As pee tered Sylar of Gaara Teche! Unierity Subject cade: 2260601 BE. Semester Vi - Ci Engioeering ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENTS Dr, RP. Rethaliya (Ph.D) oped Wechanies Deparment, Br, Intute of Tecnology Yelobh Vlyanagar ~ 38120, Fat Eon £216 Price: & 240-00 A ATUL PRIKASHNN (GANDHI ROAD, ANLEDABAD omubuisher [ATUL PRAKASHAN Unter Farman Brg, Can Rose, tmacba 39 Ot fice (07) 2eazeez EDITION : Ft Eton = 2046 rice :€ 2am00 ‘A igh rorrved bye autor Nogane of tie pub may be ‘epegual ret 8 tats, of tararies a fm 8b Sy meas, elocvonc, macanéa!provepyng, ocrdng ewe ‘het he por concn! of te suber ans Pater Evry cave has Son taken by the ator an pubs to ge co, cei and pte inomaon Incas re ny er, ng sate ofa ater err mit have cut nace, ere ‘Riernl ba puerta yep! expen, ‘Tre serra: SHREENAT COMPUTER 173, pol in Hanuman Pee, Daan, Aedabed 380 0 Dedicated to my Parents (Late) Shri Prabhubhai Rethaliya (Late) Smt. Rajuben Rethaliya Or. RP. RethaliyaPREFACE... Sethe pobiain of he tsk “Baling Coste he tr Ba nen cing seein (2 pylih A Rook ‘Advanced Coasruion and upmete Var top he Fle und, cons eae, rowed ver nes Hogi rts Hulten de with exe hv forih th tera woch a a a gle pd Bd mame ‘he ator soul het sly sppecnte th sind authors owl a bas of the Uno Stopes The ane eb mene eed by enact vith fly member ot SEP Sut LD. Been Colne, Abolabd, Ris nntiate of Teka Abmedibad so ITT The har omy wl Hann ody sae Mager so Py dig the ek pina Sha, She Handa Sha na ae der al pale oe ha eo of iting abt pai th tsk Scene om rar oft Bok we nie meme = Dr RP Rta GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY BE. Semester : VI : Civil Engineering Advanced Construction and Equipments Subject Code : 2160601 pf cour The te abt of cl esting preequie «Sty of bing cnaracion [ico The dy of dd corona bpm sry ec engine [esching sExinaicn Scans Teaching Some | Cred TRalanion Nes Toa ET ot Pe] ce [trey nis [Pat Ma_| Mas we] Aa | BEM | PR |) wal ase) cee) oy a {1 fo} « fo] x] | »] oo} »| w Contents = cae "aa % Welage 1 olor w (hp Pte Foundation 1 Taoist, ws, leon fle, ps of is, cap an pil show ple ving met, re pling cee stares of is, Heig of i. # cp. [catons 3 Patan es, conastin mati pe of est lon cnn dag late feos, owing af esc, ewig gesting of can hing of cso ing le cise, chen deer io | Module 7 (tp ope wal cnarion 6 Jlnzecton, ny st elton tea o (9 | caer dams 2 Desc. ws, seine af eer dams, yp of ear sams, design eases clr den, lege peentin, esmom it @ mn‘Sie speciation le wih Mars (Theory = ‘ap Cont o ground wate a Haart + 1°") Methods png, wl pus, bre well, dcr mai Disteibaton of Theory Mars seinen cy ac ie | , fea [ores] a core ner [Ne coe a x | «© |» « 2 | ‘ho Fore wk [gids Rs Reema; Us Undentaning: A Appleton, Ni Amar and EE 5] Fo werk for RCC Wl ol ean cla, etsing Create and above Level (vied Blom's Taxonomy) foe aches of gen ad ie Gig fees ot Nee Ti pecewoe ae ale etl a9 gone ule or dens end ess “2 ermgray wis, ip freak, Fle wk Bas Cimtrcon of tall seats Macrae tl aces Stata ton fr a seus Maho of contra i eres | Demin of Srwcre: 4 Drooling ds, Somat, med sl PS Made Conran Eglpment Jy "Meskasisation in Contvstion; tmpotasce of oration epee thls eon an feito ae ction (, Osing a pernng cos, Joe 2 Engrg fends «Red peformace of ep ingul cenbpl Coie ton, Gass os 7 [Mie acai equpmens ‘Stn as pr opctionfctaflig expat OF ‘Tresor sted eat Bll, Rig, Seapes + Being Bupmene ove shove, Dies Hx, Clams ad eng mache © [Meda a ling ad comeing egulpents + Be comeyornstem *Termiology. Casio, Cononet ane een, ceo and 590 = Hang an iting een Tek, gps ee Se bing / dvi eae Cansete Bashing pat Tae Bering mshines Carters econo Deng td sing egies The atl Seton of rt he qeon paper ny ay shay om abe le sto Tol: ‘Tht sa to tet oe conmion esd sens Sl pp vit ep. 1 The stad sal the omracn fle sea neater fal ster person o hy mee, 2. Sinem sl actly sone the wang coset sorta work et ‘et pt of egies rm ste erin head compre with line 3. The set shall wo om he ber of ks oui for aig eat anon [__ MIs wpa sein ey cron ting eh Cont he contin emo mantra he fata nd eps thr ven fat pe 6 Mod oat ew muck mony ted ily by empying machine a cont se ined eta oe Map Eepment Working moss of varus cnsucnelpnet. Ls of Open Snare Stating wate ape sqignetnetcond rwnconstnslonepipment.con (TIVE LEARNING ASSIGNMENTS + epaion of ponsepit sis, wich ny ida, seman, ts, gh fc beter anstnig thoy alpaca wok - Th iy wil loca chapters of ehapes ogo of tents 0th he ene lite ore. Th power pe der Sell ep p th west of he Coleg og wih the mame a he sts ofthe 0 he ne a fc, Darien an onthe tld The bas hs oct sont ht o CT. * I iveTE FODNDATIONS a [et eee is: ey oaoas | oer(2 eet ‘s oe — ——— ager ree 0 See = ee — = ————————————— =e 2 a eine ofan An Sip Femi INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION Fat CcCoNsTHUCTION KQUIEMENES IMODULE-V, MODULE-Y, MODULE-VI: CHAPTER. 910 181 a {Lng of Mahia or Conon 92 Cheieson of Camcion Epps DIARRA WALL CONSTRUCTION 93 Pmt ad ie Us i Coma a 34s AlesigScetn of Coucea Epa 62 Nera laren 95 hme Ane Reed Ye Coteton Eqs (64 Bent nd Ace 92 Depry nen 5 Speen of Denon ty 94 Coro Onnag td Ong Cosnctn Egon ae 5 Ge wa 99 teow Lito Cntrcioe Equipment. 7 {Sais of cman of Dighage val — in 940 men epemet Poly =~ 3 2 Bae = = 15 Te ERGRERRNG FUNDAMENTALS OF NOVING FART 7 Ss —— 95 102 Compson = 2) Sat we enon of a Se nnn 8 13H of ean on wl egetite wd wa VE ae goo 105. Tipe oe MS. Gate ee ne T_ RENATRE BUR = {09 Gade Recs 120 ie ti om 10m pa = pe ope shel far Dane Fa = Oop panne = 1 to ne pe ote te ss a eeneens Saeaeeaee 7 Pe op oon ns x HULDA, PRS IND SCRAPERS — ‘ACTORS, BOLEDOZERS a 1 tate 2 Kooga nd Soha ap — ‘Gus of tan — oe 1 ew atc esc ot Popa of he Cai hd lt = ice : 2 Sen 1 Rept of oh on ei Poof ate = : Shed nt ar — ———— © ite nn 3) Reve 1 Delany fe ——m Eten npn tte cw pg 2 = fs 2 Atwcape ‘gn Dnt een ———— — 135 Tove eqimd bomb eng — Con ives 4 Goma ano " i Rv130 eto bp a aga te 7 a Chapter i = ng i fat ee 7 Pile Foundations ATE FOUN Tai Mr ts — —a 12 Uae a lr Ney Fons ee — 13) pra acing te ced Tp ti Per — 4 ci he nee Tye Sk at es : 2 15 nate of is hed ou Mateo compton (te Roamans ——s 11 et Caer es 1 Ryat oci an 13 se Pw th Chahta eee 154 Tinker ace oo 158 Come Pia a ===. an Bretos ——— an ‘Classification of Pies based on metho of Tstllation 3s ce Bl ‘Under Reamed Piles st Pesmng 183 Ompetie sperm ie ‘rap eno Fe {St Rl Ding openness ‘ssf | eieny ot Grow 185 Ge ge i parent St Sn ra coring 134 Eqipmont wed fr pion of weep =n =a] | eee 159 Equipments aed Machines wed fr Biumioous Roads —— a | Pelting of Piles ce2 Advance Constucton and Equipments 1.1 INTRODUCTION : A Pl sw slender ssa member made of se, cone, wood er compose ttre either dives ints the si or frm insite by eceaing le a 1m cc, he an of pd ening easy isnt a Foundation ofthe sce 1 be en esp wa oe prone tining being atu wih sible all eset ‘The most common fs of dep fundies ae ie nea the pound, he (4) Pe futons ’ (0) Cason or wall onda (©) Cafes le furdatins we itendd trent sta ade ough zm of oe il to 1 det whee the sl bas th deze aac t arent he onde Pl re samev sini chm ie hat bs developed at oe level ae wasted 1 oer level bt Piles obtain late sept fom he il in which hy nbd wo at her wo concer wher alg a ie hi ret hy ifr fo ous, relivey log. The Pier may Be den or placed vertcly or with a Bate A Pile foundation esuly cons of amber of Ps, which gee apart» ee, 1.2 USES OF PILES OR NECESSITY OF PILE FOUNDATIONS (ay 201, No.2, May 2012, Jan. 213, No. 2018) le ondton ae prefered ine lowing sticas 1. Thea ofthe superstar i har ad i hton eee 2. The tp sl is poor baring apc, 5. The ste water is high at pening of wee fom He Opn tes fo the sallow fundion i akan ucnni 4. The i tre cantons in stl ater ea ‘Whee tng othe ee i fea and cost. 6 The secre sited on he se shore river a where is ang of sco atn of wate, 1 Canal dep damage ine exit he aos 4 The pal of epi an. 9. Pesare wedfr th find of tanoison ner, pms hich se subjected 1 yl frees. ie Foundations 2s “ee Fie LL @ bedFig 10) 13 FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF TYPE OF PILES (ay 201, No. 2011, Now 2 ‘he folloing fore shield be aie wile ating pe of Fle 1. Nat of Sacre a 5. Type of and its ropes 6 Groundwater tbe 1. Sal weight of ile 8 Daily of Pile 9, Com of ile 0. Maitnase Cost or. 2016 le Foundations 5 » 1, Lew of Pie eq 12. Namber of Fils equi 13, Case stay of aaent buigs 14, Paitin wale for ied 15, Dif nie civig 1. Adapt to vying ats 17, Presence of eds ad other meri in he i ta 1, rosin of wil mathe stu Some ofthe factor are ducaed below Nature of Strate + a he sce and the ven ple Ms heaps fr sents loadings and uhanperd se codons. or the fomdxions of wi - sutures and jets on se shoe, the ven le ores a et in-place case piles re peered In eof Ping be dose vty nao Some exiting suc, ope ended tube pile He may work it 1 he god i. Pes wet spp marine rate or sactare above open Water ould be ‘The Jeske piles ae sable fr unarpiing existing stature or very hy erste, ge camer bre ple ate the mow ceo! pe Ground cond 1 the sub consis of kt lve for aporcal eth the ile wat ‘2 ito ple Depending wpe he ead, sie le such s Vio pil Vio xende ile ora tapered ile may’ be wd in sch ending. ce he on i ery weak lose ad iis ned owe ast ~~ st Pile casing wil be eu t preven he inflow of il into te ple le. fn dvs contin, where the pound water Hw eons ile with peat ‘sing shoal be ie, teats, Precast Piles my be wd 1 cae the i ati conperately fina ucase atest plese peat pile may be seeinane Contraction and Eauiprats le Foundations . Stat ile (0) By making the roe of pile oh or racing th gh of ple the Fem ste, pelea ile wil be more teste In siuaon whee ewes hat the pl bul! pea ito eck for sme dep Hiles my workout bea god ein, cae th lef oy, ile le wit or witout entrged base, my work ot © be a soni sce, 3 Dara 1 sition where thee i oily of te si bring chemically epee, 4 eh quality pent ont pl al be elected Fig, 11 End Rearing Pile “Timbers may work oto Be esol if ey sed for he Foun of inber tese stres wit mere ods the ples re to Be we or 2 ition pi tet ont ks, ‘Wes lose sll extends pest Sep, pls ae dives such «depth “imc ples ae ot sabe fr marie conto hey ae ily to be ate sion since deveined th ss oft piles eget lt coming ot ples ener ition piles ar used when a ar sta i sie at rer depth or ison pile 4 Cost Consideration Oe Wile skating pata typeof plete cat of ple, cst of ving ast of : inna of ile an viaity of fan shld gee de coniemto, 14 CLASSIFICATION OF PILES BASED ON THEIR FUNCTION OR USE. It (tay 2013, May 2015) ae Based o th intone te ed a5 {UH es 5 Fig, 12 Frietion Pile 2. Compson pit (QU= Ce whey Qu elias ed 4. Teson pile ae a 5. Ancor pl ‘he tot eon mesic canbe need in owing mays 6 Fete pile (0) By inning te lng of te 7 sterile 2) By inceasng he Sams fit 5 ts bearing pile: ‘Those piles ene hough he st lsd he stm o ip eto # ad situ, These ple ce ss. The sf ri] sounding he ple vies sme Iara sppot Foren eating pe Qu = Op 4) By ploy te per lsely (9) By wonping the pits.5 