UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL PUNJAB

Pakistan Today
FALL 2021
Course Title:Pakistan Today
Course Code: Bahu 1043

Final Project
Course Instructor: Israr khan afridi

Section: G Program: BBA Date: 31/01/22

Submission Date: 31/01/22 Maximum Marks: 15

Program Course
Course Learning Objective:CL01-CL07
Objective:P03-04 Objective:C01-C07
TO BE FILLED IN BY THE STUDENT
Student Name:Abdullah
Registration No:
Tayyab L1F17BBAM0338
Mahliqa
L1F17BBAM0348
Asim
L1F17BBAM024
Nayab Rafiq
L1F17BBAM0354
Ali Farooq
L1F17BBAM0098
Ahmed Uzair
 Agriculture sector of Pakistan:

Agriculture is still the largest sector of the economy of Pakistan in terms of labour
participation and as such livelihood of the majority of the population directly or indirectly
depends on it. during the last few decades, its contribution to GDP has gradually decreased
but there is a lot of potential in the sector to increase its share in GDP through increased
productivity utilization of latest agricultural technologies

Major crops of Pakistan

In pakistan, farm production is dominated by a few crops which Represented just about 60%
of GDP from agriculture. Cropping systems vary wide because of variations in agro-climatic
and soil conditions. Wheat is the major winter crop in all regions of the country. In summer,
rice, cotton, and maize are grown in areas suitable for their production. Crop production
takesplace both on irrigated and dry land, with irrigated agriculture contributing’ about 80
percent of the total production. Pakistan has two cropping seasons."Kharif" the first season
starts from April to June and harvested from October to December. Rice, sugarcane, cotton,
maize, moong, mash, bajra and jowar are “Kharif" crops.
"Rabi", the second season begins from October to December and is harvested from April to
May. Wheat, gram, lentil (masoor), tobacco, barley and mustard are "Rabi" crops.

Wheat :
Wheat is main cash crop food It holds an important place in the agriculture of Pakistan.
Pakistan is an important world wheat producer. And world’s eighth largest wheat producer
from 2007 to 2009.Pakistan produces an average of 20 to 24 million tones of wheat a year.
The marketing year for wheat is May to April. Mostly wheat is produced On irrigated land.
so, crop performance is closely linked to the supply of irrigation water and farm inputs, such
as quality seeds and fertilizers.
Wheat accounts for 8.7 percent to value addition in agriculture and 1.7 percent to GDP.
Wheat cropsproduction increased by 2.5 percent to 24.946 million tonnes over last year’s
production of 24.349 million tonnes. The area under cultivation increased by 1.7 percent to
8,825 thousand hectares over last year’s area (8,678 thousand hectares). The production
increased due to increase in

Rice
Rice is the second most important economic crop in Pakistan. After wheat Rice is the
second main staple food crop and second main exportable crop after cotton.Pakistan appears
to have a comparative advantage in producing the highly valued, aromatic basmati rice.
Basmati has been a major export of Pakistan, and generates substantial revenues for the
government from export duties. The government has adopted a number of policy measures to
promote larger production of basmati. The major rice-growing provinces, Punjab and Sindh,
account for 54 and 36 percent, It contributes about 3.1 percent of value added in agriculture
and 0.6 percent in GDP. During 2019-20, rice cropped area of 3,034 million hectares
increased by 8.0 percent compared to 2,810 thousand hectares of last year. The production
increased by 2.9 percent to 7.410 million tons against 7.202 million tons of last year due to an
increase in area under the crop, driven in part by higher domestic prices and availability of
inputs on subsidized rates. The area, production, and yield of rice last five years.
Cotton:
After wheat, cotton occupies the largest area of all the crops in Pakistan. Economically, it
earns largest export revenues, Being a major cash crop of Pakistan, cotton-is considered the
backbone of the economy. It contributes about 0.8 percent to GDP and 4.1 percent of total
value addition in agriculture. During 2019-20, cotton crop was sown on an area of 2,527
thousand hectares, which increased by 6.5 percent over last year’s area (2,373 thousand
hectares). Cotton production is estimated at around 9.178 million bales, which is lower by 6.9
percent over the last year’s production of 9.861 million bales. Even though the overall area
increased over last year, the unfavorable weather and low water availability during important
stages of plant development along with pest attacks.

