76 Bài mẫu BAND 8+

IELTS Writing Task 1

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7. The graph below gives information about U.S. government spending on research between
1980 and 2008

25

20
Expenditure ($ billions)

15 Health
Space

10 Energy
General Science
Other
5

Sample answer
0
1980
M1984 1988 1992

Year
1996 2000 2004 2008

The line graph provides information about the U.S government’s expenditure on research in
ZI
five fields (Health, Space, Energy, General Science and Other) over the period from 1980 to
2008.

It can be clearly seen that the US government spent the largest amount of money on research
into Health while the least amount of money was spent on researching General Science.

Starting at $10 billion in 1980, the government expenditure on research into Health slightly
dropped over the next four years before continually rising again to a peak of nearly $25 billion
in 2004. Despite declining back down to approximately $18 billion in 2008, expenditure on
Health research was by far the highest. The amount of money spent on researching General
Science however was the lowest of all research categories, beginning at $2.5 billion in 1980
and rising to just over $5 billion by 2008.

Meanwhile, there was also an increase in the money that was spent on research into Energy
and Space, from approximately $5 billion and $6 billion in 1980 to around $7.5 billion and $9
billion in 2008, respectively. In contrast, the only field that experienced an overall decrease in

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expenditure was that of research into other areas, which fell from approximately $7.5 billion
in 1980 to about $5 billion by 2008.

M
ZI

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16.

The percentage of female members of parliament in

European countries (2000 - 2012)
45
40
35
30 Germany
percentage

25 Italy

20 France

15 UK

10 Belgium

5
0
2000 2004 2008 2012

Sample answer
M
The line chart illustrates the proportion of female parliament members in Germany, Italy,
France, the UK and Belgium from 2000 to 2012.

In general, all countries experienced an upward trend over the period, with Italy being the
country with the highest percentage of female parliament members in 2012.
ZI
The percentages of female members of parliament in Germany and Italy were always higher
than those of the other three countries however they also experienced a similar trend. While
the figure for Italy rose from 27% to just under 40%, that of Germany increased by only 4%, to
be at about 37%, during the examined period. Starting at 25% in 2000, the proportion of female
parliament members in France increased at a similar rate to Germany, to end up at
approximately 32% in 2012.

In 2000, only around 3% of parliament members in the UK were female, however this figure
rose quite substantially to about 20% in 2008 and continued to peak at roughly 23% in 2012.
The percentage of female parliament members in Belgium also stood at 23% in 2012, however
this figure only showed a small change from its figure of around 17% in 200.

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17.

The percentage of female members of parliament in

European countries (2000 - 2012)
45
40
35
30 Germany
percentage

25 Italy

20 France

15 UK

10 Belgium

5
0
2000 2004 2008 2012

Sample answer
M
The line chart illustrates the proportion of female parliament members in Germany, Italy,
France, the UK and Belgium from 2000 to 2012.

In general, all countries experienced an upward trend over the period, with Italy being the
country with the highest percentage of female parliament members in 2012.
ZI
The percentages of female members of parliament in Germany and Italy were always higher
than those of the other three countries however they also experienced a similar trend. While
the figure for Italy rose from 27% to just under 40%, that of Germany increased by only 4%, to
be at about 37%, during the examined period. Starting at 25% in 2000, the proportion of female
parliament members in France increased at a similar rate to Germany, to end up at
approximately 32% in 2012.

In 2000, only around 3% of parliament members in the UK were female, however this figure
rose quite substantially to about 20% in 2008 and continued to peak at roughly 23% in 2012.
The percentage of female parliament members in Belgium also stood at 23% in 2012, however
this figure only showed a small change from its figure of around 17% in 200.

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18.

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

Sample answer
M
Landline service
Cellular phone service
Internet service
Fixed broadband
Mobile broadband

The line graph gives data about the number of users of five different communication services
worldwide from 1998 to 2008.

Overall, all services experienced some growth over the 10 year period, with cell phone and
ZI
Internet services experiencing the most growth and becoming the most popular forms of
communication.

In 1998, the figures for cell phone and Internet users started at around 5% of the population.
They both increased over the remaining years, with cell phone service gaining the highest
position in 2008, with more than 60% percent of the population using this type of service. This
number was approximately three times as much as that of Internet service in the same year.

Meanwhile, throughout the 10-year period, little change was seen in the use of landline
services, at about 15% of the population. Also, the use of mobile and fixed broadband services
was minimal before 2002. The figures for these two services rose slightly to roughly 5% of the
population by the last year.

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29.

Australia's trade with China Australia's trade with Japan

80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0
2002 2005 2008 2002 2005 2008

Australia's trade with the US

80

60
M 40

20

0
2002 2005 2008
Export
Import
ZI
Sample answer

The line graphs show data on Australian trades with three other countries, namely China, Japan
and the US.

The initial impression from the graphs is that Australia appeared to earn the highest revenue
from exports to Japan. Additionally, Australian-American import-export values remained
relatively static over the given period.

Regarding trades between Australia and China, exports underwent a gradual decrease from
approximately 43% in 2002 to 40% in 2008. The figure for imports from China stood at about
30% and showed an upward trend to a high of around 43%, despite having an unexpected dip
of about 3% in 2005.

Australia’s exports to Japan, after remaining stable for the first three years, soared to its peak
of over AU$60 million in 2005, after which this figure halved to about AU$30 million in 2008.

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35. The graph below shows the number of overseas visitors to three different areas in a
European country between 1987 and 2007.

Overseas visitors to three different areas in a European

Thousands country between 1987 and 2007
80
70
60
50 the coast
40
the mountains
30
20 the lakes
10
0
1987 1992 1997 2002 2007

Sample answer

M
The given line graph depicts information about how many foreigners visited three separate
regions in a European nation, during the span of a 20-year period from 1987 to 2007.

Overall, the most notable detail is that those three regions all attracted an increasing number
of foreigners. In addition, the lakes’ tourist figures witnessed the most dramatic change among
those given.

In more detail, at approximately 10,000 visitors in 1987, the quantity of foreign travelers who
ZI
were attracted to the lakes gradually rose to around 50,000 in 2000, before peaking at
approximately 75,000 tourists in 2002, This figure then dropped back down to approximately
50,000 people in 2007.

With regards to tourist numbers in coastal and mountainous areas, the overall figures increased,
however mountainous areas remained the least attractive travel option out of the three. In
1987, the number of those who chose the coast as a travel destination stood at 40,000,
compared to only 20,000 travelers who went to the mountains. In the next 14 years, the coast
witnessed a slight decrease in the quantity of visitors by a few thousand, which was followed
by a significant climb to around 60,000 people, whereas the number of those visiting
mountainous areas went up remarkably to 30,000 in 2001. In the final 6 years, while the
quantity of overseas tourists going to the coast rose moderately to above 70,000, there was a
slight climb in those who paid a visit to the mountains to about 35,000.

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36. The graph below shows the number of enquiries received by the Tourist Information
Office in one city over a six-month period in 2011.

2000

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Sample answer
M in person by letter/email by telephone

The line chart illustrates the number of inquiries sent to the Tourist Information Office in a
particular city via three means of communication, between January and June in 2011.

It is clear that visitors to the city made more inquires in person and via telephone, while written
letters and emails became the least common choices. Additionally, the number of enquiries in
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person experienced the most dramatic change among the different options.

In January, the Tourist Information Office received 900 telephone enquiries, while just under
800 letters and emails were received. Not many tourists chose to ask for information in person,
with just over 400 queries. Over the next three months, the telephone still remained the most
popular method of enquiry, at approximately 1000 queries.

Meanwhile, the number of enquires made in person saw considerable growth to 800,
surpassing the figures for emails and postal enquires. From March to June, enquires in person
were the most common method of inquiry. By June, the number of in person enquires soared
by more than 1,000 to peak at 1,900. During this period, there was also a significant rise in the
figure for telephone enquiries, from 1000 to 1600. By contrast, fewer people sent emails or
letters to make enquires, with slightly less than 400 enquires in May and June.

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45. The chart below shows the average cost of monthly contract for four different mobile
(cell phones) in a European country from January to September 2002, measured in euro.

30

25

20
Domo

15 Lex
Sim TX
Alpha
10

0
Jan

Sample answer
M
Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

The chart illustrates the average price of monthly plans from four cell phone contractors in a
European nation in the first three quarters of 2002.
ZI
Overall, there was an increase in the figures for all companies, except for Sim TX whose price
remained unchanged over the period shown. In addition, the monthly cost of Alpha’s contract
experienced the most remarkable growth.

Alpha originally offered the lowest price in the beginning of 2002 at only 5 euros per month.
The price remained relatively stable during the next 5 months before a surge to 25 euros in
September, which made Alpha the most expensive contractor examined. Meanwhile, Domo’s
users had to pay the highest price for the majority of 2002 as the price rose gradually from
January to July, followed by a slight decrease to about 23 euros by September. Similarly, there
was gradual growth in the price of Lex’s contract, from approximately 12 euros in January to
17 euros in September.

On the other hand, after peaking at 14 euros in June, the average cost of Sim TX decreased
and returned to its original price of 8 euros.

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47. The chart below shows the Japan’s population by age groups starting in 1960 and including
a forecast to 2040.

80

70

60
Population (%)

50

40

30

20

10

0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040

Sample answer
M 0-14 25-64 65+

The line graph illustrates the percentage of the Japanese population in different age groups
from 1960 until now, and projections for the year 2040.

Overall, the percentage of people aged 0-14 and 15-64 follows downward trends over the
ZI
period shown. The opposite trend, however, can be seen in the percentage of those aged 65
and over.

Starting at about 65% in 1960, the proportion of people between 15 and 64 years old hovered
during the next 40 years before falling to around 60% in 2018. This figure is predicted to
experience a fall to about 52% by 2030, and finally will constitute around 55% of the total
population of Japan in 2040. The figures for those aged 0-14 follow a somewhat similar
pattern, which began at 30% in 1960 and is estimated to drop to about 10% by 2040.

In contrast, the percentage of Japanese people aged 65 and above was only 5% in 1960.
However, the figures witnessed a significant increase to just under 30% in 2018, and by 2040,
it is forecast that approximately 35% of Japan’s population will fall into this age group.

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50. The line graph below gives information about the percentage of women aged 15-64 in
employment between 2003 and 2009.

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

Sample answer
2003
M Iceland
2005

Canada Germany
2007

Chile Turkey
2009

The line graph illustrates the percentage of females between 15 to 64 years old having jobs in
five nations from 2003 to 2009.
ZI
It is clear that while employment level of women in this age group in Iceland decreased, the
percentages of females aged 15 to 64 being employed in the other nations increased.
Additionally, the figure for Iceland was largest during the research period.

In 2003, just over 80% of females aged 15 to 64 in Iceland had jobs, compared to about 70%
of Canadian counterparts. The percentage of employed female Germans was close to 60%,
much higher than those of Chile and Turkey, at around 35% and 25% respectively.

After six years, Iceland saw a slight fall in the employment rate of women in this age group, to
under 80%, whereas there were insignificant rises in the figures for Canada and Germany, by
about 1% and 5% in turn. A similar climb was seen in Chile, while after a marginal fall in the first
two years, the rate of employment in Turkey, recovered to the initial point in 2009.