Advanced Contraction and Egupments ‘When pls ae riven nee sans with he i of increasing th bering caps of sl the ple a ema a compaction ples. Thes ile thmselves do oct cry sy lot mT] Fig 13 Compaction pile 4 Tension pte: “Tha pile ashor down theaters sbjtd 1 pid to host pesre due oferning moment ib el pit pi és Ti NT ese qq Fig. 14 Tension Pile Ancor Pe Arsh ples rove amcorg pit ait pl os et pling ther pling fos, ender pte: Fender ile te wit Yo potest mtr ont tse gist imps om sips ot ter tag objets Fig, 18 Fender pile, etter pil 1. Rete ie ‘They te wd to est arg orzo free a inti Fre. AL Seet ple They ae Wed Du ha af inpervows cn o sede seepage an lit Stet pile are a fr he fawn proses (1), Tota funn fm scent ols (2) To prevent undead mvenent of water (2) To grvent the an of machine vibration acer ststes. (4) To sonst ening wil cs, wha and ahr marine stots. (6) To prot ivr Bs. (6 Tosi sds of fomton tence (0) To wrk et wal ander dams. (8) To soni the soi and tery increase the Deaing capac of i. (0) To cost esos for wate rte Based onthe materi, pe of shat les re 21 Sel set ples 2. Timber sheet pit (otey 211, Jan, 2018, Nor. 208): samedi witty, [rn tamtee a 1. The bottom end of the pile rest ow | 1. When loose soil expends to a great 4 inhenanla-tlonohnstinno Pre-cest Piles. Castinsitu ‘Prestressed concrete Piles i ‘berwoen soil andthe pile material, " “3. It is saitable when hard strata is | 3. It is seitable when loose soil expends| — mas! pom ramen i male wo] | mm etn tues tee ff 2 Susman orm aemornunmts am eouroemo, i (ay 21 4 \ es ‘ v T | Concrete pil Stal pis Tinker yr Compose piles Sat ples vast ne Fig, 16 Precast Concrete Pile2 vanced constrain a recat Piles may be qian crcl nos Sst, od my Be apered cr pare sided longi. Bees of diving res ané handling sees Ce asprin and iting the peas cane ples at sly renfre The sie of pile may cy om 30 mt 50 emia ros ston dieson and up 0 0. or mor in fngth, Te infcement may conf anginal sea bar of 20, ton ameter, 408 a. er 6 0 aeer at 100 men le psa fr op nd bot Im eth nd 300 me ifr he millet & ome cove ofa let 5 provide ‘he gral of once ha be MD. Procdat fr forming pres conrete Pet = (0) The Formwork forth ie ic repr sd is aed ith sap ston oF il (i) The ape of enter epee a pr design ad this ave shen placed a the frm A conte ero tent $0. povided (Gi) A coneete of grade M20 rp with propitin 1:13. The sie of coarse sepa varies from 10m 1025 (i The cone Lid in frmvork a well competed sig vias (0) he fms are romoed afer 3 ay ad the pis ae kp inte same postion or short Tg oF 20 (si) The ples ace then shied 0 4 cig tk anlar peo of soot hee a fxr eas thy Become rey for ve (© Advantages of prec concrete pls = (tay 2012) 1 They can be cst lie mse fhe wrk sling I api execution 2. The postion of tfrsmet ile nt Astute fm its ria postion 3. Ther coniction can Be wl aprvied and ey defect ected ean Berti efore we 4. They ca be even une wae, 5. Te deving of aon leds it pose terse eft wpon the ead rven (6 Theiler cn be lone son fe thy ve en en te desired depth 7. Ay mmr of pile can Be maufcie at comesint pas an his may prove to be emma 1 Tex ies ae highly esto slope an huni atons of he abs ie Foundations 2 (© Disadvantage of Preant ener ples: ‘ay 201) 1. These ples are hoy, There thy rete special euigmens for Moding and 2c cre swt ake, hese piles ay Break ding transorto ig 3, Thy reav hoty ple ving pepe. | Bare tifreenet i roe tober hinding nd ving atest. Hence thee pile ae cost 5. The leg of he il sets sine i depends upon the rasp i 4&8 cl to nese te lmgh ofthe ple peeviwsy etme on the basi of ter ole 1th pl od to Be to lng, dg ing Is el sd ucoons 0 cate pile {These les ar pot ave at short oie. Hence delay of work wil ear Fr enersney project. 152. Conte comer Pl + Inshitypeof conse les a Dre i gino the gous by nseing es. Tis ace i then ile wth cement cont ser lasing enforcement, if The esing my ‘hep in potion or it ay be witha, The ples wi cng ate known a eed as inst one le andthe whet eae are haowa 9 unease esti cneete ples Cont st comet Piles + cust Unsted = Raymoad pies = simplex pie = Mag Aa ies ~ Frankl ples = Monee pier = Mino piles = SP base dine pier ~ Peet pie = Baton boom pileu anced contruction and Equipments le Foundaone a Th dsl il nd ly in ple pv rel raf 0 ig se pe L— Faster an Fee ef yf ah Fa Gorn teup isi witena tebe i “Ths ile cosas of» thin out shel (sag) soma he Esto. The or em ae | ttl mil i ly toad on ito ih Tot eter peated tate ted te oe \ oe : | Wate ee ied ap my tly ad om omar ween | wiiitreteop sat ae poate ped tly a | Sone ge ts ao hun ee ae | Tests pty ed wb ame ep ig 8 ma arto Pie f 3. DSPLbase driven Pies Th ple of aay wile el fs iA eo | plot ws bine a ELT Fig. L7 Raymond pile | ‘Mac Artur is ile of aniform dames, aig te crud el shell whish teins in plea in Rayo Pile [Ahoy se ting wih eis ven na he ound shown in Fig. ‘When the desl det sacs te corer wha and erp sel Sl ined im teeing ny comet pd athe sly ray emptng Han widening theses cane Fig, £9 BSP PileAdvanced Constrcion and taulpments ‘Drvng don by allowing Fle Samer to al en he coset lag. ‘The cating i rien othe sed ph and then itis ile wh ome, Sage les Sage Pils id with abana in some sis wher the ving fs vey hard cr where eso ee water Hgts, for some ine ore iin the In the iets, sli pic om press conrad a el cece which sot oe emu 9 ch the pg inserted inthe pag Inthe cond stag, pei ine over plug ihe cre estes the ete pie ted ot yh ger fb pl hs foming a water ah joi. In the third tgs the ple driest pei depth. The driving fre cticly etd by thereon te pg nd teppei pulled down rar In the fourth tage, afer he ppe was reached tbe desired eth he core reooved sn the pp filed wih cone Fig. 110 Swage Pes a Foundations 2 ‘Baton - brom Pil (tay 2001, May 2015) ‘Tha ples ae ui cations whee near in the on sting ee desi ‘hep sa core pl af the ship of tan. This aoe fos an eld hoi nth a ing ing, ‘Tha piles ne Bon ued upto lege of abit 23 wad er ade wp 0 50 1m the fre stag, 2s! pipe wih [2 mm hk wal ato the cent baton. The sone itn bas «ameter abot 25 ma ager tha he ie nthe second sa, the pie and baton ae ven pid deh Inthe ted stag, erga ta sl is ned te presi on te ate tn the fowrth stage, he casing is wth leaving te Beton ie shel is filled with one Reiforement maybe eel if neces nid te [r=] Fig, 111 Button - bottom Pile (© acne cnt int coment Pile (tay 2013) ‘These pls Jo st we easing and ene ar cheaper: However set kl is eid in hei contrston. Those ples re sed aly whee i scent nie al or mer wil fll ot the Hale, cr suteze lato at reduce these of eH ad so ere ase ples wil no damage the en conc. I seat to hae cle Ingattation inspetin, ince no lspestin i pose afer they ae tl cin 8) 3C ‘danced Construction and Eaipnents "abvantges of onened pls (i) They do at eit ong syce sents (i) Thy do ot eit ating feces eg ob ho a {ii) They do ot rei pei tng expe. () The ent is ot able map rm ving. ‘The common types of mete stint cant pls a 1 Silos Filet 2. rah ile 3, Mio ils ’ 4 Pods ile 5. Pesure Pils Simplex Paes (oy 201, May 2015) mW nN oan Fig, 112 Simplex Piles le Foundations 1s ‘Sipe ils canbe ven tooph or aa sli ahs peo a ake ted with cas rn shoe renin the grad po he sid eh Reinforce if ees spe the be, cape then pad in the bean the ae stony whe, witha concrete Bing tmp, eis Behind te oi sh. In his ype of pl, i ampinn of ener is ne wide, we Beth apex tmp ple 2 Pratl Pet: (on 2015 In his ype of pil, «pag of dy cone gravel i formed onthe groan by ey renoabe pipe sl ‘lest oprtd drop hamme of 201030 AN weigh i ven on te concee lng This esl in th formation o ens pg th penta te prom and rage he abe wt i on sean of tin developed between he tbe nd tHe conte peg ‘When the be has rece te dei dep he tbe is Bld in poson by cables (nds) and the tse apl 6 the coerce ph, it dom nd outa. Th es nth nln ofthe bint th ice shige, rogue » es chap of semi conti note he bl, oS ty Fig, 113 Frankl Pilesom Advanced Contructon and Ealments Tt went tgs, he eared by inodacing ceive cues of oe ming cat a tr and withing the easing aly abut 300mm at © ‘ime, Corson wl Se ome om th surfce of «comple ie “Te ple dame in Fak pies vary from 50 om wo 60m wile he lr tase my hee a Gant stout 9D cn, The pil Bs oad coring eapaciy ‘60 tones (660 EN) 90 ees (00 KN). Vibro Pils “Tate ples ae ed who the ground i of ts ofrng te itions resitioe tthe Now fete, Buh Standard an xpd ples me formed by te wtp : “Tat piles ae foe by driving seal tube ad sn, ing with comer, sd withdrawing he el te. Saar vibes ste mie ine of 38,45 ad 30 mums fr loa of {407 tonne. Tey cn Ferme th leno 25 and ve |A sel tbe fied with «cast ion shoe is dven i he sound by 2 4025 toon hammer opened by am oc mp i delivering of 9 40 Bows per inte, with sae of abot 4 ‘When sesh nd the ite is rete the desired evel te abe i fle with onset (sly 124 mi) The wiawa of te abe anf the amigo he once ae eet by ber opening at HO lows pe mist Fig L Vibeo Piles Pe Foundations a Filth ele completely withrwn vig te de a ple ad thus Files formed with eoupatons al lng ts bgt. Pedestal Pes This ype of pls ae sed where hia tring an eed wih vesonbe eth, The pedestal of te pile ves the fist of spre footing om hs compa thin eng “The cre nd tng even oer inte ke round il thy ech he eres tet. ‘The oe anu an a cape of conse paca the ‘Toe ors sun pled in the case pres om he pf peed Som, Prose i ple a he concrete tough te care and th se tne, te sing i wih. The proces i repeat il th cs incompletely remoed The Fabs pile i sown Fi Ls. HHA 1.15 Pedestal ites Presare ples © ‘hase at ford with he lp of cting tbe, brig auger aeons ir espe. Tse piles we ese sulle thor sone ses whee ey ain doe et permissible. ‘tol is ed imo the round by mesa fa anger a a the ig poses, ‘te Sle Hod by a tel ae,Advanced construction and Equipments, Fig, 1.16 Pressure piles ‘When te tie ene he eid th the ering ol is withowm, The renercement i any ithe pled in the tb. nh second lags ayer of cnet iad nd pesca is rove at he topo the tobe Compress i then adie hh be i ip and winch i pid to ras the abe Th the ei ie phy oath sume tie omer feed no the sirodig ond by conpesed “he proce repeat ile teamed Civ sald be taken 1 se tit sone prion of cance reins a th toto of tube whe iting of the Advantage of csc insta cnet ples ah woh shes are aed in et-inst acre pi. These shel re esy to andl do dive the ground No eta enrement i que 0 rei testes developing ding nating nd vig patos: le Foundations 2 4 Thee io wastage of mtr he pleof roqled engin oly cnt I ‘ho clninats te probens of legtecng or hoeing of te pile 4 The pes ae sound in consti hey ae nt dive int the rund bya bane The danger of baking of il i ao imine ta cst of tata of li inte. ‘tthe ned ais, tinal piles my be suse aul. Disadvantages of canine oert piles 1. tis dicot wo mainan he einemen in cost poitondving constuction of vile, Foran wife pit «alg movement of erth may Bek th pil ‘These ps cannot besos der wate, The hy goimd may bs ate on wet cn, making thei stay eke te coe i nt wl raed, oie wl remain inte enero, aking te conse woth : 15 mo