Wind Loads ASCE7-16 For 48 m Tall Office Building
Eng. Anas Dawas
48 m Tall Office Building
This building is illustrated in the figure
shown . Data for the building are provided in
the Table .Glazed panels , 1.5 m wide x 1.65
m high (typical) are impact resistant in
accordance with ASTM E1886 and
ASTME1996 in bottom 18 m (60 ft ) as
required by section 26.12.3 of ASCE 7-16.
There is no aggregate surfaced roof within
458 m (1500ft)
Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.-1 Glazed Panels
(example)
Data for 48 m Tall Office Building
Location Near Houston , Texas
Topography Homogeneous
Terrain Suburban
Dimensions 30 x 60 meter in plan
Framing Reinforced concrete rigid frame in both directions
Floor and roof slabs provide diaghram action
Fundamental natural frequency is assumed to be greater than 1 Hz
(time period is less than 1 sec )
Cladding Mullions for glazing panels span 3.35 meter between floor slabs
Mullion spacing is 1.5 meter
Wind Loads ASCE7-16 For 48 m Tall Office Building
Eng. Anas Dawas
Building Classification :
Office space
Not essential facility
Building risk category II
Basic Wind Speed :
As per location (Texas) and risk
category (II) , basic wind speed
(from maps in ASCE 7-16 ) of V =
62 m/s (140 mph)
Height = 48 – parapet height = 47.1
m
Exposure Category :
Building is located in suburban
area
Suburban area prevails for at
least 20 X h = 20 x 47.1 = 942 m
in all directions
So use exposure B
Velocity Pressure :
⁄
Topographic Factor, = 1.0
due to homogeneous
topography
Wind Loads ASCE7-16 For 48 m Tall Office Building
Eng. Anas Dawas
Directionality factor Kd = 0.85 (for
Buildings)
Ground elevation factor Ke = 1.0
because building location is near to
sea level
Wind Loads ASCE7-16 For 48 m Tall Office Building
Eng. Anas Dawas
Velocity pressure exposure
coefficient Kz
Table (2) Velocity Pressure for 48 m Tall Office Building
Height (m) ⁄
0- 4.6 0.57 1142.8
9.1 0.7 1403.5
15.2 0.81 1624
24.4 0.93 1864.6
36.6 1.04 2085
Roof = 47.1 1.12 (interpolation 1.118) 2245.6 =
Parapet = 48 1.12 (interpolation 1.1247) 2255 =
Wind Loads ASCE7-16 For 48 m Tall Office Building
Eng. Anas Dawas
Directional Procedure : MWFRS
Design wind pressure :
Wind Loads ASCE7-16 For 48 m Tall Office Building
Eng. Anas Dawas
Gust factor,G :
Depends on whether a building is
flexible or rigid
G = 0.85 for rigid building
Building can be assumed rigid if
fundamental natural frequency less
than 1 Hz ( time period is less than
1 sec )
Software can be used or
approximate methods in 26.11.3
ASCE7-16
Example assumes rigid building (it
may be flexible )
26.11.2.1 gives limitations for
Approximate Natural Frequency
Using equation 26.11-4 (use ft
dimension ) we will get natural
frequency equal to 75/151.5ft
=0.48 so too less than 1.0
Even though our building is flexible
, we will use assumption in example
to be rigid and G = 0.85 (this is not
acceptable in reality )
For rigid buildings , section 26.11.4
permits to calculate G – factor by
many equations ( G = 0.83 was
calculated )
MWFRS Wall External Pressure
Coefficients
L/B is different for each wind
load direction
Wind Loads ASCE7-16 For 48 m Tall Office Building
Eng. Anas Dawas
Wall pressure coefficient as
shown
MWFRS Roof Pressure Coefficient
Cp = -1.30 may be reduced with Roof calculation for 0 to 23.55 m (h/2) from
area over which applicable : edge for wind normal to 60 m face :
Area = 60 x 47.1/2 = 1413 me > 92.9 External pressure = ( )
me so use 0.8 reduction factor . 2245.6x0.83x(-1.04) = -1938.4 N/m2
(Area that we used equal to area Roof calculation for 23.55 to 30 m from edge
that -1.3 will be applied for each for wind normal to 60 m face :
case ) External pressure = ( )
Linear interpolation was used to 2245.6x0.83x(-0.7) = -1304.7 N/m2
find values for h/L = 0.80 .
Cp values for roof is shown in
the following figure .