Sugarcane:

Sugarcane is an important and highly valued cash crop of Pakistan, that has significance for
sugar and sugar industries in Pakistan. It contributes about 0.6% to GDP and 2.9% of total
value addition in agriculture. During 2019-2020 sugarcane production decreased by 0.4% to
66.880 million tons as compared to 67.174 million tonnes of last year. The output may show
the pattern of area under cultivation Example: 1,040 thousand hectares compared to 1,102
thousand hectares, a decline of 5.6 percent, with improved yields compared to 2018-19.

Maize:

In Pakistan, after wheat and rice, Maize is the third important cereal crop. It contributes 2.9%
to value addition in agriculture and 0.6% to GDP. During 2019-20, maize was cultivated on
1,413 thousand hectares and recorded an increase of 2.9 percent over last year’s 1,374
thousand hectares. Its production increased by 6.0 percent to 7.236 million tonnes compared
to last year’s production of 6.826million tonnes. The production increased due to increase in
area and availability of improved variety of seed as well as better-economic returns.

Other Crops:
During 2019-2020, gram production increased by 21.9 percent to 545 thousand tonnes on
account of higher yield due to favorable weather condition prevalent at the time of sowing.
The production of Bajra and Tobacco increased by 9.7 percent and 5.8 percent, respectively.
The production of Jawar decreased by 19.5 percent to 120 thousand tonnes. The production
of Barley and Rapeseed & Mustard remained same.

COMPARISON OF PER ACRE YIELD OF CROPS IN

PAKISTAN WITH OTHER COUNTRIES

WHEAT :
Wheat, the most important crop of “Rabi”, The wheat production in Pakistan 25 million tons

and consumption of 115 kg per year person per year in fiscal year 2019-2020 . The country
achieved production of 27.5 million tonnes of wheat during 2020-21, and the government is now
gearing up to take policy decisions ahead of the wheat sowing season in consultation with the
provinces, including minimum support price that will help encourage farmers to increase the area
under cultivation.Wheat is a staple food crop of Pakistan, dominating all crops in acreage and
production. The estimated yield of wheat in the south Asian country of India was
approximately 4.1 tons per hectare

RICE 
In the agricultural context, rice is second to wheat in acreage .During 2020-21, the rice crop
was cultivated 7.5 million tons and consumption of per capita income per year 115kg per
person. In 2020, China produced around 211.86 million metric tons of rice. As per the data,
rice production is pegged at a record 122.27 million tons in the 2020-21 crop year as against
118.87 million tons in the previous year.

COTTON 

Pakistan is the fourth-largest producer of cotton in the world and 80% of its total production
comes from Punjab. Pakistan total production per hectare is 2.5 tons and china production per
hectare is 4.8 tonsIndia's cotton production in 2020-21 (Oct-Sep) witnessed a drop of 1.37%, to 360
lakh bales, compared to 365 lakh bales in 2019-20 season. Central Zone – which includes Gujarat,
Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra – remains the highest cotton producing zone.subsidies and
improved extension services for awareness of farmers are essential for revival of cotton
production.
SUGARCANE 

Sugarcane is an important industrial and cash crop in Pakistanand in many countries of the
world. It is widely planted in Sindh, Punjab and the NWFP. Total production of sugarcane
66.8 million tons and consumption per capita per year 25kg per person.and in china
production per hectare is 65 tons in china and 77 tons in india . The country produced 22%
higher sugarcane at 81 million tons in fiscal year 2020-21 in Pakistan .

MAIZE
In 2020, maize production for Pakistan was 7,800 thousand tons. Maize production of Pakistan
increased from 705 thousand tonnes in 1971 to 7,800 thousand tonnes in 2020 growing at an average
annual rate of 5.38%.In an annual report on June 24, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA)
attaché puts Pakistan's maize production in 2021-22 at a record 7.9 million tons, up from 7.8 million

the previous year.Production per hectare is 11.1 tons in france.  Total maize production in India is
estimated at around 24.51 MMT in 2020-21 against our total annual demand including exportsof
25.2 MMT. The ending stocks are expected to be 1.59 MMT in 2020-21.

