PARTS OF SPEECH

All the words in English are divided into eight kinds of words according to their use
and these kinds are called “Parts of Speech”.

1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Adjective
4. Verb
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection

NOUN:

Definition: A noun is the name of any person, place or thing.

Examples: Abdul, boy, child, daughter, electrician, father, guardian, hero.

PRONOUN:

Definition: A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or noun-phrase to avoid

repetition.

Pronoun is a word used instead of noun.

E.g. I, we, you, which, who, they, he, she, it

Personal pronouns:
pronouns: Personal pronouns are those which stand for the person
speaking, spoken to or spoken of.

1. I person – person speaking.

2. II person – person spoken to.
3. II person – person spoken of.

Personal pronouns
I person II person II person
Subject Object Subject Object Subject Object
Singular I Me, You You He His, him
my, Your She Her, hers
mine yours It It, its
Plural We Us, You You, They Them,
our, your, their,
ours yours theirs

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ADJECTIVE:

Definition: A describing words of a noun, pronoun called an adjectives. It tells the

qualities, quantities, numbers, colours, etc.

E.g. kind, two, blue little

VERB:

Definition: A verb is a word

word or a phrase which
which express doing of an action,
action, being in a
state or having something.

E.g. he runs slowly, your book is in my box, she has a necklace

ADVERB:

Definition: Ad Adverb modifies a verb, an Adjective or another adverb

E.g. He speaks fast.

fast. ,The room is very clean.,
clean., He answers
answers very quickly.

PREPOSITION

Definition: Preposition is a word or group of words used with the following noun,
pronoun, noun-equivalent or a gerund to show the relation ship between it and the
other word or the principal word (noun, pronoun, adjective or verb) of the same
sentence.

Shows the position of the noun.

A word which is placed before a noun or pronoun to bring relation with another noun
or pronoun is called preposition.

E.g. The book is on the table., she is with me.

CONJUNCTIONS
Definition: A conjunction is a word used to join together two similar words, phrases,
clauses or sentences.
E.g. Raju and Ramya are friends , Meet me at the park or at the club.
INTERJECTIONS
Definition: A Interjection is a word or a sound which expresses an emotion ( a strong
and sudden feeling) or excitement.
E.g. Alas! , Ah!, Oh!, Alack!, Ho!

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 VERBS
A Verb is a word or phrase
phrase which expresses doing
doing of an action, being
being in a state or
having something

Types of verbs

Broadly verbs are divided into two types.

t ypes.
Verbs

Main Verbs Auxiliary

Verbs

Five Forms
Model Auxiliary
Primary Auxiliary
V1-Base/ Dictionary word
Can – Could
Be forms: am, is, are,
Vs-V1+s,es ,ies May – might
was, were, be, been,
W ill  – would
V2-Past tense being
Shall - Should
Do forms: Do, Does, Must
V3-past participle
Did Used to
V4-Present participle Ought to
Have forms: have, Dare
Used to

Main Verbs have no further division . All main verbs have fiver forms

V1 Vs V2 V3 V4
Apply Applies Applied Applied Applying
Buy Buys Bought Boughted Boughted
Cut Cuts Cut Cut Cutting
Lend Lends Lent Lent Lending
Kill Kills Killed Killed Killing
Die Dies Died Died Dying

Auxiliary Verbs or Helping verbs.

1. They help to make negatives.
2. They help to ask questions.
3. They help to add question tags.
4. They help to identify the tense of the sentence.
sentence.
Note: Vs form is used with third person singular.
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 AUXILIARIES AND MODALS
BE FORMS

 The Auxiliary be is used

o In the formation of the continuous tenses E.g. He is working, I was

writing.
 I n the formation of passive.
E.g. The gate was opened
 Be followed by infinitive is used.
o To indicate a plan, arrangement,
arrangement, or agreement
E.g. I am to see him tomorrow.
o To denote a command.
E.g. You are write your name at the top of each sheet of paper.
 Be is used in the past tense with the perfect infinitive to indicate an
arrangement that was made but not carried out.
E.g. They were to to have been married
married last month but had to postponed
postponed the
marriage until June.

