TLE 9 – TECHNICAL DRAFTING

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET 3.1

Background Information for Learners

FREEHAND DRAWING
Freehand Drawing – are drawings made without the use of drawing instruments and it
is called as sketch.
Two types of freehand drawing:
1. Artist’s drawing – an artist’s sketch without using an instrument or straightedges to express
preliminary ideas and details of the object being drawn.
2. Technical men and skilled industrial workers drawing – it shows in orthographic form
showing the projections in front, top and side views. It is drawn with guides and more
technical than a sketch.

We can say that all artists’ sketches are freehand drawing but not all freehand drawing are
technical sketches.
DRAWING PENCILS
Drawing pencils are available in various grades of hardness or softness Hardest
pencils range from grades H, 2H,3H,4H,5H,6H,7H.8H to 9H
Soft pencils range from grades B, 2B,3B.4B,5B TO 6B Soft pencils are dark in shade while
the hard pencils are lighter.
Pencils are available in different types; graphite, charcoal and colored. Among these three,
graphite pencil is the most commonly use in writing and in drawing. Pencils can be sharpened
in various types as shown in Fig. 4.

Pencil points are usually sharpened on a sandpaper pad. The graphite or charcoal is exposed
for about one centimeter using a knife or cutter and shaped by rubbing the tip against the sand
paper.

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PENCIL TECHNIQUES
In both freehand drawing and technical sketching, the techniques in drawing or sketching
lines are the same.
1. Horizontal Lines is drawn from left to right.
2. Vertical Lines is drawn from top downward.
3. Inclined Lines is sketch from left to right.

Left handed artist may perform the techniques in opposite direction. Short lines are drawn
with finger movement, while long lines are made with arm movement.
Long lines may be drawn in segments with small gaps.
4. Perpendicular lines – 5. Parallel lines – are
are intersecting lines equidistant lines which
which meet at 90 never meet even if they are
degrees angle. prolonged or extended.

6. Curved Lines – or The techniques of drawing regular curves are

curves, are regular or shown in figure 6 and figure
irregular. A regular curve
is either a
circle, an arc (part of the
circumference of a circle,
or an ellipse. An irregular
curve are those which
have no definite direction,
continuously bending
lines without angle.

ACCENTED OUTLINE DRAWING

An outline drawing is a representation of an object in outline form or a drawing or
sketch restricted to line without shading, coloring or modeling of form. The visible edges or
outlines of the object are shown by means of medium-heavy lines. If the outlines of the object
have different thicknesses it is called accented outline drawing.
An outline drawn with heavy accents or thicknesses indicates an outline or edges near the
observer’s eyes. Light accents or light thicknesses indicates an outline or edges that recede
from the eyes. Accented outlines usually are more pleasing to the eyes.
Contrast the outline drawings objects in figure 1 with their accented outline in figure 2

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Shaded Drawing
Shading is the process of adding a denser amount of thickness in an outline drawing in order
to create darker points in the work that correspond with a specific light source. It is first
drawn in outline form, shadings appear in a variety of tones or values. Shading is not
accenting.
 Light values are the surface which receives the greatest amount of light.
 Dark values are the surface which receives the least amount of light.

Usually, in shading that the light source

is coming from the upper-left corner The shadow is an image of an area in drawing
of the drawing paper and light rays are which is not hit by direct light. A shadow is
assumingly inclined at an angle around darker than a shade. A shadow that is casted on a
45 degrees. curve surface or curved path, it is said that the
shadow will follow the curvature of the surface

SKETCHING GEOMETRICAL SHAPES

Geometric figures can be defined as figure or area closed by a boundary which is
created by combining the specific amount of curves, points, and lines. It include points, lines
and angles; planes (circle, ellipse, rectangle, square, regular polygon, triangle etc); and solids
(cone, pyramid, cube, prism, sphere, cylinder, etc). All geometrical figures are rather
imaginary or invisible, but geometrical figures resembles real life objects that we can see
everyday (Example : A coin which resembles a circle or a ball that resembles a sphere, or a
can of sardines that represents cylinder and so on.)
In geometry, any shape starts with a point and assumingly the movement of the point
produces a line and shapes
In drafting, a pointed mark made by a pencil or drawing pen is assumed to be a point,
and an extension or prolongation of the pencil or pen point is a line, If a line meets end-to-
end, it produces a form or shape. The following lines and forms are shown in visible figures
so that they can easily be understood or interpreted.
If a line meets end-to-end, it produces a form or shape. The following lines and forms are
shown in visible figures so that they can easily be understood or interpreted.

