ECV 5606 PAVEMENT ANALYSIS & DESIGN - SEM 2 2018-2019

LECTURE 2

MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION
Synopsis: In this chapter, you will be exposed to material behavior and
analysis that are important when designing pavements. Stresses and strains
can be determined using the following concepts.

Σr

cumulation
Σp

Σt = Σr + Σp
Mr = σd / Σr ; σd = deviator stress
Σr = recoverable strain

Wave Form
Square W by Mc Lean. (1974)
Sin (π/2 + πt/d)
Sinusoidal Wave by Barksdale (1971)
Sin2 (π/2 + πt/d)
t = thickness of specimen
d = diameter of specimen
From the above, Haversine is used in asphalt mixture testing
Determine the load duration of the given layer setup.

________________________________
Bituminous ● 3"
________________________________
Base ●
______________10"__________________
Sub base ● 20"
________________________________
Subgrade

Vehicle speed = 40 mph (64 kmh)

From Figure 7.3 (Barksdale’s) Haversine wave

From Figure 7.4 (Mc Lean’s) Square wave

Table l

Vertical Stress Pulse Times (load duration)

Material B. Surface Base C. SB Course

Depth (in) 3 10 20
Haversine w 0.028 s 0.041 s 0.064 s
Square w 0.014 s 0.020 s 0.031 s
ASPHALT MIXTURES

MR, can use triaxial or IDT (repeated)

Triaxial IDT

MR = P (v + 0.2734)
δt

Where P = dynamic load

v = poison’s ratio
δ = total recoverable deformation (inches)
t = specimen thickness

GRANULAR MATERIAL

Granular & Fine grained soil

Mr = K σ3n or Mr = K1 θK2

Where σ3 = Confining stress

K1, K2 = non Linear Coefficients (function of material property)

θ = stress invariant
θ = σ1 + 2σ3 = σd + 3σ3
K1 is the slope intercept
K2 is the slope of curve
Exercise

Given:

LVDT distances = 4 in (100 mm)

Average recoverable deformation after 200th repetitions of linear stress

(See table 7.2)

For σd of 1,2,3,4,8,10 (psi)

Solution

Plot MR VS θ (stress invariant)

Find K1 when θ = 1
K2 from eq :
Slope (K2) = log (18.58/3.69) = 0.351
log (100/1)
K1= 3690 psi

Therefore MR = 3690 x 610.351

= 15,619 psi

Subgrade Soil

● R value using stabilometer (Hveem)

- California Highway Division

● Measures internal friction of material.

R = 100 – 100 __________

(2.5/D2)(Pv/Ph -1) + 1

Pv = Applied Vertical Pressure (1.1 MPa = 160 psi)

D2 = Displacement of fluid to increase pressure from 5 to 100 psi

(35 to690 Kpa)
● R value ranges from 0 – 10 if the sample is liquid (Ph = Pv)
R =0
 If the sample is rigid no deformation . Therefore Ph = 0 ; R = 100

CBR Value

MR = 1500 (CBR) by Heukelom & Klomp (1962)

If CBR < 20 the above is ok
MR = 1155 + 555R (A.I 1982)

Dynamic Stiffness Modulus (Es)

• Using Asphalt beam test

The Elastic Modulus based on resilient deformation of the beam at

200th repetition is called “DYNAMIC STIFFNESS MODULUS”

P/2 P/2

37.5mm

37.5mm
375mm

Asphalt Institute use 75mm x 75mm

Load, duration d = 0.1 sec

Rest = 0.4 sec

Wave = Sinusoidal

σ = 3aP
bh2
Es = Pa (3L2-4a2)
4bh3 ∆
 Σt = σ = 12h ∆__
Er 3L2-4a2

σ = Extreme Fiber Stress

a = Distance bet. Load points
P = Total dynamic load
b = specimen width
h = depth
L = span length
∆ = Dynamic deflection (center)
Σt = Extreme fiber tensile strain

Es = Pa (3L2-4a2)
4bh3 ∆

when a = L/3 ; Substitute

Es = 23 PL3
108 bh3 ∆

If shear deformation is considered

Es = 23 PL3 x [1 + 216h2 (1+v)]

108 bh3 ∆ 115L2

v = poison’s ratio

Example:

Given: Beam dimensions:

Length of beam = 300mm (12″)

Width of beam = 75mm (3″)
Height of beam = 75mm (3″)
Dynamic load = 1.34 kN (300lb)
@ 3rd point
To find:

1. The extreme fiber stress

2. The stiffness modulus of the Asphalt beam

Solution:

1. extreme fiber stress, σ:

= 3aP = 3 x 4 x 300 = 133033 psi (920 kPa)

bh2 3 x 32

2. Es = 23PL3 = 23 x 300 x 123

108bh3 108 x 3 x33 x(6.25 x 10-4)
= 2.18 x 106 psi (15 GPa)

If shear is considered:

Es = 2.18 x 106 [1 + 216 x 32 (1 + 0.35)]

115 x 122
= 2.18 x 106 x 1.16
= 2.53 x 106 psi (17.5 GPa)

- To determine the dynamic stiffness modulus @ certain frequency.

- Regression equations can be used to determine the dynamic

stiffness modulus @ any frequency.

