Easy Access Rules for Flight Crew ANNEX I (Part-FCL)

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1. AIR LAW AND ATC PROCEDURES
International law: conventions, agreements and organisations
The Convention on international civil aviation (Chicago) Doc.
7300/6
Part I Air Navigation: relevant parts of the following chapters: x x
(a) general principles and application of the convention;
(b) flight over territory of Contracting States;
(c) nationality of aircraft;
(d) measures to facilitate air navigation;
(e) conditions to be fulfilled on aircraft;
(f) international standards and recommended practices;
(g) validity of endorsed certificates and licences;
(h) notification of differences.
Part II The International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO): x x
objectives and composition
Annex 8: Airworthiness of aircraft
Foreword and definitions x x
Certificate of airworthiness x x
Annex 7: Aircraft nationality and registration marks
Foreword and definitions x x
Common- and registration marks x x
Certificate of registration and aircraft nationality x x
Annex 1: Personnel licensing
Definitions x x
Relevant parts of Annex 1 connected to Part-FCL and Part- x x
Medical
Annex 2: Rules of the air
Essential definitions, applicability of the rules of the air, general x x
rules (except water operations), visual flight rules, signals and
interception of civil aircraft
Procedures for air navigation: aircraft operations doc. 8168-
ops/611, volume 1
Altimeter setting procedures (including
IACO doc. 7030 regional supplementary procedures)
Basic requirements (except tables), x x
procedures applicable to operators and pilots (except tables)
Secondary surveillance radar transponder operating
procedures (including ICAO Doc. 7030 regional
supplementary procedures)
Operation of transponders x x
Phraseology x x
Annex 11: Doc. 4444 air traffic management
Definitions x x
General provisions for air traffic services x x
Visual separation in the vicinity of aerodromes x x
Procedures for aerodrome control services x x
Radar services x x
Flight information service and alerting service x x
Phraseologies x x
Procedures related to emergencies, communication failure and x x
contingencies

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Annex 15: Aeronautical information service
Introduction, essential definitions x x
AIP, NOTAM, AIRAC and AIC x x
Annex 14, volume 1 and 2: Aerodromes
Definitions x x
Aerodrome data: conditions of the movement area and related x x
facilities
Visual aids for navigation: x x
(a) indicators and signalling devices;
(b) markings;
(c) lights;
(d) signs;
(e) markers.
Visual aids for denoting obstacles: x x
(a) marking of objects;
(b) lighting of objects.
Visual aids for denoting restricted use of areas x x
Emergency and other services: x x
(a) rescue and fire fighting;
(b) apron management service.
Annex 12: Search and rescue
Essential definitions x x
Operating procedures: x x
(a) procedures for PIC at the scene of an accident;
(b) procedures for PIC intercepting a distress transmission;
(c) search and rescue signals.
Search and rescue signals: x x
(a) signals with surface craft;
(b) ground or air visual signal code;
(c) air or ground signals.
Annex 17: Security
General: aims and objectives x x
Annex 13: Aircraft accident investigation
Essential definitions x x
Applicability x x
National law
National law and differences to relevant x x
ICAO Annexes and relevant EU regulations.
2. HUMAN PERFORMANCE
Human factors: basic concepts
Human factors in aviation
Becoming a competent pilot x x
Basic aviation physiology and health maintenance
The atmosphere: x x
(a) composition;
(b) gas laws.

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Respiratory and circulatory systems: x x
(a) oxygen requirement of tissues;
(b) functional anatomy;
(c) main forms of hypoxia (hypoxic and anaemic):
(1) sources, effects and countermeasures of carbon
monoxide;
(2) counter measures and hypoxia;
(3) symptoms of hypoxia.
(d) hyperventilation;
(e) the effects of accelerations on the circulatory system;
(f) hypertension and coronary heart disease.
Man and environment
Central, peripheral and autonomic nervous systems x x
Vision: x x
(a) functional anatomy;
(b) visual field, foveal and peripheral vision;
(c) binocular and monocular vision;
(d) monocular vision cues;
(e) night vision;
(f) visual scanning and detection techniques and
-
(g) defective vision.
Hearing: x x
(a) descriptive and functional anatomy;
(b) flight related hazards to hearing;
(c) hearing loss.
Equilibrium: x x
(a) functional anatomy;
(b) motion and acceleration;
(c) motion sickness.
Integration of sensory inputs: x x
(a) spatial disorientation: forms, recognition and avoidance;
(b) illusions: forms, recognition and avoidance:
(1) physical origin;
(2) physiological origin;
(3) psychological origin.
(c) approach and landing problems.
Health and hygiene
Personal hygiene: personal fitness x x
Body rhythm and sleep: x x
(a) rhythm disturbances;
(b) symptoms, effects and management.
Problem areas for pilots: x x
(a) common minor ailments including cold, influenza and
gastro-intestinal upset;
(b) entrapped gases and barotrauma, (scuba diving);
(c) obesity;
(d) food hygiene;
(e) infectious diseases;
(f) nutrition;
(g) various toxic gases and materials.

