LECTURE |-1 1CHARGE FIELD AND ELEcTRIC FIELD ELECTRIC CHARGE Nature of Charges + Canbe both positive (+9) or negative (-4) + like charges repel, opposite chorges attract + conserved (law of conservation of charges) 1, charges cannot be created nor destroyed but canonly be transpered Fromone medium te another + measured in cavlombs CC) « charge of an electron (eds -1.00 x10 4c + charge of proton Cp)s tlwoxtg“* Cc Charged Objects + a charged object has an unequal number of ® ee OF protons and electrons @e8 | eo © & e |Pe9e eo Qvestion: Ip the okject is not charge dy Positive Negative does i+ mean it has no positive charge charge or negative charges? Answer: No. All objects have positve and negative charges . An object that is net charged has eq.va| number of protons and electrons. How dees an object become charged ? © By Friction: Transper oF electrons between two okjects rubbed tegether = The ebject w/ greater electrons has the capability te give or transper electrons. © By Induction: Bringing a charged ehject close to a conductor w/o actually feuching it: 2 Polarization~ separation of opposite charges wiin an object © Conductors~| materials where electrons can move freely threugh the material and are not bound to atoms by This means thot these materials have gew electrons Range of electrons: 1-3 electrons © Insulators~ materials where electrons cannot move Freely throvah the material and are bound to atoms ly These materials have plenty of electrons Range: 6-1 electrons | 2 Serniconducters- materials where the electrical properties are Some where behween conductors and insvlodens i ly The number of electrons are exactly 4 Beth have conductor and insulator propertiesfea lUsed For the manuracture of electrical components _ > by Conduction: Contact between a charged object anda neutral | conductor » | | | | jee | | | fe | Covlomb's bus | | |_| First law; The gize of the Force oF attraction Irepuision between two charges is directly proportonal te the value op the charge: Second law; The size of the Force oF attraction] repulsion between the two charges is inversely Proportional to the Sqvare of the distance, between the two charges, F 1 K “ wheret F = electric porce in Newtons CN) kes fg ao x10 Nm? [o® are 4) 25 charge in Covlombs Cc) rs distance between twe charges in meters im) Practice! Two charges q) and G2 are Separated by a distance ry Ip the distance between two charges willbe increased ts Four times as great , whet will happen othe Ferce between the two charges: Solute | IniHal Setup New Setup To relate the Forces: | Fe kqsge Frew s kaiga | | r2 | C4r)? | Frew = kage | lor® | Hence, the Force is reduced te Vic, Two charges, ie and q5 are ceparated by @ distance rs Ip 41 will be reduced to one -Feurth and the distance between the charges welll be reduced to one-halp what will pappen tte force between the two cholges?|Selutton: Inthal Setup New Setup Te relate the Rorces; Fa kqiga Frew = ker M4 qian Frew. re Clade? F Frew: kG a4 kasqe = KANG YG Pe rs ¢? kage, rt {] rT? kag the remains the same Direction op Force Suppose there (sa preten Pi and an electron & that Ire on a straight tine as Shown ee 0 a e what is the direction of gorce excerted by Prone? bye on pi? Since Pi ande are opposite charges, they exert attractive Force oneach other ——e—-9¢ 2 —__—_—_ pr e bive arrow: Force exerted by € on pI black arrow: Force exertedby Pione Net Electric Force * Net porce- totalporce exerted on a charge Suppose there are two protons, Pi and pa and an electron e that lie ong straight Ine as shown —e—_2 —_____— a © Pa. what Is the direction of the Force exerted by Pi one? by Pa one? Since p ande are unlike charges, € expertences an attractive Force dve te p, and pz + Thus, ee