2 1+2+2=5 (1*24)+(2*16)+(2*1)=58u
.
29 (NH4)2SO4 2+8+1+4=15 (2*14)+(8*1)+(1*32)+(4*16)=132u
.
30 NaHCO3 (Baking 1+1+1+3=6 (1*23)+(1*1)+(1*12)+(3*16)=84u
. soda)
ION: Those atoms that are charged are known as ions. An ion can be negatively or positively
charged. A negatively charged ion is called an ‘anion’ and the positively charged ion is called a
‘cation’.
Chemical Formulae: The chemical formula of a compound is a symbolic representation of its
composition. The combining power (or capacity) of an element is known as its valency. While
calculating the number of atoms, don’t get confused with valency. Atoms is written in subscript
while valency is written in superscript.
TABLE 3
Elements/ Symbols Elements/ Symbols
Compounds Compounds
Ammonium NH4+ Chloride Cl-
Hydrogen H+ Hydride H-
Potassium K+ Hydrogen carbonate HCO3-
Sodium Na+ Hydroxide OH-
Nitrate NO3-
Magnesium Mg2+ Carbonate CO32-
Calcium Ca2+ Sulphate SO42-
Copper Cu2+ Sulphite SO32-
Sulphide S2-
Oxide O2-
Aluminium Al3+ Phosphate PO43-
TABLE 4 (WORKSHEET 2)
Name of compound Chemical Formulae
1. Hydrogen chloride HCl
2. Hydrogen sulphide H2S
3. Carbon tetrachloride CCl4
4. Magnesium chloride MgCl2
5. Aluminium oxide Al2O3
6. Calcium oxide (Quick Lime) Ca2O2. But we simplify the
formula as CaO.
7. Sodium nitrate NaNO3
8. Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
9. Sodium carbonate Na2CO3
10 Ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4
.
11 Sodium oxide Na2O
.
12 Aluminium chloride AlCl3
.
13 Sodium suphide Na2S
.
14 Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2
.
15 Aluminium sulphate Al2(SO4)3
.
16 Calcium chloride CaCl2
.
17 Potassium sulphate K2SO4
.
18 Potassium nitrate KNO3
.
19 Calcium carbonate CaCO3
.
20 Copper nitrate Cu(NO3)2
.
21 Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate (Baking Soda) NaHCO3
.
MOLE CONCEPT :-
Molar mass is equal to the molecular mass. Only you need to change the
unit from ‘u’ to ‘g’. For example, we have already studied that atomic mass
of hydrogen is 1u. So, molar mass of hydrogen is 1g.
We all know that 1 dozen = 12 in number. Similarly, 1 mole (of anything) =
6.022 1023 in number. This number is called the Avogadro Constant or
Avogadro Number named in honour of the Italian scientist, Amedeo
Avogadro.
No. of Moles = No. of Atoms / 6.022 1023
Mass = Molar mass * No. of moles
WORKSHEET 3
1. Calculate the molar mass of Nitric acid, HNO3.
2. Calculate the number of moles for 12.044 1023 number of He atoms.
3. Calculate the number of particles in 0.1 mole of carbon atoms.
4. What is the mass of 0.2 mole of oxygen atoms?
5. Calculate the mass of 0.5 mole of N atoms.
6. What is the mass of 0.5 mole of water molecules?
7. Calculate the mass of 6.022 1023 number of N2 molecules.
8. What is the mass (in gram) of 1 atom of carbon?
9. Convert 12 g of oxygen gas into mole.
10.Calculate the number of moles for 52 g of He.
11.Convert 20 g of water into mole.
12.Calculate the number of particles in 46 g of Na atoms.
13.Which has more number of atoms, 100 grams of sodium or 100 grams
of iron (given, atomic mass of Na = 23 u, Fe = 56 u)?
14.Calculate the number of molecules of sulphur (S 8) present in16 g of
solid sulphur.
15.Calculate the number of aluminium ions present in 0.051 g of
aluminium oxide.
WORKSHEET 4
1. What is the mass of 4 moles of aluminium atoms?
2. Calculate the mass of 0.5 mole of N2 gas.
3. What is the mass of 10 moles of sodium sulphite (Na2SO3)?
4. Calculate the mass of 3.011 1023 number of N atoms.
5. Convert 22 g of carbon dioxide into mole.
6. Calculate the number of particles in 8 g O2 molecules.
Worksheet 3
1) 63 g 2) 2 3) 6.022 * 1022 4) 3.2 g 5) 7g
6) 9 g 7) 28 g 8) 1.993 * 10-23 9) 0.375 10) 13
11) 1.12 12) 12.044*1023 13) Sodium 14) 3.76*1022 15) 6.022 * 1020
Worksheet 4
1) 108 g 2) 14 g 3) 1260 g 4) 7g 5) 0.5 mole 6) 1.51 * 1023
Extra Questions:
1. A 0.24 g sample of compound of oxygen and boron was found by analysis to
contain 0.096 g of boron and 0.144 g of oxygen. Calculate the percentage
composition of the compound by weight.
Solution. Total mass = 0.24 g
Mass of Boron = 0.096 g
Mass of Oxygen = 0.144 g
Percentage composition of Boron = 0.096 / 0.24 * 100
= 40%
Percentage composition of Oxygen = 0.144 / 0.24 * 100
= 60%
2. In a reaction, 5.3 g of sodium carbonate reacted with 6 g of ethanoic acid.
The products were 2.2 g of carbon dioxide, 0.9 g water and 8.2 g of sodium
ethanoate. Show that these observations are in agreement with the law of
conservation of mass.
Solution. Law of Conservation of Mass states that mass can neither be created nor
destroyed in a chemical reaction. In the given question,
Total mass before reaction=5.3g sodium carbonate + 6g ethonic acid
=11.3g
Total mass after reaction=2.2g carbon dioxide + 0.9g water + 8.2g sodium ethonate
=11.3g
Therefore, we can say that these observations are in agreement with the law of
conservation of mass.
3. Hydrogen and oxygen combine in the ratio of 1:8 by mass to form water.
What mass of oxygen gas would be required to react completely with 3 g of
hydrogen gas?
Solution. The above question is based on the law of constant/definite proportions. This
law states that in a chemical substance the elements are always present in definite
proportions by mass. It is given in the question that hydrogen and oxygen combine in the
ratio of 1:8 by mass to form water. Therefore,
Mass of oxygen required = 8 * 3 = 24 g
4. When 3.0 g of carbon is burnt in 8.00 g oxygen, 11.00 g of carbon dioxide is
produced. What mass of carbon dioxide will be formed when 3.00 g of
carbon is burnt in 50.00 g of oxygen? Which law of chemical combination
will govern your answer?
Solution. The above question is based on the law of constant/definite proportions. This
law states that in a chemical substance the elements are always present in definite
proportions by mass. Therefore, even if the mass of oxygen is increased, then also 11.00
g of carbon dioxide will be produced.
5. State all the Postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory.
Solution. Postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory:-
i. All matter is made of very tiny particles called atoms.
ii. Atoms are indivisible particles, which cannot be created or destroyed in a
chemical reaction.
iii. Atoms of a given element are identical in mass and chemical properties.
iv. Atoms of different elements have different masses and chemical properties.
v. Atoms combine in the ratio of small whole numbers to form compounds.
vi. The relative number and kinds of atoms are constant in a given compound.
6. What are Polyatomic ions? Give examples.
Solution. Polyatomic ion is the group of atom carrying positive or negative charge. For
example, ammonium ion, NH4+ is a polyatomic ion which is made up of Nitrogen and
Hydrogen atoms joined together.