Ex: Witczak & Root (1974)

E* = 0.18089 f2.1456 E0 (14.6918/f ^0.01-13.5739)

- The stiffness modulus Es, is not constant to be used as Em or (E*)

since Es is a function of stress level. So Es can be correlated to E*
@ flexural σ = 0.
 106
E0= ES @c flexσ = 0
●
Es (psi)

105

4
0 50 Flex σ (psi) 350

Semi Log Curve

Nomographs & Formulas for Asphalt & Mix Stiff Modulus

By Shell (1978) – SI unit

PI = 20 – 500A
1+ 50A
A = log (Pen T1) – log (Pen T2)
T1- T2
*T2 = softening point temperature and Pen = 800

Example:

Recovered A.C properties

Pen = 22 at 77˚F
R&B = 64˚C (147˚F)
Determine the stiffness modulus of the asphalt at 11˚C
& Loading time = 0.02 sec.

Solution:

A = 0.04
PI = 0
Temp below TR+B = 64-11 = 53˚C (temp diff.)
 Using Fig. 7.19 (book)
Stiffness modulus = ??? (N/m3)

Stiffness Modulus of Bituminous Mixes.

- Shell Nomograph by Bonnaure

- Input required for mix stiffness:

- SAC: Vb : Vg

SAC = Es of bitumen
Vb = Volume of bitumen
Vg = Volume of aggregate
W= total weight of mix
Pb= Ratio of bitumen content by Wt
GAgg= S.G of aggregate
G bitumen= S.G of bitumen
Equations

% Vg = (1- Pb) W / Gg x 100 = 100 (1- Pb) Gm

W/Gm Gg
% Vb = Pb W / Gb x 100 = 100 Pb Gm
W / Gm Gb
% Va = 100- Vg -Vb

____________________
__ Va ______________ airvoids
Vb bitumen
____________________
Vg
Aggregate
____________________

Pb = ratio of
Bitumen Content
By wt.
W = total weight of the mix
Va = Volume of airvoids.
Vb =
Vg =
Gm=
Gb =
Gg =

Composite Specific gravity

Gg = 100
P1/G1 + P2/G2 + ……..+ Pn/Gn

Stiffness Modulus of Mix

- using Bonnaure’s equation.
(S.I)

β1 = 10.82 – 13.42 (100 - Vg)

Vg + Vb
β2 = 8.0 + 0.00568 Vg + 0.0002135 Vg2

β3 = 0.6 log (1.37 Vb2-1)

1.33 Vb-1
β4 = 0.7582 (β1-β2)

for Sb > 5 x 106 N/m2 < x 109 N/m2

log Sm = β4 + β3 (log Sb-8)+ β4 - β3 |log Sb-8| + β2

2 2

for Sb > 109 N/m2 < 3 x 109 N/m2

log Sm = β2 + β4 + 2.0959 (β1 - β2- β4) (log Sb-9)

The above equation are SI units. For US units refer to equations – 7.26a and
7.26b
The Asphalt institute Method.

By Huang & Witczak (1979)

|E*| = 100,000 x 10β1

β1 = β3 + 0.000005β2 - 0.00189 β2 f -1.1
β2 = β4 0.5 Tβ5
β3 = 0.553833 + 0.028829 ( P200 f-0.1703) – 0.03476Va
+ 0.070377 λ + 0.931757 f-0.02774
β4 = 0.483Vb
β5 = 1.3 + 0.49825 log f
β1 & β2 = temporary constants

f = load frequency Hz
T = temperature (ºF)
P200 = % by with of ass passing
# 200 sieve.
Va = Vol. of anivoids
λ = Asphalt viscocity at 70ºF
( x 106 poise )
Vb = volume of bitumen (%)
if viscocity at 70ºF not available
use λ = 29,508.2 (P77ºF) -2.1939
P77ºF = Pen at 77ºF

Comparison of A.I & Shell Method

1. A.I considers % of fines passing # 200

2. A.I uses pen. or Vis of original Asphalt but Shell uses pen. or Vis of
recovered
Asphalt (from mix).

3. A.I uses temperature and Vis of A.C Shell uses normalized

temperature (which is
above and below TR&B & P.I
Fatigue Equations

By Bonnaure (1980)- Shell

For constant stress test

Σt = [36.43 PI – 1.82 PI (Vb) + 9.71 Vb – 24.04] x 10-6 (Sm)-0.28 (Nf)-0.2

5x109 106
(Metric unit)

Σt = tensile strain
P.I = penetration index
Vb = % bitumen vol.
Sm = stiffness modulus (N/m2) from nomograph
Nf = number of repetitions to failure

if Sm is in psi

then
Nf = [0.0252 PI – 0.00126 PI (Vb) + 0.00673 Vb – 0.0167]5 Σt-5 Sm-1.4

For Constant Strain

Σt = [36.43 PI- 1.82 PI (Vb) + 9.71 Vb - 24.04] x 10-6 (Sm)0.36 (Nf)-0.2

5x1010 106

Fatigue Testing

- center point testing

- 3rd point testing
- cantilever beam
- indirect tensile testing (repeated)
Test Procedures

Constant Stress

σ Σ

N N

Constant Strain

Σ σ

N N