External pressure are
summarized in Table (3)
Wind Loads ASCE7-16 For 48 m Tall Office Building
Eng. Anas Dawas
Table (3) . External Pressure for MWFRS for Wind Normal to 60 m Building Face
(Not include internal pressures)
Surface Z (m) q (N/m2) Cp External Pressure
(N/m2) qGCp
Windward wall 0- 4.6 1142.8 0.80 758.8
9.1 1403.5 0.80 931.9
15.2 1624 0.80 1078.3
24.4 1864.6 0.80 1238.1
36.6 2085 0.80 1384.4
47.1 2245.6 0.80 1491.1
Leeward wall All 2245.6 -0.50 -932
Side walls All 2245.6 -0.70 -1304.7
Roof 0 to 23.55 2245.6 -1.04 -1938.4
23.55 to 30 2245.6 -0.70 -1304.7
Note : qh = 2245.6 , G = 0.83
Table (4) . External Pressure for MWFRS for Wind Normal to 30 m Building Face
(Not include internal pressures)
Surface Z (m) q (N/m2) Cp External Pressure
(N/m2) qGCp
Windward wall 0- 4.6 1142.8 0.80 758.8
9.1 1403.5 0.80 931.9
15.2 1624 0.80 1078.3
24.4 1864.6 0.80 1238.1
36.6 2085 0.80 1384.4
47.1 2245.6 0.80 1491.1
Leeward wall All 2245.6 -0.30 -559
Side walls All 2245.6 -0.70 -1304.7
Roof 0 to 23.55 2245.6 -0.98 -1826.5
23.55 to 47.1 2245.6 -0.78 -1453.8
47.1 to 60 2245.6 -0.62 -1155.6
Wind Loads ASCE7-16 For 48 m Tall Office Building
Eng. Anas Dawas
Design Pressure for MWFRS For enclosed building
Internal Pressure Calculation : (for windward , side , leeward walls and
Positive and negative internal roof for enclosed building
pressure =
= 404 N/m2
Effect of Parapet of MWFRS can be
determined as follows :
⁄ for windward
parapet
⁄ for leeward
parapet
Design wind pressures for MWFRS are shown in Figure (A-1) for wind normal to 30 m face and in
Figure (A-2) for wind normal to the 60 m face .
Wind Loads ASCE7-16 For 48 m Tall Office Building
Eng. Anas Dawas
Wind Loads ASCE7-16 For 48 m Tall Office Building
Eng. Anas Dawas
Design Wind Load Cases
Wind Loads ASCE7-16 For 48 m Tall Office Building
Eng. Anas Dawas
Design Pressures for Components and Cladding (for same building)
Design pressure for C&C :
Wall Design Pressure ,
GCp is function of effective wind
area
Effective wind area : span length x
effective width that need not be
less than one-third the span
length
Effective wind area for wall
components :
Mullions :
Larger of A= 3.35(1.5) = 5.025 m2
Or A = 3.35(3.35/3) = 3.74 m2
Glazed panel
Larger of A= 1.5(1.65) = 2.475 m2
Or A = 1.5(1.5/3) = 0.75 m2
Wind Loads ASCE7-16 For 48 m Tall Office Building
Eng. Anas Dawas
Width of corner zone no. 5
Larger of a = 0.1 (30)= 3 m
Or a = 0.9 m
The internal pressure coefficient
(GCpi)
Wind Loads ASCE7-16 For 48 m Tall Office Building
Eng. Anas Dawas
Component A (m2) Zone 4 & 5 (+GCp) Zone 4 ( -GCp) Zone 5 ( -GCp)
Mullion 5 0.81 -0.84 -1.55
Panel 2.47 0.87 -0.88 -1.72
Negative design pressure Positive design pressure calculations :
calculations : For zone 4 at any heights is 2245.6 (0.81)-2245.6(-0.18)
For zone 4 at any heights is = 2223 N/m2 (negative internal pressure controls )
2245.6 (-0.84)-2245.6(0.18) = -
2290.5 N/m2 (Positive internal
pressure controls )
Each component shall be
designed for maximum positive
and negative pressure.
Wind Loads ASCE7-16 For 48 m Tall Office Building
Eng. Anas Dawas
By same process , we have to find
design pressure for panels
PROJECT : PAGE :
CLIENT : DESIGN BY :
JOB NO. : DATE : REVIEW BY : Eng ANAS
Wind Analysis for Building with h > 60 ft, Based on 2018 IBC/ASCE 7-16
INPUT DATA
Exposure category (B, C or D, ASCE 7-16 26.7.3) B
Importance factor (ASCE 7-16 Table 1.5-2) Iw = 1.00 for all Category
Basic wind speed (ASCE 7-16 26.5.1 or 2018 IBC) V = 140 mph, (225.31 kph)
Topographic factor (ASCE 7-16 26.8 & Table 26.8-1) Kzt = 1 Flat
Building height to roof H = 154.52 ft, (47.10 m)
Parapet height HP = 2.95 ft, (0.90 m)
Building length L = 196.85 ft, (60.00 m)
Building width B = 98.42 ft, (30.00 m)
Natural frequency (ASCE 7-16 26.11) n1 = 0.97075 Hz, (1 / T)
2 2
Effective area of mullion AM = 54.08 ft ( 5.03 m)
2 2
Effective area of panel AP = 26.64 ft ( 2.48 m)
DESIGN SUMMARY
Max building horizontal force normal to building length, L, face = 1439.9 kips, (6405 kN), SD/LRFD level, Typ.