ee Ps e Pa Since p(s closer toe, the Force it exerts Cblue arrow) ie greater than the Ferce exerted by Pa on @ Cblack arrow) Now, using your knowledge of vector addition what is the direction of the net Force acting one dve to py ahd pa? Re Pa(Suppose there are) three charges , & & and q, positioned at the vertices oF lan | “equilateral triaale a8 Shown: Whatis the net Force acting eng? LEE mY | @ @ “Smee 4. and & are like charges > CT e ,@ -@ r) Y @ ° 4 will expertence a repulsive Force | ave tothe two & charges + Resolve the Force te their components * Since the porces along the x-axis _____witl cancel ovky the net Force is “given by) | a@e——Oa @ a The net force ts driven by Upwards. @ Note: Assuming that they have the Same magnitude y It will Cancel out becouse thervle (s the summation of Porces on the x-AdS going to @ the right is positive and tothe Ieptis negative. And the summation oF Forces along y-axis going Upward & positive: a ) ® Practice Calculate ‘the dictance | between two electrons For which the slectric Force) betweenthem is equal te the gravitational Force of ene of the lectrons at the @ earth surgace Gms ax 07 kgs Y= hex 10" Ic) __ Recall : Gravitational Force ep one electron at the earth's surpace | Fama Electric Force Chetween the two electrons)} Fa = kqiqga cr | _ Since Fes Fu, hence; as _kyaz | i x 1 | 2 109x107) Chexto™'*) Ceewio | ® ® @ A Rare 3 Ca8) @ @ e ° e Solving For distance ri | | Lace etsn [eal aa Two balloons wi chargesop +337 HC and ~%)2) KC attract each other w/ 4 Force op 002% Newton: Determine the Separation distance between the two balloons, feaeee Solution: | | Bee Recall: Electric Force between the two balloons 2; F= tun lL fly}Why wasn'} the negative sign included? “WE are solving the mag nitvde of the Force. The sign fs used to determing the type oF force andite direction. Two point shorges 5 41 and ga, are located on the g-axts as Follows; charge Q1F 80 nC at y20.000m , and charge 4a=t 3120 AC at tne oriain Cy 20) What {6 the net Force exerted by these tWo charges on 4 third charge 4s= +5100 no lacated at y= -0,400 m? Solution; Gaz s2nc d232 Om 42 Sne did = Oman WS nc Solving For Fi: Figs Kqigs = Caxio%) (ee xio M(5x0"9) he Coa Fig = b@ 31S x 10°? N Selving For F2! Fas® kegs © Caxio%)(3.axto"?) (5x07 4) © Caray? Fase 4xio"! N Note: Yeu can use ENG notation Cen your calculator) Therepore, F23 will become 4ooKio™t N ‘Since + Figs 166315 Kig-@ Fa3= Yoo xlo" TN Selve por the summorion of forces along x and y-axis % 7 Fx = tbutno forces on x-axis, hence } Za Fxro GB Pus ~ bes x107S + (- 409 x1079), Note! the stgnis negative Gf Fy s-2SFISKIOvON because the direction is dounworels Getting the net Force , Fri Fradcgexd?+(Zry)® > Sooo (-216 276x197 ©)> Fre 2t9e 107%, downwardElectric Charge, Electric Field, and Goves's Law | Changed particls havea way #0 “know! ot ‘et the pres by settingup an ELECTRIC FIELD Ci Concept of Electric Field | | Suppose we have tuto charges A and B: B/has a charge qo and renee te a force Fo dugto A+ Ay onthe other hand y also paps force Fo in the sopeste direction: 4 HAC eh These particles 6XPerience a repulsive force due to the presence eF the other even though theres a Space between them becauxe eachor them Creates | Products an electric Field around them. |The particles are able to create an electric pleld a6 a result of the charge they | carry, This somehow modigi¢s the properties of the space around #hem.