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59. The graph below shows UK air pollutants in millions of tonnes, from three different
sources, between 1990 and 2005.

Million tonnes
9

0
1900 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005

Total Industry Transport Households

Sample answer
M
The line graph compares the amount of emissions released into the air from three different
sources, between 1990 and 2005.

Overall, the total number of air pollutants gradually declined over the period shown. While the
ZI
figures for industry and households decreased over the period, the figures for transport saw an
increase.

In 1990, a total of nearly 8 million tonnes of air contaminants were emitted from the three
mentioned sources, with the largest figure belonging to industry, at 6 million tonnes. The
amount of pollutants due to transport and households were the same, at approximately 1
million tonnes each.

The total number of pollutants discharged into the air gradually reduced over the next fifteen
years, with the total figure declining to about 5 million tonnes by 2005. In addition, air pollutants
from industrial activity also decreased over time, from just under 6 million tonnes in 1990 to
about 2 million tonnes in 2005. Despite the figures for households and transport being equal
at the beginning of the period, the quantity of air pollutants from transport saw a small increase
to 3 million tonnes by 2005, while air pollutants from households experienced a drop to a
negligible amount.

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61. The line graph below shows the oil production and consumption in China between 1982
and 2006.

Oil production and consumption in China between

1982 and 2006
7
Millions of oil barrels per day

0
1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006

Sample answer
M Consumption

The graph illustrates how much oil was produced and consumed every day in China, over a 24-
year period starting from 1982.
Production
ZI
Overall, China witnessed an increase in both the production and consumption of oil over the
period shown. However, oil consumption rose significantly faster than that of its production.

At the beginning of the period, the figures for oil production and consumption were both
around 2 million barrels per day. However, while the rate of oil consumption rose only slightly
over the next eight years, to approximately 2 million barrels per day, oil production increased
significantly per day to 3 million barrels per day in 1986, then remained constant until 1990.

From 1990 onwards, the amount of oil that was consumed per day saw steady growth to end
up at just over 6 million barrels. Meanwhile, the rate of oil production continued to increase
from 1990, but only marginally, ending up at approximately 3.5 million barrels per day in 2006,
which was significantly less than the countries consumption rate.

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63. Line graph

The number of international conferences in three cities.

The number of international conferences in three cities

40

35

30

25
City A
20
City B
15 City C

10

0
1965

Sample answer
M 1975 1985 1995 2005 2010

The line graph illustrates the number of international conferences held in three different cities,
over a period of thirty-six years, beginning in 1965.
ZI
It is clear that while the number of international conferences held in city C increased
dramatically, there were some fluctuations in the figures for the other cities over the period
shown. Additionally, city C saw the biggest change in its figures.

In 1965, city A held about 35 international meetings, which was the highest figure for all cities
in all years, while just under 30 conferences were organized in city B. In contrast, there were
no international conferences in city C in that year.

Over the next 35 years, the number of international meetings that took place in city C rose
sharply to peak at over 30 in 1980, and then fell slightly before rising again to around 30 in
2010. The figures for the other cities, however, both witnessed some fluctuations throughout
the period, both holding approximately 25 conferences each in the final year.

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72. The graph below shows the population of particular country by age group starting in 1960
and including a forecast to 2040.

Population by age group (% of total)

70

60

50
Population (%)

40

30

20

10

0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040

Sample answer
M Age 0-14 Agge 15-64 Age 65+

The line graph compares and predicts the proportion of the population, in three different age
groups, in a particular country, from 1960 to 2040.
ZI
Overall, people aged 15-64 accounted for the greatest percentage of the population for all
recorded and predicted years. It is also clear that while the proportion of people aged 65 and
over increased during the period, the percentage of those aged less than 65 decreased, with
both trends expected to continue into the future.

In 1960, just over half of the population was aged 15-64. The figure then slightly fluctuated
over the next 50 years, peaking at about 60% in 1970 and 1990. It is forecasted to gradually
decline to around 45% by 2040. Meanwhile, the percentage of people aged 0-14 began at 30%
in 1960, and dropped to half of that by 2000. This figure is also predicted to continue
decreasing to reach around 10% by 2040.

From the graph it can also be seen that the percentage of elderly people in this country
experienced remarkable growth during the period. In 1960, only 15% of the population was
aged 65 or older. The figure began to rise in 1970 to be at 20% in 2000. This figure has
continued to rise, and is expected to continue rising in the future.

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76. The chart below shows the price in Euros of 800 grams of four types of bread in one
European country from 2001 to 2006

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2 Wholegrain

1 Brown
White
0.8
Rye
0.6

0.4

0.2

0
2001

Sample answer
M 2002 2003 2004 2005

The line graph illustrates the price of 800 grams of various types of bread in a particular
European nation over five consecutive years, starting from 2001.
ZI
It is clear that while the price of brown, white and rye bread increased, the price of wholegrain
bread witnessed a wild fluctuation over the period shown. Additionally, the figure for brown
bread saw the biggest change.

In 2001, residents in this country had to spend 0.8 euros for 800 grams of wholegrain bread,
while the other types only cost 0.6 euros each. In 2002, the price of wholegrain, brown and
white bread increased dramatically, with the figure for wholegrain bread reaching a peak of 1.8
euros, whereas the price of rye bread saw a slight decline.

From 2002 to 2005, the figures for rye bread and white bread both increased considerably to
1.3 and 0.7 euros respectively, while there was a substantial drop of 1 euro in the price of
wholegrain bread in 2005. Meanwhile, the price of brown bread fluctuated wildly between 1.4
euros and 1.6 euros throughout the period.

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3. The charts show the sources of electricity produced in 4 countries between 2003 and
2008. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.

INDIA SWEDEN

4% 4%
14% Fossil fuel
44% Hydro power
52%
Nuclear power
82%

MOROCCO VIETNAM
M95%
5%

44%
56%
ZI

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Sample answer

The given pie charts detail information about the proportion of three different sources of
electricity in four countries (India, Sweden, Morocco and Vietnam) from 2003 to 2008.

Overall, Vietnam and Morocco did not use any nuclear power for electricity production. It can
also be seen that while fossil fuels were the largest source of electricity supply in Vietnam and
India, they only occupied a relatively marginal proportion in Morocco and Sweden during the
examined years.

In Vietnam, 56% of the total amount of electricity was produced from fossil fuels, while the
figure for Morocco was only 5%. The rest of the electricity, in both nations, was produced solely
from hydro power.

In India however, electricity from fossil fuels contributed to 82% of the entire quantity of
electricity produced, which was also the highest figure for fossil fuel use among the four
countries. Meanwhile, fossil fuels were only responsible for 4% of the total generated electricity
M
in Sweden, with hydro power and nuclear power contributing 52% and 44% respectively.
ZI

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4.

1980 1990

10% 12%
40%
50%
38%
50%

SWEDEN

M 37%
8%

55%
employed
further education
unemployment
ZI

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10. The charts show the main methods of transport of people travelling to one university in
2004 and 2009.

Summarise the information be selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.

2004 2009
3% 4% 4%
6%
Car
28%
Bicycle
33% Bus
51%
Train
46%
16% Walking
9%

Sample answer
M * car parking charges in the university 2006

** new bus stop in the university in 2008

ZI
The given pie charts compare the percentage of students using five different means of
transportation (Car, Train, Bus, Bicycle, and Walking) to travel to a particular university during
2004 and 2009.

It is noticeable that travelling by train was the least favored form of transportation, while there
was a change, from cars to buses, for the most commonly used form of transport over the five
year period.

In 2004, just over half of students traveled to the university by car, with only a third taking a
bus. The remaining students rode a bike, went on foot or took a train, with the figures being
9%, 4%, and 3% respectively.

However, with the construction of a new bus stop in 2008 and the introduction of car parking
fees in 2006, in 2009 the number of students commuting by car dropped to 28%, and
consequently the number of students travelling by all other methods increased. Those travelling
by bus increased to 46%, bicycle user’s rose to 16%, and both train travelers and walkers
increased by 1% and 2% respectively.

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30. The pie charts indicate changes in the proportions of energy produced in a country from
1983 to 2003. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and
make comparisons where relevant.

1983

11% 4% Hydropower
Oil
23% Nuclear power
42%
Coal
20% Natural gas

M 21%
4%
2003

38%
Hydropower
Oil
Nuclear power
13%
ZI
Coal
24% Natural gas

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Sample answer

The given pie charts depict data regarding the percentage of energy generated from five
different sources (Hydropower, Oil, Nuclear power, Coal, Natural Gas) in a particular country
between 1983 and 2003.

In general, it is clear that oil was the most popular source of energy in both years despite a slight
decrease. In addition, this country also relied more on using nuclear power and natural gas by
2003.

To begin with, in 1983, oil and coal were used to produce 42% and 23% of the total energy,
respectively. Over the next 20 years, the proportion of energy produced from oil saw a slight
decline by 4%, while energy from coal also reduced by 10%.

In contrast, there was a reverse pattern in both figures for nuclear power and natural gas, which
increased by 4% and 10% respectively to collectively surpass the percentage of energy
generated from coal. On the other hand, hydropower was responsible for only 4% of energy
M
produced in both years.
ZI

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32. The charts below show the proportion of people’s total spending in a particular European
country was spent on different commodities and services in 1958 and in 2008.

Sales in 1958 Sales in 2008

7%
17% Housing
22%
13% Food
32%
6%
Clothing
8%
Travel/transport
17%
Entertainment
18% 32% 12%
Luxury goods
16%

Sample answer
M
The pie charts detail the proportion of people’s total expenditure on six different goods and
services (housing, clothing, entertainment, food, travel/transport, and luxury goods), in a
European country, in 1958 and 2008.

It is clear from the charts that spending in all aspects, except clothing, changed quite
substantially over the fifty year period.
ZI
In 1958, people spent the largest portion of their spending on food, at 32%. The two other
categories that took up the majority of people’s money were housing, at 22%, and clothing at
18%. Entertainment, travel/transport and luxury goods only comprised around a quarter of all
spending at 18%, 8% and &% respectively.

50 years later spending changed quite significantly with housing now becoming the biggest
expense and taking up almost one third of total spending, at 32%. The expenditure on clothing,
transport/travel and luxury goods all increased and all took up around 16-17% of the total
spending. The expenditure on food dropped significantly to 12%, while entertainment costs
were only half of that.

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34. The pie chart below shows information about where coffee is produced, consumed and
where is profit goes.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.

2%

18% 19%
Africa
South America
Central America
17%
Asia
Oceania
44%

M 27%
7%
11%
Japan
South America
Central America
Asia
ZI
55%

7%
27% 11%
explorer
producer
shipper
seller
55%

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Sample answer

The pie charts show a breakdown of the production and consumption of coffee in particular
regions, and how the profits are distributed.

The initial impression from the charts is that whilst Central America is recorded to be the
number one coffee producing region, it is Europe that consumed that highest amount of coffee.
Additionally, the majority of the profit earned from this industry goes to the shippers.