HAVE FORMS
1. The auxiliary have is used in the information of the perfect tenses.
E.g. He has worked. He has been working.
2. Have to is used with the infinitive to indicate obligation
E.g. I have to be there by five O’clock. , He has to move the furniture
himself.
3. The past form had to is used to express obligation in the past.
E.g. I had to be there by five
five o’ clock.
o’ clock. He had to move the furniture
himself.
4. In negatives and questions,
questions, have to and had to are used with do, does, did.
E.g. They have to go.  They don’t have to go. Do they have to go?
He has to go  He doesn’t have to go. Does he have to go?
He had to go  He didn’t have to go. Did he have to go?
DOFORMS
The auxiliary do is used
1. To form the negative and interrogative of the simple present and simple past
tenses of ordinary verbs.
E.g.He
E.g.He doesn’t work.
He didn’t work .
Does he work? ,
Did he work?
2. To avoid repetition of a previous ordinary verb.
E.g. Do you know him? Yes, I do; she sings well. Yes, she does
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 3. Do is also used to emphasize the affirmative nature of a statement.
E.g. You do look pale. , I told him not to go, but he did go .
4. In the imperative, do makes a request or invitation more persuasive .
E.g. Do be quit., Oh, do come ! It’s going to be such fun.
CAN-COULD, MAY-MIGHT
1. Can usually express ability or capacity.
E.g. I can swim across the river.
2. Can and May are used to express permission. May is rather formal.
E.g. you can/may go now; Can /May I borrow your umbrella?
3. May is used to express possibility in affirmative sentences.
sentences. Can is used
corresponding
corresponding interrogative and negative sentences.
sentences.
E.g. It may rain tomorrow ; He may be at home; can this be true?
4. In very formal English, may is used to express a which.
E.g. May you live happily
happily and long! ; May success
success attend
attend you !
5. Could and might are used as the past equivalents of can and may.
E.g. I could swim across the river when I was young. (Ability).
He said I might/could
might/coul d go
6. In present time contexts could and might are used less positive versions of 
can and may.
E.g. I could attend
attend the party l; Might/Could
Might/Could I borrow your bicycle?
7. Might also used to express a degree of dissatisfaction
dissatisfaction or reproach
E.g. You might play a little more attention to your appearance
SHALL –SHOULD, WILL-WOULD
1. Shall is used in the first person and will in all persons to express pure future.
E.g. I shall be twenty five next birthday. She will need the money on 15 th.
2. Shall is sometimes used in the second and third persons to express
command, a promise, or threat.
E.g. He shall not enter my house again
3. Questions with shall I/we used to ask me will the person addressed.
E.g. Shall I open the door? ; which shall I buy?
4. Will is used to express volition, characteristic habit, Assumption,
Assumption, probability.
E.g. I will (am wiling to ) carry your book. He will talk about nothing but
films.
5. Should and would are used as the past equivalents of shall and will.
E.g. I expected that I should get a first class. He said he would be twenty
five next birth day.
6. Should is used in all persons to express duty or obligation .
E.g. You should keep your promise.
7. In clauses of condition, should is used a supposition
supposition that not be.
E.g. If it should rain, they will not come.

