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Advanced Math Formulas Guide

This document provides formulas and definitions for topics in algebra, trigonometry, geometry, and calculus including the quadratic formula, trigonometric functions, straight lines, circles, limits, and derivatives. Key formulas are given for the quadratic formula, binomial theorem, trigonometric identities, solving triangles, and equations of circles, lines, and conic sections. Limit laws and basic differentiation and integration rules for trigonometric, logarithmic, and exponential functions are also outlined.

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kenwong100
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122 views4 pages

Advanced Math Formulas Guide

This document provides formulas and definitions for topics in algebra, trigonometry, geometry, and calculus including the quadratic formula, trigonometric functions, straight lines, circles, limits, and derivatives. Key formulas are given for the quadratic formula, binomial theorem, trigonometric identities, solving triangles, and equations of circles, lines, and conic sections. Limit laws and basic differentiation and integration rules for trigonometric, logarithmic, and exponential functions are also outlined.

Uploaded by

kenwong100
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Quadratic Equations, Quadratic Functions and Absolute Values

 b  b 2  4ac
Quadratic formula: x 
2a
Discriminant:   b  4ac
2

b c
Sum of roots (S): x  Product of roots (P): x 
a a
Forming equation: x  Sx  P  0
2

b 
Coordinates of vertex of graph:  , 
 2a 4a 

Inequalities
In a quadratic inequality, suppose    ,
If x   x     0 , then x   or x   .
If x   x     0 , then   x   .

Binomial Theorem
Factorial notation: n! n  n  1  n  2   1
n!
Binomial coefficient: C rn 
r!n  r !

Properties: C rn  C nnr Crn  Crn1  Crn1 C0n  Cnn  1

r  1th term of a  bn : Crn a n  r b r

Trigonometric Functions of General Angles


Length of arc: s  r
1 1
Area of sector: A  rs  r 2
2 2

Solution of Triangles
1
Area of triangle: A  ab sin C
2
a b c
Sine law:    2R
sin A sin B sin C
b2  c2  a2
Cosine law: a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc cos A　or　　
cos A 
2bc

Compound Angles
A. Compound angle formulae
B. Double angle formulae

C. Product-to-sum formulae

D. Sum-to-product formulae

E. General solution formulae


If , then .
If , then .
If , then .

Straight Lines
Distance between two points: x2  x1 2   y2  y1 2
 kx1  hx 2 ky1  hy 2 
Point of division:  , 
 hk hk 
x1 y1
x2 y 2
1
Area of polygon (in anticlockwise order):  　　
2
xn y n
x1 y1

m1  m2
Acute angle between line: tan  
1  m1 m2

Normal form: x cos   y sin   p  0


Ax  By  C
General form to normal form: 0
 A2  B 2

C 2  C1
Distance between parallel lines:
A2  B 2

Families of straight lines


Same slope: y  mx  k　　or　　Ax  By  k  0

Passing through a fixed point a, b  : y  k x  a   b

Passing through intersection of two st. lines: Line 1  k Line 2  0

Circles

Standard form: x  h2   y  k 2  r 2


Centre: h, k  Radius: r

Length of tangent from x1 , y1  : x  h2   y  k 2  r 2


General form: x 2  y 2  Dx  Ey  F  0

 D E
2 2
 D  E
Centre:   ,  Radius:       F
 2 2  2  2

Length of tangent from x1 , y1  : x 2  y 2  Dx  Ey  F

Families of circles
Concentric circles: x  a    y  b  k　　or　　x 2  y 2  Dx  Ey  k  0
2 2

Passing through intersection of a line and a circle: Circle   k Line  0


Passing through intersection of two circles: Circle 1  k Circle 2  0

Limits and Derivatives


1 1
Limit at Infinity: lim 0 lim  0 , where r > 0
x   x x  x r

f x 
Quicker way for evaluation of lim :
x   g  x 

Coefficien t of highest power of f ( x)


If power of f(x) = power of g(x), limit =
Coefficien t of highest power of g ( x)
If power of f(x) < power of g(x), limit = 0
If power of f(x) > power of g(x), no limit exists.
sin  
Limit of Trigonometric Functions: lim  1　 lim  1　
x 0 x 0 sin 
f x  x   f x 
Derivative of f(x) w.r.t. x: lim 　
x 0 x

Differentiation
sin x  cos x cos x   sin x tan x  sec 2 x
csc x   csc x cot x sec x  sec x tan x cot x   csc 2 x

Integration
cos x  sin x sin x   cos x sec 2 x  tan x
csc x cot x   csc x sec x tan x  sec x csc 2 x   cot x

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