As far as coffee production is concerned, 44% of coffee is produced in South America, making
it the leading supplier of coffee world-wide. This is followed by Africa (19%), Asia (18%) and
Central America (17%). Meanwhile, Oceania only constituted a modest 2% of the total coffee
production. Regarding coffee consumption, Europeans appear to consume the most coffee,
with the figure accounting for more than half. This is in marked contrast to the figures for North
America and Japan at only around 10%. The remaining 27% belongs to other unspecified
regions.
M
Profits made from the production, transport and sale of coffee are not evenly shared among
the all those involved in the process. Shippers received as much as 55% of the profits, which is
also the highest proportion of the profits. Sellers ranked second with 25%, while the remaining
20% is evenly divided between explorers and producers.
ZI

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38. The pictures show information about average income and spending on food and clothes
by an average family in a city in the UK.

2010

15%
26% Fruit and Vegetables
Meat and Fish
18% Dairy products
Other food
Clothes
12% 29%

M 2013
ZI
13%
Fruit and Vegetables
30%
Meat and Fish
18%
Dairy products
Other food
Clothes
16% 23%

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39. The pie charts show the results of a survey conducted by a university on the opinions of
full-time and part-time students about its services.

How are you happy with IT support offered?

Full-time students Part-time students

Not at all Quite happy Very happy Not at all Quite happy Very happy

15% 20%

45%
54%
31%

M 35%

How are you happy with current opening hours?

ZI
Full-time students Part-time students
Not at all Quite happy Very happy Not at all Quite happy Very happy

1% 12% 5%

23%

72%
87%

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Sample answer

The pie charts compare the opinions of full-time and part-time students about their university
services, including IT support and opening hours.

Overall, it is clear that there was more positive feedback with regard to the opening hours than
the IT support. Also, full-time students tended to be more satisfied with the two services than
their part-time counterparts.

Regarding IT support, over half of the surveyed full-time students said that they were very
happy with this service, while only a fifth of part-time students reported that they were very
happy. In contrast, just 15% of the students studying full-time were not satisfied with IT
support, in comparison with 45% of part-time students. The proportion of both types of
students being quite happy with this service was relatively the same, at about one third.

The majority of full-time and part-time students felt very happy with the current opening hours,
at 87% and 72% respectively. Only 1% of the examined full-time students were not satisfied
M
with the opening hours whereas the figure for part-time students was a little higher, at 5%. The
remaining 12% of the surveyed full-time students felt quite happy with this service, as opposed
to nearly a quarter of part-time students.
ZI

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44. The charts below show the percentage of people aged 23-65 in different occupations in
one UK town (Ashby) and in the UK as a whole in 2008.

Ashby The UK

Unemployed Unemployed

Construction Construction
14 10
18 work 19 work
Shop work 10 Shop work

16
Professional work Professional
17 13 work
21
Technical work Technical work

14 14
Personal service Personal service
9 17
8
Office work Office work

Sample answer
M
The pie charts illustrates the employment status of people aged 23 to 65, in Ashby and in the
UK, in 2008.
ZI
Overall, the national unemployment rate was lower than the rate in Ashby. Moreover, while
British people generally preferred office work, personal service was the most popular
profession in Ashby.

The percentage of jobless people in Ashby was 14%, whereas that recorded in the whole nation
was only 10%. The percentage of Ashby residents who were employed in office work and shop
work were 18% and 14% respectively, similar to that of the whole of the UK, at 19% and 13%
respectively.

In addition, the UK recorded a relatively high proportion of citizens employed in technical work,
at 17%, while the figure for the same type of employment in Ashby was only about half that, at
9%. Furthermore, the percentage of construction workers and personal service providers in
Ashby, at 16% and 21%, were both higher than the corresponding figures of the UK, at 10%
and 17% respectively. Lastly, with regards to professional occupations, 8% of Ashby residents
did this type of work, compared to 14% of the whole population.

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52. The chart below shows a comparison of different kinds of energy production in France in
1995 and 2005.

1995 2005

Gas Coal Gas Coal

29.63% 29.80% 30.31% 30.93%

Other
4.90%
Other
Nuclear 9.10%
Petro
6.40%
Petro 19.55% Nuclear
29.27%

Sample answer
M 10.10%

The pie charts illustrates energy generation from from five different sources in France in two
years 1995 and 2005.
ZI
It is clear that while the percentages of energy produced from Coal, Gas, Nuclear and Other
sources increased, the reverse was true for Petrol over the period shown. Additionally, Coal
and Gas were the two most significant means of energy production in this country during the
research period.

In 1995, Coal was the primary source of energy in France with the figure registering nearly
30%, while Gas and Petrol were used to create 29.63% and 29.27% of the total energy
respectively. In contrast, only 4.9% of the total energy was manufactured from other sources
compared with 6.4% by Nuclear power.

In 2005, the proportions of energy generated from Coal and Gas rose insignificantly to 30.93%
and 30.31% respectively. By contrast, much less energy was produced from Petrol as illustrated
by a dramatic fall of nearly 10% to only 19.55%. Meanwhile, there were considerable increases
in the figures for Nuclear and Other sources to 10.10% and 9.10% respectively.

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53. The charts below show the percentage of electricity consumed by different sectors in
Eastern Australia in 2007 and 2010.

2007
Transport
Other metals 1%
12%

Residental
28%
Manufacturing
13%

Aluminium
13%
M Mining
9% Agriculture
1%

2010
Transport
Commercial
23%

1%
ZI
Other metals
18%

Residental
28%

Manufacturing
9%

Aluminium
11%

Commercial
Mining 23%
9% Agriculture
1%

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Sample answer

The pie charts illustrate electricity consumption by various fields in Eastern Australia in two
year 2007 and 2010.

It is clear that the consumption of electricity from those sectors remained unchanged except
for Aluminium, Manufacturing and Other metal fields over the period shown. Additionally, the
figures for residential and commercial sectors were by far largest.

In 2007, residential areas consumed 28% of total electricity, while 23% of electricity was
consumed for conmmercial purposes. There was 13% of electricity consumed by
manufacturing and aluminium sector each, whereas the figures for other metals and mining
were slightly lower, at 12% and 9% respectively. By contrast, electricity consumption from
transport and agriculture made up only negligible figures.

In 2010, while the percentage of electricity consumed by other metals rose significantly by 6%,
those of aluminum and manufacturing fields saw a slight fall to 11% and 9% respectively.
M
Interesting, the proportions of electricity consumed by the other sectors were all as similar as
initial figures.
ZI

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67. The pie charts show the destination of export goods in three countries in 2010.

Argentina Mexico

16% 6%
20% 6%
6%

26%
38% 62%

Chile

M 30%
18% 22%

31%
ZI
Others Other Latin America Europe USA

Sample answer

The given pie charts illustrate the percentage breakdown of goods exported from three South
American countries, in 2010.

It is clear that while Argentina and Chile’s exports were distributed more evenly amongst other
nations, the large majority of Mexico's exports were to the USA.

From the charts it can be seen that Argentina and Chile’s export trends were almost identical,
with the majority of their exports going to other Latin American countries, at 38% for Argentina,
and 31% for Chile. Meanwhile, 26% of Argentina’s exports went to Europe, 16% to the USA,
and 20% to other countries. Similarly, Chile’s exports consisted of 30% to Europe, 18% to the
USA, and 21% to other countries.

In contrast, the large majority of Mexico’s exports were to the USA, at 82%. The remaining
exports from Mexico were to Europe, at 6%, other Latin American countries, at 6%, and other
countries, also receiving 6%.

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73. Pie chart

The charts give information about world forest in five different regions.

The percentage of world forest in 5 different regions

16%
25% South America
Africa
Asia
27% Europe
18%
Nouth America

14%

M The percentage of timber in each region

ZI
23% South America
30%
Africa
Asia
9%
Europe
Nouth America
20% 18%

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Sample answer

The pie charts compare five different areas in terms of the proportions of world forest and
timber in each region.

It is clear that while forests in Africa make up the largest percentage of total global forest, the
opposite is true for Europe. Additionally, North America is the country with the largest amount
of timber, while the figure for Africa is by far lowest.

In terms of forest, just over half of all forest in the world is found in Africa and North America,
at 27% and 25% respectively. In contrast, only 16% of global forest is found in South America,
and 14% in Europe. Asian countries accounts for 18% of total forest in the world.

Regarding the proportions of timber in these areas, North America contains the largest
percentage, at 30%, while 23% and 20% of global timber can be found in South America and
Europe respectively. Meanwhile, timber in Asia comprises 18% of world timber, which is exactly
double that of Africa.
M
ZI

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Sample answer

The given pie charts detail the proportion of Australian secondary school graduates who were
unemployed, employed or pursuing further education, in 1980, 1990, and 2000.

Overall, from 1980 to 2000, the proportion of Australian students who were employed grew,
while there was a decline in both the proportion of those pursuing higher levels of education
and those who were unemployed.

In 1980, half of the Australian secondary school leavers chose to continue their education. After
a 10-year period, this number dropped to only 38% and remained almost unchanged in 2000.
Meanwhile, the figures for those who were unemployment were the smallest, at only 10% in
1980, 12% in 1990, and finally dropping back down to 8% in 2000.

On the other hand, over the years Australia saw an increase in the percentage of students who
received a job after graduation from secondary school, from 40% in 1980 to 55% in 2000, which
was the largest figure among all examined categories.
M
ZI

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1. The chart shows the average daily minimum and maximum levels of air pollutants in 4 cities
2000.

250

207
200
200
micrograms per m3

150 Min SO2

113 Max SO2

104 100 Min N2O
100
80
Max N2O
59 54
47 52
50 39
30 25
10 14
2
0

Sample answer
M
Los Angeles Calcutta Beijing

The given bar chart presents the daily minimum and maximum levels of SO2 and N2O which
Mexico City

caused pollution in 4 different cities (Los Angeles, Calcutta, Beijing and Mexico City) in the year
ZI
2000. Overall, Mexico City was by far the most contaminated by the two mentioned pollutants
among the four cities.

In Los Angeles, the quantity of SO2 emitted into the atmosphere was the lowest of all cities,
with a minimum average of 2 micro-grams per m3 and a maximum average five times as much,
at 10 micro-grams. The levels of N2O emissions were much higher with the maximum daily
average level reaching up to more than 100 micro-grams per m3. Meanwhile, the atmosphere
in Mexico City was severely polluted by SO2 and N2O emissions with the daily minimum and
maximum averages of 80 and 113 micro-grams per m3 respectively.

In contrast to Los Angeles and Mexico City, the amount of pollution caused by N2O in
Calcutta and Beijing was less than that caused by SO2. The daily average maximum figures
for SO2 emissions were 59 micro-grams per m3 in Calcutta and 130 micro-grams per m3 in
Beijing while the average maximum figures for N2O were just over 50 micro-grams per m3 in
both cities.

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2. The chart shows the proportion of renewable energy in total energy supply in 4 countries
from 1997 to 2010.

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Australia Sweden Iceland Turkey

1997 2000 2010

Sample answer
M
The given bar chart presents data about the percentages of renewable energy with regards to
the total energy production in four different countries (Australia, Sweden, Iceland and Turkey)
in three years; 1997, 2000 and 2010.

Overall, Sweden and Iceland witnessed an upward trend in the use of renewable energy
ZI
sources in the three examined years. It can also be seen that among the four countries, this
type of energy was most popular in Iceland.

In 1997, almost half of the total energy produced in Iceland came from renewable resources.
This figure continued to climb steadily to 60% in 2000 and more than 70% in 2010. Meanwhile,
in 1997, only approximately 5% of the entire amount of energy produced was generated from
natural resources in Sweden, who experienced a similar trend to that of Iceland in regards to
proportion of renewable energy produced.