- [_1@~ derdard electric Field | | le ©- inward electric Fisid | | | “leone Fleld ~ enabler op ‘aan, | T ie] Saeeen Pulnion in| thetwo charges | | | | | ieee) The charged pertictes de net require the presence ie another | parhicte to fe _| produce a an lect ¢ eteld. They Erpeupe: peice Field by themsolves: | ce T -+ | |Remove body B Test charge e sand label ite pormer Zé : PpeSittonas P. e o e a A We Pp Test charge~ a very small charge that is almost Inginitestmal e eee it is (maginary “It 6 actually the electric Ficll tha} exerts a porce on the parkcles Thys, electric Biel is depined as the Force per unit charge experienced by © stationary Point charge ina given location ina gteld. Ps & t where: Be electric pleld in N/C F= porceinN % £ ic thecharge inc e @ @e th equation? e @ @ e Direction and Strength of Electric Field @ Tre clecinic preid points quay froma positive change and tewardsa negative charge andthe electric field strength Imagnitude decreases w] distance SE OK ale From our expression For the stectrtc pteld ywe can derive F+aek Since q, can be positive or negative, this expression gives us the direction oF the perce in relation to the electric pield; @ e @ a FC duets charge 2) @ @ 4 OF The Force ona positive test charge, Lo Points inthe direchen of the electric Field:[Summary i Electric what is the maghitude op the electric gield at 4 pleld peink 20m proma point | Terence ona negative test charge Ge pointe | opposite te the electric plelds | and Electric eteld | | ca Obeid es charge 4.=4.0nc? | Problem 2 Solution: Formula} ee A peint charge 4,3 “Bone is located at the origin . Find the electrtc picid Vector at the Field point x#l2m, y= -bem: + | | | ' | | | To get the distance between thepeint charge and the testchmvysy Use distance | im ra JO O* FO > * J Gia-oote(rheroye 2 am | Plug into the eqwation | feu Za Point charge = Caxiod Nm* ), 4 x1o7% om ) Gm)? = Ne cen kem)— 2s charge *| | ale | | Feb thy * (axiot He), Suto“ | (am)* | rt | |Problem 3 Find the magnitude of the electric picld due tea point charge of S44 nC located at (7432 )m, Test charge Solution: Te get the distance between the point charge and the test charge, vst distance Formula. ra Joa-xn* tl4a-4) HR Bie = J (74-097 #(3-099+(a-o}7% = Y24 Mm Plug into the eqvation: Ez kb = Caxio4) (a4 x10" oa (vaeq )? Problem 4 Point charges 4, andq2 OF tI2nC and ~1anC , respectively, areplaced o,10m apart + Calovlate the electric rfeld caused by q, and qa and the total Feld at Point a by and c+ 8 Solution : At point a Eek. | 3 | Bias Caxiot) | i2x107TF = Be x 104 WIC, te the right 01067 | i Bags C4xlot)> yaxie"T = GIS yw 1o4 NIC ato the right o.04* it 44 Ea crotat) *Eiat as = AS x04 NI | | | | By s CaxioF) ¢ H2x1o"T = 1s Kio 4 Nic, te the lert | 1042 | | | (Babs Caxto®)+ taxio™t 5 oss iot WIC, tether(ght | ond | Epcretaiy = Bet Baa > 7 @1SK10 4 sG.2x104 Wic, tethelery | | At point : Finst solve pera using cos law ( sq +b2~2abcos x ) 13 *5 102 & 2 ~ 213DCI0) cos Ls On3ge | | Then For the electric Fields , Eek & = @ “Bice C4x109) + (2¥107F 2 G4 109 NIC, ©1337 Nore e + coast Eacs Caxio™)+ in xo" = ©1349 K10% NIC) 31329 S ope e 013? BRS O14 x10 CoS OTI3L™ + O34 KIO? COS 613324192 KIO NIC e TEeys 6:34 Ki9> Sin 138° + C-0184K 10? Sin671 399 50 Lecromarr = VGecxAHCABcy)? 74:92 *10* NIC, to the rxght @ eLESSON 1-1: ELECTRIC CHARGE AND FIELD sp. Two small spheres spaced 20.0cm apart have equal change + How many excess Electrons must be present in each sphere ig the magnitude of the force of repulsion between them is 46 7x 1072) N 7 Solution: © = Worx wc Fs 43/46, 17 48 FCAT 60) Crt) $= LCA, o.20097 CasTorio 2! ND * 43x 107% Cuda wee) = ¥90 olectrons € Cliwo x107' clelectron) SP Tue identical shjects separated by q distance a, w/ charges equal in magnitude but oF opposite signs exert a force of attraction of 2+8N on each other: what poree do these objects exert on each other if thE distance between them becomes 247 Solution: Fz ucaiGa) = 2kg% = -26N a> a* Faz kOqyc-a) 2 -kq2 2 Cad)? 