Chapter 2
Quantization
Dang Nguyen Chau. Click to edit Master subtitle style
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
Email: [email protected]
1. Quantization process
Fig: Analog to digital conversion
The quantized sample xQ(nT) is represented by B bit, which can take
2B possible values.
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1. Quantization process
Fig: Analog to digital conversion
The quantized sample xQ(nT) is represented by B bit, which can take
2B possible values.
An A/D is characterized by a full-scale range R which is divided
into 2B quantization levels. Typical values of R in practice are
between 1-10 volts.
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1. Quantization process
Fig: Signal quantization
R
Quantizer resolution or quantization width Q
2B
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1. Quantization process
Fig: Signal quantization
R
Quantizer resolution or quantization width Q
2B
R R
A bipolar ADC 2 xQ (nT ) 2
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1. Quantization process
Fig: Signal quantization
R
Quantizer resolution or quantization width Q
2B
R R
A bipolar ADC 2 xQ (nT ) 2
A unipolar ADC 0 xQ (nT ) R
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1. Quantization process –Quantization error
Quantization by rounding: replace each value x(nT) by the nearest
quantization level.
Quantization by truncation: replace each value x(nT) by its below
quantization level.
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1. Quantization process –Quantization error
Quantization by rounding: replace each value x(nT) by the nearest
quantization level.
Quantization by truncation: replace each value x(nT) by its below
quantization level.
Quantization error: e(nT ) xQ (nT ) x(nT )
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1. Quantization process –Quantization error
Quantization by rounding: replace each value x(nT) by the nearest
quantization level.
Quantization by truncation: replace each value x(nT) by its below
quantization level.
Quantization error: e(nT ) xQ (nT ) x(nT )
Q Q
Consider rounding quantization: e
2 2
Fig: Uniform probability density of quantization error
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1. Quantization process –Quantization error
Q /2 Q /2
1
The mean value of quantization error e ep (e)de e de 0
Q / 2 Q / 2
Q
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1. Quantization process –Quantization error
Q /2 Q /2
1
The mean value of quantization error e ep (e)de e de 0
Q / 2 Q / 2
Q
Q/2 Q /2
1 Q2
The mean-square error (power) e e p (e)de e de
2 2 2 2
Q /2 Q / 2
Q 12
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1. Quantization process –Quantization error
Q /2 Q /2
1
The mean value of quantization error e ep (e)de e de 0
Q / 2 Q / 2
Q
Q/2 Q /2
1 Q2
The mean-square error (power) e e p (e)de e de
2 2 2 2
Q /2 Q / 2
Q 12
Q
Root-mean-square (rms) error: erms e 2
12
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1. Quantization process –Quantization error
Q /2 Q /2
1
The mean value of quantization error e ep (e)de e de 0
Q / 2 Q / 2
Q
Q/2 Q /2
1 Q2
The mean-square error (power) e e p (e)de e de
2 2 2 2
Q /2 Q / 2
Q 12
Q
Root-mean-square (rms) error: erms e 2
12
R and Q are the ranges of the signal and quantization noise, then
the signal to noise ratio (SNR) or dynamic range of the quantizer
is defined as
R
SNR dB 20 log10 20 log10 (2 B ) B log10 (2) 6 B dB
Q
which is referred to as 6 dB bit rule.
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1. Quantization process –Example
In a digital audio application, the signal is sampled at a rate of 44
KHz and each sample quantized using an A/D converter having a
full-scale range of 10 volts. Determine the number of bits B if the
rms quantinzation error mush be kept below 50 microvolts. Then,
determine the actual rms error and the bit rate in bits per second.
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2. Digital to Analog Converters (DACs)
We begin with A/D converters, because they are used as the
building blocks of successive approximation ADCs.
Fig: B-bit D/A converter
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2. Digital to Analog Converters (DACs)
We begin with A/D converters, because they are used as the
building blocks of successive approximation ADCs.