Regarding Australia, nearly 10% of the energy supply was from renewable resources in 1997,
and this figure decreased slightly to around 5% in 2010. Similarly, the percentage of renewable
energy used in Turkey experienced a decline over the years from approximately 37% in 1997
down to just under 35% in 2010.

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5.

Food
45
40
35
30
25
1998
20
2008
15
10
5
0
France Germany England

Other goods
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
M 1998
2008
ZI
10
5
0
France Germany England

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Sample answer

The given bar charts indicate the proportion of money that people in France, Germany and
England spent on food and other products in 1998 and 2008.

Overall, it can be seen that all three countries saw significant increases in the proportion of
purchases of both food and other goods over the examined period.

In 1998, approximately 15% and 10% of the money French citizens spent was on foodstuffs
and other goods, respectively. After 10 years, figures for both categories dramatically climbed
to 40%. In Germany, there was a mild increase of 5% of money spent on food, at 25% in 1998,
and 30% in 2008. The figures for money spent on other goods were approximately 5% lower
during the same years.

In England however, buyers spent only 10% on food in 1998 and 15% in 2008. Meanwhile, the
figures for money spent on other goods experienced a surge from about 8% in 1998 to 35% in
2008.
M
ZI

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9. The charts below give information on the ages of people when they got married in one
particular country in 1996 and 2008.

Age when getting married (by age group) 1996

14

12
%people getting married

10

8
Female
6 Male

14
M
16 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39

Age when getting married (by age group) 2008

40 - 44

12
ZI
%people getting married

10

8
Female
6 Male

0
16 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44

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Sample answer

The bar charts compare the percentages of males and females, in a particular country, getting
married according to six different age groups (16-19, 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-39, 40-44), in
1996 and 2008.

It is clear that the proportion of both men and women getting married under the age of 30
decreased slightly, while the opposite was true for those aged 30 and older. In addition, 25-29
was the most popular age range for women to get married, while for men it was 30-34 and 35-
39.

In both years, 16-19 year olds were the lowest percentage of people getting married, with
women at less than 0.5% in 1996 and about 1% in 2008. Noticeably, no men in this age group
got married. The figures for those aged 20-24 also reduced over the years from approximately
6% to 3% for women and just over 2% to just under 2% for men. Meanwhile, the figure for 25-
29 year old women remained unchanged at about 12%, as opposed to a slight drop to 8% in
M
the figure for men.

Regarding older age groups, a considerable rise to 8% and 11% respectively could be seen in
the proportion of 30-34 year old females and males getting married. However, while the
number of men who got married aged 35-39 increased by 4%, to 11% in 2008, only 3% of
women in that age group married in 2008. Finally, the figures for both genders in the 40-45 age
group remained relatively unchanged over the examined period.
ZI

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12. The chart below shows the number of films produced five countries in three years.

100

90

80

70

60
2007
50
2008
40 2009
30

20

10

0
A B C D E

Sample answer
M
The bar chart provides information about movie production in five different countries
(labelled A-E) from 2007 to 2009.

Overall, country A had the highest number of films produced. It is also notable that while there
ZI
was a decline in the figures for country A and D, the opposite was true for those of country B,
C and E.

In 2007, around 86 films were made by country A. The figure remained unchanged one year
later before slightly decreasing to exactly 80 films in 2009. Starting at about 15 movies in 2007,
the number of films released by country D fell to just under 10 in 2008 and rose again to 12 in
2009.

However, the opposite trend could be seen in the figures for the other countries. Between
2007 and 2009, the number of movies made by country B witnessed a rise of 20 movies from
50 films to 70 films. Similarly, despite standing at only under 10 films in 2007, the number of
movies made by country C underwent a gradual increase to 18 movies by 2009. As for country
E, the figure only experienced a minimal rise from around 9 movies in 2007 to 11 in 2009.

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13. The bar chart below shows the percentage of government spending on roads and transport
in 4 countries in the years 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005.

Percentage of government spending on road and transport

(1990 - 2005)
30

25

20
1990
Percentage

15 1995
2000
10
2005
5

0
Italia Portugal UK USA

Sample answer
M
The given bar chart shows the proportion of government expenditure on road and transport in
four countries (Italy, Portugal, UK, USA) every five years between 1990 and 2005.

Overall, it can be seen that governments in mainland Europe spent far more money on roads
ZI
and transport than those in the UK and USA. It is also clear that the UK spent the least amount
of money on roads and transport in all measured years.

In 1990, Portugal spent the most amount of money on roads and transport at approximately
27%, followed by Italy at about 22%, while the USA and UK both spent only around 10% of
their government budget. In 1995 however, all countries reduced their road and transport
spending by between 1-3%.

By 2000 while Portugal continued to reduce its road and transport spending down to around
22%, Italy had increased its spending to approximately 23%, overtaking Portugal as the leading
spender on transport infrastructure in 2000. The UK and USA had both increased spending in
2000 by about 3%. In 2005, all countries except USA further reduced their spending with
Portugal, Italy, UK and the USA at 20%, 19%, 8% and 15% respectively.

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19. The chart shows information about the actual and expected figures of population in three
cities, Jakarta, Sao Paulo, and Shanghai.

Population size (1990 - 2000)

Jakarta

Shanghai

Sao Paulo

0 5 10 15 20 25
In millions

Sample answer
M 1990 2000 in prediction 2000 actual figures

The given bar chart illustrates the population of Jakarta, Shanghai and Sao Paulo in 1990, as
well as the estimated and actual figures of the populations in 2000.

Overall, the population figures were highest for Sao Paulo, while Jakarta had the lowest number
ZI
of inhabitants. Also, there were significant differences in the predicted and actual figures for
2000 in all countries.

Starting at around 17 million people in 1990, the population of Sao Paulo, the most populous
area of the three examined cities, was expected to rise by about 4 million over the next decade.
Likewise, forecasts estimated that the figure for Jakarta would also experience an increase of
2 million to reach 11 million in 2000, while that of Shanghai would decrease slightly to 11 million
people.

The actual figures, however, implied a considerable growth in the populations of all cities. To
be specific, Sao Paulo’s population reached nearly 25 million after ten years, while there were
about 3 million more residents in Jakarta. At the same time, Shanghai’s figure which was
projected to decrease slightly turned out to soar to 15 million in 2000.

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23. The table and chart below provide a breakdown of the total expenditure and the average
amount of money spent by students per week while studying abroad in 4 countries.

Expenditure of studying abroad

Country US ($)

A 875

B 735

C 540

D 435

500
450 430

400
350
300
250
200
150
220
358 M 280
320
350

240 250
275

200
235 225

100
ZI
50
0
A B C D

accomodation tutition living cost

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Sample answer

The table and bar chart illustrate the total spending and the average expenditure per week for
accommodation, tuition and living costs of students studying abroad in four countries.

Overall, it is clear that the cost of studying in country A is the highest. Also, international
students in all countries, except for country D, have to pay the largest amount of money each
week for living costs, while they spend the least on accommodation.

Studying abroad in country A costs $875, which is $140 and $335 more than studying in
country B and C respectively. International students in country D, however, need to pay a
significantly lower amount of money ($435) than those studying in the other three countries.

Overseas students in country A spend an average of $430 per week on living expenses, while
those in country B spend only $350. In contrast, the weekly cost of accommodation in country
B is $60 higher than that of country A, at $280. The figures for tuition fees in both countries
are over $300 a week. Regarding the other two countries, the expenditures for the three
M
categories are all below $300, with the smallest figure being seen in accommodation in country
D, at only $200 per week.
ZI

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33.

Waste disposal in one European country (2005 - 2008)

2000
1800
average amount - million tonnes

1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
2005 2006 2007 2008

Landfill Burning Dumping at sea

Sample answer
M
The bar chart details the amount of waste that was disposed via landfill, burning and dumping
at sea, in a particular European country between 2005 and 2008.

Overall, it can be seen that while landfills initially were the main method of waste disposal and
burning the least used method, the trend slowly reversed over the four-year period.
ZI
In 2005, disposing of waste via landfill was significantly the most preferred method of disposal
with 1800 million tonnes of trash being buried. The amount of trash dumped at sea was only a
third of this, at 600 million tonnes, while the amount of trash that was burnt was around 500
million tonnes. In 2006 the amount of waste buried in landfills had reduced substantially by 600
million tonnes, to 1200, however the amount of waste that was burnt or disposed of at sea only
increased by 50-100 million tonnes.

In 2007, the waste the was buried and dumped at sea both dropped to about 900 and 600
million tonnes respectively, while the amount of trash burnt rose to around 700 million tonnes.
By 2008, burning of waste was the preferred method of disposal, at 900 million tonnes, with
landfill waste down to only 600 million tonnes, a third of the figure from four years earlier, and
only approximately 550 million tonnes of waste dumped at sea.

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36. The bar shows the percentage of people going to cinemas in one European country on
different days.

50

45

40

35

30
2003
25
2005
20 2007

15

10

0
Mon

Sample answer
M Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun

The chart illustrates the proportion of people visiting a cinema during seven days of the week
in a European nation from 2003 to 2007.

It is clear that there were only small fluctuations in people’s preference of which day to go to
ZI
the cinema over the examined period. People in this country tended to go to the cinema on the
weekend rather than on Monday to Friday.

In 2003, 40% of people went to cinemas on a Saturday, compared to 30% on Friday or Sunday
each. On the other days, the proportion of movie-goers was higher on Tuesday, at 20%, while
the lowest figure can be seen on Monday, at only 10%.

Over the next four years, the percentage of people going to the cinema on weekends increased
slightly to 45% 35% for Saturday and Sunday respectively. Similarly, Thursday and Monday
became more popular among cinema-goers, with about 2% more people choosing these days.
However, fewer people went to see movies on Tuesday and Wednesday, with the figures falling
to 19% and 9% respectively. Finally, the proportion of movie-goers choosing to go to the
cinema on a Friday remained at 30% during the three examined years.

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40. The chart below shows the percentage of the population in the UK who consumed the
recommended daily amount of fruit and vegetables in 2002, 2006 and 2010.

35%
32%

30% 28%
27%
25%
25% 24%
22%

20%
16%
15% 14%

11%
10%

5%

0%

Sample answer
M 2002

Men
2006

Women Children

The chart illustrates the percentage of men, women and children who consumed the
2010

recommended amount of fruit and vegetables on a daily basis in three different years.
ZI
Overall, women came out first in term of fruit and vegetable consumption while the opposite
was true for children.

In all three years, there was a small difference in the percentage of males and females who
consumed enough fruit and vegetables every day. The highest figure for women was 32% in
2006 compared to 28% of men. 2010 witnessed the second highest rank for both women and
men’s figures. While 27% of women consumed fruit and vegetables, the percentage of men
was 24%. And the smallest figure for both women and men, which was nearly the same as the
2010 figures, was recorded in 2002.

The smallest percentage of people consuming the daily recommended amount of fruit and
vegetables was children with only 11% in 2002, half as much as that of men and women in the
same year. Following that, the figure for children slightly increased to 16% in 2006 before
falling marginally to 14% in the last year.

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41. The chart below shows the annual pay (thousands of US dollars) for doctors and other
workers in seven countries in 2004.