Max overturning moment at wind normal to building length, L, face = 155925.5 ft-kips, (211407 kN-m)
Max building horizontal force normal to building length, B, face = 594.1 kips, (2643 kN)
Max overturning moment at wind normal to building length, B, face = 108749.5 ft-kips, (147444 kN-m)
Max building upward force = 1063.0 kips, (4728 kN)
Max building torsion force = 31888.4 ft-kips, (43235 kN-m)
ANALYSIS
Velocity pressures
qz = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd Ke V2
where: qz = velocity pressure at height, z. (Eq. 26.10-1, page 268) pmin = 16 psf (ASCE 7-16 27.1.5)
Kz = velocity pressure exposure coefficient evaluated at height, z. (Tab. 26.10-1, page 268)
Kd = wind directionality factor. (Tab. 26.6-1, for building, page 266) = 0.85
z = height above ground
z (ft) 0 - 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120
Kz 0.57 0.62 0.66 0.70 0.76 0.81 0.85 0.89 0.93 0.96 0.99 1.04
qz (psf) 24.31 26.44 28.15 29.85 32.41 34.55 36.25 37.96 39.66 40.94 42.22 44.36
z (ft) 140 157.47 157.47 157.47 157.47 157.47 157.47 157.47 157.47 157.47
Kz 1.09 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12
qz (psf) 46.49 47.98 47.98 47.98 47.98 47.98 47.98 47.98 47.98 47.98
Design pressures for MWFRS
p = q G Cp - qh (G Cpi)
where: p = pressure on surface for rigid building with all h. (Eq. 27.3-1, page 274).
q = qz for windward wall at height z above the ground, see table above.
G Cp i = internal pressure coefficient. (Tab. 26.13-1, Enclosed Building, page 271) = 0.18 or -0.18
qh = qz value at mean roof height, h, for leeward wall, side walls, and roof.
Cp = external pressure coefficient, see right down tables. (Tab. 27.3-1, page 275)
G = gust effect factor (ASCE 7-16 26.11, Page 269)
1 1.7 I g 2 Q 2 g 2 R 2 Iz = 0.25 z = 92.712 Q= 0.83
0.925 z Q R
, for n1 1.0
1 1.7 g v I z z min = 30 gQ = 3.4 Lz = 452
G
= 0.846 c= 0.3 gR = 4.18 b = 0.05
1 1.7 g Q I zQ
0.925 , for n1 1.0
1 1.7 g v I z Rh = 0.158 RB = 0.235 RL = 0.040
N1 = 3.66 Rn = 0.062 R= 0.159
h= 154.52 gv = 3.4 Vz = 119.6
o
Fig. 27.3-1 fo < 10 , page 275
Roof h/B Distance Cp
To L Face 1.60 78.735 -1.04
To L Face 1.60 98.42 -0.70
To L Face 1.60 98.42 -0.70
To L Face 1.60 98.42
Roof h/L Distance Cp
q G Cp Figure for Gable, Hip Roof, page 275 To B Face 0.80 78.735 -0.98
Fig. 27.3-1, page 275 To B Face 0.80 157.47 -0.78
Wall Direction L/B Cp To B Face 0.80 196.85 -0.62
Windward Wall All All 0.80 To B Face 0.80 196.85
Leeward Wall To L Dir 0.50 -0.50
Leeward Wall To B Dir 2.00 -0.30
Side Wall All All -0.70
(cont'd)
Hence, MWFRS Net Pressures are given by following tables (ASCE 7-16 27.3.1, Page 274)
P (psf) with P (psf) with
Surface z (ft) GCPi - GCPi Surface z (ft) GCPi - GCPi
0 - 15 7.82 25.10 Side Wall All -37.06 -19.79
20 9.27 26.54
25 10.42 27.69
30 11.58 28.85 Normal to L Face P (psf) with Normal to B Face P (psf) with
40 13.31 30.58 Surface z (ft) GCPi - GCPi Surface z (ft) GCPi - GCPi
50 14.75 32.03 Leeward All -28.94 -11.67 Leeward All -20.82 -3.55
60 15.91 33.18
70 17.06 34.34
80 18.22 35.49 Normal to L Face P (psf) with Normal to B Face P (psf) with
Windward Wall
90 19.09 36.36 Surface Dist. (ft) GCPi - GCPi Surface Dist. (ft) GCPi - GCPi
100 19.95 37.22 0 - 78.735 -50.87 -33.59 0 - 78.735 -48.59 -31.32
120 21.40 38.67 98.42 -37.06 -19.79 157.47 -40.31 -23.04
Roof Roof
140 22.84 40.11 196.85 -33.81 -16.54
157.47 23.85 41.12
Figure 27.3-8, page 283
Normal to L Face Normal to B Face Wind with Angle
Base Forces ASCE-7
Case 1 Case 2 Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4
VBase (kips) 1440 1080 594 446 1526 877
MBase (ft - kips) 155925 116944 108749 81562 198506 107028 Fig. 27.4-8
MT (ft - kips) 0 31888 0 6578 0 28875 Page 271
FUpward (kips) 765 573 653 489 1063 566
Vmin (kips) 496 496 248 248 558 555 Min. wind
FUp,min (kips) 310 310 310 310 310 310 27.4.7
Design pressures for components and cladding
p = q (G Cp) - qi (G Cpi)
where: p = pressure on component for building with h > 60 ft. (Eq. 30.5-1, page 350)
pmin = 16.00 psf (ASCE 7-16 30.2.2)
q = qz for windward wall at height z above the ground, see table above.