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QUADRILATERALS
Quadrilateral – It is a four sided plane (Example: trapezoid, square, rectangle and
parallelogram)
Parallelogram – A form of quadrilateral which two opposite sides are parallel (Example:
Square, rhombus and rectangle)
 Rectangle – It has four right angles and the two of its opposite sides are equal and parallel.
 Square – It has four equal sides and four right angles.
 Rhombus – It has four equal sides, but the angles are not right angle.
Trapezoid – It is a quadrilateral with one of its two opposite sides are parallel and the other
opposite sides are not parallel and unequal in length
Trapezium – It is a quadrilateral with no equal length in sides and no equal angles.

TRIANGLES
Triangles comprises of three connected segments. It has four kinds: right triangle, equilateral
triangle, isosceles triangle, and scalene triangle.
Right Triangle – It has an angle of 90 degrees.
Equilateral Triangle – All sides and angles are equal.
Isosceles Triangle – two of its sides are equal
Scalene Triangle – None of its sides are equal.

CIRCLE
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A circle is a shape which has no straight lines and a combination of curves that are
connected. Any point on this curve or circumference is equidistant from its center. The major
parts of a circle are the radius, diameter, circumference, chord and sector.
An ellipse is also a shape bounded by a curved line but without a common center. It has a
major and minor diameter. A circle seen below or above the eye level appears as an ellipse

A cone is three dimensional figure or a geometric solid with a single circular base tapering to
an apex/vertex. If a cone is cut parallel to its base, the bottom portion is called a frustum of
the cone and the upper part is a smaller cone. If the cutting plane is oblique or inclined, the
resulting cone is truncated

A pyramid is a three dimensional solid figure with a polygonal base and lateral faces that
taper to an apex/vertex. The base of which is either square, triangular, rectangular, or
polygonal in shape. Like the cone, a pyramid can be cut to form a frustum or truncated
pyramid.

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A prism is also a three dimensional solid figure with a polygonal base that is either a square,
rectangle, triangular or any polygonal shape. A prism with a squareshaped base is called a
square prism. If the other five sides of a square prism are equal in size with its base, the
figure is called cube.

A cylinder is also a three dimensional solid figure which has a circular base (but not
necessarily a perfect circle) and its sides are either vertical or inclined. A cylinder with a
vertical side is called an upright cylinder, while one with an inclined side is called an oblique
cylinder. A cylinder may be truncated in form.

A sphere is a three dimensional solid figure that consists of all points that is equidistant from
its center. All cross-sections of a sphere are circles.

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A regular polygon is geometric shapes which all sides are equal and the angles are equal
also. Some common polygons are the pentagon (5-sided), hexagon (6-sided), octagon (8-
sided), and decagon (10-sided).

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Origin and Development of Letters
Lettering is not mechanical drawing. It is a distinct subject in design, based on accepted
forms. There are two general classes of persons who are interested in its study, first who have
to use letters and words to convey information on drawings, second, those who use lettering
in design, as art students, artists and draftsmen.
The present letters, or alphabet, of the English and Philippine languages originated in ancient
Egypt, The Ancient Egyptian “letters” were in the form picture writing called hieroglyphics.
This writing was further modified by the ancient Phoenicians whose wedge-shaped, or
cuneiform, writing took the form of symbols.
The ancient Greeks changed this form of writing into what they called boustrophedon
writing. Finally, the ancient Romans modified this into a more a readable type of writing
which became the basis for present-day letters of the Roman alphabet except for J and U
which were not in the Old Roman alphabet. Old Roman and Modern Roman letters are alike
except in the thickness of the stems of the letters and in the shape of their serifs