posible to havea prope com ove he composian ead design of he pile 153 Sta Pe: The pes of sta pls commonly ed re pie 2. Bax piles 3. Tae ier een pte Leven tate ewe Fig, L17 + Stal itePa iranced Construction sad ts 1 Bile: “Thee ples ae willy f wie lng ston, They ae sinbe fo westletpe since in wich he pls ented above grandee da telus. ince they ve seals sectional ae theo, they can be csi liven in is eich il te dic to dive own doer piles, They ate Utd 06 Io ies with high erg cps “Ty ae recangultoF ginl nfrm ld with cnet. These piles me ese ni ot poet ive He it ard rata Take pie . Jan 2018) Inthe, tbe opps ose! driven ata he gros. Cnc fle ine the tab ile Becase of tir clr rss set, te pls ae cyt nde and (© The advange of step are: (1) These piles can ely wit esses dct vn (2) Thos pesca esis Il fre ina beer wa. (0) The ie ca bay lege fy welding ail can db be et ff eal (Te arog capsity of tse ils comparative ih (6) Tsp ca hep get sees ‘The ely dendanaye of sel pli rss. © Disdvanage 1. Comoro che only daw of te piles, When se piles ae epaed te a ot onthe ac best faerie dying or wating, cross tes pace ‘To pevent corsion, sel ples maybe cove wth mci pls hey ry be ecard wih comet conet Bal, wy incre he cost of pile (on. 2015) ian, 2015) SA Timber Pls = ‘These ile at pepe fom mks of eck, Thay maybe claro sane. They He 301 50min ameter wih lenght eaceeing ines op with [ithe Bt, #esonshe poided sal th fp a sel plat is fed. 1 pop of ners een te po ach ple is WOU eae eel and then 2 owt ca i provided to hve x ommon pla. They have smal ering apc and Me nt permanent nes teed te Foundations Fig. 118 Ter Pile (0) Where tinbr i aviabe easy, thee pier prove to he sori (2) Te ent of tins plo cn base et y etn regen itt (0) The ps en be removed ely, if ena (© Ske spesision is ot esd ie the ensnetion f tne ie. (5) Thse ples do nt regi hey egeipmen fr diving © Disadraatags = (©), Tse pilesdtriote de to he aon of ey wero nets (2) These ps can not ake any fade (3) These pes ean ot be riven it ar pond (6) Thy ae ee dal, 155 Compote Pas ‘This 2 pe of contaton i which pls of wo dierent mates ven ne ‘rth eer 5085 oem ter 0 ct together perm the nto ig pile sca 8. | m6 4Pia Founeations 2 Fig 1.19 Composite pile ‘nhs cambio, vss tae fai f cnet ile sd the cherpess of timber ile. The ine pile emia jth wes eve of rear ater abl vantage of compat (0) They ate oni (2) They a ey stn, (2) Tiny ae sual sou condom ia which ater tps file wil be able 186 Sand Pe: ‘Teese les oma by making oles the ound andthe ing them with snd I sands Kept confined, it possesses great crashing strength and Becomes incompresible ‘Aber eof rite ams ally 30 em is oma be by deving a woe plo by an ange or by fog pipe with hal end "The Hoe is thn led with snd sd is wel eed. The snd 1 e sed sald emia te Hine of placing (vor. 2016) Fig. 120 Sand pile ‘The tp of snl ple filed with const prevent he sand sein mare due to fal pes Swe ple sre paced m 213m, uly er the Coloma the str A oad ‘et should be sre! ott dtermie arngsapciy of 2 sand pl A prope onstosted sed tering om fem Hat an tke up od of 100 ena? ‘The fogth of std pl i apt sbut 12 tne dame, The dame snd pile Sepan on the lad sting on he2 Advanced Construction and Equipments ‘Atantge = 1. The piles ae eexmoml or mal bins and embarks of ads 2. Tay ae ety to ems, 3. Ibi posible ewe in plo of snd, Such les ae now af 4 Sand ites can be wed respective to any poston of water able © Disivantags : 1. Send pile a6 ie fr lose or met sie 2 Sand pik a ot ble whee tee i danger of sme 2 Sand ites eet be alge tepon uted eoetearhgkes. 16 SKE PILES « Sinisa hn pk, made of pte f connor sel, ven int the pound fr ithe soaring mene roping sepage oF wer. They sent mea {or ewying any verel load, Treo, shat ples te aba termed moalond wearing les, ‘het pls a wed th flowing porn (0) To unas fondo fm ace sil, (2) To mevea andor movenat of wate (0) To proven te tae of michioe vitae tonic stracnces, (4) To coast eng walls ia dc, what ltr sie strates (6) To protec ver aks. (6 To rein sides of outs eee, (0) Tomo cl walle dru, (4) To cafe tel and hey neat the easing apy of (9) Te canst sons fr watrinthe ses, sl onthe mtr pes fst les 1. Caer sh piles 22S see pies 5. Timber sheet ie le Foundations 1 Conerete sot pee Cette shat ples a eafrced, precast it The width of ech ait my ‘ay fom 50cm 60cm and hicks varefem 2 em 06 sm ‘The infect in he fom of el at ad nope Forgot ors Presets prec concrete ples a6 Pret REC she piles ar sed or parmaent works ch a ak ens, a ff wal etig wal, what wal, nore ke them wae igh, thy ae psd in ah ay tht roves we a es eis Fig. 1.22 Precast RCC sheet Pieswipmens, | Pile Foundations fe a een pe af lw ples areas 1. Arch we test ile Fig. 122 sows, Vin, dams shape joint, gue aad seer ero The et the pl ae siped bial and beveled 2 file vn Mal shoes re povided the tof hile, he ave to pas trough 2» vanced contraction 31 Terme dee grooves te the ied by een morte proportion (3) 2B up ype se! sheeple he 4 Conde set nin 5. Deep ch web els i So ht pls ae mo commonly pie “hey ae gh ped ad whe vet pile ented wih eee Univeral jot se pile Theyre gel der se sa 203° wie a4 $m ag Ste shat piles ae ong and diel nd co be esl ven witout ume ancien, Type ity water helo aed ec, ty tidal ued eatin fea : om ‘They ar owed or permanent work omit ste. | | unr re ste ret seo sta Me ‘vives joi stl st ils consis of eas comet by sand etches ot lockbur, The cich i a of Eco, But its Mage ste credo a fo ncondt he fangs of Lean Fig, 123 (4) 3. Timber she pie: ‘Timber sheet pls re commoaly wed for empisry wah ich coffers aa commie, 9 PE ae Sf mot ven oe eat Pe The with of he sheet may vy fom 22540280 rm, wie cae shows tb ess th 50mm ‘Thay may be jie by eter Out or Vins. Tce fet ae beetle sod sonetins shod wi sheet ioe Pig. 123 (8)evinces Constton snd Pe Foundations Fig 125 Timber Sheet Pile {7 CLASSIFICATION OF PILES BASED ON METHOD OF INSTALLATION aed co method of iain Pile may be lai us allows 1. Deve ies: Ths Pes ae riven iat the ground by appyng blows wth a hy hammer oe tie. Tnboy, sland rst conccte Pe isle by ding whch maybe tive to poston either Yer or aa inctiatin. 1. Driven and Cant-in-Sita P+ ‘hme Fk a fomedy dig a sing with loeb edit tes. The casing i er filled with cone The esng may oc my not be wires. I csing ithe, ld seed Pl ed if asig i ot wav, clad cased ile 2 Bore and Cast St les: ‘Thee Ps re frm by evn ole nts the around ad then ing with 4. See Biles: ‘These Pe re sawed in esl Jacked Pie ‘Thee Pes rjc Ith ground by applying a owawaed fre with he eof shyt jk 1 UNDER READIED PILES (tay 2013, Now 2015) These piles ar ssesily developed by CLR, Roorkee (U.P) for sing = foundations fr nk soon sil ll up goued a ier typeof sls heving oot Deaig cas ‘Ax unerreamed ple is» orl satin sont faving one or moe bls dreams init lowe potion. The bls or waders are Formed bye ang too The ameter of wd pile varie fom 20m SD cm td that of Bl vais ‘om 2103 ines the daeterof pile, The eh of de ume pss shout 3 fo 8 The sycng of ples may yry from 2 mom. The i etme ple canto be ed fr saay oi with igh wae tbe, “he la caring cape of ude reamed piles cn be incre by aig piles Inger diameter by extn the eth pls by making more lbs a the bse. A single under eel piles oly one bull the Bato, When to or mie bulbs ae ove the ae itis known as ut-bub war reamed pl, The vel spn erween he ae aries fom 1.25 01th dtr of bul \\ econ ou, G le sigetubcn- (ems ub pe Fig, 1.26 Under Reamed pilesu Advanced Contrction ond Equipments, Trt ofc sl he uly, ot nly eres the bearing apc Bt abo rode core sist pi © contract f wade (ay 201) cnx 7 ‘em © Fig. 127 Stages in the Comtrecton of enderreamed pies le Foundations as Fig. 127 soma various wages inte contrection of # adecremed ply The eolpnet regia ar the somatioe of il ar (0) Spat ape ~ oe fr Bving (2) Under romer~ ofl formating babe (2) Boring guide ~ sd hep the le veel (0) The oon ie eld ae the beige comet pled in postin, (Soi aside the round cole is ke tA spiral age i werent he ound ole feed, The eri thn it, ths making re ol Whe he as ese ft toi i tan oo emp nd gun ever tthe hore. The poet Is comtnaed il he dened pth of Dbl each (iy fet it i patig, ing do Bette clay may be inl ped (i) Te ude-reamig to! ace with bucket ats over nd thn ered th bore ole. Apa nsdn the shaft contol the maximum dame the bal to Be at Whe rare pple on the ander ramer semble gral widen ‘pen ota ut the lsh ope the Bie When eke fl ' applied the nl, de to whieh Badr flout ely, nd the aeebly then takes ot for enpjing the ace Thus, aude eam tb of dese ie (0) The bab so famed isp sl measured wit he Bly of pide ook A renfrement eg ie the lover in he Bore He (i) A concrting fant be ced on he op of the ore le, Cnet i pray owed in the borehole and compacted Ih the inal pes of contig, the enforcement cage as be asl and ler in coset 19 PILE sPaciNg + (or. 211, May 2012) “The cee to ete dsc brent Piles wi lle ile pig [Normal th Pile sings taken a 2 goal dimension of il incase of Square Pes nd 25» ameter of Pile ceo eeu o Otol Pe ‘he spicing of Piles depends pon the fling Store 1. Leng of Pe26 ‘évanead Consraion and euipments 2 London Pile | 2. Material of He 4 Ratt of So in which Pile it be iver 5. ‘Type of ie 6 Pte pig i 1 Obras in Pile ving 1.19 GROUP ACTION OF PILES (pie soot ad sap Beneath column ta wall besase HS extemey tea 0 dive the ile aoc wt ant place te oadton ex vers ‘eat oe. IF eecane loading reste pile may al suc bee of beng acta pri, seta ls spp by svc les ating Fp. A ncn uber of thes pls eed vader assum na win ptm even he [an dove ot yaaa thw of he ples. When umber files else sn the, the ples ae a0 ang tht hey ae sync with rept tthe oad, Ps er wll me aang oo er se ofthe cn ine of te wall 8 sage | firma, ‘The los ae arly tater wth ple group ogh reinforce sab (on 2011) beam called he Fe ap. Te ple tops we cameo taper fo he ple which hel the pile top an nar eit Thee cpa ter stand leary above he trond evel or mayest onthe sil prilyo ly bred lew ground ee. ity of ile group Fig, 129 Grovp aston of piles and premare bulbx ‘Toe lint ad canyng apy of ile goo isnot woe esa em of he individ! lad caput of he giles Inthe gop, Ditanses of sil ng. e Insallaion ofthe ile an over of steses baton th just pls, may cause Be Jon amin apy fh ple rou o be a tan sum of he ad cay of hive pit aves, he il etc the pls my Bom “ake deo csftion fom diving of pile a the soup my tend behave st an eqivalet single age pile (ook. Morover,desifeaion aad inpevemet of proper of Sil rodig the oop may ale ocr. These tr end vide he eoup a capacity reer hn th om fhe apse of the idl ile, The nd crying epi of he evn lag ile (ANA) iin y detaining he in in rete aad fe embeded painter ofthe pile grup ond elt heen earn fsa by suming «tip wea fomed by this Blok, Th ol caring capt file up te th sma of te flowing 1. The sam ofthe load eying capaci of hindi is, 2. ead earyngcaaity of th single ag oul pl (och.a ‘Aavanced Constrcion and Equpments, {ll EFFICIENCY OF GROUP OF PILES = (ven 2015) The eiieny of ile group is defined as thei ofthe oa arying caps of the ile rp tothe sum helo iringcapsciesofhe inviu pies tine of ile poop Loong psf he sep * Simao ening postin @ wre “oe ficiency of ile roup den pn Ne lowing fers (ype of i (2) Mato of istlson (2) Soin of ir (Lent ite (6) Diane of pile (6 Maelo ie (0) Naner of ewes fies (8) Nae fps a3 09 © conver Labarre Forma: = amber oF rome = umber of pli in 3 ow «(6 etre 4 = dino of pile = sping oft 2s According 0 tr, te vu of ech ple rll by oneziteath on ecu thet of mars ple each dg of ght rw of wc he ata ile memeber. Ti i ilastae in Fig. 130 Examplet: Twenty five Pils are arranged in five rows and five clemas, Diameter fie 30m and ef spacing i 1.0m. Determine group effiseny() By Fl’ ele (0) By Converse La bare formule Seaton: (Fes ele Accrdng fo Fl lhe flee o nh Pile seed by on aera of (he let of sash ny Pl ‘As shows in figure ah group of Pil ee wil be retype of Pe. For type * ile herdution i efiesy wi be = 18%“0 Aévamced Constection and Egmont a Foundations om © © Od @ e130) Fels ® ® p oO FOO © Yor pe 2 Pil, dhe econ effec wil be see 30% Fee type 3 Pil, thereon in eciengy wil be 0% of Fite Ne of Fr egy 1 + (00-1) = ae 2 2 12+ (00-30) = 3 . 