Theory of Shells

Assignment - 4
Mr. Sukalyan Sarkar
Master of Engineering (Structural Engineering)
1st Semester
2020 - 2022
Roll - 002010402005
Civil Engineering department
Jadavpur University
Kolkata -700032
 CONTENTS
SL. NO. ITEM PAGE NO.
1 DERIVATION OF EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM 1
2 DERIVATION OF STRESSES FOR SYMMETRICALLY LOADED SHELLS 5
3 DERIVATION OF STRESSES IN A SPHERICAL SHELL UNDER SELF WEIGHT 8
4 DIMENSIONING 11
5 MATERIALS 11
6 LOAD CALCULATION 11
7 CALCULATION OF FORCE COMPONENTS 12
8 CALCULATION OF STRESSES DUE TO Nθ (CIRCUMFERENTIAL FORCE 15
RESULTANT)
9 CHECK FOR BUCKLING IN COMPRESSION DUE TO Nθ 15
10 CALCULATION OF STRESSES DUE TO Nɸ (MERIDIONAL FORCE RESULTANT) 16
11 CHECK FOR BUCKLING IN COMPRESSION DUE TO Nɸ 17
12 REINFORCEMENT CALCULATION FOR TENSILE Nθ 18
13 REINFORCEMENT CALCULATION FOR TENSILE Nɸ 20
14 EDGE THICKENING NEAR SUPPORT 23
15 REINFORCEMENT DETAIL DRAWING 24
ANALYSIS OF A DOUBLY CURVED SHELL DATE: 5/24/2022

STEP 1: DIMENSIONING

0.075 m thick 2.571 m

8m

Base diameter = 8 m = 2a
Shell thickness = 0.075 m
ɸmax = 50 °
Dome height = (8/2)*COS(50*PI()/180)
= 2.571 m

STEP 2: MATERIALS

Concrete grade = M 30
Reinforcement steel grade = Fe 500

STEP 3: LOAD CALCULATION

Live load = 0.75 kN/m2 (As per Table 2 of IS:875 (Part 2)-1987 for roofs where access is not
provided except for maintenance)
ANALYSIS OF A DOUBLY CURVED SHELL DATE: 5/24/2022

Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3

Dead load (g) = 0.075*25
= 1.875 kN/m2
Dust load = 0.5 kN/m2 (typical)

As per Note 1 of Table 2 of IS:875 (Part 2)-1987,

Imposed load (p0) = MAX(0.75,0.5)

= 0.75 kN/m2

Imposed load is distributed on span area like snow load, whereas dead load is distributed on curved area.

STEP 4: CALCULATION OF FORCE COMPONENTS

[a] FOR DEAD LOAD (g):

Nɸ = - ga/(1+cosɸ) (For spherical shells)

a= 8/2
= 4m
g= 1.875 kN/m2

Nɸ = -1.875*4 /(1+cosɸ)
= -7.5 /(1+cosɸ)
ANALYSIS OF A DOUBLY CURVED SHELL DATE: 5/24/2022

ɸ varies from 0 to 50 °

ɸ Nɸ (kN/m) Nɸ (kN/m)
0.00 -3.75 0.00
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00
10.00 -3.78 -0.50
20.00 -3.87
-1.00
30.00 -4.02
-1.50
40.00 -4.25
50.00 -4.57 -2.00
-2.50
-ve = compression -3.00
+ve = tension -3.50
-4.00
-4.50
-5.00

Nθ = ag((1/(1+cosɸ))-cosɸ) (For spherical shells)

a= 8/2
= 4m
g= 1.875 kN/m2

Nθ = 4*1.875 ((1/(1+cosɸ))-cosɸ)
= 7.5 ((1/(1+cosɸ))-cosɸ)

ɸ varies from 0 to 50 °

ɸ Nθ (kN/m) Nθ (kN/m)
0.00 -3.75 0.00
10.00 -3.61 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00
-0.50
20.00 -3.18
30.00 -2.48 -1.00
40.00 -1.50
-1.50
50.00 -0.26
-2.00
-ve = compression
-2.50
+ve = tension
-3.00

-3.50

-4.00
ANALYSIS OF A DOUBLY CURVED SHELL DATE: 5/24/2022

[b] FOR IMPOSED LOAD (p0):

p0 = imposed load intensity UDL in plan (horizontal projection of shell surface)

Nɸ = - p0a/2 (For spherical shells)

a= 8/2
= 4m
p0 = 0.75 kN/m2

Nɸ = -0.75*4/2
= -1.5

ɸ varies from 0 to 50 °

ɸ Nɸ (kN/m) Nɸ (kN/m)
0.00 -1.50 0.00
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00
10.00 -1.50
-0.20
20.00 -1.50
30.00 -1.50 -0.40
40.00 -1.50
-0.60
50.00 -1.50
-0.80
-ve = compression -1.00
+ve = tension
-1.20

-1.40

-1.60
DESIGN OF DOUBLY CURVED SHELL (As per IS:2210-1988) DATE: 5/24/2022

STEP 5: CALCULATION OF STRESSES DUE TO Nθ (CIRCUMFERENTIAL FORCE RESULTANT)

If Nθ is positive, it is tensile. If Nθ is negative, it is compressive.

