Before we learn anything about ETL testing its important to learn about Business Intelligence and Data
warehousing. Let’s get started
What is BI?
Business Intelligence is the process of collecting raw data or business data and turning it into information
that is useful and more meaningful. The raw data is the records of the daily transaction of an organization
such as interactions with customers, administration of finance, and management of employee and so on.
These data’s will be used for “Reporting, Analysis, Data mining, Data quality and Interpretation, Predictive
Analysis”.
What is Data Warehouse?
A data warehouse is a database that is designed for query and analysis rather than for transaction
processing. The data warehouse is constructed by integrating the data from multiple heterogeneous
sources. It enables the company or organization to consolidate data from several sources and separates
analysis workload from transaction workload. Data is turned into high quality information to meet all
enterprise reporting requirements for all levels of users.
What is ETL?
ETL stands for Extract-Transform-Load and it is a process of how data is loaded from the source system
to the data warehouse. Data is extracted from an OLTP database, transformed to match the data
warehouse schema and loaded into the data warehouse database. Many data warehouses also
incorporate data from non-OLTP systems such as text files, legacy systems and spreadsheets.
Let see how it works
For example, there is a retail store which has different departments like sales, marketing, logistics etc.
Each of them is handling the customer information independently, and the way they store that data is
quite different. The sales department has stored it by customer’s name, while marketing department by
customer id.
Now if they want to check the history of the customer and want to know what the different products
he/she bought owing to different marketing campaigns; it would be very tedious.
The solution is to use a Data warehouse to store information from different sources in a uniform structure
using ETL. ETL can transform dissimilar data sets into an unified structure. Later use BI tools to derive
meaningful insights and reports from this data.
The following diagram gives you the ROAD MAP of the ETL process
1. Extract
Extract relevant data
2. Transform
Transform data to DW (Data Warehouse) format
Build keys - A key is one or more data attributes that uniquely identify an entity.
Various types of keys are primary key, alternate key, foreign key, composite key,
surrogate key. The data warehouse owns these keys and never allows any other
entity to assign them.
Cleansing of data: After the data is extracted, it will move into the next phase, of
cleaning and conforming of data. Cleaning does the omission in the data as well as
identifying and fixing the errors. Conforming means resolving the conflicts between
those data’s that is incompatible, so that they can be used in an enterprise data
warehouse. In addition to these, this system creates meta-data that is used to
diagnose source system problems and improves data quality.
3. Load
Load data into DW ( Data Warehouse)
Build aggregates - Creating an aggregate is summarizing and storing data which is
available in fact table in order to improve the performance of end-user queries.
ETL Testing Process
Similar to other Testing Process, ETL also go through different phases. The different phases of ETL
testing process is as follows
ETL testing is performed in five stages
1. Identifying data sources and requirements
2. Data acquisition
3. Implement business logics and dimensional Modeling
4. Build and populate data
5. Build Reports
Types of ETL Testing
Types Of Testing Testing Process
Production Validation “Table balancing” or “production reconciliation” this type of
Testing ETL testing is done on data as it is being moved into production
systems. To support your business decision, the data in your production
systems has to be in the correct order. Informatica Data Validation
1
Option provides the ETL testing automation and management
capabilities to ensure that production systems are not compromised by
the data.
Source to Target Such type of testing is carried out to validate whether the data values
2 Testing (Validation transformed are the expected data values.
Testing)
Application Upgrades Such type of ETL testing can be automatically generated, saving
substantial test development time. This type of testing checks whether
3 the data extracted from an older application or repository are exactly
same as the data in a repository or new application.
Metadata Testing Metadata testing includes testing of data type check, data length check
4
and index/constraint check.
Data Completeness To verify that all the expected data is loaded in target from the source,
Testing data completeness testing is done. Some of the tests that can be run are
5
compare and validate counts, aggregates and actual data between the
source and target for columns with simple transformation or no
transformation.
Data Accuracy Testing This testing is done to ensure that the data is accurately loaded and
6 transformed as expected.
Data Transformation Testing data transformation is done as in many cases it cannot be
Testing achieved by writing one source SQL query and comparing the output
7 with the target. Multiple SQL queries may need to be run for each row
to verify the transformation rules.
Data Quality Testing Data Quality Tests includes syntax and reference tests. In order to avoid
any error due to date or order number during business process Data
Quality testing is done.
Syntax Tests: It will report dirty data, based on invalid characters,
character pattern, incorrect upper or lower case order etc.
8
Reference Tests: It will check the data according to the data model. For
example: Customer ID
Data quality testing includes number check, date check, precision check,
data check , null check etc.
Incremental ETL This testing is done to check the data integrity of old and new data with
testing the addition of new data. Incremental testing verifies that the inserts and
9 updates are getting processed as expected during incremental ETL
process.
GUI/Navigation This testing is done to check the navigation or GUI aspects of the front
10
Testing end reports.
How to create ETL Test Case
ETL testing is a concept which can be applied to different tools and databases in
information management industry. The objective of ETL testing is to assure that the
data that has been loaded from a source to destination after business transformation
is accurate. It also involves the verification of data at various middle stages that are
being used between source and destination.
While performing ETL testing, two documents that will always be used by an ETL tester
are
1. ETL mapping sheets: An ETL mapping sheets contain all the information
of source and destination tables including each and every column and their
look-up in reference tables. An ETL testers need to be comfortable with
SQL queries as ETL testing may involve writing big queries with multiple
joins to validate data at any stage of ETL. ETL mapping sheets provide a
significant help while writing queries for data verification.
2. DB Schema of Source, Target: It should be kept handy to verify any detail
in mapping sheets.
