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Fundamentals of 1. Introduction to
Architecture Architecture

History and development of

Architecture What is architecture ????
 Universal definition
It is a science and an art of designing and
constructing buildings
It is an art because It is a science because
* it is a world of creativity * it uses different scientific
* it is a beauty principles and laws so as to
make its dream true

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History and development of

architecture
 Architecture is a discipline which has equivalent
age with human beings

Pompideau Centre Paris

Renzo Piano Architect

1. Architecture For Our

History of architecture Ancestors
 They starts in side the
caves

 Architecture hasn’t
Ancient world Medieval world Modern Contemporary
architecture architecture
architecture architecture A value more than a
shelter .

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The pyramids at Giza in Egypt are Ziggurat (temple of ancient

among the best-known pieces of mesopotamians)
architecture in the world.
it is about 136 m (446 ft) high.

The Greek Parthenon

Greek Architecture
• wisdom and democracy has a
great place
• Ornaments were highly used(3
types of columns invented)

Roman Architecture
The Greek Parthenon
• finding of concrete
they were great
engineers Acropolis of Athens

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The roman pantheon 2. Medieval architecture: It includes

 Huge rotunda 43m high and 43m

diameter dome.
 Simple the wall supporting the
vast dome zigzags around niches,
effectively forming buttresses, and
the spring line in side the whole
1/3rd of the height lower than the
out side, the concrete dome is
concrete dome is coffered to
reduce the weigh.
 The vast interior space of the
dome is only lighted by a single
source from a circular opening in
the

Hagia Sofia, Istanbul (church of holy wisdom) Gothic Cathedrals

Hagia Sophia (Church of the Holy Architectural Concepts And Methods
Wisdom) was built in Constantinople (now
İstanbul) between 532 and 537 under the
auspices of Emperor Justinian I.

 Innovative Byzantine technology allowed

architects Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore
of Miletus to design a basilica with an
immense dome over an open

square space, pictured. The original dome

fell after an earthquake and was replaced in  They were very tall in height
563. The church became a mosque after the  Very ornamental
Ottoman conquest of 1453, and is now a  There concept reflects the GREATNESS OF GOD and the littleness of human
museum. beings
 Generally it was the advocator of “THE KINGDOM OF GOD”

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3. Modern architecture
(less is more) Modern architecture it includes
 This was the period where architecture got a dynamic change. those huge
 ARCHITECTURAL FINDINGS
blocks of concrete and stone masonry were stopped.
 There was high debate b/n the idea of “form follows function or vice  Ornamentation all most
versa?” diminished.
 The use of concrete (reinforced)with glass as a construction material was  Priority is given to function
adopted rather than other factors
 Sky scrapers started to be built.
Proverbs of the time
 God is in the detail
 A house is a machine to live
 Curve is donkeys road
 Less is more

STRUCTURAL FINDINGS

 Steel structure

 Seagram Building,
4. Contemporary architecture
New York City By mies vanderohe

We couldn’t find a definite type of architectural

style. Every body designs as he/she/they wants
But some of the most common ones are

 Reinforced concrete

Sydney opera house ,

architect John utonz
(completed in 1973)

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Deconstructive-ism
 A style developed around the
beginnings of the 1990th on a
novel
 Un conditional forms, amazing
structures, un harmonious
treatment of forms, no pragmatic
reasons
 Frank o gehrys-
 Daniel libeskind:- Jewish
museum

Dancing building, Prague

Frank Gehry, Architect

This must be how Frank Gehry got his idea for the concert hall.

Jewish museum in Berlin by Daniel

libeskind Sustainable architecture
 This style majorly gives emphasis on exploring means's
on energy minimization and environmental protection. .

 The sun light is used as a source of energy and light

source

 Environmental friendly building materials are used

 waste is recycled as much as possible

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Bio-climatic office tower

Parliament house of Germany

Now Let As Rewind To Our Starting Point

DEFINITION OF ARCHITECTURE

Menara Mesiniaga Glass Dome of the Reichstag Germany

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Architect norman foster
Architect: Ken Yeang, 1992

To show power
 Arc de Triomphe, Paris
 In 1806 Napoleon Bonaparte, the
emperor of France,
commissioned the construction
previously we said that of the Arc de Triomphe as a
monument to his victories.
architecture is a science and an art of designing  The Arc de Triomphe stands 50
and constructing buildings m (164 ft) tall and 45 m (147 ft)
wide at the western end of the
but architecture could be a means Champs-Élysées in Paris. The
inner walls of the arch bear the
names of many of Napoleon’s
generals and military victories.