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Intoxication: x x
(a) prescribed medication;
(b) tobacco;
(c) alcohol and drugs;
(d) caffeine;
(e) self-medication.
Basic aviation psychology
Human information processing
Attention and vigilance: x x
(a) selectivity of attention;
(b) divided attention.
Perception: x x
(A) perceptual illusions;
(B) subjectivity of perception;
(C) processes of perception.
Memory: x x
(a) sensory memory;
(b) working or short term memory;
(c) long term memory to include motor memory (skills).
Human error and reliability
Reliability of human behaviour x x
Error generation: social environment (group, organisation) x x
Decision making
Decision-making concepts: x x
(a) structure (phases);
(b) limits;
(c) risk assessment;
(d) practical application.
Avoiding and managing errors: cockpit management
Safety awareness: x x
(a) risk area awareness;
(b) situational awareness.
Communication: verbal and non-verbal communication x x
Human behaviour
Personality and attitudes: x x
(a) development;
(b) environmental influences.
Identification of hazardous attitudes (error proneness) x x
Human overload and underload
Arousal x x
Stress: x x
(a) definition(s);
(b) anxiety and stress;
(c) effects of stress.
Fatigue and stress management: x x
(a) types, causes and symptoms of fatigue;
(b) effects of fatigue;
(c) coping strategies;
(d) management techniques;
(e) health and fitness programmes;

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3. METEOROLOGY
The atmosphere
Composition, extent and vertical division
Structure of the atmosphere x x
Troposphere x x
Air temperature
Definition and units x x
Vertical distribution of temperature x x
Transfer of heat x x
Lapse rates, stability and instability x x
Development of inversions and types of inversions x x
x x
and seasonal variation, effect of clouds and effect of wind
Atmospheric pressure
Barometric pressure and isobars x x
Pressure variation with height x x
Reduction of pressure to mean sea level x x
Relationship between surface pressure centres and pressure x x
centres aloft
Air density
Relationship between pressure, temperature and density x x
ISA
ICAO standard atmosphere x x
Altimetry
Terminology and definitions x x
Altimeter and altimeter settings x x
Calculations x x
Effect of accelerated airflow due to topography x x
Wind
Definition and measurement of wind
Definition and measurement x x
Primary cause of wind
Primary cause of wind, pressure gradient, coriolis force and x x
gradient wind
Variation of wind in the friction layer x x
Effects of convergence and divergence x x
General global circulation
General circulation around the globe x x
Local winds
Anabatic and katabatic winds, mountain and valley winds, x x
Venturi effects, land and sea breezes
Mountain waves (standing waves, lee waves)
Origin and characteristics x x
Turbulence
Description and types of turbulence x x
Formation and location of turbulence x x
THERMODYNAMICS
Humidity
Water vapour in the atmosphere x x
Mixing ratio x x

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Temperature/dew point, relative humidity x x
Change of state of aggregation
Condensation, evaporation, sublimation, freezing and melting, x x
latent heat
Adiabatic processes
Adiabatic processes, stability of the atmosphere x x
CLOUDS AND FOG
Cloud formation and description
Cooling by adiabatic expansion and by advection x x
Cloud types and cloud classification x x
Influence of inversions on cloud development x x
Fog, mist, haze
General aspects x x
Radiation fog x x
Advection fog x x
Steaming fog x x
Frontal fog x x
Orographic fog (hill fog) x x
PRECIPITATION
Development of precipitation
Processes of development of precipitation x x
Types of precipitation
Types of precipitation, relationship with cloud types x x
AIR MASSES AND FRONTS
Air masses
Description, classification and source regions of air masses x x
Modifications of air masses x x
Fronts
General aspects x x
Warm front, associated clouds, and weather x x
Cold front, associated clouds, and weather x x
Warm sector, associated clouds, and weather x x
Weather behind the cold front x x
Occlusions, associated clouds, and weather x x
Stationary front, associated clouds, and weather x x
Movement of fronts and pressure systems, life cycle x x
Changes of meteorological elements at a frontal wave x x
PRESSURE SYSTEMS
Anticyclone
Anticyclones, types, general properties, cold and warm x x
anticyclones, ridges and wedges, subsidence
Non-frontal depressions
Thermal, orographic and polar depressions, troughs x x
CLIMATOLOGY
Climatic zones
General seasonal circulation in the troposphere x x
Typical weather situations in the mid-latitudes
Westerly situation x x
High-pressure area x x
Flat-pressure pattern x x

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Local winds and associated weather
e.g. Foehn x x
FLIGHT HAZARDS
Icing
Conditions for ice accretion x x
Types of ice accretion x x
Hazards of ice accretion, avoidance x x
Turbulence
Effects on flight, avoidance x x
Wind shear
Definition of wind shear x x
Weather conditions for wind shear x x
Effects on flight, avoidance x x
Thunderstorms
Conditions for, and process of, development, forecast, location, x x
type specification
Structure of thunderstorms, life cycle, squall lines, electricity in x x
the atmosphere, static charges
Electrical discharges
Development and effects of downbursts x x
Thunderstorm avoidance x x
Inversions
Influence on aircraft performance x x
Hazards in mountainous areas
Influence of terrain on clouds and precipitation, frontal passage x x
Vertical movements, mountain waves, wind shear, turbulence, x x
ice accretion
Development and effect of valley inversions x x
Visibility-reducing phenomena
Reduction of visibility caused by precipitation and obscuration x x
Reduction of visibility caused by other phenomena x x
METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION
Observation
Surface observations x x
Radiosonde observations x x
Satellite observations x x
Weather radar observations x x
Aircraft observations and reporting x x
Weather charts
Significant weather charts x x
Surface charts x x
Information for flight planning
Aviation weather messages x x
Meteorological broadcasts for aviation x x
Use of meteorological documents x x
Meteorological warnings x x
Meteorological services
World area forecast system (WAFS) and meteorological offices x x

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4. COMMUNICATIONS
VFR COMMUNICATIONS
Definitions
Meanings and significance of associated terms x x
ATS abbreviations x x
Q-code groups commonly used in RTF airground x x
communications
Categories of messages x x
General operating procedures
Transmission of letters x x
Transmission of numbers (including level information) x x
Transmission of time x x
Transmission technique x x
Standard words and phrases (relevant RTF phraseology x x
included)
R/T call signs for aeronautical stations including use of x x
abbreviated call signs
R/T call signs for aircraft including use of abbreviated call signs x x
Transfer of communication x x
Test procedures including readability scale x x
Read back and acknowledgement requirements x x
Relevant weather information terms (VFR)
Aerodrome weather x x
Weather broadcast x x
Action required to be taken in case of communication failure x x
Distress and urgency procedures
Distress (definition, frequencies, watch of distress frequencies, x x
distress signal and distress message)
Urgency (definition, frequencies, urgency signal and urgency x x
message)
General principles of VHF propagation and allocation of x x
frequencies
5. PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
5.1. PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT: AEROPLANE
Subsonic aerodynamics
Basics concepts, laws and definitions
Laws and definitions: x x
(a) conversion of units;
(b) Newton´s laws;
(c)
(d) static pressure, dynamic pressure and total pressure;
(e) density;
(f) IAS and TAS.
Basics about airflow: x x
(a) streamline;
(b) two-dimensional airflow;
(c) three-dimensional airflow.
Aerodynamic forces on surfaces: x x
(a) resulting airforce;
(b) lift;