Maximum Nθ = -3.75 N/mm <0, hence compressive.

Maximum compressive Nθ = -3.75 N/mm

Maximum tensile Nθ = 0.00 N/mm

Reinforcement for Nθ should be parallel to meredians.

Thickness of shell provided = 75 mm > 50 mm, OKAY.

As per Clause 7.1.1 of IS:2210-1988,

Maximum compressive stress due to Nθ = --3.75/75/1

= 0.05 N/mm2

Maximum tensile stress due to Nθ = 0.00/75/1

= 0 N/mm2

STEP 6: CHECK FOR BUCKLING IN COMPRESSION DUE TO Nθ

As per Clause 9.4 of IS:2210-1988,

fck = 30 N/mm2

Es = 200000 N/mm2 (As per Annex F of IS:456-2000)

DESIGN OF DOUBLY CURVED SHELL (As per IS:2210-1988) DATE: 5/24/2022

Ec =

= 200000*3*30/280
= 64285.71 N/mm2

As per Clause 9.3.1 of IS:2210-1988,

As per Clause 6.2.5.1 of IS:456-2000,

Creep coefficient for 28 days = 1.6

As per Clause C-4.1 of IS:456-2000,

Including creep effect,

Ec = 64285.71/(1+1.6)
= 24725.27 N/mm2

d= 75 mm
R=a= 4000 mm

Pperm = 0.1*24725.27*(75^2)/(4000^2)
= 0.869 N/mm2

Maximum compressive stress due to Nθ = 0.05 N/mm2 < 0.869 N/mm2

No buckling will occur in the direction of meridian.

STEP 7: CALCULATION OF STRESSES DUE TO Nɸ (MERIDIONAL FORCE RESULTANT)

If Nɸ is positive, it is tensile. If Nɸ is negative, it is compressive.

DESIGN OF DOUBLY CURVED SHELL (As per IS:2210-1988) DATE: 5/24/2022

Maximum Nɸ = -4.565 N/mm <0, hence compressive.

Maximum compressive Nɸ = -4.57 N/mm

Maximum tensile Nɸ = 0.00 N/mm

Reinforcement for Nɸ should be parallel to diaphragm.

Maximum compressive stress due to Nθ = --4.57/75/1

= 0.061 N/mm2

Maximum tensile stress due to Nθ = 0.00/75/1

= 0.000 N/mm2

STEP 8: CHECK FOR BUCKLING IN COMPRESSION DUE TO Nɸ

As per Clause 9.4 of IS:2210-1988,

Es = 200000 N/mm2 (As per Annex F of IS:456-2000)

fck = 30 N/mm2

Ec =

= 200000*3*30/280
= 64285.71 N/mm2

As per Clause 9.3.1 of IS:2210-1988,

DESIGN OF DOUBLY CURVED SHELL (As per IS:2210-1988) DATE: 5/24/2022

As per Clause 6.2.5.1 of IS:456-2000,

Creep coefficient for 28 days = 1.6

As per Clause C-4.1 of IS:456-2000,

Including creep effect,

Ec = 64285.71/(1+1.6)
= 24725.27 N/mm2

d= 75 mm
R=a= 4000 mm

Pperm = 0.1*24725.27*(75^2)/(4000^2)
= 0.869 N/mm2

Maximum compressive stress due to Nθ = 0.061 N/mm2 < 0.869 N/mm2

No buckling will occur in the direction of diaphragm.

STEP 9: REINFORCEMENT CALCULATION FOR TENSILE Nθ

Maximum tensile Nθ = 0.00 N/mm

= 0.00 kN/m

Thickness of shell provided = 75 mm

As per Clause 12.3.2 of IS:2210-1988,

DESIGN OF DOUBLY CURVED SHELL (As per IS:2210-1988) DATE: 5/24/2022

Maximum area of unreinforced panel = 15*75^2

= 84375 mm2

Maximum c/c spacing of reinforcement = 84375^0.5

= 290.474 mm

As per Clause 12.3.1 of IS:2210-1988,

Minimum diameter of reinforcement bar = 8 mm

Maximum diameter of reinforcement bar = smaller of 75/4 & 16 mm

= smaller of 18.75 & 16 mm
= 16 mm

Diameter of reinforcement bar provided = 12 mm

In working stress method of design,

Tensile stress capacity of tor steel = 190 N/mm2 (As per Table 22 of IS:456-2000)
DESIGN OF DOUBLY CURVED SHELL (As per IS:2210-1988) DATE: 5/24/2022