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 MUST OUGHT TO
1. Must is used to express necessity or obligation.
obligati on.
E.g. you must get up early, You must improve your spelling
2. Must is often used when the obligation comes from the speaker.
E.g. I must be a diet.
3. Must can also
also express logical
logical certainty. E.g. She must
must leave left already.
4. Ought(to) expresses moral obligation or desirability.
E.g. we ought to love our neighbors. We ought to help him
5. Ought(to) can also used to express probability.
E.g. Prince ought to come down soon. The book ought to be very useful
USED(TO) ,NEED DARE.
1. The auxiliary used(to) expresses
expresses a discontinued
discontinued habit.
E.g. There used to be a house there. I used to live here when I was
a boy
2. The auxiliary need , denoting
denoting necessity
necessity or obligation
obligation ,can be
conjugated with or with out out do .
a. When conjugated without do, it has no –s and –ed forms and is
used with an infinitive with out to only in negative and
interrogative sentences and in sentences
sentences that
that contain semi-
negative words like “scarcely and hardly’.
E.g. He need not go (=It is not necessary for him to go )
b. When conjugated with do , need has the t he usual forms needs,
needed and is used with a to-infinitive. It is commonly used in
negatives and questions. It sometimes occurs in the affirmative
also. E.g. Do your need
nee d to go now? I don’t need to meet him.
3. The auxiliary dare (=be brave enough to ), as distinct from the
ordinary verb dare (=challenge), does nt take-s in the third person
singular present
present tense. It is generally
generally used in negative and
interrogative sentensces.
sentensces. When conjugated without do. It is followed b
an infinitive with out to . when conjugated with do it takes an infinitve
with or without to after it.
E.g He d are not take such a step?
He dare you contradict me?
He dared not do it.
He doesn’t dare speak to me

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 TENSES

Tense is the form of

of verb which shows the time and the the state of an action or event.
There are three main tenses .
1. Present Tense : It indicates
indicates an action
action taking place
place in the present
present – at the
time of speaking
2. Past tense:
tense: It shows an actionaction that has taken
taken place already in the past
3. Future Tense:
Tense: It indicates an action likely to take place in future.
Under each main tense. There are four sub-tenses.
sub-tenses.
1. Simple (indefinite) tense.
2. Continuous(progressive) tense
3. Perfect tense.
4. Perfect continuous tense
1. Simple tense:
tense: It indicates the “action” which can not be pin-pointed
pin -pointed a
particular time. Some times it represent a regular and habitual action.
E.g. “They play cricket” 
2. Continuous tense : It indicates the “action “ that is going on at the time of 
speaking the sentence. It does not indicate the beginning of that action.
E.g. It is raining.
3. Perfect Tense:
Tense: It indicates the “action” which
“action” which is finished now at the time of 
speaking. It has
has started some time time ago and finished
finished now. It indicates “Just
“Just
completed.” Action.
E.g. He has completed his homework.
4. Perfect continuous Tense: Tense: It indicates the action which started some time
ago and which is is still continuing
continuing at the time of speaking
speaking the sentence.
sentence. That
indicates action is yet complete, still is going on. The “Starting time” mai be
indicated with the help of “since” or for “
a.  since”: indicates the point of time.
“

b. “for”: indicates the period of time

E.g. It has been raining for two hours.
She has being singing since 6.a.m.
STRUCTRES OF TENSES.
Structures of Tenses.
Simple Continuous
Continuous Perfect Perfect
Continous
Present V1,Vs Am,is,are+V4
Am,is,are+V4 Has,have+v3 Has been+v4
Past V2 Was,were+v4 Had+v3 Had been+v4
Future Shall/will+v1w Shall/wil+be+v4
Shall/wil+be+v4 Shall/will have Shall/will had
+v3 been +v4

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 THE USE
USESS OF TENSES
Present tense
Simple Present Tense
(1) To express a habitual action; as,
He drinks tea every morning.
I get up every day at five o'clock.
My watch keeps good time.
(2) To express general truths; as,
The sun rises in the east.
Honey is sweet.
Fortune favours the brave.
(3) In exclamatory sentences beginning with here and there to express what is ac actually
tually
taking place in the present; as,
Here comes the bus !
There she goes !
(4) In vivid narrative, as substitute for the Simple Past; as,
Soharab now rushes forward and deals a heavy blow t o Rustam.
Immediately the Sultan hurries to his capital.
(5) To express a future event that is part of a fixed timetable or fixed programme
The next flight is at 7,00 tomorrow morning.
The match starts at 9 o'clock.
The train leaves at 5.20.
When does the coffee house reopen?
Note also the other uses of the Simple Present Tense.
(1) It is used to intr oduce quotations; as,
Keats says, „A thing of beauty is a joy for ever‟.
(2) It is used, instead of the Simple Future Tense, in clauses of time and of condition; as,
I shall wait till yon finish
f inish your lunch.
If it rains we shall get wet.
(3) As in broadcast commentaries on sporting events, the Simple Present is used, instead
of the Present Continuous, to describe activities in progress where there is stress on the
succession of happenings rather than on the duration.
(4) The Simple Present is used, instead of the Present Continuous, with the some type of verbs

(1) Verbs of perception, e.g., see, hear, smell, notice, recognize.