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(c) drag;
(d) angle of attack.
Shape of an aerofoil section: x x
(a) thickness to chord ratio;
(b) chord line;
(c) camber line;
(d) camber;
(e) angle of attack.
The wing shape: x x
(a) aspect ratio;
(b) root chord;
(c) tip chord;
(d) tapered wings;
(e) wing planform.
The two-dimensional airflow about an aerofoil
Streamline pattern x x
Stagnation point x x
Pressure distribution x x
Centre of pressure x x
Influence of angle of attack x x
Flow separation at high angles of attack x x
The lift x x
The coefficients
The lift coefficient Cl: the lift formula x x
The drag coefficient Cd: the drag formula x x
The three-dimensional airflow round a wing and a fuselage
Streamline pattern: x x
(a) span-wise flow and causes;
(b) tip vortices and angle of attack;
(c) upwash and downwash due to tip vortices;
(d) wake turbulence behind an aeroplane (causes,
distribution and duration of the phenomenon).
Induced drag: x x
(a) influence of tip vortices on the angle of attack;
(b)
(c) influence of induced angle of attack on the direction of
the lift vector;
(d) induced drag and angle of attack.
Drag
The parasite drag: x x
(a) pressure drag;
(b) interference drag;
(c) friction drag.
The parasite drag and speed x x
The induced drag and speed x x
The total drag x x
The ground effect
Effect on take off and landing characteristics of an aeroplane x x

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The stall
Flow separation at increasing angles of attack: x x
(a) the boundary layer:
(1) laminar layer;
(2) turbulent layer;
(3) transition.
(b) separation point;
(c) influence of angle of attack;
(d) influence on:
(1) pressure distribution;
(2) location of centre of pressure;
(3) CL;
(4) CD;
(5) pitch moments.
(e) buffet;
(f) use of controls.
The stall speed: x x
(a) in the lift formula;
(b) 1g stall speed;
(c) influence of:
(1) the centre of gravity;
(2) power setting;
(3) altitude (IAS);
(4) wing loading;
(5) load factor n:
(i) definition;
(ii) turns;
(iii) forces.
The initial stall in span-wise direction: x x
(a) influence of planform;
(b) geometric twist (wash out);
(c) use of ailerons.
Stall warning: x x
(a) importance of stall warning;
(b) speed margin;
(c) buffet;
(d) stall strip;
(e) flapper switch;
(f) recovery from stall.
Special phenomena of stall: x x
(a) the power-on stall;
(b) climbing and descending turns;
(c) t-tailed aeroplane;
(d) avoidance of spins:
(1) spin development;
(2) spin recognition;
(3) spin recovery.
(e) ice (in stagnation point and on surface):
(1) absence of stall warning;
(2) abnormal behaviour of the aircraft during stall.

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CL augmentation
Trailing edge flaps and the reasons for use in take-off and x x
landing:
(a) influence on CL - -graph;
(b) different types of flaps;
(c) flap asymmetry;
(d) influence on pitch movement.
Leading edge devices and the reasons for use in take-off and x x
landing
The boundary layer
Different types: x x
(a) laminar;
(b) turbulent.
Special circumstances
Ice and other contamination: x x
(a) ice in stagnation point;
(b) ice on the surface (frost, snow and clear ice);
(c) rain;
(d) contamination of the leading edge;
(e) effects on stall;
(f) effects on loss of controllability;
(g) effects on control surface moment;
(h) influence on high lift devices during takeoff, landing and
low speeds.
Stability
Condition of equilibrium in steady horizontal flight
Precondition for static stability x x
Equilibrium: x x
(a) lift and weight;
(b) drag and thrust.
Methods of achieving balance
Wing and empennage (tail and canard) x x
Control surfaces x x
Ballast or weight trim x x
Static and dynamic longitudinal stability
Basics and definitions: x x
(a) static stability, positive, neutral and negative;
(b) precondition for dynamic stability;
(c) dynamic stability, positive, neutral and negative.
Location of centre of gravity: x x
(a) aft limit and minimum stability margin;
(b) forward position;
(c) effects on static and dynamic stability.
Dynamic lateral or directional stability
Spiral dive and corrective actions x x
Control
General
Basics, the three planes and three axis x x
Angle of attack change x x
Pitch control
Elevator x x

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Downwash effects x x
Location of centre of gravity x x
Yaw control
Pedal or rudder x x
Roll control
Ailerons: function in different phases of flight x x
Adverse yaw x x
Means to avoid adverse yaw: x x
(a) frise ailerons;
(b) differential ailerons deflection.
Means to reduce control forces
Aerodynamic balance: x x
(a) balance tab and anti-balance tab;
(b) servo tab.
Mass balance
Reasons to balance: means x x
Trimming
Reasons to trim x x
Trim tabs x x
Limitations
Operating limitations
Flutter x x
vfe x x
vno, vne x x
Manoeuvring envelope
Manoeuvring load diagram: x x
(a) load factor;
(b) accelerated stall speed;
(c) va;
(d) manoeuvring limit load factor or certification category.
Contribution of mass x x
Gust envelope
Gust load diagram x x
Factors contributing to gust loads x x
Propellers
Conversion of engine torque to thrust
Meaning of pitch x x
Blade twist x x
Effects of ice on propeller x x
Engine failure or engine stop
Windmilling drag x x
Moments due to propeller operation
Torque reaction x x
Asymmetric slipstream effect x x
Asymmetric blade effect x x
Flight mechanics
Forces acting on an aeroplane
Straight horizontal steady flight x x
Straight steady climb x x
Straight steady descent x x