ETL Test Scenarios and Test Cases
Test Scenario Test Cases
Mapping doc validation Verify mapping doc whether corresponding
ETL information is provided or not. Change
log should maintain in every mapping doc.
1
Validation 1. Validate the source and target table
structure against corresponding mapping doc.
2. Source data type and target data type should
be same
3. Length of data types in both source and
target should be equal
2
4. Verify that data field types and formats are
specified
5. Source data type length should not less than
the target data type length
6. Validate the name of columns in the table
against mapping doc.
Constraint Validation Ensure the constraints are defined for specific
table as expected
3
Data consistency issues 1. The data type and length for a particular
attribute may vary in files or tables though the
semantic definition is the same.
2. Misuse of integrity constraints
4
Completeness Issues 1. Ensure that all expected data is loaded
into target table.
2. Compare record counts between source and
target.
3. Check for any rejected records
4. Check data should not be truncated in the
column of target tables
5. Check boundary value analysis
6. Compares unique values of key fields
between data loaded to WH and source data
5
Correctness Issues 1. Data that is misspelled or inaccurately
recorded
6 2. Null, non-unique or out of range data
Transformation Transformation
7
Data Quality 1. Number check: Need to number check
and validate it
2. Date Check: They have to follow date
format and it should be same across all
records
3. Precision Check
4. Data check
8 5. Null check
Null Validate Verify the null values, where “Not Null”
9 specified for a specific column.
Duplicate Check 1. Needs to validate the unique key,
primary key and any other column should be
unique as per the business requirements are
having any duplicate rows
2. Check if any duplicate values exist in any
column which is extracting from multiple
columns in source and combining into one
column
3. As per the client requirements, needs to be
ensure that no duplicates in combination of
10 multiple columns within target only
Date Validation Date values are using many areas in ETL
development for
1. To know the row creation date
2. Identify active records as per the ETL
development perspective
3. Identify active records as per the business
requirements perspective
4. Sometimes based on the date values the
updates and inserts are generated.
11
Complete Data Validation 1. To validate the complete data set in
source and target table minus a query in a best
solution
2. We need to source minus target and target
minus source
3. If minus query returns any value those
should be considered as mismatching rows
4. Needs to matching rows among source and
target using intersect statement
5. The count returned by intersect should
match with individual counts of source and
target tables
6. If minus query returns of rows and count
intersect is less than source count or target
table then we can consider as duplicate rows
are existed.
12
Data Cleanness Unnecessary columns should be deleted
13 before loading into the staging area.
Types of ETL Bugs
Type of Bugs Description
User interface Related to GUI of application
bugs/cosmetic bugs
1 Font style, font size, colors, alignment,
spelling mistakes, navigation and so on
Boundary Value Minimum and maximum values
2 Analysis (BVA)
related bug
Equivalence Class Valid and invalid type
3 Partitioning (ECP)
related bug
Input/Output bugs Valid values not accepted
4
Invalid values accepted
Mathematical errors
5
Calculation bugs Final output is wrong
Load Condition bugs Does not allows multiple users
6
Does not allows customer expected load
Race Condition bugs System crash & hang
7
System cannot run client platforms
Version control bugs No logo matching
8 No version information available
This occurs usually in regression testing
H/W bugs Device is not responding to the application
9
10 Help Source bugs Mistakes in help documents
Difference between Database testing and ETL testing
ETL Testing Data Base Testing
Verifies whether data is The primary goal is to check if the data is
moved as expected following the rules/ standards defined in the
1 Data Model
Verifies whether counts Verify that there are no orphan records and
in the source and target foreign-primary key relations are maintained
are matching
Verifies whether the
data transformed is as
per expectation
2
Verifies that the foreign Verifies that there are no redundant tables and
primary key relations database is optimally normalized
are preserved during the
3
ETL
Verifies for duplication Verify if data is missing in columns where
4 in loaded data required
Responsibilities of an ETL tester
Key responsibilities of an ETL tester are segregated into three categories
Stage table/ SFS or MFS
Business transformation logic applied
Target table loading from stage file or table after applying a transformation.
Some of the responsibilities of an ETL tester are
Test ETL software
Test components of ETL data warehouse
Execute backend data-driven test
Create, design and execute test cases, test plans and test harness
Identify the problem and provide solutions for potential issues
Approve requirements and design specifications
Data transfers and Test flat file
Writing SQL queries3 for various scenarios like count test
ETL Performance Testing and Tuning
ETL performance testing is a confirmation test to ensure that an ETL system can handle
the load of multiple users and transactions. The goal of performance tuning is to
optimize session performance by eliminating performance bottlenecks. To tune or
improve the performance of the session, you have to identify performance bottlenecks
and eliminate it. Performance bottlenecks can be found in source and target databases, the
mapping, the session and the system. One of the best tools used for performance testing is
Informatica.
Automation of ETL Testing
The general methodology of ETL testing is to use SQL scripting or do “eyeballing” of
data.. These approaches to ETL testing are time-consuming, error-prone and seldom
provide complete test coverage. To accelerate, improve coverage, reduce costs, improve
defect detection ration of ETL testing in production and development environments,
automation is the need of the hour. One such tool is Informatica.
Best Practices for ETL Testing
1. Make sure data is transformed correctly
2. Without any data loss and truncation projected data should be loaded into the data
warehouse
3. Ensure that ETL application appropriately rejects and replaces with default values and
reports invalid data
4. Need to ensure that the data loaded in data warehouse within prescribed and expected
time frames to confirm scalability and performance
5. All methods should have appropriate unit tests regardless of visibility
6. To measure their effectiveness all unit tests should use appropriate coverage
techniques
7. Strive for one assertion per test case
8. Create unit tests that target exceptions