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To show economic strength and level of

civilization
To express religious believes
Birds Nest Of China

Axum Of Ethiopia

Burji al Arab of Dubai Gothic cathedrals

To show technological
As a proof of scientific achievements
advancement
Office Building, Barcelona, Spain
Jean Nouvelle, Architect

Parthenon, Athens, Greece

The Guggenheim museum

Kio Towers, Madrid, Architect Philip Johnson, Lloyds building in London(complitede 1984)
Architect Richard Rogers

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 Due to all those reasons most architects don’t like the

question “what is architecture” and gives Personal
definitions about it

 What ever every one said The practice of architecture

must includes defining problems, evaluating
alternatives, and implementing solutions.

 Building Service
CONCEPTS
• circulation, lighting, ventilation, heating,
 Function sanitation, acoustics, fire escape systems in building
• the serviceability of a room (space/building)  Architectural Elements of a building
 Space • components of a building for a purpose of
• voidness ( interior / hollowness) of a building (room) function, space and form
 Structural Elements of a building
 Form
• components of a building for support purpose
• the exterior three dimensional appearance (
envelop) of a building Function
• the • the exterior three dimensional appearance ( envelop) of a building

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Form and Shape Forms & shapes can be regular or irregular

 Form: (3D)The shape and structure of  A. Regular forms
something as distinguished from its • it is characterized by the Use of straight lines and
substance or material non fragmented geometry

 Shape: (2D)The two dimensional

contour that characterizes an object or
area

 B. Irregular forms
• it is characterized by the Use of dramatic curves &
fragmented geometry

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Relation ship between Form and function Form follows function

1.Form follows function
• The function comes first and the form comes next
• Focus on the function (commodity) rather than beauty
(delight)
Example hospital design, apartment design
2.Function follows form
• The form comes first and the function comes next
• Focus on the beauty (delight) rather than function
(commodity)
Example: most of conceptual designs, museum, residence

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Form follows function Function follows Form

Function follows Form Function follows Form

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Design in general means

The design process  The general arrangement of different parties of some thing that is
made such as buildings, furniture's, urban centers even graphics.

 The art or process of deciding something how it looks like, work e.t.c

 Design is making and creating some thing ,the process is just a process
of exploration innovation and explanation

I. Pre design stage

Design has different stages  This stage mainly focuses on providing information's
necessary for the design including
 Pre design stage
 setting up design programs
 Concept development phase
 making bubble diagrams
 Schematic design phase
 conducting a site analysis
 Design refinement
 Final design

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A. Setting up design programs B. Setting up bubble diagrams

 Design program includes the type of rooms and
functions to be accommodated with their area Bubble diagrams use
bubbles (circles), arrows and
requirements.
words to represent activities,
 The programs are established based on relationships, and spaces.
The clients need
The budget allocated In the design process, they
provide a quick and easy
The sites potential method to study circulation,
The urban design regulations determine the feasibility of a
scheme, present a concept, Sample bubble diagram for shopping mall
and achieve a better design

C. conducting site analysis II. Concept development

 During this phase the  Developing a design concept :- design concept is the
designer will exploit the site
feature. idea which the design is proposed
Soil conditions
Sun and wind directions
Potential approaches to the
site
Existing infrastructures
Sociological and
architectural characters of
the area  Omitting information's during
this stage may result in
appropriate design solutions.

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III. Schematic design phase IV. Design development(refinement)

• Major design ideas are proposed and explored phase
including alternative scheme produced in this
phase are  In this stage all the suggestions and recommendations
on the preliminary design stage are included with
 Site plan some improvement.
 Elevations
 Floor plans
 sections

V. Final drawings to the client or

contractor
 Architectural drawings
 Floor plans
3. Architectural Drawing
 Elevations
 Sections
 Working drawings
 Model
 Structural drawings

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INTRODUCTION  Definition A sketch, diagram, plan, or schematic

used to design, construct, and document buildings and
 Architectural drawing is the special language of the other structures.
architect, which he uses to convey to his client  The drawings may be used to indicate the overall
impressions of how a contemplated building will appearance, inside or outside the structure, or they may
appear when completed. be used to indicate precise measurements and other
 It is also used to convey to the contractors and details for construction.
workmen who perform the work of erection the  Drawings, especially those for construction purposes,
information regarding size, form, materials, may be issued as a set, with different sheets indicating
dimensions, etc. necessary to enable them to estimate different types of construction (electrical, mechanical,
the probable cost of the building, and to erect the plumbing).
building as the architect conceives it in his own mind.