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Straight steady glide x x
Steady coordinated turn: x x
(a) bank angle;
(b) load factor;
(c) turn radius;
(d) rate one turn.
5.2. PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT: HELICOPTER
Subsonic aerodynamics
Basic concepts, laws and definitions x x
Conversion of units x x
Definitions and basic concepts about air: x x
(a) the atmosphere and International Standard Atmosphere;
(b) density;
(c) influence of pressure and temperature on density.
x x
(a) econd law: Momentum equation;
(b)
Basic concepts about airflow: x x
(a) steady airflow and unsteady airflow;
(b)
(c) static pressure, dynamic pressure, total pressure and
stagnation point;
(d) TAS and IAS;
(e) two-dimensional airflow and three-dimensional airflow;
(f) viscosity and boundary layer.
Two-dimensional airflow x x
Aerofoil section geometry: x x
(a) aerofoil section;
(b) chord line, thickness and thickness to chord ratio of a
section;
(c) camber line and camber;
(d) symmetrical and asymmetrical aerofoils sections.
Aerodynamic forces on aerofoil elements: x x
(a) angle of attack;
(b) pressure distribution;
(c) lift and lift coefficient
(d) relation lift coefficient: angle of attack;
(e) profile drag and drag coefficient;
(f) relation drag coefficient: angle of attack;
(g) resulting force, centre of pressure and pitching moment.
Stall: x x
(a) boundary layer and reasons for stalling;
(b) variation of lift and drag as a function of angle of attack;
(c) displacement of the centre of pressure and pitching
moment.
Disturbances due to profile contamination: x x
(a) ice contamination;
(b) ice on the surface (frost, snow and clear ice).
The three-dimensional airflow round a wing and a fuselage x x
The wing: x x
(a) planform, rectangular and tapered wings;

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(b) wing twist.
Airflow pattern and influence on lift: x x
(a) span wise flow on upper and lower surface;
(b) tip vortices;
(c) span-wise lift distribution.
Induced drag: causes and vortices x x
The airflow round a fuselage: x x
(a) components of a fuselage;
(b) parasite drag;
(c) variation with speed.
Transonic aerodynamics and compressibility effects
Airflow velocities x x
Airflow speeds: x x
(a) speed of sound;
(b) subsonic, high subsonic and supersonic flows.
Shock waves: x x
(a) compressibility and shock waves;
(b) the reasons for their formation at upstream high
subsonic airflow;
(c) their effect on lift and drag.
Influence of wing planform: sweep-angle x x
Rotorcraft types x x
Rotorcraft x x
Rotorcraft types: x x
(a) autogyro;
(b) helicopter.
Helicopters x x
Helicopters configurations: the single main rotor helicopter x x
The helicopter, characteristics and associated terminology: x x
(a) general lay-out, fuselage, engine and gearbox;
(b) tail rotor, fenestron and NOTAR;
(c) engines (reciprocating and turbo shaft engines);
(d) power transmission;
(e) rotor shaft axis, rotor hub and rotor blades;
(f) rotor disc and rotor disc area;
(g) teetering rotor (two blades) and rotors with more than
two blades;
(h) skids and wheels;
(i) helicopter axes and fuselage centre line;
(j) roll axis, pitch axis and normal or yaw axis;
(k) gross mass, gross weight and disc loading.
Main rotor aerodynamics x x
Hover flight outside ground effect x x
Airflow through the rotor discs and round the blades: x x
(a) circumferential velocity of the blade sections;
(b) induced airflow, through the disc and downstream;
(c) downward fuselage drag;
(d) equilibrium of rotor thrust, weight and fuselage drag;
(e) rotor disc induced power;
(f) relative airflow to the blade;
(g) pitch angle and angle of attack of a blade section;

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(h) lift and profile drag on the blade element;
(i) resulting lift and thrust on the blade and rotor thrust;
(j) collective pitch angle changes and necessity of blade
feathering;
(k) required total main rotor-torque and rotor-power;
(l) influence of the air density.
Anti-torque force and tail rotor: x x
(a) force of tail rotor as a function of main rotor-torque;
(b) anti-torque rotor power;
(c) necessity of blade feathering of tail rotor blades and yaw
pedals.
Maximum hover altitude OGE: x x
(a) total power required and power available;
(b) maximum hover altitude as a function of pressure
altitude and OAT.
Vertical climb x x
Relative airflow and angles of attack: x x
(a) climb velocity VC, induced and relative velocity and angle
of attack;
(b) collective pitch angle and blade feathering.
Power and vertical speed: x x
(a) induced power, climb power and profile power;
(b) total main rotor power and main rotor torque;
(c) tail rotor power;
(d) total power requirement in vertical flight.
Forward flight x x
Airflow and forces in uniform inflow distribution: x x
(a) assumption of uniform inflow distribution on rotor disc;
(b) advancing blade (90°) and retreating blade (270°);
(c) airflow velocity relative to the blade sections, area of
reverse flow;
(d) lift on the advancing and retreating blades at constant
pitch angles;
(e) necessity of cyclic pitch changes;
(f) compressibility effects on the advancing blade tip and
speed limitations;
(g) high angle of attack on the retreating blade, blade stall
and speed limitations;
(h) thrust on rotor disc and tilt of thrust vector;
(i) vertical component of the thrust vector and gross weight
equilibrium;
(j) horizontal component of the thrust vector and drag
equilibrium.
The flare (power flight): x x
(a) thrust reversal and increase in rotor thrust;
(b) increase of rotor RPM on non governed rotor.
Power and maximum speed: x x
(a) induced power as a function of helicopter speed;
(b) rotor profile power as a function of helicopter speed;
(c) fuselage drag and parasite power as a function of
forward speed;