(2) Verbs of appearing . e.g., appear, look, seem.
(3) Verbs of emotion, e.g., want, wish, desire, feel, like, love, hate, hope, refuse, prefer.
(4) Verbs of thinking, e.g., think, suppose, believe, agree, consider, trust, remember,
Forget, know, understand, imagine, mean, mind.
(5) have (= possess), own, possess, belong to, contain, consist of, be (except
(e xcept when used in
the passive),

P resent
resent Continuous
Continuous Tens
Tens e
. (1) For an action going on at the time
t ime of speaking ; as,
She is singing (now).
The boys are playing hockey.

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(2) For a temporary action which may not be actually happening at the time of speaking;
as,
I am reading „Davit! Copperfield‟ (but I am not reading at t his moment).
(3) For an action that has already been arranged to take place in the near future; as,
I am going to the cinema tonight.
My uncle is arriving tomorrow.

(4) It has been pointed out before that the Simple Present is used for a habitual action.
However, when the reference is to a particularly obstinate habit-something which
persists, for example, in spite of advice or warning- we use the Present Continuous with
an adverb like always, continually, constantly.
My dog is very silly: he is always running out into the road.

Present Perfect Tense

(1) To indicate completed activities in the immediate past (with just): as
He has just gone out.
It has just struck ten.
(2) To express past actions whose time is not given and not definite; as,
Have you read "Gulliver's Travels'?
I have never known him to be angry.
Mr. Hari has been to Japan.
(3) To describe past events when we think more of their effect in the present than of the
action itself; as,
Gopi has eaten all the biscuits (i.e., there aren't any left for you).
I have cut my finger (and it is bleeding now).
I have finished my work (= now I am free).
fr ee).
(4) To denote an action beginning at some time in the continuing up to the present
moment (often with since- and/or-phrases); as,
I Have known him for a long time.
He has been ill since last week.
We have lived here for ten years.
We haven't seen Padina for several months.
(5) The following adverbs or adverb
adverb phrases can also be used with the Present Perfect
(apart from those mentioned above): never, ever (in questions only), so far, till now, yet
(in negatives and questions), already, today, this week, t his month, etc.
Note that the Present Perfect is never used with adverbs of past time. We should not say,
for example, 'He has gone to Kolkata yesterday'. In such cases the Simple Past should be
used ('He went to Kolkata yesterday').

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

(1) The Present Perfect Continuous is used forf or an action which began at some time in
the past and is still continuing; as,
He has been sleeping for five hours (and is still sleeping).
They have been building the bridge for several months.
They have been playing since four o'clock.
(2) This tense is also sometimes used for an action already finished. In such cases the
continuity of the activity is emphasized as an explanation of something.
'Why are your clothes so wet?' - 'I have been watering the garden'.

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 Past Tense
Simple Past Tense
(1) The Simple Past is used to indicate an action completed in the past. It often occurs
with adverbs or adverb phrases of past time.
The steamer sailed yesterday.
I received his letter a week ago.
She left school last year.
(2). Sometimes this tense is used without an adverb of time. In such cases the time may
be either implied or indicated by the context
I learnt Hindi in Nagpur.
I didn't sleep well (i.e, last night).
Babar defeated Rana Sanga at Kanwaha.
(3). The Simple Past is also used for past habits; as,
He studied many hours every day.
She always carried an umbrella.
P ast Continuous
Continuous Tense
(1) The Past Continuous is used to denote an action going
going on at some time in the past.
The time of the action may or may not be indicated.
We were watching TV all evening.
It was getting darker.
The light went out while I was reading.
When I saw him, he was playing chess.

