Fun damentals

Forms of Energy Note:

General Ideal Gas Law Equation:

A.) Stored Energy
p =
met

1. POTENTIAL ENERGY >

PE -
f m .z ) Temperature
Ideal Gas Constant
Mass
PE =
Fd =
m 9oz
9C Ideal Gas Constant
R =
Cp
-
Cx

2. KINETIC ENERGY KE •
f m ,V
Specific heat@ constant volume
Specific heat @ constant pressure
>

KE = I m v2
B.) Combination Energy
2 Go

1. ENTHALPY (useful energy)

3. INTERNAL ENERGY U f I
•
m
, ,

H
=
Ut Wf
YgmmmaB
Ideal Gas H U t
Wf
'

- =

U=mCvT or U= mcv T
igqra.az
Ideal Gas

H
mpzv-z-RV-i.tggm.mg uz ul t =
m
-

Vapor Processes
and; I It =
mcp
U =
Uz -

Ui or u
=
m Uz -
U,
izqramp
Vapor Processes
Available @ Table

H =
Hz -
H, =
mhz -

m hi = hz -

hi

4. FLOW WORK/ENERGY Wf
•
f p ,

C.) Transition Energy

,

m F1 -

TS 5. HEAT ENERGY
f

L1
A1 Q =/ Ids

m
F2 Work Non-Flow
'

.
.
-

fpdv .mgra.az L2 A2 WNF _-

Ideal Gas
Work steady - flow
'

WF = 1- or WF =
PV =
MR T

WsF= -

f dp
- affirming Vapor Processes 6. MECHANICAL WORK/POWER

WFZ -
WF, =
13112 -
Pill ,
=
m Pzvz -
Piri W = F d
p = F V
 Open / Steady Flow / Controlled Application: Gas Compressor
Volume system
PE2

{
Z1 KE2
PE1
V1 KE1 M "
Wc m
U2
TS
.
Wse
T1 U1 Wf2
Wsf
.

P1V1 Wf1 PE2 Z2

PE1
Zi 2 M KE2 V2
.
KE1
U2 T2 i

U1 M
Wf2 P2V2
2- 2
Wf1
SFEE
Datum
Note: -
Q =
PE t KE t Ut WF -
WSF

Work done "by" • Nagproduce ng Power Note:

Work done "on" • Nangailangan ng Power Mass Density Specific Volume

If not stated on the problem: V

M I
p v
= = =

• Expansion (W done by)

V P M

• Heat Added (Q entering) m =

pv m = V
V
.tgqmmmB Applying 1st law of Thermodynamics
Rate of Discharge
Continuity Flow Rate of Flow
Ein E- out
Energy Equation
=

Volumetric Flow Rate

PE1 + KE1 + U1 + Wf1 + Q = PE2 + KE2 + U2 + Wf2 + Wsf

.izµmmmB Steady Flow Energy Equation (SFEE) V Q =

fly =
IT
d2 y
4

Q PE KE t Ut WF t WSF
Thermodynamic System PVT System
= t

Application: Steam/Gas Turbine General Ideal Gas Law Equation:

PE1 = PV= m P l

I
KE1 m
Pir = Rt
U1 Absolute Value Absolute Value
Ideal Turbine
Wf1 Power
r

°R K
SI Wsf Pabs = Patm t Pgage
t !
S = c Pabs = Patm - Pvac °R = °F + 460
K = °C + 273
P1 ; T
Pb
2. P2 ; T
Note:
m

Universal Gas Constant

o

PE1 KE1 U1 Wf1

SFEE
py =
n RI
-
=
PE t KE t Ut WF + WSF
R =
8.314 KJ
kgmol K
Ideal Perfectly Insulated (Q=0)
-

Expansion Gas Constant

Reversible Adiabatic Process
R =
R R
=

MW Of Atoms
Isentropic (s=c) AW no .
 Elements Atomic Weight
Carbon (C) 12
Dalton's law of partial pressure
Hydrogen (H2) 1 mfuel -
:
::
mair
.
- .

CO2
Oxygen (O2) 16
.

'
.

:
iii.
:
H2Oair
PT
"

j
Nitrogen (N2) 14
'

ii.
- '
.

H2O
.
. : .

:÷ N: :
.

Internal
Sulfur (S) 32
:
Combustion Pg
Engine

Compound Molecular Weight

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 44

VT =
Vcoz VHZO =
VNZ
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 28
=

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) 64 TT =

Tcoz =
THZO = TNZ

Sulfur Monoxide (SO) 48

Water Vapor (H2O) 18 Pg PT Pcoz PHZO PNZ
=
t +

Butane (C4H10) 58
Ethane (C2H6) 30 Pcoz = PCOZ = NCOZ
pt
Methane (CH4) 16 PT MT

PHZO
Combined Boyle's & Charles Law PHZO = = NHZO PT
PT MT
Ideal Gas
Initial Final PNZ = PNZ = NNZ PT
State m m State
PNZ NT
P1 V1 T1 Change of P2 V2 T2 Where:
i
.
State
m 2 m
R R MCOZ MNZ
hcoz =
Mazo = MHZO MHz
; ; =

MWCOZ MWHZO MWNZ

constant constant

Pill Pzllz Pnlln And:

= = ' ' '

T, yz Tn MT =
Mcozt MHZO t MHz

n = no. of states
NT =
ncoz t NHZO t NNZ

Closed / Non-Flow / Controlled Amagat's Law of Partial Volume

Mass System •
Wnf PNZ
Pt =
Pcoz =
PHZO =

1 2
V=C Tcoz TNZ
=
TT = = THZO
U1 ' ' U2
M M
1
Change of '
.
- .
. VT =
VCOZ t 1/1-120 +
VNZ
State T2
"
, T1 - I
µ

VCOZ
,

°o Vcoz = =
NCOZ
Q HT MT

001/11-20 VHZO
Energy stored & Energy stored &
=
=
NHZO
VT
entering leaving NT

°oVNz = VNZ NNZ

=

VT MT

WNF.tggm.mg
U, t Q =
Uz t

Volumetric or Molar analysis of

Exhaust Gas
Non-Flow Energy Equation (NFEE)
CO2 =
CO2 = 60° .