9 (0-4) = 268 oal= eo Tae roepeiieny y= “SE a 65.6 (0) Converse-Labarre formas m= numberof ro smber of Plein rw" 4-030 teem Gea 630" ep fescteste: | upset WRgsors yet ‘Bay n> 7030% 112 PILE ACCESSORIES ln cae of Wooden TS le, Pca Core Piles, to ott the tp and eto ofthe Pile while ding nto the ground ad ote easy Pe ving ein ecu are eguied as une Pile Cap 2. Pile Shoe 1 Mie Cap rooE Fig 131 Twas of ven Fis ls we Given i he pound Wy sabe Wows of ary hanes enti tps. The ope he tp of ple, ile cap is rove Neraly, ile ‘sp ismade of sel. The hs dina cop depeeds up th shape ad seo the ple ving Maer. The Pile ld peta into tho cap for les 1 em lent 1m sa of group of ile, a eommon cap of RCC. i rove forall th pis. This cay the ln Fam he strand sbate 1 varus les “Te ile sop cows of ii ep ba andrenfred cones sb povided ver the pop of Piles The pile ap poids ve he nite sof lai como 0 be ‘hscone Endo. 2086) 6i 2 araned Constrtion a Equipments | le edations ig. 131 0) le cap fo thee Piles ‘eum tke ul othe width f the Pik. The enfrcment othe ap sould pled ‘fat 0m ahve the File Bed, ‘rer to prevent ota playing deny of ly be poidd. Thi reinforcement povided ‘he longa reinforcement projecting fom scandy infest totiom o Pe cp ring od into the exp sold 2 ert Fig. 131) Pe cp fo fo is“ samc Cndrin od Eien Pie tenesion “ hat ere i change of i ison we en of vey Pile Fig 131 @) ad 131 (0) shows the ft eleation and pn of Pil cape of four an he Pls respectively 118 PILE DRIVING aie snes Te ‘operon of isering ile no the gown is known a le dela ile ae driven mathe growed ty meus of hanes. The eaupment se Wie ving wooden el ile by hammer the boom en of he Pile gets msg ee Sansa low io fil on dhe Dd of he ile ow a he Pe eve aig ifeay in ving Thine, ile soi ft! ae bom en f the Pl t2 rt ele 1 liao Pe ing ‘The sts mas of Pe dag a arouse of soe a show a Fig. 1.32 ee (0) Seu Pte Sw ‘ S (2) ote tapes st be considered fr selection of Pe ving method (6) Round pte soe ‘ype af il at ste (9) Sel ep ple toe fr inter ier Cove of Pil diving equipments (9) Socket ype pile soe fr ibe ies ay of Fad Presse Material of Pe 5. Length of ile 6 Grou water lvl, (6 Coe sh i pie ile Forkum diving following eigen ae reqsied (Pile me or Pl ring ig 0) Fle ber 0) texts (6) Wes (5) Miscelineous eqsipmess (0) Pi frame or Pie dong + Fig 1.3 sow le iver wit awlecited rane ig cmmbaly wed rie ving The hari ui teers to Pr se! canal known ead”. The lens hac apna the rane wih, which wu ajstable otha he leads ca be Bld in verti poston prt ving of vera Piles, cin inked Hig. 1.32 Pile Shoes poston pei ving tater 2 &“ trance Construction and Equipments le Foundations el © Adeannge 1. ising apr dap mer hen, it dost ie sled aur fore waking 2. The eo pr Mow can be iy arid by changing he ih of al 3. The nt cost se © Disadvantage: tne secpmnee nn get 1. 1s ot pnb to cont he Bi dp with any aecur. | 2. The rp hammers ease vktos to ean srt. ‘ncanarnarecen te ig, L3¥: Pile deve with erafer mounted crane ig @) Pi Hammer: (tay 2010) “The anaes vst for le devin re fhe losing pe (op tamer (©) Sig sing hammer (tea pout) (©) ecb eng her stem or ream) (Diet bane (6) Vietony ber (@) Drop tamer (tay, 201) ‘A do hammer isd bya win ed allowed odo on th fp ofthe pile er sity a eri igh, Dring he ving operation, capi ed the tp ofthe pil and cshon i uel provided Btwn the lead the xp. Ancor eso, own at hammer cusion, i pled eo th Pe cap on which Be hanes ees the “The dop hammers th let pe of amt i fle vg Israel wd these dye esse of very ow ate f hammer Haws 3. tftoo get dp i alone white diving ough hard sa tere te haces of danaging te pie 4 or deving the ps under mite, te dog hans te esl, Siege sting hammer In single ting hammer, eva isd by ose der pres ote ‘nied height It 1s he lowed t ll ender rarity om the tp f the pile ep. The ‘ei of hammer is ato 1000 c 10,00 by. The Hows maybe dened much mor raily ha ina of op bam In his ype of hammer the movable mas of hammer is rtd iter ty seem oe compres ai md then ti allowed drop by gravy aloo. The wg feng ing steam hammers shot 20 AN, the il i bt met od te ser of ows aout 0p mina (©) Te sped of diving i inrened doo peter uber of Dow ey wei (i) The nee skin Jn beween scene Hows eel reid dst eater numb of bows, (6) The singlestng seam hammers maybe ofthe coed peo open ype Th farmer an be ult ive the ple kr wate, © Disarantages (0) Th hl sequined in the operation of ame (Gl) More tne 1 resid te nat ed dane,a vanced Contraction and Equipments Gi) The stam bier or rene rehired whch ire the nial cont of i) The itera i ih (6) Dowble acing bumer tna doe ating hares, ao steam pres i sed oa te kame and ding the umm. When the hanes en nsw te eure a aio stem pesure isapliedoe ote ie of he ana the haere owned ede est “The wiht of the immer may be aot 1000102500, Ian apy 9016 240 ‘ows pet minut Double aig hammers ce neil wed fa iving ih to modeic wht ies in ule of average eine agi rig. nas of amnesia lowered itr by In thie oe of mm, he na steve or campreseed a, The iter tye is Keown the poate Dames. Ths, he ion) energy i imped daring downoad sake aa. Te weight of doles Stem he abou 5 N,Bat opet wth soun pes, it asm et oF «wig fot 30AN, The ur of Blow ermine i bt 10 6 20. The dobleseting ste haere fly enol ste ase Advantages: (i) Te reser momer Slow permite ress in consiale eson 0 tine of ding ple. (i) Theta hin ton betwen szceive ns sated de fo eter mes fo (The energy po Blow andthe aero Bows per mine cx be ao changing the sea pes i) These haere very fl fr ving piles end ates (0) The ple fame i on ried inhi ye farmers The homer i atc ‘othe tp ofthe ile by legge an inter tamewo i provided o side © Dienvantagee (i More ite nou rau 0 afr thi 9 of hanes, (G) The inland mieamee costs ae ih le Foundatone A (Gi) On secon of lib weigh of ame and igh veloc of Bow is Gpe of Imes less uae for deving ney ile tough fa at, (@) Diet namer ‘The dite! hammers sal ight weigh, seonsrined ad af ating pe, wing sie fr fl. The ring ety he of the imps therm pls te ery deve y expo, ©) Lea ‘Leds te so clo nr ts a thane an Pil for sien In case of drop hammers, Fe le ead. ~ Leads cag te movable and ean be ute a perth eaiemont, Moree eds emote convenient, a tay cn be ated rie 9) Wiebe: Winches ae stat tit mr an Pl shou te it wi sings dum prouon or ary with ube dams, Wacss ye Fite with err ep tn ~ Winches av dven wit del or pel engines or wei power nee of ‘op hammers and paeunatc Hannes (9) Mirctancos equipment: ‘The ter eeuipmets nnd or levine (leaps (i) Pie extn (i Flowers (dating einen (0) king ieee (0) Steam enpoe (0 Ae conpresion, = File epi usd te poet he op of Pile dering ile ding, Pe exter ae sted or ling th Piles, “Followers ae he iets f wood o el, connect! Between hammer an tp of pil Followers usmle energy Hom hammer t the Pile when Pile vng oes i coil under wate,Ey awanced contrucon a Equipments eng gunmen sd to Shrg wat jet a gh pres fo etic on 0 0th Pes nn rf gr 2. Vibratory hammer oF Vibratory Pe diver “The eign of» wer hammer basa igh foueny ths the Pile vig is uk até quiet The ing ihe weight, called exces, wich owe ‘nope Gress. The horzo amgonen fhe cen oe versed by he excel ach te buh eal omponnt Tht «ims manic vera face ie deeopd i apt othe le, which fete Pile dwar ‘irr bamner fuse ol fr snd ul gael sis The sed of pentrsian 1s gpd. The mtd i ed whee iain nd come rig methods canoe emits 2. Water jtiog and Hs ng: ‘When he Pile isto pene thin ad eer fa layer te pile a ire rough he ar ayer by eigen. We onde rene 'sdischagd atthe ple tampa by means of ie o mash and lesen he Bad layer 4. Para Anerng method : Tact ils (Bae i) re yaaa by Parti apg le his che, ' power auger i et il te Ble opr of he eth. The le i en ised ie the hole ad iron wit amor the req depth PILE LOAD TEST: (ty 205) ‘The pile ad tithe mot lable metho of determining he nd ying epeity of ple, Tis et eat be pevtared ete m2 working ile which ems th Fondation ofthe dace oon pile ‘The tt Ind is appl ih the Delp of «elated jack lcd ve dpe ‘wish in tum pase on he ed oe Pl peeing aboveground el The esetion of he ok bre by ptr wi rity oligo by ats. Thess an Be anchored 1a the ground wih te Help of act Pies. Under eens ies sail crs maybe sel fr cri the ms. Both amangeness ae sown ia Fg 134 ‘The lod ie applied trowgh Hyde ick rag on the ation sede The essen fhe semen of he pleas ore with he ep fe il sues, ith reipet «Fad resficce mack The et is condor pod 3 ay afer or vel orig seer it Phe Foundations a een een ed ae: cen ane Fig 1.34 Arrangements for Pe lad tt “ sancen insalisin of theses pln sandy ails and aera prod of one oath ar he Instlatioe of he et pl in sts and of days. hide by diving thee ple he Sol ropes ae er nd with pote of time mach ofthe origina popes me resorta vanced Cont The ad pid pence fsbo 204 fe allowable ln. eters toa be recdd with he lags, Esc load income is sand the te of movement of te pil tore hn mgr horny clad 002 a per 1999, or ee a neem Surin lyr sso mtn ft ous (1 2911 semen re overs 35, 124 8 12,16, 20,60 mines. The oning soul be mtn p10 Cwie the af Jl ofthe Lod wih be ol etlemet races a specie value Te od ie rnoved in the same deren a | Bow tena an he le Found Fig 136 shows to Ioa-stlement care obuine? fom ple la et oe va ie sis The via lad Q, may be determined the aici ofthe pit were ‘he lad stent cre canes to a sep sig ne Fig. 1.36) Aenaivey Be int las, he cis of the point of ntti of ntl and al tage of he lead setemen are, (Fi. 1.36 (Th lovable load saul take as coal she ae ba btn moe cee r= oes T 7 | i ‘ ® * ig 136: Deter tie fo seme cures fr ie ig. 1.35 + Losd-etlement carve ‘The meas vals of seme ae plot apis he copoding vals of ad to cbiain he lanselenen cave. Fig. 135 sows » pial laxl-etlenet cre (fim Tine) fr ong wall ning bned rm pled Foc ay ge fate nt ete (8, es by 5.55, S, er ny ) When Week ny ‘ing seu haere cement concep witha cp it vith pking ontop The yale of Cand Cy ae ge by Be