Water Management
The agricultural sector is the largest user (over 90%) of Pakistan's water supply. Pakistan's
water supply is already below the 1000 m3 / person deficit and climate change in the region
could make the situation worse. The minimum household water requirement per person is 50
liters and we need 2600 to 5300 liters to grow one food per day for water used for domestic
purposes.
About 90% of Pakistan's food production comes from irrigated agriculture, while dryland
agriculture contributes only 10% due to low and low rainfall.
The Pakistani government is showing great interest in solving current and future water
shortages in their lives and well-being. The story is big and very sensitive. It requires many
and long-term measures to effectively address water scarcity and water management facing
different regions and different sections of society.
issues that need to be addressed urgently include:
 increase in water storage capacity,
  reduce water wastage at various levels,
 increase water production,
 the development of an appropriate surface and groundwater management framework
 managers,
 designing and implementing appropriate crop design and planting patterns, and (vi)
measuring water use patterns in all sectors.

AVAILABILITY OF WATER
If the water resources per person are less than 1038m3 a country is called a water pressure
country. If the water supply per person falls below 1000 m3, the country is short of water,
and if it falls below 500 m3 / person, the country is experiencing a total water shortage. . The
Indus Basin covers an area of 566,000 km2 and 80% of the total population of Pakistan living
within the Indus Basin. For the past 10 years, Pakistan has been a landlocked country. The
United Nations (UN) estimates that per capita water supply to Pakistan has reached 1,090 m3.
Pakistan's economic development has always depended on irrigated agriculture and water.
About 75 percent of Pakistan's total population depends on agriculture However, Pakistan's
water resources are under tremendous pressure due to population growth. Population growth
means there is a need for more food, but no new water resources are available for production.
Water scarcity has been identified as a major factor in all problems by the Government of
Pakistan because water required for agriculture is essential for the growth of the agricultural
sector and therefore for poverty reduction.

WATERSTORAGE CONDITION
Pakistan has a very small final volume compared to other dry countries in the world, which is
only 15 percent of the river flow annually. Pakistan has a water storage capacity per 1038 m3
in 2021, which is a very small amount compared to other countries Australia and USA is over
1367 m3, China 2200 m3, Egypt 1000 m3, Turkey 1402 m3, Iran 492 m3 and in Pakistan
159 m3 only. If we compare this volume with other countries, it is very low, Egypt has a
storage capacity of about 1000 days, the United States about 900 days and India about 1486
m3 for 220 days However, Pakistan has the capacity to store -30 days only a year. If no new
storage facilities are built soon, diversions will remain the same, and shortages will increase
by 12% over the next decade. Pakistan Water Sector Strategy estimates that Pakistan needs to
raise its final capacity by 22 BCM by 2025 to meet the target needs of 165 BCM.
Therefore, it is important that Pakistan pay close attention to the construction of new storage
facilities. Sadly, even after the completion of the Tarbela Dam in 1976, no decision could be
made with the construction of the new warehouses.

CAUSES OF WATER DEFICIENCY

Groundwater Production
Water production is defined as the physical or economic output per unit of water use the
average yield of plants and animals per unit of water and is much lower than the world
standards, yields obtained from research farms and developing farmers within the country.
Tables 9, 10 and Figure 4). For example, wheat is 0.5 kg / m3 compared to 1.0 kg / m3 in
India and 1.5 kg / m3 in California (IWMI, 2000). In Egypt, the average wheat yield was 6.5
tons / ha compared to 2.5 tons / ha in Pakistan (Wyn Jones et al., 2006). Similarly, maize
water production is also low (0.3 kg / m3) compared to Argentina (2.7 kg / m3). The gap in
water production for various crops indicates that there is a high level of development of water
production which can help to increase both horizontal and vertical agricultural expansion.
Water production can be improved by increasing the yield per unit of water used or by
reducing the amount of water used for the same crop. in Pakistan, there is the potential to
increase crop yields and reduce the depth of water used through appropriate methods and
techniques.