Q =
U t WNF
°oVH2o = H2o =
2500
General Gas Law Equation
°oVNz =
N2 =
15° .

py =
ZMRT ; Py =
ZNRT

Z = compressibility factor
Avogadro's Law Where Cc = coefficient of contraction
Cv = velocity coefficient
Vx =
Mx Cd = coefficient of discharge
VT MT

Hence Coefficient of Discharge

Pcoz = NCOZ PT =
VCOZ Pt
MT VT %Vco2 Cd = ① ACTUAL
① THEO

PHZO =
NHZO PT = VHZO PT
MT VT %VH2O Nozzle
Q=0 Wsf=0

PNZ =
NNZ PT = VNZ PT
PE1
KE1 m
1 } 2 m
PE2
KE2
MT VT %VN2 U1 d1 d2 U2
Wf1 Wf2
t1 = t2
Hydrostatic Pressure
SFEE
Ph =
8Wh 0 =
PE t KE t WF

|
H 20

h = m H 20 F Ph =pw 90 h Yamamoto in terms of head

'

P
kpag
'
;
Gc

A 2- it P
' t V1 = 2-2 t
p2 t V2

Pressure Head
g Zgo 8 Zgo
- affirmed

h =P h P Pump (Basic Concepts)

;mHzOg ;mHzOg
=
m
t2
y p
90
Q
m WG 9C m WG
1 2

Continuity Flow Energy Equation

Datum Q Pump
1
t1 TDH Wp
m1 m2
1 2 m
v1 v2
V1 V2
t1 t2 .ayqimmB Water Power/Hydraulic Power
d2
d1

WP=8QTDH =p 90 QTDH =
m 90 TDH
.YfgimmmB For frictionless flow and t1 = t2 Gc Gc

QTHEO =
AV
.ayqimmmB Pump & Motor Efficiency
- affirmed For frictionless flow and t1 = t2

EP
Q pi Alvi PZAZVZ BP
=
=

Alvi AZVZ
Q =

V1
=

V2
Pump J J Motor

For frictionless flow and t1 = t2 n m = BP

n P = WP
.YygimmmB
EP
L

① ACTUAL A' V BP
' l
=

=
cctcxv
① ACTUAL =
CDAV
Total Dynamic Head Hydraulic Radius
- Moises
'

Suction below centerline 12h = dp

4
TDH = Zztz , + V22 -
V? t Pz - R t he Head loss due to friction
2.go 8

.afgñmB Using Darcy - Weisbach Equation

.afgmmmB Suction above centerline
(Eng'g units) hf =
fd Lp V2
TDH = Zz -

-2 , + V22 -
V? + Pz - Pi + he
dp 2. go
2.go 8

V2
Total Head loss in Pumping system (SI units) hf =
ff Lp
dp 290
hL hf ,
thpthfz.afgm.mg
=

Using Hagen - Poiseuille Equation

Laminar Flow
hf = 32 Md Lp Vp

Nr 2000 (1-2000) 8dpZ

Transient Flow
Laminar Flow Q=0 Wsf = 0
2000 NR 4000 (2001-3999) LF
PE1 PE2
m
KE1 m 1 2 KE2
Turbulent Flow U1 Q Q U2
Wf1 Wf2
Vmax Vmean = Vmax + Vwall
2
NR 4000 (4000-up) Vwall = 0

Reynold's Number Note:

Vpdp Vpdp
1 Pa - s = 10 poise
MR = =
P

Mk Md
1g
1 Poise = cm - s
Dynamic Viscosity

H₂O @ 20° (room temp) 1 Kg - m

.EfgiMmB
1N= s²
1 g - cm
Md =
0.001002 Pa ; 0.01002 P 1 dyne = s²
10-6 m2
MK 1.002 0.01002 St
N-s Kg
=
× ;
s
1 Pa - s = = m-s
m²
- affirming Air @ 15° (room temp)
g
Md Pa 0.000181 P 1 Pa - s = dyne- s = cm - s
cm²
0.0000181
'

= -
s ,

m2
MK = 1.48×10-5 I 0.148 St
g
 Polytropic Processes
Constant Pressure/Isobaric (P=C) Constant Volume/Isometric (V=C)
TDC BDC
Rigid Tank
Spring
m Loaded m m
m

T₁

i
1
T₂
☐
2

I Q
Change of
State
v=c

P T P T
2 2 2
. / i

1 p=c 2
- / p=c v=c v=c

1- "
1,
1
V S V S

n
PV = C n
When n=0 PV = C
Therefore
p=c When n = ∞
Therefore v = c
Formulas 3.) Heat Energy Formulas 3.) Heat Energy

1.) PVT Relation Q =/ Yds 1.) PVT Relation Q =/ Yds

V2 =
Tz Q = U t WNF Pz =
Tz Q = U t WNF
V1 T, P, T,
Q= Mcp T Q= mcv T

2.) Work Non-Flow 2.) Work Non-Flow

4.) Internal Energy 4.) Internal Energy
WNF =) ? pdv U =
ma, T WNF =) ? Pdx U =
ma, T

WNF =P V1
5.) Enthalpy WNF =D
V2
5.) Enthalpy
-

=P V 2.) Work Steady Flow

H =
Mcp T H =
Mcp T
WNF MR T
/ Vdp
=

WsF= -

6.) Entropy 6.) Entropy

2.) Work Steady Flow ds=TdQ
WSF = -
V P ds=TdQ

WsF=fVdp s=
mcpln F? WsF=RV -

pzy
s= mcyln F?
WsF=O s= mcpln ¥? WsF= MR Ti Tz -

s= mcyln ¥
Constant Temperature/Isothermal (T=C) Constant Entropy/Isentropic (T=C)
Perfect Cooling TDC BDC Perfect
TDC BDC Insulation
Medium

m m m
m Stopper

T₁

i
1
T₂
☐ 2
T₁
,
1
T₂
2

Q
T = T₁ = T₂ I Q

P T P T
2
- , i

T=c 1 2 s=c
" i s=c
T=c
- 2 " 2 .
1
V S V S

n n
PV = C PV = C
When n=1 When n=k
k
Therefore PV = c ; T = c Therefore PV = c

Formulas 3.) Heat Energy Formulas 3.) Heat Energy

1.) PVT Relation 1.) PVT Relation

Pz V2 =P , V1
Q =/ Yds Q=o
Vik-1
P, V2
① = U t WNF ¥ =
¥ =

y, 4.) Internal Energy

=

P2 V1
Q =
WNF U =
Mcv T
2.) Work Non-Flow 2.) Work Non-Flow

4.) Internal Energy 5.) Enthalpy

WNF =) ? pdx WNF =) ? pdx
U =
°
WNF =PzVz WNF Pzllz Pix , H =
Mcp T
Pill ,
-
= -

I -
K

5.) Enthalpy 6.) Entropy

WNF =
PV In V2 MR T
WNF =

V' l -
K
H =
O 5=0
WNF =
PV In Pi
WNF = -

U
Pz
6.) Entropy Note:
2.) Work Steady Flow
ds=TdQ 2.) Work Steady Flow
WsF= / Vdp CP C "=R
-

Wsf=fVdp
-

s=mR1n p,
Pz R
WSF = 1741 -
B- V2 Cy =

WSF K WNF
g =
MR In V2 =
K -
I
WSF =
PV In V2 ×,
KR
V1 Cp
=

=
PV In Pi K -
I
Wsf
Pz
Special Polytropic Process T

CP
n
PV = C
I

SHV
'

1<n<k
CL
When .
f g
.

