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Control System
Terms in this set (92)

*To possess a basic Objectives

understanding of control
system engineering and be
able to offer some illustrative
examples and their relationship
to key contemporary issues

*To be able to recount a brief

history of control systems and
their role in society

*To be capable of discussing

the futureof controls in the
context of their evolutionary
pathways

*to be recognize the elements

of control system design and
posses an appreciation of
controls in the context of
engineering design

A word usually taken to mean regulate, direct, or

Control
command

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It is an arrangement, set, or collection of things

System connected or related in such a manner as to form
an entirely or whole

It is an arrangement of physical components

System connected or related in such a manner as to form
and/or act as an entire unit.

An interconnection of elements and devices for a

System
desired purpose

An arrangement of physical components connected

Control System or related in such a manner as to command, direct
or regulate itself or another system

An interconnection of components forming a

Control System system configuration that will provide a desired
response.

It consists of subsystems and processes (or plants)

Control System assembled for the purpose of controlling the output
or process.

In its simplest form, a _____________ provides an output

Control System
or response for a given input or stimulus.

Consists of subsystems and processes(or plants)

Control System assembled for the purpose of controlling the output
or process

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It is the stimulus, excitation, or command applied to

a control system, typically from an external source,
Input
usually in order to produce a specified response
from the control system.

It is the actual response obtained from the control

output system. It may or may not be equal to the specified
response implied by the output.

The device, plant, or system under control. The

process input and output relationship represents the cause
and effect relationship of the process.

It is the quantity or condition that is measured and

CONTROLLED VARIABLE
controlled

It is the quantity or condition that is varied by the

MANIPULATED VARIABLE controller so as to affect the value of the controlled
variable

it may be a piece of equipment perhaps just a set of

Plants machine functioning together, the purpose of which
is to perform a particular operation

a signal that tends to adversely affect the value of

Disturbances
the output of a system

Plants it is a system to be controlled

Open loop system

Classification of control systems
closed loop system
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quantity responsible for activating the system to

Control Action produce the output.

Open loop system the control action is independent of the output

utilize a controller or control actuator to obtain the

Open loop system
desired response.

*Their ability to perform Two outstanding features of open-loop system

accurately is determined by
their callibration. To calibrate
means to establish or
reestablish the input-output
relation to obtain a desired
system accuracy

*They are not usually troubled

with problems of instability.

Most automatic toasters are Example of open loop control system

open loop systems because
they are controlled by a timer.
the time required to make a
good toast must be estimated
by the user, who is not part of
the system. Control over the
quality of toast (the output) is
removed once the time, which
is both the input and the
control action, has been set.
The time is typically set by
means of a callibrated dial or
switch.
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the control action is somehow dependent on the

closed loop control system output. It is commonlycalled feedback control
system

it is the property of a closed loop system which

permits the output (or some other controlled
variable) to be compared with the input to the
Feedback system (or an input to some other internally situated
component or subsystem) so that the appropriate
control action may be performed as some function
of the output and input

*Increase accuracy
Characteristics of feedback
*Tendency toward oscillation
or instability

*reduced sensitivity of the ratio

of output to input to variations
in system parameters and other
characteristics

*Reduced effects of
nonlinearities

*Reduce effects of external

disturbances or noise

*Increased bandwidth.

is a frequency response measure of how well the

bandwidth system responds to (or filters) variations (or
frequencies) in the input signal.

a signal dependent on a continuum of values of the

Analog Signal
independent variable t.

it is also known as a continuous-time signal or, more

Analog Signal
generally, a continuous-data signal.
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A signal defined at, or of interest at, only discrete

Digital Signal (distinct) instants of the independent variable t

(upon which it depends)

it is also called a discrete-time, a discrete-data, or a

Digital Signal
sampled-data signal

The continuous, sinusoidally varying voltage v(t) or

alternating curtent i(t) available from an ordinary
Continuous-time (analog)
household electrical receptable is a ______________
Signal
because it is defined at each and every instant of
time t electrical power is available from that outlet

if a lamp is connected to the receptable and it is

switched "on" and then immediately "off" every
Discrete-time signal
minute, the light from the lamp is a _____________, "on"
only for an instant every minute

Hybrid combination of both analog and digital signal

Also called continuous-data control systems, or

Continuous-Time Control
analog control systems, contain or process only
Systems
continuous-time(analog) signals and components

Also called discrete-data control systems, or

sampled data control systems, have discrete-time
Discrete-Time Control Systems
signals or components at one or more points in the
system.