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(d) tail rotor power and power ancillary equipment;
(e) total power requirement as a function of forward speed;
(f) influence of helicopter mass, air density and drag of
additional external equipment;
(g) translational lift and influence on power required.
Hover and forward flight in ground effect x x
Airflow in ground effect and downwash: rotor power decrease x x
as a function of rotor height above the ground at constant
helicopter mass
Vertical descent x x
Vertical descent, power on: x x
(a) airflow through the rotor, low and moderate descent
speeds;
(b) vortex ring state, settling with power and consequences.
Autorotation: x x
(a) collective lever position after failure;
(b) up flow through the rotor, auto-rotation and anti-
autorotation rings;
(c) tail rotor thrust and yaw control;
(d) control of rotor RPM with collective lever;
(e) landing after increase of rotor thrust by pulling collective
and reduction in vertical speed.
Forward flight: Autorotation x x
Airflow through the rotor disc: x x
(a) descent speed and up flow through the disc;
(b) the flare, increase in rotor thrust, reduction of vertical
speed and ground speed.
Flight and landing: x x
(a) turning;
(b) flare;
(c) autorotative landing;
(d)
curve.
Main rotor mechanics x x
Flapping of the blade in hover x x
Forces and stresses on the blade: x x
(a) centrifugal force on the blade and attachments;
(b) limits of rotor RPM;
(c) lift on the blade and bending stresses on a rigid
attachment;
(d) the flapping hinge of the articulated rotor and flapping
hinge offset;
(e) the flapping of the hinge less rotor and flexible element.
Coning angle in hover: x x
(a) lift and centrifugal force in hover and blade weight
negligible
(b) flapping, tip path plane and disc area.
Flapping angles of the blade in forward flight x x
Forces on the blade in forward flight without cyclic feathering: x x
(a) aerodynamic forces on the advancing and retreating
blades without cyclic feathering;

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(b) periodic forces and stresses, fatigue and flapping hinge;
(c) phase lag between the force and the flapping angle
(about 90°);
(d) flapping motion of the hinged blades and tilting of the
cone and flap back of rotor;
(e) rotor disc attitude and thrust vector tilt.
Cyclic pitch (feathering) in helicopter mode, forward flight: x x
(a) necessity of forward rotor disc tilt and thrust vector tilt;
(b) flapping and tip path plane, virtual rotation axis or no
flapping axis and plane of rotation;
(c) shaft axis and hub plane;
(d) cyclic pitch change (feathering) and rotor thrust vector
tilt;
(e) collective pitch change, collective lever, swash plate,
pitch link and pitch horn;
(f) cyclic stick, rotating swash plate and pitch link
movement and phase angle.
Blade lag motion x x
Forces on the blade in the disc plane (tip path plane) in forward x x
flight:
(a) forces due to the Coriolis effect because of the flapping;
(b) alternating stresses and the need of the drag or lag
hinge.
The drag or lag hinge: x x
(a) the drag hinge in the fully articulated rotor;
(b) the lag flexure in the hinge less rotor;
(c) drag dampers.
Ground resonance: x x
(a) blade lag motion and movement of the centre of gravity
of the blades and the rotor;
(b) oscillating force on the fuselage;
(c) fuselage, undercarriage and resonance.
Rotor systems x x
See-saw or teetering rotor x x
Fully articulated rotor: x x
(a) three hinges arrangement;
(b) bearings and elastomeric hinges.
Hinge less rotor and bearing less rotor x x
Blade sailing: x x
(a) low rotor RPM and effect of adverse wind;
(b) minimising the danger;
(c) droop stops.
Vibrations due to main rotor: x x
(a) origins of the vibrations: in plane and vertical;
(b) blade tracking and balancing.
Tail rotors x x
Conventional tail rotor x x
Rotor description: x x
(a) two-blades tail rotors with teetering hinge;
(b) rotors with more than two blades;
(c) feathering bearings and flapping hinges;

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(d) dangers to people and to the tail rotor, rotor height and
safety.
Aerodynamics: x x
(a) induced airflow and tail rotor thrust;
(b) thrust control by feathering, tail rotor drift and roll;
(c) effect of tail rotor failure and vortex ring.
The fenestron: technical lay-out x x
The NOTAR: technical lay-out x x
Vibrations: high frequency vibrations due to the tail rotors x x
Equilibrium, stability and control x x
Equilibrium and helicopter attitudes x x
Hover: x x
(a) forces and equilibrium conditions;
(b) helicopter pitching moment and pitch angle;
(c) helicopter rolling moment and roll angle.
Forward flight: x x
(a) forces and equilibrium conditions;
(b) helicopter moments and angles;
(c) effect of speed on fuselage attitude.
Control x x
Control power x x
(a) fully articulated rotor;
(b) hinge less rotor;
(c) teetering rotor.
Static and dynamic roll over x x
Helicopter performances
Engine performances x x
Piston engines: x x
(a) power available;
(b) effects of density altitude.
Turbine engines: x x
(a) power available;
(b) effects of ambient pressure and temperature.
Helicopter performances x x
Hover and vertical flight: x x
(a) power required and power available;
(b) OGE and IGE maximum hover height;
(c) influence of AUM, pressure, temperature and density.
Forward flight: x x
(a) maximum speed;
(b) maximum rate of climb speed;
(c) maximum angle of climb speed;
(d) range and endurance;
(e) influence of AUM, pressure, temperature and density.
Manoeuvring: x x
(a) load factor;
(b)
(c) manoeuvring limit load factor.
Special conditions: x x
(a) operating with limited power;
(b) over pitch and over torque.