fg
Formulas 3.) Heat Energy Wet Steam
LV

D
SL

&
1.) PVT Relation

SV
Q=mCn T
S
n -
I Y = 100% Y = 0%
Tz P2 y, X = 0% X = 100%
4.) Internal Energy
= =

T, P, V2

µ =
Mcv T
2.) Work Non-Flow

5.) Enthalpy
WNF =) ? pdx
1342 Pix ,
H =
Mcp T
WNF = -

l n
6.) Entropy
-

WNF =
MR T
1- n
s =
mcn In T2
WNF = -

U
T,

Where:
2.) Work Steady Flow cn= Cy K -
n

n I
WsF=fVdp
-

WSF = n WNF
Pu mps
Pumps Flow Diagram Total Head loss in Pumping system
mw
td he hfs
hfd
= t
hp t hfd
Q
1 hp 2 Zd Darcy - Weisbach Equation (Turbulent Flow)
dd

hf f Lp V2
Datum
=

Q Pump dp 290
hfs
-Zs 1
ds TDH Wp
Hagen-Poiseuille Equation (Laminar Flow)
mw
ts
hf = 32Nd Lpvp

8dp2
Water Power/Hydraulic Power
Pump & Motor Efficiency
WP=8Q TDH =p
90 QTDH =
m 90 TDH
Gc Gc
EP
BP

Specific Gravity (Relative Density) Pump 00 Motor

n = N
SG ✗SUBS PSUBS
nm
=
=

✗ WATER PWATER
nP
l
l

Where
8 Go Synchronous Speed
=p
9C Rotative Speed

Volumetric Flow Rate Efficiency of Efficiency of

the Pump the Motor
n P = WP n m = BP
IT
V Q =
fly =
d2 y
4
BP EP
l l

Total Dynamic Head - Affirmed Break Power

.tfgmmB Suction below centerline (Suction Lift) SI: BP = Tn

'
KW
954g

TDH =
Zdtzs + Void V5
-

t Pd Ps
-

+ he
Zgo 8
Egn'g: Tn

ftp.tgqiismBTDH-zz-zitvd?Vs2tPd-yPsthL
BP =

'

63025

Suction above centerline (Suction Head)

Electrical Power
Power Factor
290 EP= ELIL KW
Total head 3 cos ,

loss Line current

Pressure
head Line voltage
Velocity Note:
head
Static
head Pf - if not given use: 85%
Same Pump (D₁ = D₂) Same Temperature Diff. Temperature

Initial Condition Final Condition New Rate of New Rate of

Discharge Discharge
d Q₁ d Q₂
Q2 Dz Q2 ☐2 P2
= =

ss
Q, D, g, D, P,

D₁ D₂
N₁ N₂ New Total New Total
Dynamic Head Dynamic Head
2 2
s s Hz DZ Hz pz
Q₁ Q₂
☐2
= =

µ, Di µ, D, P,

Same Temperature Diff. Temperature

New Water New Water
Power Power
New Rate of New Rate of
Discharge Discharge 3 3
Pz =
DZ P2 =
☐2 P2

Qz "Z Qz NZ P2 p, Di p, D, p,
= =

Q, Ni Q, Ni P,

Specific Speed
New Total New Total
Dynamic Head Dynamic Head
Eng'g Units
2 2
Hz Nz H2 Nz Pz
= =
Ms RPM Q 9PM
N,
=

H, N, H, P,
>

, rpm
34
TDH.tt

New Water New Water 51.63 RPM Q.ms

}

Power
Ns =
rpm
Power
,

34
TDH , m

3 3
Pz Nz Pz =
Nz p,
SI Units
=

P, Ni P, Ni P,

Ms = RPS Q.ms
rps
Similar Pumps (N₁ = N₂)
,

34
TDH ,
m

Initial Condition Final Condition Note:

Eng'g Units
d Q₂ Radial Centrifugal Pump 500 > Ns > 5000
d Q₁
Axial Centrifugal Pump 10000 > Ns > 15000

ss
Mixed Flow Centri. Pump 5000 > Ns > 10000
D₁ D₂ SI Units
N₁ N₂
Radial Centrifugal Pump .16 > Ns > 1.6
Axial Centrifugal Pump 3.2 > Ns > 4.8
s Q₁
Mixed Flow Centri. Pump 1.6 > Ns > 3.2
s Q₂
Multi-stage Pump Net Positive Suction Head Required

Ns = RPM Q 9pm d
TDH ft 34
rpm vfs
,
,

no .
of stages
hfs
-Zs
>
PSL Patm
Ns = 51.63 RPM Q Ms
, rpm
TDH 34
who
M

tw
,

stages
.
of
Psat @ tw

Reciprocating Pump VSFZ

NPSHREQ =
PSL Pup -

Q Q 8W 290
d d

Net Positive Suction Head Available

s Q Q s
NPSH AVAIL =
PSL PvP -

± Zs -
hfs

Size of Reciprocating Pump 8W

D x L x d Note:

Rod NPSH Available NPSHRequired

Diameter
Length of Submersible Pump
Stroke
WP 8 QTDH
Bore
=

Diameter
Where:

Pump Capacity Vd
NYC =
TDH =
Zd Zs + Pd Ps hfd
Volumetric Displacement
- -

+ +
✗ Zgo

Q
Nvc =

Where: :
ca 60 2
Vd =
AL
s
2

Vd =
AL ca n

60
Fans
 ts Duct Air properties

1.2 kg ta = 20 °C
Pa
=

d d

§
M3 Pa = 101.325 Kpa
Zs = Zd = 0 s Q
-
ma
Q
.

|
Note: Pa
Pa =

Ht hL = 0 Rata
Zs Zd
Static Air Power
Wsf
SHS =
Ja Qa Hs
Datum
TAP
SHS =
Pa
90 Qa Hs
Total Air Power 9C

SHS = ma 90 Qa Hs
TAP =
8aQ H+
9C

TAP =
Pa
90 Q Ht
9C Efficiencies

TAP =
ma
90 Q Ht EP
9C BP
Total Head Loss
Pd Ps VDZ V}
( TAP Motor

Ht =
-

+
-

8W Zgo
Total Fan Efficiency
Ht =
Hpd -

Hps t Hud -
Hxs
TAP
MT
=

Ht =

Hp + Hs BP

Pressure Head Static Fan Efficiency

PH P SAP
Ys
= =

8 BP

Velocity Head Motor Efficiency

VH V2 BP
mm
=
=

Zgo EP

Note: If suction is ductless assume vs = 0

Converting m H2O to m air

Pa Ha =
pw Hw
HEPP
 Head Water - gross head
Hg - available head
PE w kg Sluice Gate - head on site Net or Effective Head

÷÷÷÷,¥
Q mw
Dam
He - Net/Effective head
He Hg he thn
=
+
hp
-

Penstock
hg
¥
.

he EP He =

Hg -

HL
Hg Qg

Qp µ, ,
µ, ,

, ,,,µ .nu, µ,
n g = BP

, EP

÷
Impoundment hp
BP
.
Total Head Loss / Fluid Friction Loss
hn HT He
mw
=
he t
hp thn
Datum Head loss @ nozzle
Qn or wicket gates
Spherical
Valve n T = BP Head loss @ Pipe
WP
Head loss @ Entrance of dam
Types of Available
Turbine Gross Head (Hg) Efficiency
Rate of Discharge
Impulse or 82% - 92%
Pelton Turbine 92m - 1025m Q =
Qg =
Qp =
Qn
Nozzle
Reaction or 12m - 305m 90% - 94% Penstock
Francis Turbine
Gate of Dam

Propeller or Head Water

3m - 46m Up to 93%
Kaplan Turbine
Penstock Efficiency
Specific Speed for Hydraulic Turbine
WP
Up
= -

✗ 100 .