Preparing the architectural

Architectural Drawings used for: drawings:
1. Building elements seen in true size, shape, orientation.
 Site plan
”scale”
 Plans
2. Describe form & construction of building component.
 Elevations
3. It is the base drawings for other construction works. ”
electrical, sewage, mechanical…”
 Sections

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The site plan The floor plan

 is a view looking down/ a horizontal plane is cut
 is a view looking down at a building from above,
through a building from above about 1.5m, illustrating
illustrating its location & orientation on a plot land &
it’s the horizontal dimensions of a building spaces, the
providing information about the site’s topography,
thickness & construction of vertical walls & columns
landscaping utilities, and site work.
that define these spaces.
 The importance of site plan:
 It illustrates the existing natural & built features

Floor plan The importance of plans:

1. Define the spaces & its functional relationship.
2. Illustrates places of openings (doors- windows).
3. Finishing.
4. Entrance (main- secondary)
5. Utilities (stairs- elevators- mechanical room- baths-
stores….)
6. Structural system:
R.C, steel, bearing walls…
Columns, beams,…
Thickness of walls (exterior & interior)
7. Measurement and cost (quantity survey)

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Building elevations  The importance of The building

 is views of a building’s exterior perpendicular to the
principle vertical surfaces.
elevations:
1. Finishing
2. Openings
3. Size, shape, materials of exterior surfaces
4. Size proportion
5. Heights of the building
6. Measurements

The building section building section

 is a vertical pane cut through a building. Or: it is a
drawing of interior & exterior partitions and roofs and
ground floor in addition of interior elevations seen
beyond the plane of cut.

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The importance of The building

section
1. Illustrate building construction.

2. Technical implementation (precast- prestress…).

3. Types of slab (roof plate) solid slab, hollow block, flat slab…) 4. Structural Drawing
4. Building material (block, stone, concrete,…).

5. Height of the building and levels.

6. Details and finishing.

7. Measurements.

Structural Drawing Includes:-

 Concerned with drawings made for the formwork and  Framing layouts column and beam size and
supporting members of strictures. their locations.
 Details that communicate required structural
connection b/n various members.
 Those members are columns, roof trusses, beams, and
 Basic dimensions
great variety of construction work made from structural
 Typical sections
steel shapes and plates.
 Notes
 Schedules

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 Purpose:- Building structure

 Used to show the structural skeleton of the building.
 Generally building has two main structural parts. Below the ground which
 Means of communications b/n structural designer and is called the sub - structure and above the ground which is called super
contractor. structure.
 Used to show type, number, size, quality of reinforcement  Sub structures are:-
used.  Foundation

 Used to show the general structure, size and spacing of

structural components and various notes containing an
information help full in understanding the drawings.
 Structural drawings do not show floor plan.

 Structural drawings are drawn to a scale selected according

to the overall of the structure being drawn on.

 Super structures are:-  Column

 Beam

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 Staircase
 Slab

What is an electrical drawing?

 An electrical drawing is a technical drawing that
consists of lines and symbols to represent the
5. Electrical Drawing and engineer’s electrical design to the people that will be

Power Layout installing the electrical drawing on the site.

 In short, an electrical plan describes the position of all

the electrical apparatus.

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 Electrical drawing What does an electrical drawing

include?
 Interconnection of electrical wires and other parts of the
system
 Connection of different components and fixtures to the
system
 Power lines with details such as size, voltage, rating, and
capacity
 Power transformers and also their winding connections
 The main switches, tiebreaker, and fused switches
 Other essential equipment such as solar panels,
batteries, generators, air conditioning, and so on.

Purposes of Electrical Plan Benefits of Electrical Plan

 These drawings are vital for documenting, communicating  A plan highlights all the potential risks to make amendments
information, and troubleshooting your power systems on- quickly before the occurrence of any substantial damage.
site.
 It helps to ensure that your system runs safely, efficiently, and
 It considers the structure of the building. For example, if a smoothly.
building has railings, stairs, or any other components,  An electrical plan saves time by avoiding delays and problems.
modifications will be made accordingly.
 It also saves money. A draft includes all the details like wire's
 It is a thorough planning tool because it gives an in-depth length, type of cables, and other parts you will need to complete
view of your building's electrical and wiring system. your project. Thus, you do not have to spend a considerable
 It helps to distribute power to various appliances and amount of money on unnecessary things.
equipment through accurate operation and installation of  An electrical plan prevents injury because it pinpoints all the
elements. building's anticipated areas that may harm a technician.

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Sanitary Drawing
Sanitary drawing is a type of drawing shows the system
of piping for fresh water going into the building and
6. Sanitary Drawing waste going out, both liquid and solid.

Sanitary drawing

7. Review of Drawing for

some civil engineering
projects

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Road construction drawings

 Road construction drawings, Bridge

construction drawings, Other CE structure

Bridge construction drawings

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Other CE structure

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