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6. OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
General
Operation of aircraft: ICAO Annex 6, General requirements
Definitions x x x x
Applicability x x x x
Special operational procedures and hazards (general aspects) x x x x
Noise abatement
Noise abatement procedures x x x x
Influence of the flight procedure (departure, cruise and x x x x
approach)
Runway incursion awareness (meaning of surface markings and x x x x
signals)
Fire or smoke
Carburettor fire x x x x
Engine fire x x x x
Fire in the cabin and cockpit, (choice of extinguishing agents x x x x
according to fire classification and use of the extinguishers)
Smoke in the cockpit and (effects and action to be taken) and x x x x
smoke in the cockpit and cabin (effects and actions taken)
Windshear and microburst
Effects and recognition during departure and approach x x x x
Actions to avoid and actions taken during encounter x x x x
Wake turbulence
Cause x x x x
List of relevant parameters x x x x
Actions taken when crossing traffic, during take-off and landing x x x x
Emergency and precautionary landings
Definition x x x x
Cause x x x x
Passenger information x x x x
Evacuation x x x x
Action after landing x x x x
Contaminated runways
Kinds of contamination x x
Estimated surface friction and friction coefficient x x
Rotor downwash x x
Operation influence by meteorological conditions (helicopter)
White out, sand or dust x x
Strong winds x x
Mountain environment x x
Emergency procedures
Influence by technical problems
Engine failure x x
Fire in cabin, cockpit or engine x x
Tail, rotor or directional control failure x x
Ground resonance x x
Blade stall x x
Settling with power (vortex ring) x x
Overpitch x x
Overspeed: rotor or engine x x

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Dynamic rollover x x
Mast bumping x x
7. FLIGHT PERFORMANCE AND PLANNING
7.1. MASS AND BALANCE: AEROPLANES OR HELICOPTERS
Purpose of mass and balance considerations
Mass limitations
Importance in regard to structural limitations x x x x
Importance in regard to performance limitations x x x x
CG limitations
Importance in regard to stability and controllability x x x x
Importance in regard to performance x x x x
Loading
Terminology
Mass terms x x x x
Load terms (including fuel terms) x x x x
Mass limits
Structural limitations x x x x
Performance limitations x x x x
Baggage compartment limitations x x x x
Mass calculations
Maximum masses for take-off and landing x x x x
Use of standard masses for passengers, baggage and crew x x x x
Fundamentals of CG calculations
Definition of centre of gravity x x x x
Conditions of equilibrium (balance of forces and balance of x x x x
moments)
Basic calculations of CG x x x x
Mass and balance details of aircraft
Contents of mass and balance documentation
Datum and moment arm x x x x
CG position as distance from datum x x x x
Extraction of basic mass and balance data from aircraft
documentation
BEM x x x x
CG position or moment at BEM x x x x
Deviations from standard configuration x x x x
Determination of CG position
Methods
Arithmetic method x x x x
Graphic method x x x x
Load and trim sheet
General considerations x x x x
Load sheet and CG envelope for light aeroplanes and for x x x x
helicopters
7.2. PERFORMANCE: AEROPLANES
Introduction
Performance classes x x
Stages of flight x x
Effect of aeroplane mass, wind, altitude, runway slope and x x
runway conditions

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Gradients x x
SE aeroplanes
Definitions of terms and speeds x x
Take-off and landing performance
Use of aeroplane flight manual data x x
Climb and cruise performance
Use of aeroplane flight data x x
Effect of density altitude and aeroplane mass x x
Endurance and the effects of the different recommended x x
power or thrust settings
Still air range with various power or thrust settings x x
7.3. FLIGHT PLANNING AND FLIGHT MONITORING
Flight planning for VFR flights
VFR navigation plan
Routes, airfields, heights and altitudes from VFR charts x x x x
Courses and distances from VFR charts x x x x
Aerodrome charts and aerodrome directory x x x x
Communications and radio navigation planning data x x x x
Completion of navigation plan x x x x
Fuel planning
General knowledge x x x x
Pre-flight calculation of fuel required
Calculation of extra fuel x x x x
Completion of the fuel section of the navigation plan (fuel log) x x x x
and calculation of total fuel
Pre-flight preparation
AIP and NOTAM briefing
Ground facilities and services x x x x
Departure, destination and alternate aerodromes x x x x
Airway routings and airspace structure x x x x
Meteorological briefing
Extraction and analysis of relevant data from meteorological x x x x
documents
ICAO flight plan (ATS flight plan)
Individual flight plan
Format of flight plan x x x x
Completion of the flight plan x x x x
Submission of the flight plan x x x x
Flight monitoring and in-flight replanning
Flight monitoring
Monitoring of track and time x x x x
In-flight fuel management x x x x
In-flight re-planning in case of deviation from planned data x x x x
7.4. PERFORMANCE: HELICOPTERS
General
Introduction
Stages of flight x x
Effect on performance of atmospheric, airport or heliport and x x
helicopter conditions
Applicability of airworthiness requirements x x

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Definitions and terminology x x
Performance: SE helicopters
Definitions of terms x x
(a) masses;
(b) velocities: vx, vy;
(c) velocity of best range and of maximum endurance;
(d) power limitations;
(e) altitudes.
Take-off, cruise and landing x x
performance
Use and interpretation of diagrams and tables:
(a) Take-off:
(1) take-off run and distance available;
(2) take-off and initial climb;
(3) effects of mass, wind and density altitude;
(4) effects of ground surface and gradient.
(b) Landing:
(1) effects of mass, wind, density altitude and approach
speed;
(2) effects of ground surface and gradient.
(c) In-flight:
(1) relationship between power required and power
available;
(2) performance diagram;
(3) effects of configuration, mass, temperature and
altitude;
(4) reduction of performance during climbing turns;
(5) autorotation;
(6) adverse effects (icing, rain and condition of the
airframe).
8. AIRCRAFT GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
8.1. AIRFRAME AND SYSTEMS, ELECTRICS,
POWERPLANT AND EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT
System design, loads, stresses, maintenance
x x x x
structure
Airframe
Wings, tail surfaces and control surfaces
Design and constructions x x
Structural components and materials x x
Stresses x x
Structural limitations x x
Fuselage, doors, floor, wind-screen and windows
Design and constructions x x x x
Structural components and materials x x x x
Stresses x x x x
Structural limitations x x x x
Flight and control surfaces
Design and constructions x x
Structural components and materials x x
Stresses and aero elastic vibrations x x