Small letters in the alphabet were invented during the reign of Charlemagne, they are
sometimes called Carolinian letters.
Styles of Letters
After the Old Roman letters various letter styles are created and it is patterned with the Old
Roman letter styles, the following are Old English (Text Script), Modern Roman, and Italic.
Use of Letter Styles
Modern Roman is easy to read and it is generally used in printing newspapers, magazines or
books
Gothic is common in posters, billboard signs, and car cards
Old English is mostly used today in certificates and diplomas, Bibles, land titles and wedding
invitations
Script also used for diplomas, certificates and wedding invitation and Christmas cards
Italic letters are slanting letters used in the headings of newspapers columns and
advertisements. Only Roman and Gothic letters can be italicized

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Serif – Is the horizontal thin stroke added to the end of the thin or thick stems.
Fillet – Is the curved line which connects the stem to the serif
The thick stem is twice the thickness to the thin stem

Single-stroke gothic letters

The single-stroke Gothic letters are generally used in engineering or industrial arts drawing.
Single-stroke Gothic means that each stem of the letter is made with one stroke of the pen or
pencil
Modern Roman, Old English, Script and Italic letters can be lettered or printed in single-
stroke letters.
In mastering single-stroke Gothic letters you must observe the following order and strokes of
each letter and number.
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- The horizontal bar in capital letter A is below the physical center while that of letter H is
above
- The middle horizontal strokes of E and F are also
above the center. The third stroke of E is longer than the
second.

- All letters having a vertical stroke and a lower horizontal stroke, such as in B, D, E, and L,
are in a consecutive order of strokes.
-The junction of K is above the center while that in Y is
below. The first two strokes of K meet below the center

- The middle horizontal strokes of the letters P and R are exactly at the center
- The widest letter is W and the narrowest letter is I.
- The symbol for the word and is the ampersand (&).
- The number 8 may be made in two ways (as shown in Figure 5).
-The horizontal bar in the number 4 is
below the center.
- The horizontal bar in number 5 does not
extend beyond its total width.
- The zero or cipher is narrower than the capital letter O.
- Note the small additional strokes in the number 3, 5, 6, and 9.

There are two acceptable forms for each of the letters a, e and y in lowercase or
small letters (refer to figure 6). When printing paragraphs in lowercase single-
stroke Gothic letters, each of these small letters must be lettered only in one
form
- The dots in letters i and j should not be omitted
- Note the difference between the capital letter K and small letter k
- Note the difference between g and q

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There are four recognized forms of small or lowercase letters the following are:
1. The straight-line letters (i, j, k, l, t, v, w, x, y,).
2. The ellipse letters (c, e, o, s).
3. The loop letters (a, b, d, g, p, q,).
4. The hook letters (f, h, m, n, r, u, y).

Learning Competency with code

1. Draw a technical description of a lot according to the approved lot
survey(TLE_ICTTD9-12AL-Ic-e-3)
2. Draw a building footprint according to the architectural drafting
standards(TLE_ICTTD9-12AL-Ic-e-3)
3. Draw a title block according to the architectural drafting standards (TLE_ICTTD9-
12AL-Ic-e-3)
4. Indicate dimension lines, dimensions, and drawing titles according to architectural
drafting standards (TLE_ICTTD9-12AL-Ic-e-3)