flowing expressions (C= Tenporay sai compro of ly oF hele and poking Se it lly hls nd ctshin a = 177 Se, ee te divin i wit dt oe 25cm thick section gw 75a grime spi of a L mune ce oss eeeed feta Doi y= Ee cmpresion of ple‘ter aston are same a defn eer. Tecate empreston (Sy) ofthe ple an cwaty)” AE es 1 = Leni oil, 1 = Asn of cr set of ile = Moda of elatiy of pile stray lomo i iven by, a-$ = ier fey 3 1. a orm: nat wah whinge ings fs ice Be he a of th cen rete este en on 0-0, +0, es, (, = tne ing if th le = nd being itas oit itue Q, = Skin fon mines nad, oh {=a nd eines ofthe Fil which a th hin aig Svs of te a hile Coan tan 4. = eit skin ft sare fe pl in ont wt it L194 troduction Mites wee sncived ny in he cry 1950 respons othe demand fo insane hie fo erpnsng hori ing ad monuments ht hs ssi amape sith tims. Th mips ved olay we elton rom the Basi a inmate, atin gc ple developed y De. Fennel caled Pat adie’ iss ix wi, produce funtion tm coniting femal ile groups, wih for sine el as ike tet sytem of ats, cll thes “Palo rade’ or oot pike’ Faker evlpmens wig diferent inition methods od ening. yt rade it cesar teat ta lee a geeral eaig st ma Interchange io “mr pi. The sof piles ary fom dame 00m 350 oem. A riled and pred ile with enaly pled tel reinforcing member consiting of single einfrng ar, rinfcemest sor es! pipe is wed. Reinforcement ad cement gow a the major component of miro 1 pla ml pl contraction ivaves Dring anor instion of gray tng enor ine ili it ad ral Ping free sed roaing by ene Renove enpanry ang, is frker gt under pros Cones i ein may to nae Uva he empresa, Fp 137 shows ype mito onsmctin eineAdvanced Cnstvtion and Equipments le Foundations # SRE GRCUTAY TAO chew eT RRS Appleton of Maplin (4) New Foundations ro (0) Seu protectin © (© Excaaion supper in confed Aree Under ping of existing Fotos Some fing of exiting sets sl (2) Slope sabia (0) Eat ttn (6) Ground senuhenig and poten (@. Setement ection Advantages of Miceper Miele often wd Mirpites cam be ay where low aad room conan Mirpie an beens instilled at ny angle below te xz ing the same equipment asl fr gd anchors nd growing poets (Offer pat and cstv sean to coy ake pile tens a wel a slice 0 ob sites wih st ses o mat roe lage secs cd Filing plfrms 1192. Types of microples and Dring Metts: {a} Mieropte Caieation: ical av goer cli (1) Asoding 0 dsgn ppltion (2) Grating ‘tol. The design plist dicts the fntion of he mip wile he gating Inabod defies he powput bord apy, 1 the design apletin, here ae 10 sxe pes of apiition. The es typ is where th mrp Is ty aed eer aio neal and he le ence ess he majority ofthe pple lo. Examples of ch appaton ae shown Figure 18 Ths type of pile sed to amr sch lade deeper, more compet ot sl searum end maybe wae ees th move! of the le pase in pes. Theavanced contruction 204 tqsipmants os Toads se pimaiy ese by the el infocement ctrl and bythe gooront tend ne gece SLOPE STABILIZATION ig. 138 Diet lade MropieExampes of design pbtion where the mirope infest Sol to ae iste tha i the po lad al noe tested le etn. ‘hamper shown ia Figure 139. Thi aplcion of wire serves ceunsribe an meray atone he ened ol eonosi 1 method of poting eely te most sain insti cto ove gow send bon capacity sed varie Gal Wit he rosing atid. The Sond prof he ication sed pia on the tod of placement nd peau under aod eig contin. The clasieaton shown schemata Pe Founéstons ig 139 Revculated pile Network Miroples Examples ‘Type As Type A chsiicatnicats at gout paced ele ry Nod aly. Sid cones mortars 15 well seat cement grou, canbe wed ect the pot cole sot petri. ye Binds ht tenet rot i aed the ok wader rs temporary sel il casing is witha, ton peste Spiel rnge(alTypeA tbl Type Bic) Type (d) Type O ig. 140 Mlerpite Chasen based on Grouting Meth Sel roland the easing tthe src, he Mosh exe haat port in he il Bea.vanced conection and Eaulpments, ‘Atovgh ay danger with Gx iin i es than when ming the single abe ethod a ash must be used wah caon bees lcages within the saul can flow bigs pssre and vole o develop ate dil it and cause distr Rotary perewsive Duplex (Cnet): Rotey pecs duplex sstoms we a evelopment of ttt duplex methods, whereby the dil rods anf asgs ae sirtaseusy pecused ote and aeacet. Te petcsnn provided bya fp Ahve rey perv dil bal This method egies del bead of subsota Rotary Peemssve Duplex (Down-theole Homme) :Originlly sd asthe ‘rerburden ling Escene ODE) Sytem, this met inves the we of rary fore deiling combined witha eee andertaing Bt Te eeeae bit Andras the dil casing. wih hn can be ps int the onesie del ole wth th et einer oat thane ried with he concentic method st sie, atc, the il aig aes ot egire a expense cag shoe ad fer es wear 2d bain “Tele meter otis, of mote tha 127 mm ame, en iveve te we ff daynhetoe banner acing ona dive shoe a he oe fees, tha the casing ts ecttly ple nt the Bootle at oppo tel pul by 2 tp ames eee tms sn to ODEX, whic i ow sol a8 TUBEX, hve speae om Earojen wl apes suri, Se are tly mechanical simpler ‘sow of TUBEX Ech wie, however a peruse plex mad in which 2 fly retactable bt rants an versie let ee sbgeetesngavancement Double Head Duplex + Wi the double Read dupes maiod, 2 development of enveional rotary depextehngus, the wd and casings ae ete by spare Ail Ree moaned one above te she on the some carage. These heads provide ph torte (ands enhanced stand obtain ting ptm, et the penalty ‘flow ronal peo. Howe, hea ate ged shh! oe over cn (eating ‘he ower easing), ml te upper coe (eating the ine il ring) tr in opposite Aeetions.Theesukig ages cuting a shearing ation the it peas igh erin ate, wile oe contrat ale dicorage bloke ofthe esi! ro anon by dirs cared ine oxtng dil fhe stint nef may ‘prt yer purely cry lengua or rota pusice wi optv o down ‘Getle hammers. The course feat omits xo ole saghoes sd eneurages pened, ven ia be moat il onions. Pe Foundations * {© Motew-Sem hoger Hollow per ar continuo Fight aur Qotes wh 8 ental oo cor, silo hoe commonly wed in auger pling rowed invasion Teste tals by pe ry tad. When ing do hello ores clo fy apo he il it, When the hoe tas Ben ied to tte cap is knocked off ar lown off by grout presi, permiting he pl t0 be Ferme as he age i wihlavs Sich anger ar ed ail fo ding obese atria oe ery sf sks. ‘abe 11 Deng Meta ‘Dring Sits] —Frngpie | Common | Typiat | Remar Diameters | Main Depts [Seon PCa wh “en ‘barons o vn] MD Die aig | wibOo es, protenata casing, vith) 50400 mm | 30.0 Sos mee 9250 ml Om ery common fo] 0) Etera sh Neal igh rn a = wet fu pa Simatraneoo] sy Diplo 10020 | 70 m Used ealy i ver] sensitive site Jatvencemest 0 conditions, Needs cnn era potive lah retro rd, caring us sud high trees inal sting i Retry percove as voury doen] a.175 mm [x0 m [Useful w oberon Jencerc duplex fenceyt sing mg rocky conditions rods peed as needs powerful 1p el a tated retary "pervasive anne JRiny peeaaive]}A* 7 HEH] 300 wm | com | Expensive and ecntie depen xen conti (ODEXITUDEX) [onal owsori oe to eae cxn| iat sytem for “cn eben,0 rence Costin nd Equipments Pe Foundatane n Fooable bead] Az try depen | 01s me [Ow [Powerfl, ven] Sia rot seit requires enon of expaning gow alse, Nowak apex fevcert casing and system for ta, {pont inpaana te gros ole sits daring sting and redacsthegroniack strait rting ‘ery sift ped Needs signa peste det. lnctowsiemange|acger voted tofroosmom | 30mm [Obstructions eepth co perm prosematea; care] eebsequent ust be exerci i notation of pl + Veonesiontess sil ssi etercenet how ten, of hinher” grou ests CGreting operons havea joe npst on the mile caring cptiy andthe deals of be pouting vary Somewhat tronghout he wal depeding on he ons of te pie andthe gly of he el esac. ate, the ut minre cows oF teen, water andi cen cite abies ch a san and soperlstcies may be edt achive the raid orig codons. The cia impor of he grouting opto Is udeied by he fet at the pled gout regi 0 sere a nambe of prs: Ie umnsfrs the ipod las beeen he incomes a the sarang rand may frm pt ofthe arog rt ston af the ple Ie saris to rte tes reinfconeat fm ers Is etets may extend Hyon the confi of the dil hole by permetion| enientog, ane Gs. “he aot thei, neds have adit proprio Midi, Seng ity, ‘ed dui. The seed fr grou Mit cm mish ed 10 the increase io water “eat his hes gave pact on te thr ee ropes, OF al he fos tat intense grout Midy and st opti, the want ai i he mot domine “The wate i intel to rang 454050, hough een then, abv: ny be neces to Sr legate wiki frases an 40. Conmanly, som ‘eed which can severely inp the moi cacy, Therefore, expanding goo ance sedi th goat mi provide nexansion of abot 14% 0 cmp ant he grat hike and maintain he owe bod 1.94 Groat PicsentTesbnigaes, 1. Gravity Bu Teebiqus (Type A Mropis) ‘One te hole as btn dill o ep, iladwith gout an he infament Flced. rot shoul ays be ited ino te dil ale Droog 2 tee pipe tng te Bt ofthe hl Grou is pumped into te atom ofthe Ble ati {ou of sina geaity 1 a eng ined Is ely Nong om the moth ofthe Deol: No ences resie fap Sup ae thas 1 ese hatte gay of (Po 6 manned for be length of the bree. This ype an pase of grouog feed 0 he pany ene evil tegen 0 be aed ely han the pl mde in ck, we omc pe ae Ding, inal in fe Bard coer sl and prsite owing eneceey Prestre Grouting Thraugh the Casing (Type Micrpies) Adina rate inte wndr peste er the primary rut has ac emi, nd asthe tenor easing is ng With. The sw enkave the prot ok debris This operon can be iid 0 the Lond aster og within the design-ering statu, may Be extended the length of te ple where appoint Pressure grating i wel conde by ataching 2 pressure cap 1 he top of te i esing (is is festering ead He) 04 injeig antares ‘he csi under conlled pres. Groat preses ave mens 2 else tthe int of injection a pose, t azo fr line lotes Between pump and Bl Commonly reste fake is ointed os he dl ig and monte by the ier 154 pue trate of ctng witha daring th prestrntin pace. Alem, Ifa gomlag cap i ned a she aig is eg exrated by ens her ha the “ill rg (eb bya, is emmon tind presse gauge mane on ‘heap ill Lin ses me eve te stem, bt enters typi recrd the pressure india on the psu spe without the conection, esol at sock Ine a omens by the et prc ere bythe got clam da 2 fe weight in the bosen Advanced Construction 2nd Enlpments The cine injection pena (ply 2 a per met of th in oe lt so 50 APs pr meter eth in ee ae) ar ed by the flowing ator ‘Th med to svt ond ba or noni os of rm Te ata of the ila yt pis peste ate ones age he + jin do te he “he ailty othe sod frm xe oud he eng fing non set pre Bowtie ‘he sed vod "i easing by Nash ting te proto cee prs revenge cme of he le” “Theta” of te smn Te ied pomlgznd tnd ey “al pile deh. The ington of rot ty resi ined t pig oon ah on tng curing ef ep aie gern wih wd eh one te lef emerson ia gp ‘Wen aig ot sre pring pe ss i et fein ad cant flee ke ple Aiton, penonena we 2 eee fa ct wei pel ot pve fi oe fe pa ig vt of the emer per nt it he sor i Tl pres Is Vein ot of oer nt ee hn wine a itn ker hg and | Iter sn Mas cn emai of ek ces pst Mi Bo ire tigers be nese sl sme! deen, cmpato, Iai mov fh ol nox ae hb, oe