Eng'g Units WPHG

RPM BHP hp
Ns = >

rpm
,
HG HL
Np
- -

=
✗ too
He ,ft 54 .

Hg
RPM 1317kW
Ns
Impulse (Pelton) HT
=
' rpm
3. 81 He m
54 BP
,

SI Units Delta
FP
n
Ns = RPS BP KW ,
, rps
He 54 mL
,
m Nozzle Q - QL
Hu
Synchronous Speed Equation
My
hh Blade Power
mw
Q mw - mL
QL Q - QL
120 f He
N = f- = GO Hz WP He
rpm WPimpend
Tailwater
,

p up
No of Poles
=
.

Water Power @ Head Water Impending Water Power

WPHG =
8W Q Hg WPINIPEN .
=
8 Q -
QL He

Water Power @ Entrance of Turbine

Where: QL = Leakage Loss
WP =
8W Q He
Volumetric Efficiency Generator Efficiency
WPIMPEN EP
My Ng 100
'

=
-
=
✗ too
.
✗ .

WP pyp

Q QL BP Generator Loss
Ng too
- .

=
- -

My ✗ too
=
✗ .
.

Q BP

My Ng I Generator Loss 100

'

I
'
=
'

Leakage
-

=
Loss ✗ 100
✗
-
-
. .
.
.

Blade Power Generator

$ EP
Blade Power = 8 Q -
Qi Hu

BP
Hu =
HE -

hh
EP
Where: ☐ ng = ✗ 100 :
BP
n
Hu - Utilized Head (Head on Turbine)
Nameplate
hh - Hydraulic Loss (fluid friction head Generator Rating, KVA
loss in the exit
affirmed Power triangle: VA
-

g,K
Hydraulic Efficiency in
r rat Reactive Power,
to
era KVAR
Mn =
Blade Power
WPINIPEN
✗ too
.

.
Ge
n
θ angle
Phase

True Power, KW
.

Nh HE hh True Power (Electrical Power)

'

100
-
=
✗ .

HE
True Power =
Generator Rating cos Q ,
Kw

Nh Hydraulic loss
'

=
I -
°o ✗ 100 .

EP =
Apparent Rating PF
Brake Power
Note:
Brake Power =
Blade Power FP
Power Factor (PF) - if not given use 85%
-

Mechanical Efficiency Ideal Velocity Ideal Velocity

@ the gate @ the nozzle
Brake Power
mm too :
=
✗

Blade Power He
Vg =
Zgohg Vj =
Zgo

mm
Blade Power FP too : Q @ Gate
-
=
✗

Blade Power
Q =
Qg
=
Cd Ag Vg
Nm I Mechanical losses
-

100 :
= -

.
✗
 Q @ Penstock Similar Pumps/Fans/HT (N₁ = N₂)

Q Qp Cu Ap Xp Yamaoka New Rate of Discharge

'

= = '

3
Q2 Dz Pz
Q @ Nozzle or Wicket Gates
=

Qi Di A

Q .afgmmmB New Total Dynamic Head

=
Qj
=
Cv Aj Vj
2
Hz Dz Pz
Peripheral speed ratio/
=

Hi Di A
Turbine Speed ratio
.iggmmmB New Water Power
0.47 C -1
=
5
P2 =
Dz Pz
ñDn P, D , A
= ✗BLADE = 60

Vj 2goHe
Similar Pumps/Fans/HT (N₁ = N₂)
Turbine Wheel (runner) Diameter
.YyµimmB New Rate of Discharge
D= 60 OI 290 He = 600.47C -1 290 He 3
QZ Nz Dz Pz
IT n IT n
=

Qi Ni Di A

Note: .YyµmmmB New Total Dynamic Head

For Good design: D = 12(dj)

2 2
Hz Nz Dz Pz
=

H, Ni Di A

Affinity Laws .YyqmmmB New Water Power

3 5
Pz Nz Dz pz
Q= ND3pA
=

p, Ni Di A

H =

NZDZPB
p =
N3D5pc

Same Pump/Fan/HT (D₁ = D₂)

.afgmmmB New Rate of Discharge

Q2 Nz Pz
=

Qi Ni A

.tfgimmB New Total Dynamic Head

2
H2 Nz P2
=

Hi Ni A

- affirming New Water Power

3
Pz =
Nz A
P, N, A
 Heat
Transfer
Modes of heat transfer Thermal Resistance

R = ✗ m2 k
'

k w
1.) Conduction
Overall Coefficient of Heat Transfer
2.) Convection
I W
3.) Radiation U =
'

R m2 -
K

Conduction through composite

Conduction through plane wall plane wall

k₁ k₂ ta = interface
l temperature
al A
W Cold source 1 Q1a
Hot source
ta
A qcond =qa1=qa2
ii.
'
:
qcond a
k i.
-
. '

t₂
.

t₁
" "
-'
'

Qa2
. .
.
i f
" ,

q q 2
'
. . '

T÷÷En
.

: .
.

:i
-

i
i. x₁ x₂
: .