 As in the last two examples above,

above, the Past Continuous and Simple Past are used together 
together 
when a new action happened in the middle of a longer action. The Simple Past is used for 
the new action.
(2) This tense is also used with always, continually, etc. for persistent habits in the past.
He was always grumbling.
Past Perfect Tense
(1) The Past Perfect describes
describes an action completed before
before a certain moment in the past;
as,
I met him in New Delhi in 1996. I-had
I -had seen him last five years before.
(2) If two actions happened in the past, it may be necessary to show which action
happened earlier than the other. The Past Perfect is mainly used in such situations. The
Simple Past is used in one clause and the Past Perfect in the other; as,
When I reached the station the train had started (so I couldn't get into the train).
I had done my exercise when Han came to see me.
I had written the letter before he arrived.
P ast Pe
P erfect
rfect Continuous
Continuous Tense
Tense
(1) The Past Perfect Continuous is used for an action that began
began before a certain point in
the past and continued up to that time; as,
 At 'hat time he had been writing a novel for two
two months.
When Mr. Mukerji came tot o the school in 1995, Mr. Anand had already been teaching
there for five years.

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 Future Tens
Tensee
Simple future tense
(1) The Simple Future Tense Tense is used to talk about things which we cannot control. It
expresses the future as fact.
I shall be twenty next Saturday.
It will be Diwali in a week.
We will know our exam results in May.
(2) We use this tense to talk about what we we think or believe will happen in the future.
future.
I think Pakistan will win the match.
I'm sure Helen will get a first class.
 As in the above sentences,
sentences, we often use this tense with
with I think, and I'm sure. We also say
I expect ---, I believe ---, Probably ---, etc.
(3) We can use this tense when we we decide to do something at the lime of speaking
It is raining. I will t ake an umbrella.
“Mr. Sinha is very busy at the moment.” – “All right. I'll wait.”
Going to
1. We use the going to form (be going to + base base of the verb) when we have decided to
do something before talking about it.
“Have you decided what to do?” – “Yes. / am going to resign the job.”
“Why do you want to sell your motorbike?” – “I'm going to buy a car.”
Remember that if the action is already decided upon and preparations have been made,
we should use the going to form, not the Simple Future Tense. The Simple Future Tense
is used for an instant decision.
2. We also use the going to form to talk talk about what
what seems likely or certain,
certain, when there
is something in the present which tells us about the future.
It is going to rain; look at those clouds.
The boat is full of water. It is going to sink.
She is going to have a baby.
3. . The going to form may also express
express an action
action which is on the point of happening.
happening.
Let's get into the train. It's going to leave.
Look! The cracker is going to explode.
Be about to
1. Be about
about to + base form can also be used for the immediate
immediate future.
Let's get into the train. It's about to leave.
Don't go out now. We are about to have lunch.

Simple Present Tense

1. The Simple
Simple Present
Present Tense
Tense is used for official programmes and timetables.
timetables.
The college opens on 23rd June.
The film starts at 6.30 and finishes at 9.00.
When does the next train leave for Chennai?
2. The Simple Present is often used for future time in clauses with if, unless, when,
while, as (= while) before, after, until, by the time and as soon as. The Simple Future
Tense is not used in such cases.
I won't go out if it rains, (not: will rain)
Can I have some milk before I go to bed?
Let's wait till he finishes his work.
Please ring me up as soon as he comes.

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P resent
resent Continuous
Continuous Tens
Tens e
1. We use the Present Continuous
Continuous Tense
Tense when we talk about
about something that we have
have
planned to do in the future.
I am going to Shimla tomorrow.
We are eating out tonight.
Mr. Abdul Rehman is arriving this evening.
You are advised to use the Present Continuous (not the Simple Present) for personal
arrangements.
Future Continuous
Continuous Tense
Tense

1. We use the Future Continuous

Continuous Tense to talk about
about actions which will be in progress
progress
at a time in the future.
fut ure.
I suppose it will he raining when we start.
This time tomorrow I will be sitting on the
t he beach in Singapore.
“Can I see you at 5 o'clock?” – “Please don t come then I will be watching the tennis
match on TV.
2. We also use this tense to talk about actions in the future which
which are already planned
or which are expected to happen in the normal course of things.
I will be staying here till Sunday.
He will be meeting us next week.
The postman will be coming soon

Be to
1. We use be to + .base form to talk talk about official plans and arrangements.
arrangements.
The Prime Minister is to visit America next month.
The conference is to discuss “Nuclear Tests”.
Be to is used in a formal style, often in
i n news reports Be is usually left out in headlines,
e.g. “Prime Minister to visit America”.