ponent is peel os wel md an oss Promre gting 0 pews w cae» engine celeron of te i sd rele vd nen the ei dame oft ile she od oe. “hw ecm etn ace grow cnet eng igh sin tin esd imprve oliiphenet eran Sih Presi Boag may ao aly prev hs eee i 24, Resbeoning lye Cand D Bop) ema st be gsi 6s iy ih et presen ig the ing rena ase. or exo. teem ond pot rea eu te Coins Alera some mii aration tide myo 8 OF a sma il cin. i ein fe ye B tt ibe ie Foundations n ‘These ckeuntances have koe devepnen of post roving hn, whey tint gout can be inject sei ut tae some time af the pling he primary grow. Sach rus oe alway neat eames mies (forthe eae of mpi ané may there fae higher water comets than te pinay gol israsnd tha exces ater a hes mines i expel by pes lation ding sag into te so nds he otal plied rout his 2 lower water coset (nd therefore ihe strep) ‘This postroutog method is rina wed in the Type C an Type miso clusion “Type C: Neat amen rou sped ie the ole 8 done for Type A. Beton 15 2S mime tr, and ttle harden Fh pinay siege js nce om the hed of the He walt ace, vit a 8 0m Ber plod level goat ie (ote reinforcement) a a reer of a east | MPa “Type Ds Nat cement pout pled inthe ole 38 done fr Type A. When this rrinary aout bas hardest i jected vin a ppl sleeve go pie. Sor pases of sch njetion are posi asta ions ani spa tovscond restr of2 08 MPa ep the begin ech lee treme ven he oni pray sot Be opted forthe ft ie Thr i iy eral of at le 2 hors ef scentive phe, Tee or four phe oF ist 46 anc, cntrbating atonal pot volumes of mich a 250 Pesca of the primary volo. 120 MEAVING OF FILES + ‘eve and lateral movements det ple deve + Wescvr ile are dives, is pled. The movements indore in th sibel my have seal ends consouees fale the tinge nea leet of those pls ta hive sbeady been ve. The efecs of ple and sil placement on fauntos performance depend 1 the eat ett pon te typ of tees and the in which they uae he loo he sounding pound lie pes eid oe endearing, th rise ding he ig of sey intl piles may ein impr iu crying apc, The ening pile semen my be at let as peat a he ple eave the pls ae rope in cars enh & suc, ira setement son the Beved pls may be Lge and deiner to the sappeing src, ‘Whe pis to spp lds by shi fton, he dent fc of pile evea vanced Construction and Equlpmente ty eles pononeed ects her om being stam with wich he tp of the ple rics. the eng ad campreatiiy of he se sa By the plement, with flee nt fly nde le vng apes si and peviuly en pis atl a wll verily "Exiting arcs ao may he dae by th pie eng. The foe of ie be alc fm the dein lave hy yes whieh re exceed ‘okra te Fundtn costco spcifeion, Moe, whee il conta eth element sch a ip jit ina compose ple ora spin tinker il te so dslaement may peice asap ksh may dee he apy of be pile ot re-comsldtion , | | Ina slsspced pile group wheres clase its de over tf lay, he | upper part ofthe mas of soil enciowed by the group is raved wp during pile diving. | ‘Theres, when recanoision kes plc te weight ofthe heaved ap sl is eanaered tothe pis, thus incesing he lad ob ht he event ht he wpe oft clays and sits 6 nt conibe to the ering cpt of te pk. The woblo i 1 aes ow mich of his lod shoud be aan cc th working led he pile fom the ‘in of view of a saying caput ofthe nga! pile ‘The weight ofthe mas fs eaing rap down soul be divided op Benen the ile eh gowp ada te woking oto ech pi. Te fen shalt not] ‘ceed hein eying cps of inva lea termine by eaelton | | | ening bt he sey tr med tei be ah A sf fil es than 2 ig. At Bit of growed eave om 0p of dine leis lay Pe Foundations ‘oul be aceped te setlonet of elvan excessive wet he a Ton shold be eld ta the dea-dowe on ay indvidal ple in» poup cased by cession of he sail sound the pile wil a be eater tan can be cai skin fon onthe pile ba, ie th sce ae of te ile Bede inte oft ny male’ ty the adtesincarerpndng ote ser steag fthe 2 ly Alea conser te con on aid ile shld be remembered tat Rave a recnliion cin to wee natives tion ily Hey Yo cain he whe eu of ilk ser the working fad plu th weg of the costing mas of sof hy sould ao te alee The caring caput ofthe oop sien by na w+ Ly aD whee D'= pinto it tila sam Safty fico = Q, + (ata woking Ion 00 pile group + Load tasted by canis of sf cl). rath sty ar nd nly ow se he deg do de ot comaiing st wi nt meee the actin of he Beneath the we pee Base te oly ‘dil dt thet eile rye woking od imgsed on he up fom he ‘ie ete net wih ofthe is aml ie weight of th crete on ‘hei ey tes be pile op Bsn Be nce bythe pe diving Frost Heaving of Ping In redo of cl late many pil oman rn pround whi is pari set sean sing an, therefor, yh je 1 the danagig eft off! heaig rot henving ba iphed wood plg upward ae mach a 1 ches in a sige Wit eto oan Ala aie Wg et Paras, Asta. Because of hia ein, ad tectte fan ground iene int te wide a th pl ssenett,pthap, ithe ‘se fh pl iin german = he ile os nt etn origina poston in mer, Mecha of fat Neaving of let ‘When good fe pward ing seasonal exing ay ebet on ote ged ely Se y the gown wil ao be fred upward fhe forces actng wpa oe teeter than the forts phingdowowe. The wae fre exerted o pls he est ft ving of prod whic ir anen toh pil; he dowavard foe i te weight ‘fe ple plu i ld an the ein Etec the pile and the une goed benth ‘he tangent aloeing stength of perma i it exits he sense op Factors tfetng upmard fre ‘Theamount ofthe vp aon ile een apn (he atest of rt ening7 evanced Construction and Equpments (@) engl eigen, een he se ftp andthe scaly fae ound and te suri eof eile ah season gn Intensity of frst Beving: ‘Theimenity fot having mes dapends son he snout of lace segs ‘hat fms when Be grandee. This seit Spd on many physical fos, te rst inp of which tua fe god nd the sabi of eis 1 Tere of the ground = Mavimen fst heaving of ile za in fn pined semen ne snd sity cys Onc it ptap the mest fava, hye eh ofl periaby ‘re gen [Zoe of tne ten ig 42 Feces aplcble in fst heaving of ling Pe Foundtone n ‘Maisterecotent ofthe ground The anc ad poston, or dibaon of wali in the grand perhaps the mast ipo fr neigh oh of an ‘esta fst heaving of ples. Therefor, if nega 0s oor died as ely ecenite wate, Fost ving of piling tc sit wil Be eet in 8 ald climate ‘The dire fet hening of ple of any pte de fn ret ioe ebay of ce to the ground nea th ile. Whee the fesndaton fs anal bie i emily i Bnepried sadimess, moisne is eommenly met ule der he ene the Wei. There, he ple ia he eter of tebe se Fz ypc hemos and frm 8 np in he ne he fonds ae psd (tay 201, May 2012, Jan 2013, Now 2014) Se he sitions in which Memo od ob en nto acount wile desing » pile (tay 202 (tay 202) (or. 201, May 2012) Ste avatapes and disadvantages of Precast concratep Wr sho nt pile pacing. ‘Wha ile fondaton 7 How ile foendins sed in eet suas ? Which ‘ators wl fc the seketon of ype piles? (or 200) Desi the pics of cating print concrete ple and drow 0 net seh ax pil rest const ple (nor. 20) Diss the aoa ate fire of ples (ay 201, or. 204) Wie pins you wi comer wile wing he pail May 204, Nex. 201) ay 201) (in, 2013, ay 2015) apa with seth constuction roel of (@ Bananbotm pile (Simp ie (tay 215) Compe (tay 2019 (Cases pies and proc pte, (i) End Searing il and tion pile Desi ple diving by drop bane metho. Sie snd explain dynamic fons or seeming ao arying apy of ile, ay 2019 (an, 201, Now 2013, Now 2014)n v2 B x 24 a. 2. Advanced Construction and Equipments ‘Wit hr nate on ude eed pile ‘an, 213, Nor 2013, May 2006) ‘Wot compote pile? Ge i svanat ad snags Esplin ple sho and ile cp (tay 2015 ive te reno pling es, Expain various mets of pling fps (tay 215) Deseret matt of pil eal ss for she deemisaion of is esing cepa. (Gam 2013, May 2013, May 208) Wit short me on (as. 2015 (0) Fra Pie) Fle cp and pile doe Chay and exphin wit shee vai pe of pls based on fenton, (ay 2013, May 2018) i ier oars fr Piling ie wate sd fe (tay 2019 Desribe ftas fect seein of ile (ier 218) Exphin metodo stemning the fine of Pl ow. (er. 2013) ‘Wit tor aon Tier Pe (or. 209) ‘Wit hr eons pile wth it abvantage nd tnages, (No. 208) ate Coffer Dams Cotter Dass Nesey of Caferdams Seton of Type of Coterdams “Types of Ctferdams 2S Harb Coterdaae Reckil Coterdam Rocio Crib Cotter Single Walled Cfferdam Double Walled Cotterdan ca Caer 287 Conte Cofertam 2288. Suspended Caferdam or Movable Cofferdam Design Fares of Coferdam Leakage Prevention in Coterdams ome Height of Cetera Piping in slag wall eaters ie0 Advanced Construction snd Equipments 2.1 COFFER DAM: ctr Dame s 23, USES OF COFFERDAMS (Nor 201, ay 202, Jan, 3013) (ay, 201, Nout, May 202, am. 2018, May 213, Nor. 204 May 2015) © Vie of cotterdams A coffe i tempor sacar which is il «se, Ak ee 4 remove Fallon me thats of olan ‘te fom an aren and mae it oie yon te cncton wk oe estab (0) To fia ple devine operations. (©) To ple lags ow oan. (8) To conse fotion ops nd bunt of des, dams, lcs ee ‘ry condom. Coferdans ae wuslygsied for pret sich 6 dens, docs and © Raqurements ofa caterdam (er 2010) (1) The cotedam stole reenay watertight. (2) I should be generally ces at site f work, (0) The design and layout of coed shold be schtat hettal ost of (2) To elon a pce forthe ramoval of sehen ves : (6) To provides wating ptr te ons of lings Wn wae et wih, (6) To provide spe for cain ent he foundation work witout dsubing or raging the einige atch a ling, eves, pipelines ee {LA SELECTION OF TYPE OF COFFERDAMS : (Non 2011, May 2912, Jan, 2013, May 2013) ping i nin, “ Ie shoul be sabe sun brane, overrtng ad tinged te Node and The selection of a ype of cofferdam depends apor the following ‘acre (1) The wen toh aed bya lm, aml a 9 ge en (5) Tho water to beet Wy acl dam may beer ound wee Fer Tying above geome level I ay be depot slew a stil rig ‘Sino i po sms | | | | | \ (6) The mates wed nh corto of «term ae et it cl coer, 4 (@) The dh f water to be eal wih, shlow depth or dey det (©) Wtoul beso planed fitte ay Umaeting and ewe of materials, fp! (8) The pny of overtopping by Neds, ties ‘Theatre of bed on whch he Elem eee pvous ae Fan 212. NECESSITY OF COFFER DAMS (tay 2014) oe ane 2 i imperviu nee The cote dans ne ed ne lowing sats (6) Vel of ong water, 1 When it Yq came stein hier bed (0) The poaiiiy of eon de to ection of watery ete! ty the eonscton 2. When soc oh amt se shore of fern ‘heal of connection materi te vey of eof work ‘Wher treed emi stuct nex Batk ofthe ae ose the o a (8) Transport fities wale When dee excavation eco in cnn pod si 25. TYPES OF COFFERDAMS. (tay 202 May 2013, Ne. 2046) Wie excitons ilo elow pound ae abe “The flowing te the mos omen ype of elerdms Duving deep excavations, when ses ofthe wens te kl calls. ‘When pi / goverment propery stutd eat the xen, ‘When thee are canes fog of ater inthe eh fo he rounding Fail Colfer Rock Calera Rosle Crib sft ‘Sale Wale CoedsT 2 Abanedcotrcon md endpoents Dobe Wad Gao nite catrn ce Calan | 4 Saget | ‘A Dv isan embankment of Some materia. The materials eomimeny employed for | | ctr Dams 2 the entitio f+ dk ae earth ok a sen ape. The tes ae gener employ sim _[uae| sm for» shor dansion ail 10 erable the contain of « more dbl catedam