4az sP.3 A positive charge a, exerts a Force of magnitude -0:20N on anctheroharge -24+ Find the magnitude oF each charge ip the distance separating them fs equal to Soom, Solution: Fe ke Cg re-24) 9 r2a3m, Fa -a20N r™ wean 29% kK Ce.6)2 4? = (oi29o.§)? ak gs | r3G.Es 3 beexto&C — @uqx1e%) ANSWERS! ZelLeexio”% C joty = aB KI0~e,| Repalls Vector Summ | «For each tdividval pair op changes there isa In2 depenebnce on the separation. as For each pare there 6a dependence on the product of charges) wl repulsion @ For like changes and attraction for unlike ones. | | 5. For many changes, the Foreeon any ene particular charge can be Found as 4 @ Vector sum by using the superpesition principle» e | Solution : Three charges oh a Line e Determine the magnitude and direction of the net Force 99 4, OF One® = HOuS $30ONC, aoMc - @ CELE pees i - (4) AD + FO e@ Free diagram For 4.1 Fnet = Fa-Fo Faw ke 1billgal = CB.aaxto I N+ mtlc#)C 3x10 “"e>( 40x10") sat ce Co.20 m)* Fas k laillga| = Ctaqxiot NemMlc*)Caxio Ped (Tox0" Sc) gran > r2 Cousm)? Fs fn + Fa +-29N+ 2 4Na tsqN Exercise 3: Charges on a Plane Determine the net force onthe charge 4) | iCovlomb’s Law and Superposition Principle; SPS 3 Charges ona Plane | Illustrative Problem A point charge , = 20nC is located af Co; 8mm), 4 second charge ,@az 10 AC is located at Co)-3mm) and athird charge {3=5nC fs located at Camm) o>, Determine the magnitude and direction op the netelectric Force in mN, acting onthe & nC charge: + Sketch the diagram in coordinate systerni + Distance F183 and 723, Sand the angle & Sais Saaz aj 37442 = Bmm=3x1073m > tan"! 3 = 30.97° 4 Fart ¢ @3@i = Ixto% CSx10"%)(20KI0"9)_ sz e1030N Sa (Sx10"3) > Faas k_@3@2 = ax1oT CSxto")(ioxio"1) 2.019. N Sa Cexie7?)> Net Force , Rt Exon Rx EFyor Ry + Ran Z Px 0.08% cos 861 37° - 01018 cos 361879 a Odd N — +Rys Bey © -O%0866in BO: F1° - HOLE sin Ber 37° = nowsad | w © Re eJor01I44? + 0.03242 = 0.0885 N. + @2 tan”! 0.03824 266° WW Quadrant 2.0144| | | gmt pit | | | | || i \ELECTROSTATC FIELD cE cole e + Blectric pield i¢ the region surrounding an electric chargeer agrovpof charges | inwhich another charged particle expertences a Force of attraction or | |_ repulsion, | | | |. Theoreteally electric glelds extends up te inpinity bub practeally electric Field @ | isnot detectable beyond a certain distance __Revalll: Electric pleld lines . Direction oF Fleld line at any point 6 tangent te Ficld atthat pointy 2: Field lines point away From posite charges and terminate on negative _ charges. 3B. Field lines never crogs each other - Some Points About Electric Field [ Stne Fea is a direction op & is the direction of F @ @ ® @ @ @ @ Sones unit @ Mathematically 9 point existe iF e@ { @ @ ® e @ @ @ @ 4 Forte electric origin is exerted ona| Stattorary test charge at thet Vsing Coulomb's law for, spre ip cack je charge | ¢ chargeSP The isolated point charge of G=+ISHC IS ina vacuum. The teat charge placed at point ® is 0,20m tothe right of q and has a charge Go= +o.8 HC . Determine the electric Field at Point P. : ~ r h iF 4 ta) vi Le ot iit sy 4 i) 1 al = 1 eee 4 1 ced Fee lallgol = CeaqxiotN-m@ic*)(o.t0x0"%c) (isxio@C) = aa iad (0.20m)* ee Pi 21N 234 x10? Nic “Vad “etox—% => The Electric Field E> FF! sxijall 1 Iqol 3 sof The electric picid doss not depend on the test change Point charge a: Es k Io} r= The isolated point charge of = FISNC is inavacuum. Determine the electric Fleld of point P 0:20m From 4, The isolated pointchange oF 4 = HE HC iS in a vacuum. The test charge at point P is 0,.20M tothe right and has q charge o> to: BHC, Determine the electric Field at point P- 1 ‘ HEN ie z t 4 — 1 cb) ! Es klal = CeaaxioIUSxio“™@) 3.4 MN IC r3 Co20e)*| | a He { lectric Fields rom different sources add