. : :
.

x
A ti tz
Where: qcond
-
=

t1 = Temp. on hot source k = Thermal conductivity ✗I

+
✗2

t2 = Temp. On Cold source x = Thickness of wall Ki kz

q = Heat energy A = Heating surface area
A ti tz
qcond
-
=

Biot & Fourier Equation R, t R2

dx KA dt A ti tz
qcond
-
= -
=

9cond RT

therefore:
UA ti tz
qcond
= -

KA ti ta -

w
9.cond
9,12
= =
,

✗
, .ayqimmmB From state 1-a (conduction)

A t' +2
9.cond W
-

A ta
9,12 ti
= =

qcond gna =
-
, =

Xi
Xi
Ki
Ki
.Yfgimmmp
From state a-2 (conduction)
A ti tz
9.cond
-

W
9,12
= =
,

R' A ta tz
qcond gaz =
-
=

✗z

U A ti ta W kz
9.cond 9;z
= =
-

, ,
Heat Transfer through Convection Conduction through homogeneous
Curved walls
.afpñmB Newton's Law of Cooling

qconv
= HA ti ta

①
-

Where:
k₁
h - Film Coefficient W
,
1
m2 K t₁
r₁
-

.ir/dx=-kAdt
r₂ L
Conduction - Convection through
composite plane wall q cond 2 t₂

Flue Gas
Biot & Fourier Equation
h₁ Air
k₁

A dr
1 h₂
a
\

t₁
1

Heating surface Area

qcond Ir m qcond
b -
A, =
21T L ltdit
2
=
. r
,

t₂
Az =
21T rz 1- =
ltdzl

x₁
therefore:
A ti tz
qconv
-
=

1 ×' l KZITL ti tz
qcond
-

=
+ +
h, k, hz In K
r,

.YyqimmmB From state 1-a (convection)

h, A ti ta ti tz
gia qcond
-
= -
=

In rz

.TysqMmamB From state a-b (conduction) M

ki ZITL

= A ta tb
-

gab
Note:
¥ D2 rz
=

From state 1-a (convection)

D, r
- affirming ,

=
hz A tb tz qcond ti tz
qbz
- -
=

In Dz
D,

Ki ZITL
 Conduction through composite Heating surface area
Curved walls
Ai Zitr L lid , L

g⑦
= =

k₂ to =
Zitrzl
=
ltdzl
k₁
1
t₁ therefore:
D₁
ta + , .+ .
D₂ g.
q cond D₃ t₂ In Dz
2 I
+
D'
+
1

Aihl
L K , 2mL A- 2h2

ti -
tz .afgimmp From state 1-a (convection)
qcond
=

In Dz D3
In
D, Dz gta
=
hi 1- i ti -
ta
+

ki ZITL kz ZITL
- affirmed
From state a-b (conduction)
.afgimmB From state 1-a (conduction)
ta -
tb
Gab =

ti ta In Dz
gia
-

Dz D,
In
D, K , 217L

Ki ZITL

.tggmmmB From state b-2 (convection)

.afgimmmB
From state a-2 (conduction)
hz Az tb ta
qbz
= -

ta -
tz
gaz
=

In D3
D2
Overall Coefficient of Heat Transfer
K2 ZITL based on the INNER AREA

Conduction - convection through

1
homogeneous Curved walls U, =
,
W

Dz MZ -
k
l Attn Di Al
+ +
hi kz ZITL Azhz

Ui = I
k₁ Di In
1 Di
+ +
D₂ D₁ h, 2k , Dzhz
1 a
t₁ ta L therefore:
q cond t₂
2
b tb 9
=
Ui Ai tz -
ti

ta - inner surface temp.

tb - outer surface temp.
Overall Coefficient of Heat Transfer Counter Flow Heat Exchanger
based on the OUTER AREA Hotter Fluid
t'o
Uz =
1
D2
Az AZ In Di 1
Hx
ti to
+ +

Aihl ZITL h2 Colder Colder

Kz
Fluid
.
P=C .
Fluid

1
Uz =

D2 ¥? ti '
Dzln ,
Hotter Fluid
+ +
Din , T

hz.iq
Zkz

ti '
Hotter
therefore: Fluid
Θmax t'o
=
Uz Az tz -
ti
to Θmin
:

Note: Colder ti
-
i

Fluid
A
UIA , ti tz U2 Az ti tz Heat energy
9 Heat energy Heat energy
= - = -

given off absorbed

= absorbed
by the hotter
=
by the
fluid structure by the colder fluid
Radiation through homogeneous wall
Qh = Qstructure = Qc
qconv
mh Cph (ti - to) = U₁A₁LMTD = mc Cpc (to - ti)
e -o

l l

k₁
= U₂A₂LMTD
A
qcond h₂
Hot sorrounding air Log Mean Temperature Difference
(Ambient Air)
my

Source
1
t₁ qrad
- www

ta LMTD ① max -

0min
a
=

2
'

.
① max
t₂ In
D- min

x₁ 1- MTD =
ti
'
-
to -
to
'
-
ti
'

In ti -
to
qcond qconv +
9rad
=

to ti
'

Note:
-

when:
9rad =
20,408.4×10-8 Fe til -

tz
"
J
Qmax 0min
"
=

mZ.hr
Use:
-20,408.4×10-8 Felt til
"
9rad -

tz ,
J
Arithmetic Mean Temperature Difference
hr
ANITD = D- Max + 0min
2
 Parallel Flow Heat Exchanger
Hotter Fluid
ti '

Hx
Colder ti to Colder
Fluid
, P=C '
Fluid

t'o
Hotter Fluid
T

ti '
/
Hotter
Fluid
to'
Θmax : Θmin
Colder to
Fluid
ti
I

A
A
Heat energy Heat energy Heat energy
given off absorbed
= absorbed
by the hotter
=
by the
fluid structure by the colder fluid

Qh = Qstructure = Qc

mh Cph (ti - to) = U₁A₁LMTD = mc Cpc (to - ti)

1 I

= U₂A₂LMTD
Steam
PP
 nm FP EP
Rankine Steam Powerplant
ms
ST
1- BP
1-
IP
f) f) GEN
Kw Plant
I Gen.
.

SGU: 2' SB
Qa = mf x qf - Economizer . Delivered
-Steam Boiler Losses
-Super Heater
COND QR
ng Kw Plant Use

ms BFP t
- 4 3

ms
Note: Ideal Power
ms - mass of steam
Qa - Heat from fuel fired Pi =
Ms hi -
hz

mf - mass of fuel
qf - Heating Value Indicated Power
IP - Indicated Power (power imparted to
the turbine blades) IP =
Ms hi -
hi
BP - Brake Power or Shaft Power
FP - Frictional Power Turbine & Condenser
EP - Electrical Power or Power Generated
;
-

Pi - Ideal Power SHS

-
-
-

-
-
-
-

ST
-
-

¥
-

1
-
-
.

" IP "
Mechanical Efficiency :-. .
.

.÷ 2' ÷
LV
Ec .

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
'

:
;
BP
Mm
=
✗
100%
!
'
QR
Ip ;
ii. i
"

BP =
IP -

FP 3

SL
Generator Efficiency Steam Rate
- amount of steam needed to perform a unit of Power
EP
Ng 100%
=
✗

Bp SR=
Ms 1×9
,

p KW h -

EP =
BP -

Generator Losses
Indicated Steam Rate Combined Steam Rate
Kw Delivered
ISR = Ms CSR = Ms

KW Delivered = EP -

KW Plant Use IP EP

Turbine Efficiency Actual enthalpy Brake Steam Rate Plant Steam Rate
IP hi hi BSR Ms PSR= Ms
Nt 100% 100%
-

= = =
✗ ✗

p, hi -
hz IP KW Del .

hg hfzt ✗
hfg
 Heat Rate Plant Thermal Efficiency
- amount of heat needed to perform a unit of Power
3600
PTE =
✗ 100° .
=
3600×100 :
HR = Ec KJ Qa PHR
,

P KW h
-
KWDEI .