behind Bem ‘Thee ae tse pet of dyes (Eat ke or th il eater (0) Rook ye rk fl eam (i) San ag hk snd tn oa 281 Eamha Cotterdam : (tay 2015) (9 sen oF a en corr¥om Fly, 2.1 Barth cote ‘rma ay 131018 ma velo of flow ow Te top of embaet sbult te aout 1m ave theater ve “The top wlth fhe bak shoul ob es man ie slopes may vy fom is ithe singles frm of eer. evelyn of a ate embnknest ait mind he nto be loses esse in pcs wher th depth of ate “he cath enbainest sold be Hit fom & mtr of cay and sand or ely aed ks maybe revel eee guy of cay i ot easy obtaimble the Sonsrsted with ena cy wll slopes of sand oo either se. In oder to prev he emit fom Souring do othe ain of ma, sie slopes ofthe bak om wars hold Be pitched wit able bowers. ‘When the coateton of eri clea soe, he term inside puma ut 505 t Teve a dry mace ine ad th coataton work of funn is © Advantages (ay 2019 (0) ie ete for srw and lags iver (Gi) is sie For ow ad moder hea of mae (Gi) There are cheaper a or et conditions sand ised and fo ry enon cy (0) Problem of eson in snd enbaskient can be solved by pevidig daimge Alich on the tide fe. 252 Rock Colfer (ay 201, ty 2018) Te the dep of wae ob ie by he manent Fr is of exer 0 1.8 103 mone or rel is sd 0th embakmet This enseein is adopted ont if (emerson ig, 2.1 Farthl cotferdam (2) Barth Dike (b) Earth-Flled Calferda | | |Advance contruction and Euipments Fig. 2.2 Roehl cofterdam wi ore ay ain ny et As ingen er fh low he art team ni es mpm Thereof re i hot ad fy np ie gata ome Fr rns wal el peg splot npn ner my be ied The cr al yb of iy nec, Aci efi, pope cnc an whine oe without any serious danger. — 253 Raced Cb Ctatan ede coin oid of er ts ih mewn of ‘at hr ad sm id ante cae Tet op oe Seton ai ar fled wit ek or ave rea This ves aii tote aaa ‘vein sing cater Dams 23 Rodi Fi led Crib, Cofferdam Construction Procedure Tallin paced i doped in the evasion of a rok ied i ed (© The dimensions of exch eu ant ate dei. The length and bed of exc pod up the depth of tr tod the ete! oF low. Te chs made a ong 8 cn be eanveniy had aad a win a equi fore actual sti (i) Te batm couse ofthe eb re tried on an. The ri sult 0 ata sch igri hen pad in was, se of portion will ros aoe water lea. (i Th eb hen ann tsi of wa ate and placed in eon (i) Te pokes ofthe ib ae filed wth oe, earth or eve {s) Te she ites ae then provid on the water ide ofthe ribs nd loin the se sc (0) Sui cah filing povided onthe water sea shown ia Fg, 23, beter he lsmating be oni said os. Wh (Gi The piping i nd and wok of fun oferta he ling is moved me sb equipment andthe ribs me dst ty he divi Falling points ce wot ing in be cmstuton of rock rb oes (© Te btom of he ei shoul be shaped tos the prfleof he be of steam 0 ‘ha th er yrs nthe fn bd a stable poston (The sai of basins onesring aed ang with fll waar pee on oe side shold be ceceas anced Construction and Equipments (i) 1 een water vey ai tees ae be propel acre, For his ures, he cables canst he eh wih sone fel objet on the sre er with sole ck file ib ay be employed ho) Toe ib may be corsa wih dole ons whe the ph of water high and ‘he vlc of water more, The pe betnen th ove hen oe id wp by npn mati (0) IF the depth oF war is ato, he bs ca be ult onsite of work (60) ths sie remove he lose mater ying over he eof sea an to prepre "Be Mao ive the 254 Siale Walled Cotten ‘is ype of coda is we (io. 201, May $0, J. 2013, Now 2014) hes wher th art be tle vey ama and he cet of ae smote, sy 45 1 6m Tinber per Known aie piles ae firs ives dep no the Fm gra ew the sere Depeing won the velo of ow of wate cstv cnt spacing of tps my rary bata LA mf 4m Loni anes eed wales at then Slt the pide les site diame a set ils of el or won etn ven nthe iver al alog the wales a ane secured tthe wale by tls. The shes a he mo fc ae acd y srt ol Ge bay of dar ike he ne an oe feof he sheets 1 Fig, 24 Single Wall Cofferdam cater Dame 2 Treas he abiy of eoedam, Aer he cody i const the wae in te eos ae is pope ot he conseution wok i ken up, 25S Double Walled eferdam (tay 2018) Double wal offedams ae provide to escove ler aren te eonston Is esol he same as ht fa single wal cede xcept that in pl of on wal 1p als with» gap wenn iad al along te oun f the space 1 be eo, hist of coed canbe wed lo depth of wae po 2m, “The double wal eof cam can be dvd into tw cates (0) Obi ser te woud sheeting oer, () Wood a se! sting ae with als and rods (©) Obi iver spe wood sheeting Cotter + 8 Hoo Advanced Construction and Equipments ‘This eof eof as fegeety wed on test Ohio USA, ae hence ves its mame a8 Obl vere cfd. eis cheap and cn be buh py. ible fr hd Sd where thre i 90 robin of sone can ever ewe on 2 rod, opr pled ins rosin Tei ae sable for deep ater and fr fl of water it wit coents Procedane (© Astetton fameor is preeaed Te rial ees hon at wale fined a vert dst of bout 150 The section of wales shen water lea is 200 = 150 en he section of wes ow vt vei 20 sn «200m, , (i) The fame i ten seid ona bag. (Gi) At the ale joints, ble vet plaks ae rovied the eos se ‘ede hgh tee plans. (0) The ross bes wiih sections the ed (©) To permite rotton ton, te ti es ae Fl (0) etic box picks wp te seen famewak nd while ti in suspension, the hag i slipped fom ue shown in Fg 28. The feamevork Is hes lows the rie: poi, he walt connecting theses il on he barge re inte da posi (Ate sever seston ae hes acd nthe ie «Sees pang of workers ‘pert rm sed bas od ies set ils od ils hon wi he wale (i The teams of site mate thn vile on he iid ad ue of. he cofferdam by ay of dreds When te por cold soe, iemoved ty a ever poces. (0) Wood or eel shetingcoferda with waes ane rots: This top feed atl when depth of ke aot 6 mts 10 ters For small nd ordinary pe of code, he wooden ant let enpayed, But when oterdams a las or weit poset ve ide ile ue mae depth of ‘tr thts pies wih sine Hricings ae wd re coraton of this type ‘tera ester bans ion of wood sheeting cofferdam ing ener 3 50 wide with Fig. 18 shows the seton of «spel wood os ve nd ero ely cous of he following ars (Ver! sie piles (iy Horio wales ad aps Gide she pies (este Fine . (0) Tie rods wich are ru! to cams nc uo ude ies a 0 preva the seating of the wales of cotedam df lig (si) Sout, or abd pall oe ot Ld he wo wales of aera at a fe dane pa. © constreton of woud or sel seting caer Following proce is aeped the consrcton of his ype of coferdom (iy The gud ile ae fist riven, They are sly ped at distance of bos 2 reves to meen an re ven deeper hin bx pls so a5 1 Be fe whe ten 25 fe eater sore te ter (The wales ring borat ae fed between te aide ile (iy Te seat piles ae then diver long the ini ee of wast» fei Inger satso Advanced Construction and Eaupments (6) he sft materi om he Bot th afd dred on (0) Thespace beeen he shes ile iil with pte wich may consi oa lninate mire of sd cay nd gral The filing 1 Be done in hin layers soul be wel ena who in da te, (0) Aber of ay my be prvi en te aie ofthe afr ta ol ‘afer gant eae The with feof shoud be dels by keeping in view heat ub dete of matrices deed, space eu fr pling maine, 4 Flog rtf ton snr ins a i eomecn. oy Foe Hed mW 1 wndte Ho 3mWoss bon here = with of edn in nes = hig wae above rv bol in mts. 256 Celular Cea (lan 201, May 204, Non 20 May 2015) ‘The cela ofl is mae fsa chet piles, Ie mesa fo deeing ling aes in laces whee he deh of war may be of th er of 18 21m They e909 (2) Gicle ype of clit eet (0) Diag pe cellar ran In cs of snag cle oferta, ses of asa ames sai ross ll The eis ofr i eer made a othe distance ble he eos als ‘With tis aragement Be tein i te ae an res al rman el Ae the lis ste ven othe ue ep, hy ae ile tear, sao rave. is nce to ent cela apron the sae ae ‘ncn of citar eet, series of comple les ae comme by sat ssc a shown in i. ‘Thera of the aes gneraly 250 om an it aera pe of 20°10 45 at he let of comic wi hele | | ter Das 7 Tae bao Cofterdam (© Adranags of diel ella coterdams (0) Each lt maybe filed vp independ of eter ells witout any cane of vonion of ells, Hence, the contruction work fr eels may be sed oily fom seve pois These arsed afi the comple of elt (iach svar cl sliuppoing wt. (Gi) For be cotton of ela exe with cells, les guatty of tea perusing length feet seid compared 1 that of the else ofa wit ighragm el. Following points shold be ted nonecion wiht cll cofedans (@) Ths tpe of eed has got the nvaninge tat ile ewok i ein tx conracton, Only tp nd bt templates ered to dive he ils | groper potion.po Stent Fig. 28 Diapbrago type celllarcofferdam rN feet” Fig. 2.9 Cleeslar clear cofferdam (Hah cll whe complet forms a working plato fr he acne citroen Gay The mney ich eel a lng mi for isp oF cote reese son, broke ks, lain, The ay a ter marae ‘ih vai conelidtion efor they cma resiane to exter pesre a ot bed he Filing terials. (i) The clr cofedams sn soe wean an eer iver ed The lets of sel hes piles wl hae te aan szrdiag oe polo he vr wd (0) The diving of ses set ples sold te smth, Cte, wil beak the mereka the cll may al. (i) 10 his any danger of evening of cl dow ae psa the sie and ct berms soul be provided (oi) 1 out be remembered sa ion shee imeocking oi ithe whole cel ils wih seri conteuener. Hens, te ype of eer I usuale for ponds conning bolero sch abstrtons. (oi is ound ht te slr cotedams ae relive Bard opal Ii wey Aca to remove the fin sect pil. is ettve necessary to provide alicia ge inte inchs of he set ple efor hey ate nel in ‘Thee asta esr ds hy have bem eel economia any jub.Thefomewok uly onsite of pret RC ples el shots. The precast RCC. ‘sheet pile aepoved wih ute eer and they even ir mane eel ‘eae. The devg f dient nit shuld be propel made. The man nanage ‘ot cout een i that coy, Bet when 6 be copra pe of pense sis, rove o be ecto (© Tox oferdams sho pov be weft ue the flowing eons (@) The het rom tsains potent he ving fs pes. (i) is ecesry td tains om te procs of pile diving (Gi) The gol hough which he pies ret be ven conn Boles which woot split el set ile case tem 0 come ou of interos aranced Consrction snd Equipments 288 Suspended Ctferdoms or Brae Coferdams Sometimes, 1 cofedum i ecg in sch nay th single unit fii wed seve ins Te cor a 40h i ltd and pice in ater positon a 00m ais page red, Ssh coteens re ao known ath Raabe cafes “Thay te unl dete fling icanstess i) the consstion wok i of ch ype ht x number OF ena! coeds req. Hees, i a single nit of afro i wel several tines atch = (Aap isto be rove on hp of ila alg low Sow tr sd the ph ine ted is more In ih a cs, he male arom wil be fand ‘er mach ale. “he sepended afams may tke wp any form noe frm, i const of blow slender lhc be wed ope a enyrny enlosed pce fr the eoscion werk teacher Frm, ty cont of « wateight inde Box lh may te ltd and ied wih te piles xis byte sr 216. DESIGN FEATURES OF COFFERDAMS. ‘The cesgn of coffedam depends upon the fing tre 1 Hyrsti head f wate. May 206) Fa eso a) Fig. 2.10 Pores acting om coferdam coer Cans ss Dineson fhe as 1 be covered by the ofr. I li of flow tbe exces Fivcnios of side water eve Posty of raion Pwing os rane of ‘Varin force ating om olferdame 1 Sal weight of ted 9. ah pes ram ous sit 