The US

Switzerland

Finland

Germany

Czech

Italy

France

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Sample answer
M Doctors Other workers

The bar chart compares seven countries regarding the yearly payment for doctors and other
jobs in the year 2004.

It is clear that doctors generally made more money than other types of work in each country
ZI
during the research period. Also, the average incomes of American doctors and other workers
were the highest among the seven nations.

The US doctors earned the largest amount of money compared to those in the other six
countries, receiving nearly $120,000, while the figures for Switzerland and France were
significantly lower, at close to 70,000 each. In contrast, there was only about $50,000 earned
by doctors in Finland, as opposed to doctors in the other countries, who received around
$61,000 each.

Regarding the average salaries of other workers, the amount of money earned by other workers
in the US, at approximately $45,000 and in Switzerland, at exactly $40,000 was higher than in
any of the other nations. Roughly $30,000 was given to French other workers, about $5,000
higher than that of Finnish counterparts. By contrast, the figures for the remaining countries
were lowest, at exactly $20,000 each.

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43. The chart shows the proportion of people in a UK survey carried out in three different
years who said they were interested in certain sports.

foot

swim

rugby
2005
2000
snooker 1995

tennis

golf

Sample answer
5
M 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

The bar chart shows the percentage of UK residents interested in six different sports, in three
ZI
years (1995, 2000 and 2005).

It is clear that walking was by far the most popular physical activity in all surveyed years, while
golf was the least popular activity. Additionally, the percentages of people who enjoyed
walking, swimming and rugby increased, whereas the figures for those who enjoyed other
sports decreased over the measured years.

In 1995, walking was the most popular activity, chosen by 40% of the survey participants, while
playing snooker and tennis accounted for around 30%. In contrast, about 23% of people chose
swimming, while only 18% said they were interested in golf. Meanwhile, approximately 25% of
survey respondents chose rugby as their preferred sport.

In 2005, slightly more people preferred walking, with the figure rising to just under 45%, but
there was a significant decline in the figures for tennis and snooker, to about 22% each. The
figures for golf remained the same, at around 15%, as opposed to the figures for swimming and
rugby, which experienced considerable gains in popularity to over 25% each.

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54. The chart below show the number of magazines sold per person in five countries in 2000
and 2010, with projected sales for 2020.

Number of magazine sold per person

60

50

40

30

20

10

Sample answer
M
Country A Country B

2000
Country C

2010 2020
Country D Country E

The bar chart compares five different countries in terms of the number of magazines sold per
ZI
individual in two years 2000 and 2010, with projections for 2020.

It is clear that while the number of magazines sold in country D increases, the opposite is true
for the other countries. Additionally, the figure for country B is largest, as opposed to the lowest
figure which can be seen in country E.

In 2000, a resident in country B sold nearly 50 magazines, while just under 50 units and 40
units were sold by an individual in country A and C respectively. In contrast, there were nearly
20 magazines sold by country D, compared to only approximately 6 by country E. In 2010, the
quantities of magazines sold in country A, B and C fell slightly, whereas the other countries saw
the opposite trends in their figures.

In 2020, it is predicted that the number of magazines sold in country B, country C and country
E decrease minimally by around 1 each, while that of country D rises by similar number.
Meanwhile, there was a considerable fall to under 40 in the figure for country A.

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56. The chart below shows the number of passengers who used public transport in
Somewhere town from 2012 to 2015.

Train Bus Tram

2015

2014

2013

2012

Sample answer
10 M 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

The chart illustrates how many passengers used three different means of public transport in
Somewhere town, between 2012 and 2015.
100
ZI
Overall, the number of passengers using Tram saw the biggest growth. Additionally, the figures
for train passengers decreased over the period, while the number of bus passengers fluctuated
slightly.

In 2012, the number of commuters using trains was the highest, at over 75,000 passengers,
compared to around 55,000 bus passengers, and approximately 15,000 passengers using trams.
However, in 2015, while the number of passengers on buses remained the same, trams had
become the most used form of transport, at around 95,000 passengers, with figures for train
passengers dropping to around 60,000 people.

Additionally, the trends of passengers in 2013 and 2014 were similar, although there was an
increase in the total numbers of passengers for each form of transport over the two years.
Buses were the most popular form of public transport during these years, followed by trains,
and finally trams.

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58. The bar chart below shows the number of houses built per year in two cities, Derby and
Nottingham, between 2000 and 2009.

The number of houses built per year in the cities of

Derby and Nottingham
400

350

300

250

200 Derby
Nottingham
150

100

50

0
2000

Sample answer
M
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

The graph compares two cities in England namely Derby and Nottingham in terms of the
number of houses built each year, from 2000 to 2009.
ZI
Overall, both sets of figures for Derby and Nottingham witnessed an upward trend over the
ten-year period. However, while the number of houses built each year in Derby either increased
or stayed the same, the figures for Nottingham saw greater fluctuations.

In 2000, the number of newly built homes in Derby was just under 50, and steadily increased
over the next three years to reach around 125 houses in 2003. The figures then remained the
same for the next four years before dramatically increasing in 2008 and 2009, to reach a figure
of approximately 350 homes by the end of the period.

However, the figures for Nottingham followed a rather different pattern. Between 2000 and
2005 the figures for newly built homes fluctuated around 50, before dropping to almost 0 in
2006. A large increase of almost 200 newly built houses was seen in 2007, but the figure then
once again dropped to around 10 houses in 2008. 2009 witnessed another surge in the number
of new houses, with the figure peaking at 250.

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60. The bar chart below shows the percentage of people living alone in five different age
groups in the USA between 1850 and 2000.

People living alone in the USA between 1850 and 2000

18

16

14

12

10

Sample answer
1850
M 17-26
1900

27-36 37-46
1950

47-54 55-64
2000

The bar chart illustrates the proportion of people who lived by themselves in the USA, in five
ZI
different age groups (17-26, 27-36, 37-46, 47-54, and 55-64), in 1850, 1900, 1950 and 2000.

Overall, the percentage of Americans aged 55-64 who lived alone were highest in all measured
years. In addition, figures for all age groups increased over the period.

The percentages of those living alone aged 37-46, 47-54, and 55-64 all followed similar trends
over the measured period. There were significant increases in these figures beginning at around
2%, 2% and approximately 3% in 1850, and ending at around 7%, 13% and 17% respectively,
in 2000.

Additionally, Americans aged 27-36 did not start living alone until 1900, beginning at just over
2%, and rising to around 8% in 2000. Furthermore, Americans aged 17-26 also did not start to
live by themselves until around 1950, beginning at around 2% and increasing to approximately
5% in 2000.

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62. The graph shows estimated oil production capacity for several Gulf countries between
1990 and 2010.

Oil Production Capacity

(Estimated)
16

14
Millions of barrels per day

12

10 1990

8 2000
2005
6
2010
4

Sample answer
M
Iran Iraq Kuwait Qatar

The bar chart illustrates oil generation in six different nations from 1990 and 2010.
Saudi Arabia UAE

It is clear that the amount of oil produced in all countries increased except for Qatar, and that
ZI
Saudi Arabia saw the biggest change in its capacity. Additionally, while Saudi Arabia was the
largest oil manufacturing country over the period shown.

In 1990, Saudi Arabia was a leading oil producer as the amount registered over 8 million barrels,
while Iran produced about 3 million barrels. In contrast, there were just under 2 million barrels
generated in Kuwait, compared to only nearly 1 million barrels in Quatar. Meanwhile, the figures
for Irag and UAE were relatively similar, at around 2 million barrels each. In 2000, the quantity
of oil created in UAE remained unchanged, but the other countries experienced slight increases
in their figures.

In 2010, marginally more oil was produced in Iran, Irad, and UAE as illustrated by rises to around
4 million barrels each, whereas the figure for Kuwatt reached well under that amount. In
contrast, there was a dramatically growth in the figure for Saudi Arabia to over 14 million
barrels, while Quatar’s figure still stayed extremely low at under 1 million barrels.

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64. The bar chart shows the percentage of the total world population in 4 countries in 1950
and 2003, and projections for 2050

The percentage of total of world population

25
%

20

15
1950
2002
10 2050

Sample answer
M
India China USA Japan

The bar chart illustrates the proportion of global population in four nations in two years 1950
ZI
and 2002, and also predictions for 2050.

It is clear that while the percentages of population in India increases, the reverse is true for the
other countries over the period shown. Additionally, China and India have highest proportions
of population, whereas the figure for Japan is by far lowest during the research period.

In 1950, China was the most populous nation with the figure registering around 23%, while the
Indian population accounted for 15% of world population. In contrast, about 7% of people in
the world were from the USA, compared to only less than 5% from Japan. In 2002, the rate of
the Indian population rose slowly, while China, the US and Japan all saw declines in their
figures.

In 2050, India is predicted to have the largest population as illustrated by an increase to nearly
20%. By contrast, the proportions of population in China and Japan are projected to decrease
to 15% and about 2% respectively. Meanwhile, the figure for the USA is likely to remain the
same, at 5%.

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66. Bar chart

Estimated percentage of car trips

by purpose and gender of drivers, 2005

Courses

Visiting town

Bank

Running Errands

Visiting friends

Recreation

Work

Shopping

Sample answer
0
M 10 20

Men
30

Women
40 50 60

The bar chart compares the percentage of car trips made by male and female drivers for eight
ZI
different purposes in 2005.

It can be seen that commuting to work was the most common reason for car travel for both
males and females. Meanwhile, visiting town, recreation, going to the bank, running errands,
and visiting friends were the reasons for car travel that saw the biggest difference between the
percentages of men and women doing these activities.

In 2005, 52% of men travelled to work by car, which was about 13% higher than that of women
for the same purpose. By contrast, slightly more women than men went on car trips for
shopping, with 16% and 10%, respectively. Similarly, the percentages of men and women
driving to courses were fairly similar, at 8% and 12% respectively.

The percentage of each gender was considerably different with regards to other purposes. The
percentage of men who made car trips to visit town, at 9%, and for recreation, at 11%, were
nearly three times more than that of women for each purpose. While cars were used by around

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8% to 10% of women for going to the bank, running errands, and visiting friends, approximately
4% of men used a car for the same purpose.

M
ZI

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69. Bar chart

How often do you change your car?

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Every Year Every 2 Year Every 3-4 Year Every 5 Year or Never change No car

80

70

60
M What car do you buy?
more

50
ZI
40

30

20

10

0
New Second-hand Sometimes new/Sometimes No car
Second-hand

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Sample answer

The bar charts display the results from a 2009 survey regarding people’s automobile purchasing
habits in a European country.

Overall, it can be seen that the majority of consumers tended to purchase a new car after five
years or more of using their old vehicle. Meanwhile, secondhand cars were the most popular
choice with regards to the type of vehicle purchased.

The first bar chart shows that approximately 52% of people in this particular country changed
cars after 5 or more years, and roughly 37% changed cars after 3-4 years. About 5% of people
changed cars every two years, 1% of people changed every year, and approximately 3% of
people never changed. Furthermore, about 2% of people didn’t even own a car.

With regards to the type of vehicle purchased, approximately 68% of people chose to buy
second-hand cars, while about 25% bought brand new vehicles. In addition, roughly 10% of
people sometimes purchased either new or second-hand cars.
M
ZI

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70. The chart show fresh fruit exports in 2010.