Activity 1: MULTIPLE CHOICE

Directions : Read each item carefully and choose the letter that corresponds to the
correct answer. Write your answer in another sheet of paper.
______ 1. Freehand drawings are drawings made without the use of?
A. Paper B. Drawing Instruments C. Color D. Table
______ 2. What is the synonym word for Freehand drawing?
A. Measure B. Draft C. Sketch D. Paint
______ 3. Horizontal lines are drawn from?
A. Top to bottom B. Bottom to top C. Left to right D. Right to
left
______ 4. This is a line which makes a 90 degrees with each other
A. Parallel Line B. Perpendicular Line C. Curve Line D.Vertical Line
______ 5. For sketching purpose, the best two pencil points that can be used are?
A. Conical-Chisel B. Conical-Elliptical C. Chisel-Elliptical D. Conical-Pointed
______ 6. What is the synonym word for Freehand drawing?
A. Measure B. Draft C. Sketch D. Paint
______ 7. Inclined lines are drawn from?
A. Top to bottom B. Bottom to top C. Left to right D. Right to
left
______ 8. This type of curve is either a part of circle or, an arc or circumference of the
circle
A. Regular Curve B. Normal Curve C. Irregular Curve D. Natural Curve
______ 9. Pencil points are sharpen on what object?
A. Rock Mat B. Wooden Tile C. Cloth D. Sandpaper pad
______ 10. This type of pencil point can make different thicknesses of line
A. Chisel B. Conical C. Elliptical D. Normal
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______11. This drawing is a representation of an object in outline form which is restricted to
shading, coloring or modeling of form
A. Outline drawing B. Pattern drawing C. Shaded drawing D. Shadowed drawing
______ 12. An outline drawing which comes in different thicknesses is called a ___________
A. shadowed B. accented C. shaded D. distorted
______ 13. Heavy accents are indicated on outlines or edges of an object if it’s in what
position on the observer’s eyes?
A. Near B. Under C. Far D. Beside
______ 14. In shaded drawing, it is where we imagined the source of light on the drawing
paper.
A. Upper left corner B. Lower left corner C. Upper right corner D. Lower right corner
______15. This image is produced in a drawing which is not hit by a direct light.
A. Accent B. Shadow C. Light D. Shading
______16. A drawing that represents an object using only one thickness of line and is not
shaded or colored.
A. Outline drawing B. Pattern drawing C. Shaded drawing D. Shadowed drawing
______17. Light accents indicates outline of drawings that _________ from the eyes of
the observer.
A. Is far B. Is near C. extents D. recedes
______18. If an outline drawing appears in different or various thicknesses, it is said
that it is?
A. Accented B. Aligned C. Shaded D. Shadowed
______19. When you draw a shade in your outline drawing, what part of the drawing
paper you need to imagine the source of light will appear?
A. Lower left corner B. Lower right corner C. Upper left corner D. Upper right corner
______20. If a part of the drawing wasn’t hit directly by light then _______ will appear.
A. Accent B. Light C. Shadow D. Shading

Activity 2: SKETCHING LINES

Directions : Complete the boxes below by sketching lines as labelled. Draw it in another
sheet of paper.

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Activity 3: REARRANGEMENT TYPE
Directions: Read each item carefully and identify the correct answer. Answer guide is in
jumble letter form, arrange it to get the correct spelling of the word.
Write your answer on your answer sheet.

1. This drawing is generally a perspective representation of an object without shading and

color. (LUOTNIE WRADGNI)
2. This accent are usually indicated on outlines or edges near the observer’s eyes. VYAHE
CACNTE
3. This is the process of making the visible surfaces of an object appear in a variety of tones
or values. DNAGSHI
4. In doing a shaded drawing this is assumed to be coming from the upper-left hand corner of
the drawing. GHTLI URSEOC
5. This is an image cast by an object on another surface. DSAHWO

Activity 4: SHAPE IDENTIFICATION

Directions: Given the geometrical shapes, identify its correct name.
Write your answer on your answer sheet.

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Activity 5: SELECTION TYPE
Directions: Identify what forms of lowercase letters does the following belong choose from
the given choices below.
Write your answer on your answer sheet.
A. Straight-line letters C. Loop letters
B. Ellipse letters D. Hook letters

_____1. B _____ 6. O
_____2. K _____ 7. I
_____3. L _____ 8. Q
_____4. N _____ 9. V
_____5. S _____ 10. H

Activity 6: POST TEST

Directions : Read each item carefully and choose the letter that corresponds to the
correct answer. Write your answer in another sheet of paper.