4. Uplit presse 5. Scouring ston 6 ee presse [As tis omens not possible te data asertsy the acs ating once, the worst condos shud be asm inthe degn to pees s fle soetines, pul teretlly dese coffrdem may fal for factors nacouned in its design ‘has its sees f combine exprens and praca aowlege alongwith the theoretical sets inthe desig feed. ‘he width and doh of cofetam re determined Blow for Wea Wall wae tata Fr He 3mWo3 45 1-3) her 1W = With of sted Hsp wter above ee bed (m) hoes96 vanced Construction and tgupmite 2.7 LEAKAGE PREVENTION IN COFFEREDAMS : (ox. 2011, Jan 201, May 2013, Now. 201, May 2044, Nov. 2014) The wat eaters the ead isto ways 1. By leakage tog the shes ig 2 By ow from as: ‘The following measures may be employed to prevent leakage in cofetne (0) Te materi suchas cay, sand, ates ete, maybe ange al around the aida 1 ce the uty of etrog we? (i) 6 te entry of wer i rough the chs or Fis ofthe (ok, it ca te Stopped by o sus of he ek, canbe spp by Bung amet pot hough 100 ane pipe, i) Te eae incase o sgl malt afm mayb proven by slain shaped wooden woigh ouside each en an ing with dle (Gu) The leakage incase of « double wall eae ecard f inset Ths may be reve in the flowing ways Devinn les row he ig Diving lesan sing es hols wit th tril wich sels quickly on Wea i ala 2 ite, Forsing clay inks troup pips ino the filing a inate eiy fing (0) Ina inlet, bat Filed wih «mie of edt and ah i ld wae the Joins of ete. The wer whe Mowing ough he i 0 the nie of he cveéam kes wiht the awd ath, Ths eds oh sing of he ois an consent, he nage refs, (0) The nets of tel st piles may be provid when gay of ase before rng, Te Gn mstil aid by Be wae wl tk othe ease adi wl make jot eit revetng he ag of mete (97 eae i of seo tare 8 Be aed by poi cans costed witht apt wich ote Dane 7 {Ls RCONOMIC HEIGHT OF COFFFRDAM (ox. 2019 “he maxim hight oF frm for whieh tales is minimum, kab 3 ‘he mot econo hight of oem, ‘When oem sonst re ti cer to detente ih hat sn be most sistas Ul the hit offer termined Be che gt (he average worl led orig vey Jet ‘The cost of damage cud bythe Moo high the the died eight of eof is ented, Under thi conto i bape 0 asune te risk floss du 1 od ‘uaz hn to bell dm igh eagh olin the danger of ove wppiag Thee, lids ve cnsraced 0 ese arma No water abl poison i nae to bre the damage atnd by ie Nos fh east ineensing the eight of ‘iri est ton he cst of dmge cased by higher lod, than ii ai Irae the Bg of om, 229. PIPING IN SINGLE WALL COFFER DAM : (tay 2015) Buco cision of is sud by prolig water imide te ete ad the Pin bea when te hyaline nit win excuse real gest 11). The soa te et siete coffer da) i ramved by he perlrng wate. Whes the ol ear he ev ns en eve, are more cometatin ofthe Nowe inthe eninge seeing na ieee of he ea pi, Ths un rer rear ‘the sil The poee of card erosion comimes vars te wpeam and sa of pies floxmo ge amon water rw cide ines ugh he cael 0 fred i he oer dom fils ‘Whee set piles eat denis en impermeable satu, he tail of eter, am aginst Pipi! colin the ase resting rs ey apwardseapgeof ound tater into he elem xB checked [As per Day’ ven here Y= vlc 0f fw = Dany’ conic of pest 1 hye ede38 Advanced Consrction and Equipments = Length of sexpae ah The tendency 0 ping cn beeline by (]) Redsing the eu gaint = WL i.e. by inert lng of bese pth "os tengt of eye pa may be meee by rvig st pls valet sep (G_Redcing the hed of wate (essing seepage Thi ca be done by pumping from wal pin cr ep walls led te Blow te lel of the btm of he stot ples Piping sally ocar in oe Fess whlch re permeable ea low saps ‘hong the an grain sie small eng oe tae bye sepee foes Piping oes tein aly or any aye du to he low pemeiiy. pig dest ocr ngs de to high permesbiiy as ydalic ai rus 1. Sme te factors which ence he hoe ofa pric pe of cara, (or. 201, ay 2012, Jan 201, May 2013) (May 2012, My 2013, Now. 2013) ‘pie singl al cotton, (Gor, 2001, May 2012, Jen 201, Now 2014 4 Wat cond? What aes wes alt common pe of cote (Otay 2011, Nov, 20, May 2012) 2. East conmon pes of eolfedans 3. Detcre wih a sate 5. Deseo wih sete car cof (tay 201, Jn, 213 My 214, Nov. 2014 May 2015) (io. 201) 1 plain the dvige feateres of eff, How wil you provet leakage In cofedans (or. 2, Jan 2013, May 2013, May 2014 Now. 2014) 5. Wie shor yt: Esonnic hh of eta (ton 201) 6 Wie wes of edn baton cater Dame = ed 9. Espa with wet tether (tay 2009 (Roe offen (i) Cla cotertae 10. Li testis where cfd is etd (tay 201 He We the ai soled 7 (oe 204) 2. xpsin wih sao Ob sver ype double wal coer. 1, Lis the fre cans desig fs eoetn, 1M. What rel ofa ? Under what conditions it cpr? May 201 15. Wate short atom (Cone eed (i Sepend cede 16. Describe with hts eansusin of double mall ype eter dam. (My 2019) 17. Des piping in ing wal etd. (tay 215) 1, Expat ech : Eath oe (tay 2018) neeChapter 3 Caissons 31 Calon 32 Uns of Cas 22 ieee Betmeen Canon and Ctferdam,” 3A Materials se for Cason 3S Type of Caisous 381 Boe Caine 382, Open Cains of Welle 383 Maliple Well or Monit 354 ylindes 385 Paeamatie Catone 386 ocumate Calon Shoes Caicos Design Featres of Cains lating of Cases Cong Edge Siaing of Cason, Problems in Well Sinking rere cassons a “AI CAISSON (ov. 201 dam. 2083) “The term “Cason is derived Hom French wen cvs mening» bos. isons dos as materi sac odo ectangular, whch i sink ough rnd or wate oeaclde wate and seri material rig the process of excavation ff ndtinsand which spent Becomes met pr of he ere “+A cason i laivey Ie Sep foundation and resol pile unig tw wiser te ld of spect to some ied depth tainly eed the purse pacing ep dation income poston onder water. A caiton ene of fred cement cont (RCC) sel or Knt 12 USES OF CAISSONS he flowing ae eases of aso oreach he had ing sata fr wasn th od of sperm oth esto fr fsa of des, pier een in ve a ae 1p sve m a imperious cor wal of cath dans, when pled adiacent to “To provide am acu 1 tp shaft tel 5. To provide on encore low water evel isting machinery pape. 13 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CAISSON AND COFFERDAM (an 2013 May 205) camo Coen TT Ganson a bow Tie su | 1) Alea a emporary sce resample, wich sunk fom | wich Beit i a sk to theres of tee wns orlando | move war om a rk and make some deed Sp It possible to carey on the i osed for the purpose of | cosrcon wrk under remy ey eontion. placing « fountion ia corect,32 Acvanced Consrction and Eauipments isons = 2. Cofferdam Isa temporary stractre | hh iene er fondton a aison is 2 permanent srscture, ich sequent Become the pr of the tract ot completed 3. ison way Be malo hey Fre Be anced ltd the ‘Cota conrad wound We ste ob covered se of wo Caisse ptered when wok wen ‘is sala dp of wae sme, 44 Cofelans we peter whi wa sre Lge and depth of wate seal [5 where fovadaton soil consis | ule and ding of hast ils i ipo, eases ae pee Box isan awe for ak was |g Where Tet ies can be den cas, coferdans ae peed. Ccolferiane_ are wed a ensuing of fants of per a sbetments of ridges, dans, Toc, (pam esis (wl ar ed For he fens of plo and abut of ripe ‘3M MATERIALS USED FOR CAISSONS The common miei sed fr the consti of atone are 1 Sa a Tier 3. Resco oe conste (RCC) 4 Cat ian 1 Seat Tes oto ete most suber fr costo ein > lis ey te farm of ue sin of! pling and he alow space ‘he flo wt tment cone 2 Tim > The tinber was wa a material forthe onistion ofa also nthe ely sus of development of in, Now ads ners patlly ot ed Seca fs bk and te rk of 3. enforced cement conerte (RCC) The einret een corre isa for exo shes, + RCC has re weight and tle ee cies naling a sing the clon in he ely sg of contract. hfe, comes sonic to canoe eel eison with conte Tig 4 Catron: +The Clin salle for case of open wall type. New segments of CI, me ote te casn sinks. the CL is anil for prematic eons a here kof tere duet tension develope hy te compres +The cost of Cl, xian i mre compu 1 lo REC [AS- TYPES OF CAISSONS. ‘he tw etn is derived om te French wd nse” meaning fo. is Bo Ine acre, round oe etnglr, which snk om he suc fer an of war tosome die depth 5 wet er the purge lacing otton a coed pasion “Type of easons ‘ aan ox a ‘open cisous orwell) Pasemate casos (open a op and (open 169) (caso 19 lose at botom) st et) 4 pen a ttoom) $ Single Malle plinerES Advanced Construction nd Equipments (oy 2012, No. 206, May 3015) A box caisson fs rong nr ight esl open a pan claned a ote. is de of tinker, ifort conto tel NW Soe Nt ae e\ fh By dite Fig. 3.1 Box custom of concrete This sn is ilo le tes anche 6 Did a pS wer sok Fost. Such Ope of uso i ud whee ecg atm vlbe at low depth, fd hr a at ay ety © Conditions fvvorble or he consrecton of ox cision: (May 2015) (1) Brenan for pepuing he bed of foodtin is oo requied The bed of fadon an be previo prepred fmdton (2) The yeliy of low of water is ow sa 1 ie sabiy tte cian again aisons 105 (@) The bed mario cs oncgh di posible to dredge oot is utr fur levied sig suis (4) he eth of water ig tt 61 8 ees (tay 2011, ay 201, Jn. 203, May 203) ‘Ae open canon i + fox of nr, concrete sel or masonry which i ops at he top and atthe oti I we fr Bulag and Wie foandtions. Open aan rae led wll foundations 482 Ope eins or Wels “They ae ed oo stdy ot ing ttn Tbe f scour and whee wom ee is vale for args depth below the wren They frm he most ems pes of ep fonts Fie i tin The soon spe of el saps ae (0) ope colar (0) Recagalar (e) Twin crear (2) ab wel (over Rac (en Cre (woarp wat ‘voai-D (oie CO (aT egal Fig. 22 Shapes of wellsanced Construction apd Equpments © Dated (0 ‘Winteaont @ Tin ecapn Thc os parler shape dapat ponte wing es (0 he neon of ft ir oan 2 Thc fs 6) Thc of sig ad stg (0) Te vr al nl fe sg a ee (5) The consigerations of tit aod shift during siting” Incas of short panies pte sou 18 mth be! shape fo undone te sie cc up 66 m dane seagu. The minim sizeof cicur nl shouldbe 15m. Te miu sles of single wl sald elite 9 fr cone sting tad fr rickman sing 1% Wel comput ad thet fetons 33 Section of a well foundation sone = “heal uponens of well oto 1 cating ee 2 Cab 4 Bex pl 5. ep me 6 Well ip 1 San ig Ccnting edge +I provides + camputvly sharp ee to ct the sit bbw ding sling operation sly consi of itn el angle of ie 150 mm ‘carb 1 as wo ol puro, Daring sinking a 5a extension of oti ees ‘snd sl prvie syport tote wel ing and Botos pag while ae sinking i raster the fond to th si ew is mad up of RC. of rae M 20 ‘Sting: 1 is he main ody ofthe wel so aves to ppt. I at 8 coe dr sinking rastirs| mnber ors the lod othe Bem ferwarh The sig my cont of ick may o eof conse The Ihcaes ef slang soul ot be es than 45 em. The vleecommesly sted fe thickes of sng we flows ‘at ameter of wall Thins am exe vse — S 1208 Tm oes 200 m ‘ovm peg The bao pogo const as be Sse fo an upwind a cl fo thes presse mint sl weight of th boom pug and sd ing Top pag: It serves a sharing frying wel cp Wall ap: I treet te tals om per the wl om Sand fin : It vansirs pt na om wel expt the tom ps Wall saking operations + (tay 2019) 1) te ese of wll sinking on dey pound, an open excavation up ohn a mete ove ssl water Fv sce oat and te wall eu i i. ee the