F uture
uture Perfe
P erfect
ct Tense
1. The Future Perfect Tense is used to talk about
about actions that
that will be completed by a
certain future time.
I shall have written my exercise by then.
He will have left before you go to see him.
By the end of this month I will have worked here for f ive years.
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
1. The Future Perfect Continuous
Continuous tense is used for actions which will
will be in progress
over a period of time that will end in the future.
By next March we shall have been living here for four years.
I‟ll have been teaching for twenty years next July.
This tense is not very common.

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 SENTENCES

 A Sentence is a group of words

words that makes complete sense
sense or thought.

Types of Sentences

1. Assertive or Declaratory Sentences

2. Interrogative Sentences
3. Imperative Sentences
4. Exclamatory Sentences
Assertive Sentence

 A sentence is that which expresses

expresses a statement or assertion or declaration.
declaration.

Examples.
1. You are a lucky girl.
2. He will come tomorrow
3. Someone threatened me over over the phone.
4. The phone
phone is ringing inside
inside the house.
5. I have come
come to invite
invite you to my birthday party.
party.
Interrogative Sentence

Interrogative sentence is that which asks a question.

Examples:
1. Where are you taking me?
2. Are you
you willing to come with me?
3. How many carscars do you have?
4. What has
has he been doing
doing here?
5. What area they saying?
Imperative Sentences
 A sentence that expresses
expresses a command or a request
request or a wish is called an imperative sentence.
sentence.

Examples:
1. Put all your slates here .
2. Get out of the house.
3. May you live long!
4. May God bless you!
5. Have mercy on us
Exclamatory sentences
 A sentence that expresses
expresses a strong feeling like sorrow or joy is called an Exclamatory sentence.
Examples
1. How cruel your are!
2. How slowly you walk1
3. What a beautiful house
house you have!
have!
4. What a good
good heart you
you have!
have!
5. What a nice saree
saree it is !

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 Sentences for speaking
1.  Affirmative Sentences : They always give a positive
positive meaning . They don‟t have a negative
negative
„not in them
e.g. He is very talkative
His words are inspiring.
2. Negatives Sentences. : They contain
contain „not and give
give a negative meaning.
meaning.
e.g. He doesn‟t work hard.
He words are not inspiring
3. Imperative sentences : They express
express a command , request or a which
which .
E.g. Call the doctor 
Leave me alone
Don‟t‟
Don‟t‟ touch the hot stove.
May God help you.

Sentence Conversion
Conversion of Affirmative to Negative

1. Add „not‟ to Helping Verb

 Affirmative: He is a good boy

Negative : He is not a good boy

2. If helping verb absent in sentence,

sentence, use don‟t or doesn‟t in simple present tense and did
in simple past tense.

 A: She comes after an hour 

hour 
N: She does not come after an hour 

 A : They want to come

N: They don‟t want to come

Samples
1. They have gone - They have not come
2. I am a teacher - I am not a teacher 
3. Krishna came yesterday - Krishna didn‟t come yesterday
4. Rani had done will - Rani had not done well
5. Vamshee told me as story - Vamshee didn‟t tell me a story

Conversion of Affirmative to Questions

1. Put helping verb before subject

Example :
He is her son - is He her son?
2. If helping verb absent in sentence,
sentence, use don‟t or doesn‟t in simple present
present tense and did in
simple past tense.

Example Vijaya eats - Does Vijaya eat?

eat?

L. Chandra Sekhar chandravedalabs.blogspt.in CHANDRA VEDA LASB

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