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Structural limitations x x
Hydraulics
Hydromechanics: basic principles x x x x
Hydraulic systems x x x x
Hydraulic fluids: types and characteristics, limitations x x x x
System components: design, operation, degraded modes of x x x x
operation, indications and warnings
Landing gear, wheels, tyres and brakes
Landing gear
Types and materials x x x x
Nose wheel steering: design and operation x x
Brakes
Types and materials x x x x
System components: design, operation, indications and x x x x
warnings
Wheels and tyres
Types and operational limitations x x x x
Helicopter equipments x x
Flight controls
Mechanical or powered x x x x
Control systems and mechanical x x x x
System components: design, operation, indications and x x x x
warnings, degraded modes of operation and jamming
Secondary flight controls
System components: design, operation, degraded modes of x x
operation, indications and warnings
Anti-icing systems
Types and operation (pitot and windshield) x x x x
Fuel system
Piston engine
System components: design, operation, degraded modes of x x x x
operation, indications and warnings
Turbine engine
System components: design, operation, degraded modes of x x
operation, indications and warnings
Electrics
Electrics: general and definitions
x x x x
law, power and work
Alternating current: voltage, current, amplitude, phase, x x x x
frequency and resistance
Circuits: series and parallel x x x x
Magnetic field: effects in an electrical circuit x x x x
Batteries
Types, characteristics and limitations x x x x
Battery chargers, characteristics and limitations x x x x
Static electricity: general
Basic principles x x x x
Static dischargers x x x x
Protection against interference x x x x

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Lightning effects x x x x
Generation: production, distribution and use
DC generation: types, design, operation, degraded modes of x x x x
operation, indications and warnings
AC generation: types, design, operation, degraded modes of x x x x
operation, indications and warnings
Electric components
Basic elements: basic principles of switches, circuit-breakers x x x x
and relays
Distribution
General: x x x x
(a) bus bar, common earth and priority;
(b) AC and DC comparison.
Piston engines
General
Types of internal combustion engine: basic principles and x x x x
definitions
Engine: design, operation, components and materials x x x x
Fuel
Types, grades, characteristics and limitations x x x x
Alternate fuel: characteristics and limitations x x x x
Carburettor or injection system
Carburettor: design, operation, degraded modes of operation, x x x x
indications and warnings
Injection: design, operation, degraded modes of operation, x x x x
indications and warnings
Icing x x x x
Air cooling systems
Design, operation, degraded modes of operation, indications x x x x
and warnings
Lubrication systems
Lubricants: types, characteristics and limitations x x x x
Design, operation, degraded modes of operation, indications x x x x
and warnings
Ignition circuits
Design, operation, degraded modes of operation x x x x
Mixture
Definition, characteristic mixtures, control instruments, x x x x
associated control levers and indications
Propellers
Definitions and general: x x
(a) aerodynamic parameters;
(b) types;
(c) operating modes.
Constant speed propeller: design, operation and system x x
components
Propeller handling: associated control levers, degraded modes x x
of operation, indications and warnings

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Performance and engine handling
Performance: influence of engine parameters, influence of x x x x
atmospheric conditions, limitations and power augmentation
systems
Engine handling: power and mixture settings during various x x x x
flight phases and operational limitations
Turbine engines
Definitions x x
Coupled turbine engine: design, operation, components and x x
materials
Free turbine engine: design, operation, components and x x
materials
Fuel
Types, characteristics and limitations x x
Main engine components
Compressor: x x
(a) types, design, operation, components and materials;
(b) stresses and limitations;
(c) stall, surge and means of prevention.
Combustion chamber: x x
(a) types, design, operation, components and materials;
(b) stresses and limitations;
(c) emission problems.
Turbine: x x
(a) types, design, operation, components and materials;
(b) stresses, creep and limitations.
Exhaust: x x
(a) design, operation and materials;
(b) noise reduction.
Fuel control units: types, operation and sensors x x
Helicopter air intake: different types, design, operation, x x
materials and optional equipments
Additional components and systems
Helicopter additional components and systems: lubrication x x
system, ignition circuit, starter, accessory gearbox, free wheel
units: design, operation and components
Performance aspects
Torque, performance aspects, engine handling and limitations: x x
(a) engine ratings;
(b) engine performance and limitations;
(c) engine handling.
Protection and detection systems
Fire detection systems
Operation and indications x X
Miscellaneous systems
Rotor design x x
Rotor heads
Main rotor
Types x x
Structural components and materials, stresses and structural x x
limitations

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Design and construction x x
Adjustment x x
Tail rotor
Types x x
Structural components and materials, stresses and structural x x
limitations
Design and construction x x
Adjustment x x
Transmission
Main gear box
Different types, design, operation and limitations x x
Rotor brake
Different types, design, operation and limitations x x
Auxiliary systems x x
Drive shaft and associated installation x x
Intermediate and tail gear box
Different types, design, operation and limitations x x
Blades
Main rotor blade
Design and construction x x
Structural components and materials x x
Stresses x x
Structural limitations x x
Adjustment x x
Tip shape x x
Tail rotor blade
Design and construction x x
Structural components and materials x x
Stresses x x
Structural limitations x x
Adjustment x x
8.2. INSTRUMENTATION
Instrument and indication systems
Pressure gauge
Different types, design, operation, characteristics and accuracy x x x x
Temperature sensing
Different types, design, operation, characteristics and accuracy x x x x
Fuel gauge
Different types, design, operation, characteristics and accuracy x x x x
Flow meter
Different types, design, operation, characteristics and accuracy x x x x
Position transmitter
Different types, design, operation, characteristics and accuracy x x x x
Torque meter
Design, operation, characteristics and accuracy x x
Tachometer
Design, operation, characteristics and accuracy x x x x
Measurement of aerodynamic parameters
Pressure measurement
Static pressure, dynamic pressure, density and definitions x x x x