Indicated Heat Rate Combined Heat Rate Heat Energy from Fuel Fired

IHR= Ec cHR= Ec

IP EP Qa KJ
Mf
qf
= ✗
,

Brake Heat Rate Plant Heat Rate Boiler & BFP D & SV
1 ms = 34.5¥
BHR= Ec pHR= Qa #212 °F
BP KW Del .

Qa SB
Heat Energy from fuel

Qa = KJ
Mf qf ,
ms = 34.5¥
hr SL 4
212 °F
Energy Chargeable

Ec =
Ms hi -

his Heat absorbed by the feed water

Thermal Efficiency Qa =
Ms hi -

h4

3600 100° 3600 hf

e =
✗ .
=
✗
100° .
=
Ms hg -

Ec HR

P Qa =
Ms hfg
Indicated Thermal Efficiency
1 Developed Boiler Hp
3600
eI= ✗ 100° .
= 3600
✗
100° . (from & at 100°C ; 15.65kg/hr ; 2257kj/hr)
Ec IHR
IP Qa =
mshfg

Brake Thermal Efficiency Qa =

15.651<9 2257 KJ
hr kg
e. = 3600 100° = 3600 100° Qa =
35322 KJ
✗ .

✗
.

☐
Ec hr
BHR
BP Factor of Evaporation

Combined Thermal Efficiency FE = hi -

h4 = hi -

ha
KJ
↳ 2257
3600 3600 1000
100C
kg
ek= ✗ 100° .
=
✗
.

Ec CHR Equivalent Evaporation

CP
EE =
Ms FE
?⃝
Therefore Indicated Power

Dev Bo , .
Hp
= Ms hi -
h4 1- D= Pmi XD
35322 KJ
hr
1- D= Pmi HLNS
FE
Dev Bo . .
Hp = Ms
n

Ks IP =
Ac ✗ Ss ITDZ L ca go ✗ 2
15.65
hr
I 4 s

EE
Dev Bo Hp
=

Note:
. .

15.65 kg
hr
Pmi - Mean effective pressure
Rated Boiler Hp VD - Volume Displacement
I

A - area of the bore

L - Length of the stroke
Rated Bo. Hp = Heating Surface Area MZ
Ns - Power stroke per second
k D - Diameter of the bore
c - no. of cylinders (if not given use 1)
For water tube : k = 0.91 a - no. of acting (if not given use 2)
For Fire tube: k = 1.1 n - rotative speed (rpm)
s - no. of stroke (if not given use 2 stroke)
Percent Rating Ac - area of the card
l - length of the card
Ss - spring scale
Dev 130 Hp
•

R= . .
100
'

✗
• .

Rated Bo .
Hp

Efficiency of the Boiler

Heat absorbed by the Feed water
@ Bo
'

✗ 100
=
.

Heat from fuel fired

Ms hi -

h4 '

✗ 100
=
@ Bo .

Mf Gf

EBO
= Dev .
Bo .
Hp 35322
✗ 100
'

Mf Gf

Rating Hp 35322
'

=
-
12.130
EBO
. .

✗ too .

Mf Gf

Ms FE 2257
eBo= ✗ too :

Mf Gf

EE 2257
eBo= ✗ too :

Mf Gf
 Fuels &
Co mbustion
Fuel Analysis Liquid Fuels
•

. affirmed For Solid Fuel xCnHm

Percent by mass - Gravimetric/Ultimate analysis No. Of atoms
No. Of moles
- MyqmmmmB For Gaseous Fuel (Natural Gas)
Percent by volume - Volumetric/Molar analysis
Theoretical Air - Fuel Ratio
- MyµmmmmB For Liquid Fuel
°API or specific gravity AF = 137.6 n t 0.25m

12h + m

Gravimetric/Ultimate Analysis
Actual Air - Fuel Ratio
Components of coal
Combustible C
'
Ai F =
AF I + e

Combustible H₂
Supports Combustion O₂
Inert Gas N₂ Equivalent Ratio
Combustible S
I
A ER =

Byproducts
M 1 te

Dulong's Equation (for solid fuel only) Note:

If the Ultimate or Gravimetric analysis of the fuel is not given instead
02 the Higher Heating Value ( HHV ) is directly given, the theoretical air -
14600 °Cz 1- 62000 :Hz +40500.52 BTU
Gf
i.
fuel ratio could be taken as
= -

8 lb

BTU

qf
=
33820 :c 1- 144212 i. H -
i. 02 1- 9304 :S ,
KJ Eng'g Unit Ait = Off .
hr

8 kg 1340 BTU
hr

Theoretical Air - Fuel Ratio KJ

kg air
SI Unit A. F
'
= 9f.hr

:{
Theo
A :F = 11.5 :c +34.5 i. Hz -
2
+ 4.3 :S , kg Fuel 3117 KJ
hr

Heating Value / Calorific Value

Actual Air - Fuel Ratio
Solid Fuel or Liquid Fuel
'
Ai F =
AF I + e

Heating Value/
Calorific Value
Common Liquid Fuels
Higher Heating Lower Heating
Value (HHV) Value (LHV)
a.) Gasoline/Octane - C8H18
b.) Diesoline - C16H32
c.) Dodecane - C12H26
d.) Ethyl Alcohol - C2H6O Gross Calorific Net Calorific
e.) methyl Alcohol - CH4O Value (GCV) Value (NCV)
Higher Heating Value (Liquid Fuel)
Note:
' Yamanaka ASME Formula 0.231 kg Oz
1kg air
KJ 0.769
HHV 411301-139.6 kg N2
☐
=
API ,

kg

Where:

°AP1 = 141.5 -

131.5
SG @ 60 't

-1
140 Methane CH4
☐

BAUME =
BU
-

130
SG @ go .F
Ethane
i C2H6 = 8

Lower Heating Value Propane C3H8

Butane C4H0
10
LHV HHV Hz)
'

KJ
=
21980
-

.
,

kg
%H₂ If not given

Hz
•

i. 26 15 SG @ 60 F
'

=
' -
-
✗
. .
,
.

SG @ any given temp

SG corrected =
SG @ 15.62 I -0.0007 to -

15.6C
Diesel
PP
 mf Ec = mf x qf
ma

EP

IP BP
DE
-

-0-0 Gen SB

Nameplate (BP) ,FP Flywheel , Gen.

losses

!
ma - mass of air Indicated Power
mf - mass of fuel
Qa - hear energy from fuel fired Ip= Pmi XD
qf - heating value
IP - Indicated Power Ip=PmiHLNs
FP - Frictional Power
BP - Brake Power
EP - Electrical Power 1- D= Ac ✗ Ss ITDZ L Cato ✗ 2

I 4 s

Mechanical Efficiency c - no. of cylinders (if not given use 1)

Pmi - Mean effective pressure a - no. of acting (if not given use 1)
VD - Volume Displacement n - rotative speed (rpm)
BP A - area of the bore s - no. of stroke (if not given use 4 stroke)
100
Mm
-

= ✗
L - Length of the stroke Ac - area of the card
.