qh = qz value at mean roof height, h, for leeward wall, side walls, and roof.
G Cp i = internal pressure coefficient. (Tab. 26.13-1, pg 271) = 0.18 or -0.18
a = Zone width = MAX[ MIN(0.1B, 0.1L), 3] = 9.8 ft, (Fig 30.5-1 note 8, pg 363)
G Cp = external pressure coefficient. (Fig 30.5-1 note 8, pg 363)
Wall Actual Effective Zone 4 Zone 5
2
Comp. Area ( ft ) GCP - GCP GCP - GCP
Mullion 54.08 0.81 -0.84 0.81 -1.55
Panel 26.64 0.87 -0.88 0.87 -1.73
Mullion Pressure (psf) Panel Pressure (psf)
z (ft) Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 4 Zone 5
Positive Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative
0 - 15 24.00 -48.85 24.00 -83.14 25.61 -50.96 25.61 -91.58
20 26.11 -48.85 27.85 -83.14 27.85 -50.96 27.85 -91.58
25 27.79 -48.85 29.65 -83.14 29.65 -50.96 29.65 -91.58
30 29.48 -48.85 31.45 -83.14 31.45 -50.96 31.45 -91.58
40 32.00 -48.85 34.14 -83.14 34.14 -50.96 34.14 -91.58
50 34.11 -48.85 36.39 -83.14 36.39 -50.96 36.39 -91.58
60 35.79 -48.85 38.18 -83.14 38.18 -50.96 38.18 -91.58
70 37.48 -48.85 39.98 -83.14 39.98 -50.96 39.98 -91.58
80 39.16 -48.85 41.78 -83.14 41.78 -50.96 41.78 -91.58
90 40.42 -48.85 43.13 -83.14 43.13 -50.96 43.13 -91.58
100 41.69 -48.85 44.47 -83.14 44.47 -50.96 44.47 -91.58
120 43.79 -48.85 46.72 -83.14 46.72 -50.96 46.72 -91.58
140 45.90 -48.85 48.97 -83.14 48.97 -50.96 48.97 -91.58
157.47 47.37 -48.85 50.53 -83.14 50.53 -50.96 50.53 -91.58
cont'd
Effective Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3
Roof 2
Area ( ft ) - GCP - GCP - GCP
0 -1.40 -2.30 -3.20
10 -1.40 -2.30 -3.20
59 -1.17 -1.98 -2.79
Components and Cladding
108 -1.10 -1.87 -2.65
157 -1.05 -1.81 -2.57
206 -1.01 -1.76 -2.50
255 -0.99 -1.72 -2.45
304 -0.96 -1.69 -2.41
353 -0.94 -1.66
402 -0.93 -1.64
451 -0.91 -1.62
500 -0.90 -1.60
13949.34 -0.90 -1.60
13949.342 1549.938 290.594892
Effective Net Pressure (psf)
Roof 2
Area ( ft ) Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3
0 -75.81 -118.99 -162.17
10 -75.81 -118.99 -162.17
59 -64.92 -103.75 -142.57
Components and Cladding
108 -61.21 -98.56 -135.90
157 -58.92 -95.35 -131.77
206 -57.25 -93.01 -128.77
255 -55.95 -91.18 -126.42
304 -54.87 -89.67 -124.48
353 -53.95 -88.39
402 -53.15 -87.27
451 -52.45 -86.29
500 -51.82 -85.40
13949.34 -51.82 -85.40