Waste un attended Water

In the Punjab, KP and Sindh plains, farmers sometimes do not need water, especially during
the winter rains and heavy rains. Farmers often stop the ingress of canals into their cut fields.
Most of the water flows downstream and is called ‘AwaraPani’ or water that no one can visit.
Estimates of the quantity of this precious water source are not available. However, this water
can easily be stored in small ponds that can be built in suitable areas on the farm. This water
can also be stored in public pools near the valleys to help charge groundwater.
3.4 Low Wat
Water wastage at Field Level
Pakistan has major irrigation systems integrated around the world, covering approximately 17
Mha of the world. However, at the same time, it is one of the most inefficient irrigation
systems where more than 60% of water is lost during drainage and in the field large irrigation
losses occur mainly at water level (30%) due to leakage and flow, and at field level (29%)
due of negative irrigation systems.
The following steps can help reduce water loss at the tertiary level.
Ensuring laser quality and planting of furrows / beds at field level and improving
water features. Improvements in Nakkas (farm shops) can significantly reduce losses
from water sources.
Where possible, the use of rainwater harvesting, drip irrigation and irrigation may be
encouraged, especially in hilly areas, sandy soils, and high value plants.
Direct rice farming should be encouraged which can reduce water consumption by
15%.
Growing rice on ridge / beds can save up to 50% water and increase yields by 20%
without having a few environmental benefits (Soomro et al., 2015; Farooq et
al., 2009). It will also reduce methane emissions from rice fields.
Use irrigation according to the water requirements of the plants, that is, use them
properly
irrigation planning.
Crop Zoning and Cropping Pattern
One of the most important examples of poor management at the farm level is poor planting
practices and a lack of crop design. Plants that grow in riverine areas such as rice and
sugarcane are grown even in areas where surface water is scarce, and groundwater is deep
and salty. The cultivation of these plants in such areas has a great deal of pressure on
groundwater, leading to their depletion and increasing salinity in the water.

Ideally, rice should be restricted to those areas where sufficient water is available and is
slightly dependent on the water reserves. In addition, crops such as sugarcane should be
cultivated only to meet the needs of the country and their exports should be restricted as
exports of sugar and rice mean the export of more clean water.
For example, between 2015-16, 8.6 million tons of rice are produced nationally, of which 4.2
million tons cost Rs. 194 billion (≈ US $ = 2.0 billion) was exported. If we take the water
efficiency efficiency (WUE) of 0.5 kg / m3 (although the WUE of Basmati rice in Pakistan is
very low) and the amount of water as Rs 1.0 per m3 or Rs. 1233 per hectare (Ashraf and
Saeed, 2006), means approximately 6.8 MAF of clean water costing Rs. 8.4 billion were
exported in about a year.

Pakistan can easily save water by drip irrigation and

How to save water

Drip Irrigation
Drip irrigation systems carry water directly to the roots of the plant, reducing evaporation that
occurs through spray irrigation systems. Timers can be used to schedule watering in the
cooler parts of the day, which further reduces water loss. Properly applied drip irrigation can
save up to 80 percent more water than normal irrigation and can contribute to increased crop
yields.
Benefits of Drip Irrigation
Time Management: This process saves time, money, and water.
Water Conservation: Water flows smoothly, using 30 to 50 percent less water than other
systems.
100% land use and minimal impact of drought and climate change on food production
Zero leaching: The most effective and efficient use of fertilizers and plant protection
without the immersion of water and nutrients.
Declining staffing and community support: This program alleviates poverty and
supports communities
Reduced pollution: Drip irrigation systems never cause environmental degradation

Extraction and Storage of Water

Many farms rely on groundwater so we can build our own ponds to catch and store rainfall
for our year-round use. Well-maintained ponds can create habitat for local wildlife. Marin
Roots Farm relies on two ponds for all its water needs, which helps to reduce its impact on
the water environment.

Land
Total area of Pakistan is 796095 km whereas the agriculture land of Pakistan is almost 47%
2

Pakistan's economy is based on agriculture. It accounts for 19 percent of GDP and 80 percent of the
country's overall export revenues. This industry employs more than 42.3 percent of the workforce.

Punjab
Punjab, the most populous province, contributes the most to national agricultural production.
Agriculture accounts for 19 percent of GDP and employs 48 percent of the population. It helps supply
raw materials to important businesses such as textiles, leather, rice processing, edible oil, sugar, and a
variety of food processing. Punjab has attempted to meet the difficulties of food security for many
years.With a total size of 20.63 million hectares, Punjab becomes the country's second largest
province, accounting for 25.9% of the country's total land area. Land utilisation data is available for
86 percent of the total area, whereas 14 percent of the land is unreported. Only 72% of the land is
suitable for farming due to the fact that another 14% of the land is not suitable for agriculture, either
because it is too fertile or because it is occupied by infrastructure. A net sown area is one that is
cultivated at least once a year, and it accounts for 10.81 million hectares (53 percent). 9 percent of the
land is currently fallow, which means it hasn't been cultivated in the last year. 8% of the land is
designated as culturable waste, which refers to territory that has not been cultivated. According to the
2016-17 Census of Agriculture, Punjab has 5,249,800 agriculture farms, the majority of which were
relatively tiny farms. 42% of the farms are less than one hector in size. Farms ranging in size from one
hectare to ten hectares account for half of all farms and occupy 68.9% of total land area. Farms of a
size of 10 hectares or more account for 22.2 percent of total farmland.
Punjab had a total cultivated area of 16.68 million hectares, with 5.87 million hectares being sown
multiple times throughout the year. Wheat was planted on 40% of the land in Punjab in 2018-19,
while cotton was planted on 11.5 percent of the field and rice was planted on 12.8 percent. Fodder
was planted on 11 percent of the province's land to meet the needs of the province's livestock
population, with maize and sugarcane filling 4.2 percent and 4.8 percent of the land, respectively.
Only 12% of the land was planted with oilseeds, legumes, and vegetables.
The goal is to maintain food security and assist the national economy by making agriculture more
cost-effective and knowledge-based, with a focus on farmer welfare and yield potential.