IP Ns - Power stroke per second

.

l - length of the card

D - Diameter of the bore Ss - spring scale

Where: - affirmed Size of the engine DxL

BP IP FP
Summary
= -

IP 3600
Generator Efficiency e mm
=
, ✗

Ec
"
EP 100 :
Ng
=
✗

Bp
BP 3600
epg Ng
=
✗

Ee
ng
EP =
BP -

Gen Losses
EP
.

3600
ek
=

Specific Fuel Consumption Therefore

Ec

EB =
ei ✗
Mm
SFC = Mf kg
-
Kw hr ek Ng
=
p EB ✗
-

Heat Rate Volumetric Efficiency

HR = Ec = Mfqf ;
KJ
Va
My
=

p p Kw hr-

Hd
Thermal Efficiency KJ
Itc V1
My
" =
" ÷ ' -
c
P 3600
.

e = =
V2
HR
Ec
Geother mal
PP
 P1 ; h1 = hg1 EP
ms ms
.
: : :
D & SV
Well head BP
IP
valve
# I
i

mgw 1
h=c - -
Z B
Kw Plant
Pz
h=c
Pb 1
2'
' \ Gen Losses SB
Delivered
FP

F-
Throttling QR
Pa mgw Valve
mRW
ta ha (T.4)
Kw Plant Use
"

A Flash or water C,
separator Re-injection Re-injection 3

To ground ms
&
Water

F- Mainit na tubig

Pressurized
ground H2O
Compressed
Ground H2O
Steam Wells

.
Where:
mgw - mass of ground water (ms + mrw)
ms - mass of steam to the turbine inlet
mrw - mass of the return or reinjected water
Note:
ha = hb Pb = Pc = P1

Number of Steam Wells

NO of Wells = Mgw
.

capacity
well

Quality of steam

✗ = Ms ha =
hot ✗ hi -

he
mgw

Moisture content of steam

Y = MRW

Mgw

EB @ Water separator
Ms hi

÷, , .mn.
Mgw ha .

MRW he
Co oling
Tower
Cooling Tower Heat Energy given Heat absorbed
=
td2 ; RH2 off by the tower by air
1 ma (cpa td2 )
mw1(cpw1t1 ) 2
ma (h2)
1 Qw =
QA
mw1(hw1) .

t1
hw , hwz hz hi
CT
=
Mw -

ma -

ma (cpa td1 )
mwcpw ti -

tz =
macpatdz -
tdi

ma (h1)
1
\

td1 ; tw1 Psychrometry

2
mw2(hw2) .
SV
t2 Moist or Humid air = Dry air + water vapor
mw2(cpw2t2 ) SHV
Idead Gas H 2O
O2 N2
Idead Gas
Approach Range Idead Gas

AR =
tz -

twi Specific Humidity

Critical Cooling Range (actual) SH = Mv

,
KGWV
ma kgda
CRA =
ti tz
SH2
-

I ma (h2)
2
Critical Cooling Range (theoretical) Heated and humidified air

1
mw1(hw1) 1

CRT =
ti -

tw , Hot Tower Water

t1

CT
Cooling tower efficiency
CRA t' +2 Outside Air
m
-

Not 1
=
too :
=
too :
m (h )
✗ ✗

CRT t, ma (h1) . m m
tw , tm
-
i

make up water
SH1
Note:
2 t2 = tm
mw2(hw2)
hw2 = hm
.

t2
If tw1 = t2, Cooling tower efficiency is 100% Cooled tower water

EB @ CT
Types of Cooling tower:
a.) Spray Pond - (50% or less efficient) Mwzhwi -
hwz 1- mm hm =
ma hz -
hi
b.) Natural Draft - (50% - 60% Efficient)
c.) Forced/Induced Draft - (60% - 70% Efficient) mwzhwi hwz - 1-
ma SHZ -

SH , hm =
ma hz hi -

Draw-thru (nasa taas ang fan)

Blow-thru (nasa ibaba ang fan)
MB @ CT
mw , 1- Mill 1- Mm =
MVZ t mwz

✓ (
Parabolic CT
ma SHI t mm
=
ma SHZ

Mm = ma SHZ SH ,
- kgm
,
4 " " " " " "" " " 4h11 " " " " " " "
S

Induced Forced
Refrigeration
Carnot Cycle (TSTS) Reversed Carnot Cycle (TSTS)
QA QR
TH = C TH = C

HS
HS
4 WC 3 WNet
WT
1 2 WNet = |Qr|-|Qa|
WC WT = |Qa|-|Qr| S=C AT 0 0 AC
S=C AC 0 0 AT S=C
S=C CS
1 2

4 CS TL = C
3 QA

TL = C Area

QR
P T
I 1
Coefficient of performance
1 T=c 2
/ .

2 QA Desired Effect
S=c S=c cop =
'

WNET Energy Required for

the desired effect
4" i ,
4 T=c 3
- 3 COP = QA
V S
QR -

QA

COP = TL

Efficiency of Carnot Cycle TH -

TL

@ cc =
WNET -
Note:
✗
100 .

QA COP > 1

@ WT Wc Heat Pump
- -

100
Area
=
cc ✗ .

QA QR
TH = C

Ccc = QA -
QR ✗
100
-

HS
QA
4 WC 3 WNet
WT = |Qr|-|Qa|
S=C AT 0 0 AC
TH TL S=C
-

Ccc 100
-
=
✗ .

TH
1 CS
2
TL = C
Mean Effective Pressure QA
Performance Factor (For Heat Pump)
Pm =
WNET
Vd PF =
QR
WNET
Wt We = QA QR -
= ecc QA
=
TH
-

V3 V, V3 V1 V3 PF =
-
- -

V1
TH -
Th

pF= COP 1- I
Vapor Compression Refrigeration System Note:
QR
h' =
. [email protected]
SL
Condenser 2
SHV hz h Pz & Si
mr
=
@
Sg @ Pexap 52

f-
= =

3 mr
,

Pcond = C
Comp Pz
EV hz hf @ PCOND
=

h=c
=
,

S=C Equal
Pevap = C mr
mr 1 h4
Wc hf4 t hfg4
=
✗

LV
4 Evaporator Where:
D & SV
hf4 =
,
hf @ P4 =
Pexap
QA
Space
hfg4 =

. hfg @ P4= Pevap

Note:
P T 3.516
QA =
TOR ✗

I TOR
Pcond = C Qr
3 " " 2
2
"