... ...

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consists of analysis and design of control systems

Control Systems engineering
configurations

it is the investigation of the properties of an existing

analysis
system

... ...

it is the choice and arrangement of system

design
components to perform a specific task.

it is accomplished by modifying the characteristics

design by analysis
of an existing or standard system configuration

it is by defining the form of the system directly from

Design by Synthesis
its specifications.

Pancreas Regulates blood glucose level

Automatically generated to increase the heart rate

Adrenaline
and oxygen in times of flight

Eye follow moving objects

pick up an object and place it at a predetermined

Hand
location

Temperature regulated temperature of 36° C to 37°C

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Water float regulation, water clock, automatic oil

Ancient Greece (1-300 BC)
lamp

Cornellis Drebbel (17th Temperature Control

century)

James Watt (18th century) Flyball governor

Late 19th to mid 20th century modern control theory

James Watt's centrifugal governor for the speed

18th century
control of a steam engine

Minorsky worked on automatic controllers for

1920s
steering ships

Nyquist developed a method for analyzing the

1930s
stability of controlled systems

Frequency response methods made it possible to

1940s
design linear closed-loop control systems

Root-locus method due to Evans was fully

1950s
developed

State space methods, optimal control, adaptive

1960s
control

Learning Controls are begun to investigated and

1980s
developed
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Recent application of modern control theory

Present and ongoing research includes such non-engineering systems such as
fields biological, biomedical, economic and socio-
economic systems

James Watt's steam engine and governor

developed. The Watt steam engine is often used to
mark the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in
1769
Great Britain. During the industrial Revolution, great
strides were made in the development of
mechanization, a technology preceding automation

often used to mark the beginning of the Industrial

Watt steam engine
Revolution in Great Britain

Eli Whitney's Concept of interchangeable parts

manufacturing demonstrated in the production of
1800
muskets. Whitney's development is often considered
to be the beginning of mass production

J.C. Maxwell formulates a mathematical model for a

1868
governor control of a steam engine

Henry Ford's mechanized assembly machine

1913
introduced for automobile production

H.S Black conceives of the negative feedback

1927 amplifier and H.W bode analyzes Feedback
amplifiers

H. Nyquist develops a method for analyzing the

1932
Control System stability systems

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1941 Creation of first antiaircraft gun with active control

Numerical Control (NC) developed at

1952 Massachusetts Institute of Technology for control of
machine tool axes

George Devol develops "programmed article

1954 transfer" considered to be the first industrial robot
design

Soutnik launches the space age leading, in time, to

1957 minaturization of computers and advances in
automatic control theory

First Unimate robot introduced, based on Devol's

1960 design. Inmate installed in 1961 for tending die-
casting machine

State-Variable models and optimal control

1970
developed

1980 Robust control system design widely studied

introduction of the personal computer (and control

1983 design software soon there after) brought the tools
of design to the engineer's desktop

Export oriented manufacturing companies

1990
emphasize automation

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feedback control widely used in automobiles.

Reliable, robust systems demanded in
1994
manufacturing

First ever autonomous rover vehicle, known as

1997
Sojourner, explores the Martian surface

Advances in micro and nanotechnology. First

1998-2003 intelligent micromachines are developed and
functioning nanomachines are created.

*Transform requirements into a design of a feedback control system

physical system

*Draw a functional block

diagram

*Create a schematic

*Develop a mathematical
model

*Reduce the block diagram

*Analyze the design

to solve a control systems problem, we must put the

Form amenable to analysis or
specifications or description of the system
design
configuration and its components into a ____________.

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*Mathematical Models, in the Three basic representations (models) of

form of differential equations, components and systems used extensively in the
and/or other mathematical study of control systems
relations, for example, Laplace
and Z-transforms.

*Block Diagrams

*Signal-Flow Graph

formulates a mathematical model for a governor

J.C. Maxwell
control of a steam engine

H.S Black conceives of the negative feedback amplifier

H.W bode analyzes Feedback amplifiers

develops a method for analyzing the stability

H. Nyquist
systems

develops "programmed article transfer" considered

George Devol
to be the first industrial robot design

programmed article transfer considered to be the first industrial robot design

launches the space age leading, in time, to

Sputnik minaturization of computers and advances in
automatic control theory

First ever autonomous rover vehicle, known as

Sojourner
____________

... ...

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