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Design, operation, errors and accuracy x x x x
Temperature measurement: aeroplane
Design, operation, errors and accuracy x x
Displays x x
Temperature measurement: helicopter
Design, operation, errors and accuracy x x
Displays x x
Altimeter
Standard atmosphere x x x x
The different barometric references (QNH, QFE and 1013.25) x x x x
Height, indicated altitude, true altitude, pressure altitude and x x x x
density altitude
Design, operation, errors and accuracy x x x x
Displays x x x x
Vertical speed indicator
Design, operation, errors and accuracy x x x x
Displays x x x x
Air speed indicator
The different speeds IAS, CAS, TAS: definition, usage and x x x x
relationships
Design, operation, errors and accuracy x x x x
Displays x x x x
Magnetism: direct reading compass
Earth magnetic field x x x x
Direct reading compass
Design, operation, data processing, accuracy and deviation x x x x
Turning and acceleration errors x x x x
Gyroscopic instruments
Gyroscope: basic principles
Definitions and design x x x x
Fundamental properties x x x x
Drifts x x x x
Turn and bank indicator
Design, operation and errors x x x x
Attitude indicator
Design, operation, errors and accuracy x x x x
Directional gyroscope
Design, operation, errors and accuracy x x x x
Communication systems
Transmission modes: VHF, HF and SATCOM
Principles, bandwidth, operational limitations and use x x x x
Voice communication
Definitions, general and applications x x x x
Alerting systems and proximity systems
Flight warning systems
Design, operation, indications and alarms x x x x
Stall warning
Design, operation, indications and alarms x x
Radio-altimeter
Design, operation, errors, accuracy and indications x x

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Rotor or engine over speed alert system
Design, operation, displays and alarms x x
Integrated instruments: electronic displays
Display units
Design, different technologies and limitations x x x x
9. NAVIGATION
9.1. GENERAL NAVIGATION
Basics of navigation
The solar system
Seasonal and apparent movements of the sun x x
The earth
Great circle, small circle and rhumb line x x
Latitude and difference of latitude x x
Longitude and difference of longitude x x
Use of latitude and longitude co-ordinates to locate any specific x x
position
Time and time conversions
Apparent time x x
UTC x x
LMT x x
Standard times x x
Dateline x x
Definition of sunrise, sunset and civil twilight x x
Directions
True north, magnetic north and compass north x x
Compass deviation x x
Magnetic poles, isogonals, relationship between true and x x
magnetic
Distance
Units of distance and height used in navigation: nautical miles, x x
statute miles, kilometres, metres and ft
Conversion from one unit to another x x
Relationship between nautical miles and minutes of latitude x x
and minutes of longitude
Magnetism and compasses
General principles
Terrestrial magnetism x x
x x
horizontal components
Variation-annual change x x
Aircraft magnetism
The resulting magnetic fields x x
Keeping magnetic materials clear of the compass x x
Charts
General properties of miscellaneous types of projections
Direct Mercator x x
Lambert conformal conic x x
The representation of meridians, parallels, great circles and
rhumb lines
Direct Mercator x x

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Lambert conformal conic x x
The use of current aeronautical charts
Plotting positions x x
Methods of indicating scale and relief (ICAO topographical x x
chart)
Conventional signs x x
Measuring tracks and distances x x
Plotting bearings and distances x x
DR navigation
Basis of DR
Track x x
Heading (compass, magnetic and true) x x
Wind velocity x x
Air speed (IAS, CAS and TAS) x x
Groundspeed x x
ETA x x
Drift and wind correction angle x x
DR position fix x x
Use of the navigational computer
Speed x x
Time x x
Distance x x
Fuel consumption x x
Conversions x x
Air speed x x
Wind velocity x x
True altitude x x
The triangle of velocities
Heading x x
Ground speed x x
Wind velocity x x
Track and drift angle x x
Measurement of DR elements
Calculation of altitude x x
Determination of appropriate speed x x
In-flight navigation
Use of visual observations and application to in-flight x x
navigation
Navigation in cruising flight, use of fixes to revise
navigation data
Ground speed revision x x
Off-track corrections x x
Calculation of wind speed and direction x x
ETA revisions x x
Flight log x x
9.2. RADIO NAVIGATION
Basic radio propagation theory
Antennas
Characteristics x x
Wave propagation

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 Easy Access Rules for Flight Crew ANNEX I (Part-FCL)
Licencing (Part-FCL)
SUBPART C PRIVATE PILOT LICENCE
(PPL)

Aeroplane Helicopter
Bridge Bridge
PPL PPL
course course
Propagation with the frequency bands x x
Radio aids
Ground DF
Principles x x
Presentation and interpretation x x
Coverage x x
Range x x
Errors and accuracy x x
Factors affecting range and accuracy x x
NDB/ADF
Principles x x
Presentation and interpretation x x
Coverage x x
Range x x
Errors and accuracy x x
Factors affecting range and accuracy x x
VOR
Principles x x
Presentation and interpretation x x
Coverage x x
Range x x
Errors and accuracy x x
Factors affecting range and accuracy x x
DME
Principles x x
Presentation and interpretation x x
Coverage x x
Range x x
Errors and accuracy x x
Factors affecting range and accuracy x x
Radar
Ground radar
Principles x x
Presentation and interpretation x x
Coverage x x
Range x x
Errors and accuracy x x
Factors affecting range and accuracy x x
Secondary surveillance radar and transponder
Principles x x
Presentation and interpretation x x
Modes and codes x x
GNSS
GPS, GLONASS OR GALILEO
Principles x x
Operation x x
Errors and accuracy x x
Factors affecting accuracy x x

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