3
Volumetric Efficiency of Compressor
.

h=c S=C Wc
(Due to Clearance)
4 1
Pevap = C
1 ,

4 , \ 1
Compressor capacity V1
'

Qa
Mvc :
=
=
✗ too ✗ too

Volumetric Displacement
-

S
h
XD

'
Pz
Heat Added @Evap NYC
n
=
I 1- C -
c

Pi

QA =
MR hi -
hit
V1
Mvc I
=
+ c -
c

V2
Work on the compressor
Compressor Capacity
Wc =
MR hz -
hi
V, Ñ,
'
=
MR

Where:
QA
Coefficient of Performance MR =

hi -

hit

copies = QA

Wc Ñ, =
@ R=PExAp

Copies =
hi -

h4 Volume Displacement
hz -

hi n

VD =
ALNS = IT DZL Zca 60

Heat Rejected @ Condenser

4 S

Note: No. Of stroke for pumps & Compressor = 2

QR =
Mr hz -
has
VD = IT D ' ca
Vp
4
 Ice Making Ice tank
Note:
cover " "
Qu "" "
""
kg -
K

Patm EV KJ
mr mr Cpice 2.09
=

Ice kg -
K
tank

Ice
can ☐ H2O

Brine Solution
mr
Qa

Comp
mr
Cond

Cold Storage
Qu
latent Heat
of Freezing
=
335

EV
KJ

kg

mr mr
Wc

Solid Solid-Liquid Liquid

Qa Cond
BP: 100°C mr
1 mr
t1

t2 = t3 3 2
Q1 Comp
FP:0°C i ,
Q2
1 Door
Q3
t4 , /

4 Wc
Chilling Load

Solid Solid-Liquid Liquid

Harvest Temperature
BP: 100°C /
1- 4 =
12°F 18°F
t1 ,
1 '

Refrigeration Load t2 = t3 3 Q2 2
Q1
FP:0°C i , I
Q3
t4 /

QA =
Qp t Qu 4
20%(Qp)

QA = Qi + Qzt Qz + 0.2
Qp Refrigeration Load
QA Qp
@Q1
=

imgur.az

QA = Qi t Qzt Q3
Qi
mwcpwti-tz-tfgimm.az @Q1
=

- MfgmmmB @Q2
Qi =
mwcp ti -

tz

Qz =
mw Latent Heat of Freezing . affirming @Q2
.afgimmB @Q3
Qz =
mw Latent Heat of Freezing
Q3 =
mice Cpice 1-3-1-4
.MyqmmmB @Q3
①3 =
Mcp tz -
ta
Aircon ditioning
 Qr

Wc
Cond
Comp Qs = Room air
EV QT
Ventilation
Qa Fan QL =

Outside o m s s R E Exhaust
Air
tds
- .
Air
tdo tdm tds tdr = 24 °C
two
AHU or ACU RHr = 50%

:
Outside Supply
Air Room or space to
Air be conditioned

For comfort cooling :

Recirculated Air
tdr = 24°C - carrier
tdr = 24-26°C - ASHRAE R RHR tdR
Qa Qs =
Fan QT
QL =
@50% Relative Humidity Outside o mm s s hmmm
R E Exhaust
Air
Air
tds ms tds
mm- .

tdo tdm tdr = 24 °C

two tdR = tdE
AHU or ACU RHR = 50%
Mixing Point
Total Heat Load
Mass balance at mixing point
QT = Qs t QL
Latent Heat load Mo t MR =
mm

Sensible Heat load Ms

Where
QT =
Ms HR -
hs Ms =
mm

And
Psychometric Chart QT =
Ms hr -

hs
RH

Qs =
mscpa tr -
ts
h

tw Refrigeration Load
SH
RSHF
R mR Qa

td i
mo mm ms
ho hm AHU hs

Room Sensible Heat Factor

QA =
Ms hm -
hs
RSHF Qs = Qs
Where
=

QT Qst Qin
Mo ho +
MR ha =
mm hm
Where:
Qs % of Ms °o of
Cpa tdr tds ho he hm
1-
=
Ms -

Ms
=
mm

Note: Ms =
Mm =
MR
All Outside Air tdo
Qa Qa O -

O O A S
mo mm ms 1 , i . .

tdA
.

AHU hs
✓

ho hm
tdo tds
tcc
Mass balance at entry point
Mixing point
@ the mixing point
Mo = Mm = Ms

BF /

O
Energy balance at AHU
A S
. /

mm hm =
QA t Ms hs CF

QA =
Ms hm -

hs Mass balance @ mixing point

All Recirculation CF + BF =
I

RHR tdR Energy balance @ mixing point

R mR
7

Qa
→

Fan QL = CF ha + BF ho =
hs
mm s s R
F m r - mmmm

tdm tds ms tds tdr = 24 °C CF tda + BF tdo =

Cp tds
AHU or ACU RHR = 50%
CF 1- da t 1- do tds
1- CF
=Cp
Where MR =
Mm =
Ms Therefore

hr =
nm tds 1-do
CF
-

And =

1- da -

1- do

Contact & Bypass Air

Cooling Coil (tcc)
Apparatus
O I n n
S Dew Point
. .

1 1

AHU
Bypass Air
Contact Air

O÷:::: ::
ii. O ii.÷ iii.: ÷ : :

:/
i. : :
i '
.

:
.
: : ÷
i.: .

:
::: :: tdo
'

tda
.

tdo tds
tcc
ADP
 Machine
Fo un dation
Cement Mixture (1 yd³) Where

WF =
2x +
W

LF =
2×+1
Machine

Bed plate Density of concrete

Fe Mf
Pc
=

*
Ff
Weight of Foundation (for ICE only)
hf Af
F
FF =
c te n

Concrete foundation
Base on PSME code
Volume of Foundation
Ff =3 Fe
Vf = Af hf

Height of Foundation

hf = Vf
Af

Soil Bearing Pressure

SB = F
Af

SB = Fe t Ff
Af
x x

w wf

l
lf

Area of Foundation

At =
WE ✗ Lf
Chimney
Chimney of Stack Rate of Discharge
Q
mg Q= Cv Avg
ma tg2

1-
ta Patm
Q DZ 2 go Dtg
Cx
I
=

Pg

Stack
Hs (chimney) Note:

Q
mg Average MW of flue gas = 30
tg1
Cv (if not given) = 0.40
D

Stack effect

p =
Patm -

Pg

P = Salts -

8g Hs

P Hs
Pa Pg
= -

Where:

Pair =
Pa Pg = patm if not given
Rata

Pgas
= Pg
Tgaye
= Tgi 1-
Tgz
Rg Ts,*e 2

Theoretical Draft

Dtg Hs Pa Ps
=
MFG
-

Pg

Height of Chimney

Its Pg
Dtg M
=
,

Pa Pg -

Velocity of flue gas

Vg = 2. go
Dtg