Sindh
Different sections of the Sindh province are suited for different crops depending on the climatic and
soil conditions, for example, the lower half of the province is best for sugarcane, coconut, banana, and
papaya cultivation. Middle Sindh's plains are ideal for dry crops. Crop is abundantly planted in Upper
Sindh and along the Indus River's right bank. Rain-fed crops such as millets and guar are ideal for the
province's eastern region and kacho areas. Rice can be grown as a primary crop in Larkana,
Shikarpur, and Jacobabad, as well as matter, rape, mustard, and safflower / sunflower as dobari crops.
Cotton, wheat, rape, mustard, and sunflower are best suited for dry crops in the Sukkur and Khairpur
areas.
Dry crop tracts can be found in the districts of Nawabshah, Nausherferoz, and Dadu. Cotton, rape,
mustard, and sunflower are all successfully produced there. Cotton, wheat, sunflower, soybean, rape,
mustard, and groundnut can be grown in the upper section of Hyderabad (Hala, Hyderabad, and
TandoAllayarSubdivision), Sanghar, and Mirpurkhas districts (in Sanghar only).
Sugarcane and rice crops are appropriate in Tando Mohammad Khan subdivision of Hyderabad
district, Badin and Thatta districts. Aside from the crops, sunflower, rape, and mustard are also grown
as dobari. Mash and masoor pulses can also be cultivated well in the Thatta and Badin districts.

Balochistan
Only 2.06 million hectares (5.9%) of the total area of 34.7 million hectares is cultivated, while 54% is
currently fallow due to a lack of water. In addition, there are 4.85 million hectares of cultural
wasteland that can be cultivated if enough water is available.
Balochistan's overall cropped land is only 3.8 percent of the country's total cropped area.
Despite being the province with the biggest contribution to national productivity (22.76 mha),
Apples (82%) are the most popular fruit, followed by peaches (69%) and grapes (97.6%).
Pomegranates are the least popular fruit (82 per cent),Dates (64%) are the most popular, followed by
almonds (93.5%) and plums (49 per cent). Over-irrigation, on the other hand, has resulted in serious
groundwater over-mining. Despite the lack of irrigation water, many crops, such as castor seed, have
the best yields per hectare in the country, while Mash, Jowar, and Sesamum crops have the second
highest yields.

KPK
The province has 13.89 million acres of agricultural land.In addition to 22.49 percent cultivable land
that is not used due to a lack of water, 22.23 percent is wooded, and 23.90 percent is under crop
cultivation. Wheat, maize, tobacco (in Swabi), rice, sugar beets, and a variety of fruits are among the
province's principal revenue crops.Wheat and maize are the province's primary food crops. KPK
produces 8% and 60% of Pakistan's wheat and maize, respectively. The crop output per acre of food
grain is well below its potential. Sugar cane and sugar beet are two of the most profitable cash crops.
In addition to sugar beet production in Mardan and Charsadda, KPK produces about 15% of
Pakistan's total sugarcane. Sugar beets are a high-yielding sugar crop that yields more sugar than
sugarcane. Tobacco is another lucrative cash crop in the Frontier province, accounting for over 90%
of all Virginia tobacco farmed in Pakistan. Tobacco production in the province has the potential to
grow. Tobacco is a significant source of cash for the government.The province's climatic and soil
conditions are ideal for the cultivation of fruits and vegetables’ produces over 30 different fruit kinds.