as vectors. \ | | | BR +E, +Ea Electric Charge and Electric Field ey __ Point changes 41 and 42 _LOf HANG and jane » respedivdls __ the electric Pield caused bY 41) ___by 42 and thetotal Field at point %b, andsc ANG: | | Factory = 418 Kio Nic f* the night _Eptrotary= @:2 x10 NIC tothe lert EeGeraLy = 4:92 x10 * Nic te thenight’ i 1 | A charge 4 °F 600 1G isn prom a | | [charge B of ~200 HC. Whatis the | _ Strength oF the preld at a poink C (that is 5m From Band Bm prem AtSewton: Ecaz K@A_ * Ax10%(Boox10") = awoxtod Nic Sac™ 13> Kegs Kap = axtotCacexto"?) = tax ot NIC Sac ™ cs )> Res ZExs Eca cos b = aex tod C2 fia) Ret Way xiot NIC Rys Leys Eca Sin -Ecg Rye 2idlox o4C Big) ~ 1.2 x104 Rys “GIB X ot Nic Bos Rx*+ Ry? — 568 lo Nic @etan-l @IZxlot = 63.294 Sop E arfoxio 4+ |_|} _ LESSON 1.2 | ELECTRIC CHARGE AND GAuSS's LAW __ CONTINUOUS CHARGE DISTRIBUTION | * The distances between charges ina group oF changes is math | Smaller than the Aictance_ between the group and a point of interest: fe) [+ Equivalent to 0 total change distributed along some line, over a surgace yor e@ Hhroughout some volume | | | || To caldvlate the Sledinié pis at a given Point, due te @ continous charge distr! bution, We Rinst divide the charge dictribution into small elements wie contains a small charge Aa, 152 each charges can be treated as a point charge So Ea. = kaa Lis Pa is ws Eas k4s and coon: Finally, Ae, andes the total electric! pield at peiith P can be solved by summing the contributions of all the charge element using the superposition principles "Continuous Sources : Charge Density © Volume Charge Density Cclm3) - charge is distributed eventy throughout avolume: P= _@ ee Ve 4 1 R® ® ‘ @ __® Surpace Charge Density Y~ change is distributed sions cfer 4 : rea: 62 @ error 628 cannenae e H | @ || e | on | ® ! | ape e led) | | fo | | e | Aswh | Ly fees eee> Linear Charge Density Celm)~ charge is distributed along a line: A= O c * e P 7 € Leana e BuecTRic FLUX Oe e + Consider a closed surface areq wW/ unknown eharge inside © Haw te determine the electric pieid outside op the surface? > lntraduce d test change 4o'and ae a2 72 move it around the vicinity Mos ® tectcrorge qo e of the closed surpacesthenwe = es Zi ‘ @® a? can measure the perce it \ 'é e exrertene #E =F By electric Flux @ - Flex - Latin word meaning "slow" + Positive charge —¥ outward electric Flux « Negative charge 7 inward electric Flux Na A (a) + chargeincide abox Lb ~ charge inside a box & « The net Flux is directly proportional tthe net amount oF charge in the enclosed surface * The plux is independent of the container[No charges no ned PIO AN Ca) no charge inside Ce) zene petlerarmeineide | [| | ee Zero plux bow inward Flex cancels ee ouhward lux | | [1 Changes outside the enclosed surface do net give a net electric fie throw the Sree | |vnigornly Gedne charge aie charged sheet inward Plux cancels, cofward Flux + Zero net charge © zero plvx (inward and outward Flux cancel out) ST » Electric Flux: Open Surpace ¢ | + B normal unit vector | + Perpendiovlar tethe surpace — “+ De FO if the direction of Field lines is the same ac the direction of A + De 40 ig the direction of pi elel ines ts opposite ee the direction ony "case |: E ie constant and perpendicular tothe plane of area A ge _ 1 Units: Nem /c Aregs & | é | [eal | aaa aan Pape i case a: e ieconetae and directed foan arate % fo the plane « op area 4 CI na ee ee LIaL Aaww beread Ax (Leos Pw PEELS Sw OES GAcas D Electric Flux: Closed Surpace * For closed surpaces, thedirection of aa points evlward Cerom inside to outside) + Pero (rE points ovhward * Ge ie cx? Bo! L) What ts the Flux through the disk iF i ic turned sothat A is perpendicular ne? ¢) What is the Flux