Oranges Lemons
United States Argentina
Egypt Mexico
South Africa Turkey

0 500 1000 1500 0 200 400 600

Exports (in 1000 metric tons) Exports (in 1000 metric tons)

Other types of citrus fruits

Grapefruits
United States
Turkey
South Africa Israel

United States Mexico

Sample answer
0 M50 100 150

Exports (in 1000 metric tons)

200 250 0 100 200 300

Exports (in 1000 metric tons)

The charts compare different types of citrus fruit exports from a number of different countries
400 500

in 2010.
ZI
Overall, oranges were by far the fruit that was exported the most, in terms of weight, followed
by lemons and then grapefruits.

Orange exports were the highest, with South Africa exporting just over 1 million metric tons.
Egypt and the US also exported a large amount of oranges, at 900,000 and 700,000 metric tons
respectively. With regards to lemon exports, Turkey was the main exporter, with 500,000
metric tons, followed by Mexico and Argentina, at approximately 440,000 and 260,000 metric
tons.

Grapefruits were the third most commonly exported fruit, with the US and South Africa both
exporting around 230,000 tons, while Turkey managed to export around 50,000 tons less than
those countries. In terms of other types of citrus fruits, Mexico was responsible for 450,000
metric tons of exports. The US and Israel made minimal contributions in comparison.

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74. Bar chart

Percentage of different type of waste recycled

Glass

Paper

Cans

Plastic

0
M 10 20

2002
30

1997 1992
40 50 60

Sample answer
ZI
The bar chart compares the recycling rates of four different kinds of waste material (plastic,
cans, paper, and glass) in a city, from 1992 to 2002.

It is clear that the percentage of all types of recycled waste generally increased over the period.
While glass was the most recycled waste material, the opposite was true for plastic during the
majority of the period.

Paper and glass were the two most recycled types of waste material during most of the period.
Beginning at approximately 14% and 15% respectively, both figures rose considerably to 21%
and 29% five years later. By the end of the period, the recycling rates of paper and glass were
almost double that of plastic and cans, at approximately 40% and 50%.

Plastic and cans were recycled far less, with the figures beginning at around 10% and 18%
respectively, in 1992. While the figure for plastic slightly increased by about 2% in 1997, the
figure for cans dropped by about half. In 2002, the figure for recycled plastic remained the
same, however, the amount of cans recycled jumped back up to around 20%.

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75. The graph below shows changes in the percentage of households with cars in one
European country between 1971 and 2001.

50

45

40

35

30
No car
25
1 car
20 2 or more cars

15

10

Sample answer
1971
M 1981 1991 2001

The bar chart illustrates changes in the number of cars per household in a particular European
nation from 1971 to 2001.
ZI
It is clear that car ownership in this country rose over the period shown. While the percentage
of families with one, and two or more cars increased, the figure for households without a car
decreased.

In 1971, nearly half of the residents in this country did not possess a car, while about 30% of
families owned 1 car, and around 18% of families owned 2 or more cars. Ten years later, the
figures for those with no car or 1 car dropped to just over 40% and 30% respectively.
Meanwhile, families with 2 or more cars increased to just under 30%.

1991 saw a dramatic rise in 1 car ownership, peaking at almost 50%, while the percentage of
families with no car, or 2 or more cars, both decreased. In 2001, the percentage of families with
no car, or 2 or more cars, was about equal, at just under 30%, while about 44% of households
owned 1 car.

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6. The table shows the proportion of female and male aged 15 and aged 75 from 1911 to 2001
in the UK.

1991 1961 2011

Total Population
36.070.364 46.196.200 56.065.700
(Millions)

% People aged 15 1,86% 1,48% 1,23%

Females aged 15 335.730 333.900 333.700

Males aged 15 334.241 349.400 354.400

% People aged 75 0,23% 0,55% 0,70%

Females aged 75 47.351 254.900 210.100

Males aged 75

Sample answer
M 34.012 160.200 181.300

The table gives information about the percentages of males and females at the age of 15 and
ZI
75 in the UK during the years 1911, 1961 and 2011.

Overall, there was a decrease in the proportion of people aged 15, whereas the figures for those
aged 75 increased throughout the period. In addition, there were significantly more elderly
women than men.

Regarding those aged 15, the number of females experienced an overall downward trend,
beginning with 335,730 in 1911 and finishing with 333,700 in 2011. The opposite was seen for
males, as the number of 15 year-olds increased from 334,241 in 1911 to 354,400 in 2011.

For those aged 75, the female population was significantly larger than the male, and there was
a similar trend between the two genders. Starting at 47,351 females and 34,012 males in 1911,
the figures for females surged to a peak of roughly 255,000 and 160,000 for males in 1961.
Following this, the number of females aged 75 decreased to 210,100 people, while that of their
male counterparts continued to rise to 181,300 in 2011.

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15. The table below gives information about population in Australia and Malaysia in 1980 and
2002

Australia Malaysia

1980 2002 1980 2002

Total population (millions) 14.7 19.6 13.7 24.3

Male population (%) 49.9 49.9 50.3 50.6

Female population (%) 50.1 50.1 49.7 49.4

Birth rate (%) 1.5 1.3 3.2 2.2

Average annual population growth (%) 1.2 1.3 2.4 2.1

Population aged over 65 (%) 9.6 12.4 3.7 4.3

Sample answer

and 2002.
M
The given table compares a range of demographic data from Australia and Malaysia in 1980

In general, Malaysia had a relatively younger population than Australia, and a remarkably faster
population growth.

Looking at the table in more detail, it can be seen that the gender ratios in both countries were
ZI
almost perfectly balanced. There were slightly more women in Australia and slightly more men
in Malaysia in both years. Also, the difference in population between the two countries in 1980
was minimal, at only about 1 million. However, the difference was around 5 million in 2002, as
the population of Malaysia almost doubled.

The two countries also differed widely in relation to the birth rate. The birth rate in Malaysia
was almost twice as high as that of Australia (3.2% and 2.2% compared to 1.5% and 1.3%). As
a result, average annual population growth in Malaysia was also higher. Another notable feature
is that while the percentages of people aged over 65 in Malaysia were approximately 4% in
both years, the figures for Australia were much higher, at 9.6% and 12.4% in 1980 and 2002,
respectively.

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21. The table below shows the number of cars made in Argentina, Australia and Thailand from
2003 to 2009.

2003 2005 2009

Argentina 235,088 352,759 466,089

Australia 452,163 341,268 245,624

Thailand 735,852 1,162,356 999,963

Sample answer

The table provides information about car production in three different countries over a period
of 6 years, starting from 2003.

for Australia.
M
It is clear that Thailand produced the largest number of cars over the period shown. Also, while
the number of cars manufactured in Thailand and Argentina increased, the opposite was true

In 2003, 735,852 cars were produced in Thailand, significantly more than in the Australia, with
just over 450,000 cars. The figure for Argentina, however, was only about a third of the figure
for Thailand and half that of Australia, at 235,088.
ZI
Over the following six years, Thailand still remained first rank in car manufacturing among the
three countries. Their car production soared to 1,162,356 cars in 2005 before dropping back
down to approximately one million 2009. Likewise, the number of cars manufactured in
Argentina increased throughout the period to 466,089 cars, which made them become the
second biggest manufacturer of cars in the last year. The figure for Australia, however,
experienced a downward trend over the period, decreasing to just under 250,ooo cars by the
end of the period.

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22. The table below gives information on visitor statistics for 1996, 1998 and 2000 for various
World Heritage sites in Australia

Site 1996 1998 2000

Great Barrier Reef 1,670,000 2,950,000 3,200,000

Central Eastern
810,000 790,000 770,000
Rainforest Reserve

Blue Mountains 526,000 565,000 581,000

Tasmania
450,000 475,000 483,000
Wilderness

Shark Bay 84,000 102,000 89,000

Macquarie Island 350 310 330

Sample answer
M
The table illustrates the number of people visiting six World Heritage sites in Australia between
1996 and 2000.

It is clear that the total number of visitors to those places showed an upward trend. Also, the
Great Barrier Reef was the most attractive tourist destination over the period shown.
ZI
In 1996, 1,670,000 tourists paid a visit to the Great Barrier Reef, double the figure for the
Central Eastern Rainforest Reserve. Over the next two years, there was a dramatic increase of
almost twice as many visitors to Great Barrier Reef, followed by another slight increase of about
200,000 people in 2000. In contrast, the Central Eastern Rainforest Reserve saw about 20,000
less visitors every two years.

Among the remaining destinations with much fewer travelers compared to the two first ones,
the Blue Mountains and the Tasmanian Wilderness were more popular, with approximately
500,000 visitors in 1996. The figures then increased to approximately 600,000 and 500,000
after 4 years. In comparison, 84,000 travelers chose to visit Shark Bay in 1996, exponentially
higher than the figure for Macquarie Island with only 350 visitors. While the former
experienced a rise to 89,000, the latter dropped slightly to only 330 by the end of the period.

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25. The tables give information about the average hours work by part-time and full-time men
and women in three countries in Europe in 2002 and compare them with the European
countries.

Average number of hours for full-workers in 2002

Country Women Men

Greece 39.9 42.5

Netherlands 38.0 38.0

UK 37 37.5

European average 39.2 40.4

Country

Greece

Netherlands

UK
M Average number of hours for part-workers in 2002

Women

29.3

29.2

28
Men

30

28.3

29
ZI
European average 34 32

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Sample answer

The provided tables illustrate the breakdown of the average time men and women in three
European nations worked in full time and part time positions, in the year 2002.

Overall, males worked more than their counterparts in both types of jobs. Apart from this,
Greek people spent more time working than those from the other countries.

As for the average working hours of full-timers, Greece topped the list with nearly 40 hours for
females and 42.5 hours for males. This was followed by the Netherlands with 38 hours for both
genders. Meanwhile, 37 hours was the total amount of time women in the UK allocated to their
work, slightly lower than that of men with 37.5 hours. In general, in this category, male workers
in Europe worked more than female individuals.

Regarding the figures for part-time workers, it is noticeable that those from Greece still held
the highest position in the list with 29.3 hours for women and 30 hours for men. Similarly, UK
males also had more part-time hours, at 29, compared to 28 hours for females. Conversely, a
M
reverse trend can be seen in the numbers of men and women in Netherlands, with 28.3 hours
for the former and 29.2 hours for the latter.
ZI

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28. The tables below show results of a survey of urban residents’ opinions related to various
aspects of life in 1980 and 2010.

1980

Good Neither good or bad Bad

Education 82 17 6

Shops 75 11 14

Environment 72 20 8

Healthcare 64 24 12

Transport system 54 31 14

Accommodation 56 34 10

2010

Education
M Good

76
Neither good or bad

13
Bad

11

Shops 81 9 10
ZI
Environment 64 16 20

Healthcare 83 10 7

Transport system 67 22 11

Accommodation 65 17 18

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Sample answer

The tables compare the data of how residents in an urban area assessed six different aspects
relating to their life in the years 1980 and 2010.

Overall, most people had good opinions about all the given categories. Apart from that,
education and healthcare were the most highly-ranked, while shops, transport, environment
and accommodation received the highest amount of negative feedback.