______1. In geometry, any shape starts with a _________

A. Lines B. Point C. Ray D. Segment
______2. If a lines meets end-to-end therefore it produces a?
A. Point B. Rays C. Shape D. Segment
______3. An angle which measures less than 90 degrees is called?
A. Acute B. Obtuse C. Reflex D. Right
______ 4. This is a form of quadrilateral which has four equal sides, but its angles are
not right angles.
A. Rectangle B. Rhombus C. Square D. Trapezoid
______5. A regular polygon with 8 equal sides and angles is called?
A. Heptagon B. Hexagon C. Pentagon D. Octagon
______26. In drafting, the extension/prolongation of point is called ______
A. Lines B. Point C. Segment D. Ray
______7. What do you call an angle which measures more than 90 degrees?
A. Acute B. Obtuse C. Reflex D. Right
______8. This is a solid figure which consists of a polygonal base that tapers to an
apex/vertex
A. Cone B. Prism C. Pyramid D. Sphere
______9. A 6 sided regular polygon is called?
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 A. Heptagon B. Hexagon C. Pentagon D. Octagon
______10. All cross-section of a sphere is a ___________
A. Circle B. Ellipse C. Square D. Triangle
______ 11. Alphabets of English and Philippine languages originated in?
A. Egypt B. France C. Greek D. Roman
______12. This style of letter is commonly used in posters, billboard sign and car cards.
A. Gothic B. Old English C. Roman D. Script
______13. This part of the letter is the horizontal thin stroke added to the end of thick or thin
stems A. Fillet B. Serif C. Stem D. Stroke
______ 14. The symbol for the word and is?
A. $ B. ! C. % D. &
______ 15. Uppercase letters is also called?
A. Big letters B. Capital letters C. Large letters D. Wide letters
______16. The present alphabets that were used in Philippine languages are originated in?
A. Egypt B. France C. Greek D. Roman
______17. Aside from script, this is mostly used today for writing certificates, diplomas,
bibles, and wedding invitation
A. Gothic B. Old English C. Roman D. Styled Roman
______18. This part of the letter is the curved line which connects the stem to the serif.
A. Fillet B. Serif C. Stem D. Stroke
______19. Which of the symbols represent an ampersand?
A. $ B. ! C. % D. &
______20. If you perform a lettering of uppercase letters, therefore you are pertaining to what
form of letters?
A. Big letters B. Capital letters C. Large letters D. Wide letters

Hello, learner! Congratulations, you did great for accomplishing all the tasks
It’s time for you to make a reflection about the topic.

Closure/ Reflection
Complete the statement below:
1. I have learned that Freehand drawing is
________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Complete the statement below:
1. I have learned that Outline drawing is
_____________________________________________________________________
2. I understand that Accented drawing is
_____________________________________________________________________
3. I have learned that shaded drawing is used for
_____________________________________________________________________
4. I have realized that shadows in drawing are

References:
Manaois, German M. “Drafting Volume 1”, 1997, Phoenix Publishing House, INC.
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Spence, William P. “Drafting Technology and Practice”, 1973, Chas A.
Bennett Co., INC.
Online References :
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/outline#:~:text=the%20line%20by%20
which%20a,an%20outline%20of%20a%20speech.
https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-meaning-shading-785412
https://www.artistsnetwork.com/art-techniques/beginner-artist/beginnerdrawing-shadows-
and-light-the-basics/

ANSWER KEY

ACTIVITY 1- MULTIPLE CHOICE

1.B 6.C 11.A 16.A
2.C 7.C 12.B 17.D
3.C 8.A 13.A 18.A
4.B 9.D 14.A 19.C
5.A 10.B 15.B 20.C

ACTIVITY 2-SKETCHING LINES

Checked By Teacher

ACTIVITY 3-REARRANGEMENT
1. OUTLINE DRAWING
2. HEAVY ACCENT
3. SHADING
4. LIGHT SOURCE
5. SHADOW

ACTIVITY 4-SHAPE IDENTIFICATION

1. ELIPSE
2. TRAPEZOID
3. PENTAGON
4. RIGHT TRIANGLE
5. HEXAGON

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ACTIVITY 5-SELECTION TYPE
1. C
2. A
3. A
4. D
5. B
6. B
7. A
8. C
9. A
10. D

ACTIVITY 6-POST TEST

1.B 6.A 11. A 16.A
2.C 7.B 12.A 17.B
3.A 8.C 13.B 18.A
4.B 9.B 14.D 19.D
5.D 10.A 15.B 20.B

Prepared by:
CLEMENDA LUNAG TUSCANO
CP No. 09360343047/FB:clemenda tuscano
Teacher I
DIADI NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

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