through te disk (F A is parallel toE? Given: r= O1om , ES 2OKNIC a) De Acs h 2) = 0% be = C2kWleVWrlo.1om)? ] cos 30° Pe = EA coh G02 Cathe) osond* eas! b) P=90° Es EAcos 6 QE= (AENIc) [Loom Jere g0°Example 2! A positive potnt charge 5 3:0 NC (8 Surrounded |! Pe is independent of the shape oF the surpace. by a sphere wl radius 020m centered on the charge: Find the electric Flux through thesphere due to this change + Given: 4.5 BO UC oTSO20mM ME EA coSG B=O” -2e4 is parallel tothe electric rield because beth are directed ovhuard +The electric efdld atany Petnt oF the surface (5 constant becavse the charge ts located atthe center and equidistant ot ony pol bor the, surface Bakq = Caxtotnmlc?¢ Buc) 2 GIs kNIC Le Co20mn # | Ae attr? = AT Cor20m)*= oS021m*™ oe = BAws Ss = Co1s KW/c)(0-5027 m>)eos 0? De = 83412420 KNm2/C E GaAyss's LAW “Relates the net electric Flux throupha closed surface Corten called Gowssian curpace) and the charge Cholosed by the surface + Formulated by Carl Friedrich Goves + Analternative fo Covlomb's law Gauss's Law; Point charge inside a Spherteal Surpace * Positive point charge 4 atthe center ons of radius r, «+ Blectric pteld at the surface! Fey v2 arto or? + Fis perpendiculor te the surface, « Electric Flux througn sphere: Sys FAS Lt Carnet Ar Ege? Go my, A Potnt Charge instdea Non~Sphertcal Surface + Total plux through the (nregular surpace must | be the same ac total plux through the sphere: Peso. €o |We enclose the charge wl an (maginary gaussian surpace in 4 Form op epheré wi the charge Placed at the center. Statement of Gauss!s Law “ The total electric Flux Hhreugh a closed surfacg is equal to the total electric charge inside the surpace , divided by Go" a oe “Very userul For highly Symmetrical charge distributions + Stil holds YE For non- Summetrical charge aistribvtions , but (mpractecal Go Practice Rank the Five surfacts in order of the electric Flux through them From most positive te most negative. PES Seve €o Si: @erneco Sa: Qeres-1ME t+ EHC FACS THC $8: Qeres tance IMC -loucZO Sat @encs ~“TUCH BHC =1UC SB: Qengs - TMC TBUGt FHC FIM “IOHG= HC 2) S884, Si 25a Application of Gaves's Law 1 Identigy the regions in which te ealevlate E 2: Gheose Gawssian surfaces: Symmetry, 2- Calculate the total plux through the surgace, PE 4 Coleulote tht charge enclosed ky thesurpace, Qin, 5 Apply Gausc's Law te calculate EB: Choosing Gavesian Surpaces * First, hove an idea about the electric Rleld pattern created by the given charge dictribytion + Choose svrraces where © iS perpendicular and constant. Then Ges EAor De: -BA + Choose surpaces where & {s parallel: Then Des0-j @ Tt EA (the direction of the area element vector is downwards e | Becouse tralwoys points away From the surpace) @ OB = EA ontop iz Parallel to the electrre eteld) Pes -EA onbdottom (perpendicular to the e PE =0 onsides clectrtc pield) Examples of Gaussian surfaces @ Gaussian Surpace Cytinarteal Cogxial Cylinder @ Planar Cylinder J Govscian “Pill or”) -@ Spherical @ Example : Inginite Line Charge Elecinic, charge (s distributed Unigormly along an inginitely longsthinwire, — @ The charge per unit lengthis 7 Cassumed Positive) + Find the electric Ffeld _eutside! I @ A line charge can be approximated to be inginitely long ip (ts length ts much greater then the distance From the Field point (eg Uniformly, @ charged wire) -e _@ soba tet sgt lan ie eget ed ; 1. The symmeted is cylindrical, Thererore, the avssian surface is coaxial cylinder. e Cylindrical symmetry meons when we rotate the system fo any @ angie about ifs axis and we can shietit by any amount along the ads such thot the resulting system is (ndistinguishable fromthe original. e Las Using Gouss's Laws oe +_Sin.