In 1980, 82% of respondents said that education was good, while 75% and 72% of people rated
the shops and environment as also being good. Meanwhile, only 54% and 56% of surveyed
individuals said they were satisfied with the transport system and accommodation. They were,
however, the two aspects having the greatest number of neutral opinions, 31% for the former
and 34% for the latter. Regarding negative feedback, 14% of residents both thought the shops
and transport system were bad, which was double the number for negative feedback about
education, at a mere 6%.
M
Over the span of three decades, the data for all aspects considerably changed. In particularly,
the opinions of healthcare services and shops were increased, to 83% and 81%, in turn holding
the top ranks. Conversely, opinions regarding the environment and accommodation decreased,
with the quantity of negative opinions climbing to 20% and 18% respectively, much higher than
that of healthcare with at only 7%. Lastly, neutral opinions related to all aspects dropped
significantly over the 30 year period.
ZI

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34. The table shows the number of employees and factories producing silk in England and
Wales between 1851 and 1901.

Year Male Female Total employees Factories

1851 53.964 76.786 130.750 272

1861 41.936 67.933 109.869 761

1871 38.102 53.310 91.412 693

1881 25.766 32.138 67.904 702

1891 28.689 30.336 49.025 663

1901 13.375 25.567 38.942 623

Sample answer M
The table provides information about the workforce in silk production, in two countries,
England and Wales, over a period of 50 years, starting from 1851.

It is clear that the total number of silk workers in the two countries declined over the period,
and that significantly more women were employed than men in this industry. Also, the number
of silk manufacturing factories increased over the 50 year period, despite some fluctuations.
ZI
In 1851, the silk workforce was at its peak, with 130,750 employees, including 76,786 females
and approximately 54,000 males. In contrast, the number of silk factories was at its lowest in
1851, at only 272. However, ten years later, the number of silk factories had almost tripled,
reaching 761, while the total number of employees experienced a significant fall of over 20,000
people.

Over the following 40 years, the total number of female and male workers gradually decreased
throughout the period, to 25,567 and 13,375 respectively, which resulted in a drop in the total
number of employees, at 38,942 in 1901. Meanwhile, the number of silk factories experienced
a gradual decline over these 40 years, from 761 in 1861 to 623 in 1901.

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37. The table below shows the percentages of the population by age groups in one town who
rode bicycles in 2011.

Age group Female Male

0-9 51.4 50.3

10-17 42.2 24.6

18-39 17.1 9.7

40-59 12.3 8.0

60+ 18.5 13.2

Sample answer

The table compares the proportions of people who rode a bike, by age and gender, in 2011.

shown.
M
In general, children under nine years old used bicycles the most, while middle-aged people were
the least likely to ride a bicycle. Also, men tended to cycle more than women during the period

Among males, children under 9 years old made up the largest proportion of cyclists, at 52%.
However, with the older groups, the rates were only 42% for teenagers aged from 10 to 17,
and 17% for people aged between 18 and 39. The proportion of 40 to 50 year old male cyclists
ZI
was the lowest, at just 12%, while only nearly a fifth of men aged over enjoyed this activity

The percentage of girls younger than 9 years old who cycled was slightly higher than boys of
the same age, at 52%. However, the figure for girls aged 10 to 17 was just under a quarter,
much lower than that of their counterparts. Similar to men in the same age groups, cycling was
not very popular amongst women aged 40 to 59, and 60 or over, accounting for only 8% and
14% of females respectively.

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 2010 2013

Income 29000 25000

Spending on
14000 15000
food and clothes

Sample answer

The table illustrates how much money an average family in a UK city earned and paid for food
and clothes, while the pie charts represent the proportion of spending on those categories in
2010 and 2013.

It is clear that while the total income of an average British family decreased between 2010 and

M
2013, the amount of money spent on food and clothing increased. Additionally, British people
spent much more money on food than on clothes in both years.

According to the table, in 2010, an average British family earned £29,000, while nearly half of
that amount was used for food and clothes. In 2013, the average income of a family in Britain
fell to about £25,000, while there was a growth of £1,000 in the expenditure for food and
clothes.
ZI
Regarding the pie charts, the percentage for spending on meat and fish was highest among all
categories in 2010, at 29%, but three years later experienced a drop to 23%. Similarly, a
downward trend was seen in the figure for clothes, from 15% to 13% in 2013. On the other
hand, people seemed to spend more money on fruit, vegetables, and dairy products as the
figures went up to 30% and 16% respectively. Meanwhile, the proportion of spending on other
food remained unchanged at exactly 18%.

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42. The table shows the amount of money given to developing countries by the USA, EU
countries and other countries from 2006 to 2010. (Figures are in millions of dollars)

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

USA 9,8 11 17 16,7 20,3

EU 3,1 3,4 3,9 3,6 4,1

Other countries 2,8 3,2 3,5 3,2 3,7

Total 15,7 17,6 24,4 23,5 28,1

Sample answer

M
The table illustrates how much money was given to developing countries by the USA, European
countries, and other countries, between 2006 and 2010.

Overall, it can be seen that the USA was the biggest contributor to developing nations in all
measured years. In addition, European countries and other countries gave similar amounts of
money to developing nations each year.

In 2006, the USA gave over three times as much money to developing nations as European
ZI
countries did, with a donation of $9.8 million. European and other countries donated $3.1
million and $2.8 million respectively. All countries increased their donations to developing
nations over the following two years, reaching a total of $24.4 million.

In 2009 however, the donations from all countries slightly decreased from the 2008 figures,
with a total figure of $23.5 million. However, these figures saw an increase again in 2010, with
a total contribution of $28.1 million. Of this, the USA donated $20.3 million, while European
and other countries gave $4.1 and $3.7 million respectively.

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49. The table below shows the weight of people in a particular country from 1999 to 2009.

Women Men

1999 2004 2009 1999 2004 2009

Under weight 27% 29% 28% 22% 20% 23%

Normal weight 49% 51% 47% 41% 48% 47%

Over weight 18% 21% 19% 30% 23% 19%

Sample answer

The table illustrates the percentages of males and females at different physical fitness levels in
a particular nation between 1999 and 2009.

Obviously, most women and men were at normal weight during the research period. While the
M
percentage of overweight women increased, the reverse was true for men.

In 1999, 49% of women had a normal weight, while the figure for those who were underweight
stood at about half of that percent. A similar pattern was seen in males but the figures were
smaller, at 41% and 22% respectively. Overweight females made up 18% in that year, much
lower than that of female counterparts, with 30%.

The percentages of underweight women and men both rose in 2004, to 51% and 48%
ZI
respectively, before falling to 47% each in 2009. Similarly, overweight females and males
accounted for smaller percentages of the population in 2004, at 21% and 23%, and both figures
then went down to 19% each in 2009. Despite a rise of 2% in the first five years, the percentage
of women with an underweight then decreased by 1%. However, the opposite trends were
witnessed in underweight men’s percentage, with 20% and 23% respectively.

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55. The table below shows daily oil production in 4 countries from 2000 to 2004.

(barrels per day)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Nigeria 205,000 201,000 190,000 210,000 213,000

Chad 0 0 0 8,000 50,000

Congo 275,000 234,000 222,000 215,000 203,000

Somalia 5,000 8,000 17,000 21,000 50,000

Sample answer

The diagram illustrates the daily production of oil in four countries during the period between
2000 and 2004. M
Overall, Congo was the leading producer of oil per day during the five-year period, while Chad
produced the least amount of oil per day over the same period. Meanwhile, the amount of oil
generated per day each year in Congo decreased over time, while the opposite was true for
that of other countries.

Starting with 205,000 barrels per day in 2000, Nigeria’s daily oil production slightly fluctuated
ZI
around 200,000 to end up at 213,000 barrels per day in 2004. In contrast, Congo’s oil
production figures were the highest in the first year of the period at 275,000 barrels per day,
however, gradually decreased over the years to reach 203,000 barrels per day in 2004.

It can also be seen that Somalia produced 5,000 barrels of oil each day in 2000, but later
boosted its daily production capability considerably to 10 times more barrels per day in 2004.
Finally, oil production in Chad did not begin until 2003, generating 8,000 barrels per day,
sharply increasing to 50,000 barrels per day in 2004.

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57. The table below compares actual and predicted figures for populations in three different
cities.

Sao Paulo Jakarta Shanghai

Actual population 1990 15 9.5 13.5

Predicted population 2000 24 14 17

Actual population 2000 18 11.5 12.5

Sample answer

The table gives information about the actual number of inhabitants in three different cities, in
1990 and 2000, as well as the estimated population for 2000.
M
Overall, while the population of Sao Paulo and Jakarta increased between 1990 and 2000, there
was a decline in the population of Shanghai. Meanwhile, Sao Paulo remained the most populous
city during the period shown.

In 1990, Sao Paulo recorded the highest population, at 15 million, followed by Shanghai and
Jakarta, with 13.5 million and 9.5 million respectively. Although Sao Paulo’s population was
predicted to reach 24 million by 2000, it only rose to 18 million. Similarly, the number of
ZI
residents in Jakarta increased by 2 million in 2000, to 11.5 million, which was about 2.5 million
fewer than forecasted.

There were 13.5 million people living in Shanghai in 1990 and the population was expected to
experience significant growth over the next decade. However, in reality, it dropped to 12.5
million, instead of the forecasted increase to 17 million.

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71. The tables give information on the temperatures and the hours of daylight in two particular
cities in the same week in May 2007

Sample answer
M
The tables compare data regarding the temperatures and daylight hours in Mumbai and
Moscow, during the same week in May, 2017.

Overall, it can be seen that Mumbai was significantly hotter than Moscow, however, Moscow
ZI
experienced much longer daylight hours.

Regarding the temperatures of the two cities, Mumbai had consistently high temperatures,
ranging between 33-34oC at its peak, and only dropping to 29oC at its low each day. In contrast,
the temperature in Moscow was considerably lower, with the maximum varying between 8-
13oC, and the minimum ranging from 2_9oC. Additionally, while Saturday was the hottest day
in Mumbai, Sunday was the hottest day in Moscow.

As for the hours of daylight, the sun rose in Mumbai every day at 6.00 am, and set between
7.05pm and 7.15pm. However, Moscow received a lot more daylight hours, with the sun rising
between 4.05am and 4.15am each day, and setting at 10pm each of the recorded days.
Additionally, Saturday had the longest amount of daylight hours in both cities.

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8.

70000 18%

16%
60000
14%
50000
People leaving Ireland

12%

Unemployment rate
40000 10%

30000 8%

6%
20000
4%
10000
2%

0 0%

Sample answer
M
1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

People leaving Ireland

2000 2002 2004

Unemployment rate
2006 2008

The chart gives information about the percentage of unemployed Irish citizens and the number
ZI
of emigrants leaving the country from 1988 to 2008.

Overall, there was a significant decline in the unemployment rate in Ireland, and in addition to
this, the number of those leaving the country also reduced over the examined period.

Regarding Ireland’s rate of unemployment, after a mild decrease from roughly 17% in 1988 to
13% in 1990, it experienced a slight recovery to about 15% over the following two years. The
figure then plummeted to 4% in 2000, followed by a six-year period of stability. However, the
unemployment rate of Ireland increased to nearly 6% in the final year.

Starting with approximately 60,000 emigrants in 1988, this number fell to about 55,000 in 1990
before plunging to over 32,000 two years later. The number of Ireland’s emigrants continued
to go down to around 27,000 over the next 12 years, and suddenly surged back up to 50,000
in 2008.