Cross sectional area of a 12 mm diameter bar = PI()*12^2/4

= 113.097 mm2

Tensile force capacity of a single reinforcement bar = 190*113.097

= 21488.49 N
= 21.488 kN

Maximum tensile Nθ = 0.00 kN/m

Number of bars required in 1 m = ROUNDUP(0.00/21.488,0)

= 0

As per Clause 12.3.5 of IS:2210-1988,

Maximum c/c spacing of reinforcement = 200 mm

Nθ = 0.000 kN (tensile)

Spacing of reinforcement = MIN(290.474,200)

= 200 mm (max.)

Spacing provided = 150 mm < 200 mm, OK.

Number of bars in 1 m = ROUNDUP((1000/150)+1,0)

= 8

Tensile capacity of reinforcement in 1 m = 8*113.097*190

= 171908 N
= 171.908 kN ≥ Nθ, SAFE in tension.

STEP 10: REINFORCEMENT CALCULATION FOR TENSILE Nɸ

Maximum tensile Nɸ = 0.00 N/mm

= 0.00 kN/m

Thickness of shell provided = 75 mm

DESIGN OF DOUBLY CURVED SHELL (As per IS:2210-1988) DATE: 5/24/2022

As per Clause 12.3.2 of IS:2210-1988,

Maximum area of unreinforced panel = 15*75^2

= 84375 mm2

Maximum c/c spacing of reinforcement = 84375^0.5

= 290.474 mm

As per Clause 12.3.1 of IS:2210-1988,

Minimum diameter of reinforcement bar = 8 mm

Maximum diameter of reinforcement bar = smaller of 75/4 & 16 mm

= smaller of 18.75 & 16 mm
= 16 mm

Diameter of reinforcement bar provided = 12 mm

In working stress method of design,

Tensile stress capacity of tor steel = 190 N/mm2 (As per Table 22 of IS:456-2000)
DESIGN OF DOUBLY CURVED SHELL (As per IS:2210-1988) DATE: 5/24/2022

Cross sectional area of a 12 mm diameter bar = PI()*12^2/4

= 113.097 mm2

Tensile force capacity of a single reinforcement bar = 190*113.097

= 21488.49 N
= 21.488 kN

Maximum tensile Nɸ = 0.00 kN/m

Number of bars required in 1 m = ROUNDUP(0.00/21.488,0)

= 0

As per Clause 12.3.5 of IS:2210-1988,

Maximum c/c spacing of reinforcement = 200 mm

Nɸ = 0.000 kN

Spacing of reinforcement = MIN(290.474,200)

= 200.000 mm (max.)

Spacing provided = 150 mm < 200 mm, OK.

Number of bars in 1 m = ROUNDUP((1000/150)+1,0)

= 8

Tensile capacity of reinforcement in 1 m = 8*113.097*190

= 171908 N
= 171.908 kN ≥ Nɸ, SAFE in tension.

Spacing of reinforcement provided towards top of dome = 150/2

= 75 mm (cut alternate bars)
DESIGN OF DOUBLY CURVED SHELL (As per IS:2210-1988) DATE: 5/24/2022

STEP 11: EDGE THICKENING NEAR SUPPORT

As per Clause 7.1.2 of IS:2210-1988,

Shell thickening along edge = 0.3*75

= 22.5 mm

Total shell thickness along edge = 75+22.5

= 97.5 mm

Minimum distance of thickening from edge =

= 0.38*(4000*75)^0.5
= 208.135 mm

Maximum distance of thickening from edge =

= 0.76*(4000*75)^0.5
= 416.269 mm

Provided distance of thickening from edge = 416 mm, distance is within range.

Edge correction should be done near edge supports. We provide reinforcement for bending moment near edges.

Single layer bars are provided in both directions at bottom for Nθ & Nɸ.

Single layer bars are provided in both directions at top for Nθ & Nɸ upto dist. of thickening from edge.
STEP 12: REINFORCEMENT DETAIL DRAWING DATE: 5/24/2022

12 mmØ@ 75 mm C/C (cut alternate bars)

(for Nɸ)

2.571 m
12 mmØ@ 150 mm C/C
12 mmØ@ 150 mm C/C (for Nɸ)
12 mmØ@ 150 mm C/C (for Nθ)
(for Nɸ)
75 mm
416 mm
12 mmØ@ 150 mm C/C
22.5 mm (for Nθ)

***DRAWING IS NOT TO SCALE.

8m