| | 1a i % Total Charge enclosed: Gins AL 4s Totel Flux: Og =OFEA to= ECatrrl) 3) Thetotal charge enclosed by the cylindrteal CY @ surpace is equal to AL ae ah 4) +The eglindrical surgace is composed of > dipperent SurFaces-Chuobaces and @ lateral evrve surpace), | * The total plux (S the sum op the Flux each GurpaceP Bases =0C the electric Ereld is paralle| te the surface or perpendioular the area. element vector ) Note: the are element vector is always Petnting away From the serpace - > Lateral surpacetis constant and its direction (s parallel to the areq, element vector S.thererore, ECauri )= AL Note: +The direction is radially outward bo + The electnc Field duetoan inpinite line charge decreases w) 1 = + The line charge is pinite + Symmetry and Gavec's law is not Gepiicable Example: Inginite Plane Sheet of Charge Find the electric Field caused by & thin, Flat, infinite sheetonwhich there is Q Uniform positive charge per unit area 6+ SeltHon: 1+ The symmetry (Ss planar. There Fore, the Gaussian surface is wilinder Planar Symmetry means thot the charge distribuHon dees not change ip Hs ne tn any direction porallel tothe shee} 2. Using Gauss's Law: Oe Gin = Eo 3. Total charge enclosed! Gin s GA > The intersection 6 #h€ cylinder andthe plane sheet oF charge © = Surpace Charge density Ae re 4S shown in the Figure 4: Total plox: @e = G4 + BA ro = 264 7 two bases ond lateral surpace. Lateral curpace = © C parallel tthe curpace and perpendiovr te ared element vector)Bases = = the electric Field (5 constewth andl the direction (Ss parallel to the @req element vector “Therepore, aeAs CA | || Nete: an electric pteld due te an inpinite e@ | Eo plane sheet or chauge is inclepen-| H af rrrrire sheet I | ae ® ly geod approximation For points that ane clase tothe sheet Compared to its demension andnot teo near toitsedg @ ’ } | Example! Charged Insulting Sphere Spherical. Insulator Positive Clectric charge Q is atetributed unipormly throughout the volume oF an Insulating Sphere w/ radius Ry Fincl the magnitude of the electric Field ata point P_o distance r from the center oF the Sphere for the pollowtng cases: J@ir spl Solution: 1 o TR ____) The symmetry is spherical Therefore the Gaussicin sunpace (Ss concentric sphere: > Wereapter the electric Feld inside the sphere 2) Using Gavscis Law + ea = Gin 60 a) Total charge enclosed: Gin= Q(r?/R*) > Let volume charge density be o= a | im Ala TR) —pvolume of lamer sphere 7 The small and lange sphere must have the same p since they're 4 ___unfpormly aistiribvted 1 we ae ) Art): ate Farr Salta Re 4) Total plox? Qe = EAS ECatrr2) rr because We Ore Solving For the electric Uplux throegh the smaller sphere. I : ae _5) There pore ebm g + (7 @and Rare constant oe 2 #he elecing, pred tereases || Aneorly wl respeot-te RB. Cr7R> Solution: 1) The symmetry is spherical] » Therefore the Gaussian surface concentric sphere 7 Since r 7R, ovr Cewssicin surface is the surRace of o langest sphere that completely enclosses the insulating Sphere 2) Using Gavsss Law: ez Gin “Eo, 2) Total charge enclosed: Qinz & » The gausstan surface completely encloses the insulerting sphere 4) Tota) Flux! Mes EA = Cat) S) Therepore, BCatrr2}=s_Q_ 6o 8 argo Setevtmic pletd duets pomnt charge althogh the given charge distribution & a volume charge + For any spherically charged body » the electric pield outeide the body fs the same as though the entire change por concentrerted ot the center therefore treating thas a point charge sl set r=R, We get the some result as shown tn the graph, For the result in A, substitute rw] R then in By substitute rw] R + Must obtain an identical expresston Therepore , the magnitude of the electrre Field & 4 continvous punction Roe an ingulating Spheres