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24. The graph and chart below give information about the number of new graduates and their
employment in the UK from 1992 to 2002.

The number of new graduates in the UK

200000
195000
190000
185000
180000
175000
170000
165000
160000
155000
150000
1992 1997 2002

70
60
50
40
M Employment status in the UK

30
ZI
20
10
0
Professional Managerial & Clerical & Sales Other
Administrative Secretarical

1992 1997 2002

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Sample answer

The given graphs show a breakdown of the number of fresh graduates and their employment
status in the UK from 1992 to 2002.

Overall, the number of new graduates appears to have increased over the given period. It is
also clear from the bar graph that the majority of UK students opted to follow professional
careers upon graduating from university.

In 1992, there were roughly 165,000 British students graduating from university. This figure
rose markedly to a peak of about 195,000 in 1997, before dropping thereafter to about
180,000 students in 2002.

As far as their employment status was concerned, careers in clerical and secretarial fields saw
a marginal rise from 9% in 1992 to nearly 20% in 2002. An opposite trend is seen in jobs related
to management and administration, with the figures standing at 20% in 1992 and dropping by
1% 10 years later. Similarly, the figure for professional careers also showed a downward trend,
M
although much steeper, from a peak of nearly 60% to its low of around 44%.
ZI

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26.

Percentage of students by family

economic background in 1991

8%
30% low income
middle income
high income
62%

Total number of students at university in UK

2500000

2000000

1500000

1000000

500000
M
0
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001
ZI
Government spending on each student (pound)
7000

6500

6000

5500

5000

4500
1991 1996 2001

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Sample answer

The charts illustrate the number of undergraduates in the UK, government spending on each
student from 1991 to 2001, and compare the percentages of students from different family
economic backgrounds in 1991.

Overall, in 1991 the majority of undergraduates came from middle-income families. Also, in
contrast to the increased number of university students, government spending became less and
less toward the end of the period.

The proportion of university students whose family financial background fell into the middle-
income category was just over 60%, approximately twice as much as that of students from high-
income families. Meanwhile, only 8% of UK undergraduates were from families with low income
in 1991.

There was a moderate rise in the number of undergraduates from over one million in 1991 to
more than two million in 1999. This figure then slightly declined to precisely 2000000 two
years later. M
Despite the overall increase in student numbers, government budgets allocated to support
those students fell substantially from 6500 pounds to around 4700 pounds, a decrease of 1200
pounds in only 5 years. After that, the figure experienced almost no change until the end of the
period.
ZI

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46. The chart below give information about the high-speed continuous internet connection
of households in five countries in 2001 and 2002.

Percentage
Country
change South Korea 134.4
122

South Korea +20 USA 251.1

93

5.616
USA +170 Germany
3.4 2002
2001
7.92
Germany +80 Switzerland
3.6

Britain 10.89
Switzerland +120 3.3

0 100 200 300

Britain +230 connections per 1000 people

Sample answer
M
The bar chart and table compare five countries in terms of the percentage of families with high-
speed internet access, and the change over two consecutive years, from 2001 to 2002.

It is clear that the percentage of families with high-speed internet connection was highest in
South Korea and the USA during those years. In addition, the biggest change in the number of
ZI
families with high-speed internet access occurred in Britain.

In 2001, about 11.2% of South Korean households had access to high-speed internet,
compared to 9.3% of US families. One year later, the number of US families with high-speed
internet soared by 170% to reach 25.11% of the population, which was the highest figure of all
measured countries for those years. By contrast, the growth rate was significantly lower in
South Korea, at only 20%.

High-speed internet was not as common in Germany, Switzerland and Britain, with only roughly
0.35% of households having a high-speed connection. All three countries saw significant
increases over the year, with Germany and Switzerland witnessing increases of 80% and 120%
respectively. Meanwhile, Britain saw the biggest growth rate in high-speed internet
connections with a 230% increase.

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51. Table and graph

Cinema visits for all age of groups

1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

Attendance 67% 72% 72% 70% 72%

Frequency 10.7 11.3 8.3 8.4 8.3

Average cinema visits by age group

14-24 years old 25-34 years old 35-49 years old 50+ years old

14

12

10

6
M
ZI
4

0
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

Sample answer

The table illustrates the percentage of Australians going to the cinema and their frequency from
1994 to 2002, and the line graph presents how many visits were made according to age group.

It is clear that the percentage of cinema attendants increased, while the average number of
visits decreased over the period shown. Additionally, all age groups witnessed fluctuations in
their figures, and 14-to 24-year-olds were the most frequent cinema visitors.

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In 1994, about 67% of the total population went to cinema with about 10.7 times a year. This
attendance increased to 72% two years later and then remained stable until 2002, despite a
fall of 2% from 1998 to 2000. Meanwhile, the average frequency peak at 11.3 times annually
in 1996, but then it stabilized at around 8.3 times.

Initially, the youngest group went to the cinema 12 times yearly, followed by 10 times of those
aged 25 to 34. In contrast, the figure for the oldest group was lowest, at only 8 times per year.
In 1996, the figures for all groups rose by about 1 time before decreasing by nearly 5 times in
1998. After that, the quantity of visits of each group grew slightly but the most regular visits
still belonged to the youngest group, with about 10 times.

M
ZI

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48. The maps below show Hunderstone town at present and a proposed plan for it.

Sample answer
M
The maps illustrate a number of proposed changes that are to take place in the town of
Hunderstone.

In general, while the area to the east of the railway will remain almost the same, the western
side is going to undergo several significant changes, especially with regards to the transport
infrastructure.

As can be seen in the first map, Hunderstone Town is currently divided into two main areas by
ZI
a railway line, which runs from north to south and passes by a gas station. To the west of the
railway, there is an air field which is connected to the main road (A1). A roundabout in the
middle of this road connects the A1 road to the east of the town, and in particular, to the ring
road around the town centre.

In the future, the airfield in the north west of Hunderstone Town is expected to be replaced by
an industrial estate. A new railway line will also be constructed to provide further access to this
area. In addition, a new, larger roundabout will be constructed midway along the road
connecting the east and west of the town. A new road (A4) which will connect the A1 to the
town centre will also be built in the south of the town.

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20. The maps below show the changes in the art gallery ground floor in 2005 and present day.

Sample answer
M
The maps illustrate the differences in the layout of an art gallery in 2005 and now.

Overall, the art gallery has been improved with the installation of a number of services and
facilities, with some areas of the gallery converted for other purposes.

As can be seen from the map, the cafe in the rear-left corner of the gallery has been replaced
ZI
by a gallery shop. The space for the gallery shop is smaller than the space of the old café, which
allowed for a new lift to be constructed next to the stairwell. Meanwhile, the gallery office next
to the café has been removed and made way for the installation of a new vending machine.
Furthermore, the reception desk has been moved to the center of the entrance hall, and a
wheelchair access ramp added to the main entrance.

Regarding the exhibition areas, the space for exhibition room 4 has now been divided into two
new areas; one for temporary exhibitions and the other for children. However, no changes have
occurred to Exhibition rooms 1-3.

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27. The diagram below shows the development of a particular area between 1965 and the
present day.

Sample answer
M
The two maps describe an area before and after some developments from 1965 to now.

As can be seen from the plans, the most notable change taking place in the area is the
construction of a road bridge, which replaces the ferry.
ZI
On the northern side of the road bridge, the forest on the left riverside has been cleared to
make way for a large new car park. There is also a small car park which was built on the other
side of the river and this car park can be accessed from the main road via a small path. Many
houses and apartments were constructed around the car park.

To the south of the bridge, more houses were also built along the main road. Apart from these
buildings, there are several changes which are expected to take place by 2018. These
developments include a foot bridge which runs parallel to the main road, a yatch marina and a
small car park.

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Meanwhile, imports from Japan remained consistent at a value of approximately AU$37 million
throughout the period.

Trades between Australia and the US appeared to be the most stable, with both import and
export values stabilized at around 23% and 40% respectively.

M
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11. The diagram below shows the recycling process of plastics.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.

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Sample answer

The given diagram illustrates the process of plastic recycling.

Overall, there are essentially six stages in the plastic recycling process, beginning with the
buying, using and discarding of new plastic products and ending with newly recycled products
entering the market again.

In the first stage, new products displayed in shops are purchased, used and thrown away. Plastic
bags, along with other garbage, are sent and buried in landfill sites. Plastic bottles and
containers however, are collected for recycling. After being gathered, the plastic bottles are
then taken to sorting houses where they are divided into different categories.

Once the plastic has been sorted, it is then loaded onto trucks and transported to factories
where it is processed and made into new plastic products. These new, recycled plastic products
are then finally distributed back to retail shops where they are sold, reused and discarded once
again, thereby continuing the process.

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14. The diagram below shows the process of recycling glass bottles.

Sample answer
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The diagram illustrates how glass bottles are recycled.

Overall, it is clear that there are three separate stages involved in the recycling process, starting
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with the collection of wasted bottles and ending with new products entering the market to be
purchased.

In the initial stage, all glass bottles are stored in collection points from where they are picked
up and delivered by trucks to a cleaning plant. Here, the bottles are washed with high pressure
water, and then sorted according to color (clear, green or brown) and prepared for the following
stages.

The clean and sorted bottles are then transferred to a recycling plant, where they are melted in
a special glass furnace to turn the glass into liquid form. The recycled liquid glass, along with
new liquid glass, is then molded to form new glass bottles. Finally, the new bottles are ready to
be used and sent to supermarkets where they will be purchased and used by customers, thereby
completing the process.

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35. The diagram below shows how orange juice is produced.

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65. Maps/Diagrams

Sample answer
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The given maps illustrate two different underground tunnel systems for cars in two Australian
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cities.

Overall, there are a number of differences between the two tunnel systems, in terms of the
cost, size, length, time of construction, and the surrounding environment. The first tunnel cost
approximately half as much as the second tunnel to construct, however, the first tunnel was
significantly smaller in terms of length and vehicle capacity. The first tunnel also took much
longer to construct.

The first tunnel, which took twelve years to construct between 1986 and 1998, cost $555
million, and was built underneath a body of water and sand. Meanwhile, the second tunnel only
took four years for completion but cost twice as much, at $1.1 billion, and was constructed
beneath a layer of stone and clay.

The size of the tunnels was also substantially different, with the first tunnel being 1.5 meters
high and 2.2km long, and the second tunnel being 2.5m high and 3.6 km long. The first tunnel
system is four lanes wide, while the second tunnel system is six lanes wide.

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68. Process (glass recycling)

Sample answer
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The given diagram indicates information about how used glass bottles are recycled.
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In general, it can be seen that there are three stages in this process, commencing with the
collection of used bottles, and culminating with newly recycled bottles used for storing drinks
to be sold in supermarkets.

At the first stage of the process, glass bottles are used by customers and gathered at a collection
point before being delivered to a cleaning plant by a truck. The second stage begins when the
bottles are washed with high-pressure water, and subsequently sorted based on their colour
(green, brown and clear). After that, the bottles are broken down into pieces in a glass factory
and melted in a furnace to form a liquid. The recycled liquid glass is then mixed with new liquid
glass and poured into a mould to form new glass bottles.

During the final stage of the process, the recycled bottles are filled and packaged, and then
transported to supermarkets to be sold.

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