Fig: B-bit D/A converter
Vector B input bits : b=[b1, b2,…,bB]. Note that bB is the least
significant bit (LSB) while b1 is the most significant bit (MSB).
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2. Digital to Analog Converters (DACs)
We begin with A/D converters, because they are used as the
building blocks of successive approximation ADCs.
Fig: B-bit D/A converter
Vector B input bits : b=[b1, b2,…,bB]. Note that bB is the least
significant bit (LSB) while b1 is the most significant bit (MSB).
For unipolar signal, xQ є [0, R); for bipolar xQ є [-R/2, R/2).
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2. DAC-Example DAC Circuit
Rf
Full scale R=VREF, B=4 bit
I i
2Rf 4Rf 8Rf 16Rf xQ=Vout
MSB
bB
b1
LSB
-VREF
Fig: DAC using binary weighted resistor
b1 b2 b3 b4
REF 2 R 4R 8R 16R
I V
f f f f
b1 b2 b3 b4
xQ VOUT I R f VREF
2 4 8 16
xQ R 2 4 b1 23 b2 22 b3 21 b4 20 Q b1 23 b2 22 b3 2 1 b4 20
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2. D/A Converters
Unipolar natural binary xQ R (b1 21 b2 22 ... bB 2 B ) Qm
where m is the integer whose binary representation is b=[b1, b2,…,bB].
m b1 2 B 1 b2 2 B 2 ... bB 20
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2. D/A Converters
Unipolar natural binary xQ R (b1 21 b2 22 ... bB 2 B ) Qm
where m is the integer whose binary representation is b=[b1, b2,…,bB].
m b1 2 B 1 b2 2 B 2 ... bB 20
Bipolar offset binary: obtained by shifting the xQ of unipolar natural
binary converter by half-scale R/2:
1 2 R B R
xQ R(b1 2 b2 2 ... bB 2 ) Qm
2 2
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2. D/A Converters
Unipolar natural binary xQ R (b1 21 b2 22 ... bB 2 B ) Qm
where m is the integer whose binary representation is b=[b1, b2,…,bB].
m b1 2 B 1 b2 2 B 2 ... bB 20
Bipolar offset binary: obtained by shifting the xQ of unipolar natural
binary converter by half-scale R/2:
1 2 R B R
xQ R(b1 2 b2 2 ... bB 2 ) Qm
2 2
Two’s complement code: obtained from the offset binary code by
complementing the most significant bit, i.e., replacing b1 by b1 1 b.1
1 2 R B
xQ R(b1 2 b2 2 ... bB 2 )
2
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2. D/A Converters-Example
A 4-bit D/A converter has a full-scale R=10 volts. Find the
quantized analog values for the following cases ?
a) Natural binary with the input bits b=[1001] ?
b) Offset binary with the input bits b=[1011] ?
c) Two’s complement binary with the input bits b=[1101] ?
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3. A/D converter
A/D converters quantize an analog value x so that is is represented
by B bits b=[b1, b2,…,bB].
Fig: B-bit A/D converter
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3. A/D converter
One of the most popular converters is the successive approximation
A/D converter
Fig: Successive approximation A/D converter
After B tests, the successive approximation register (SAR) will hold
the correct bit vector b.
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3. A/D converter
Successive approximation algorithm
1 if x 0
where the unit-step function is defined by u ( x)
0 if x 0
This algorithm is applied for the natural and offset binary with
truncation quantization.
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3. A/D converter-Example
Consider a 4-bit ADC with the full-scale R=10 volts. Using the
successive approximation algorithm to find offset binary of
truncation quantization for the analog values x=3.5 volts and x=-1.5
volts.
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3. A/D converter
For rounding quantization, we For the two’s complement
shift x by Q/2: code, the sign bit b1 is
treated separately.
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3. A/D converter-Example
Consider a 4-bit ADC with the full-scale R=10 volts. Using the
successive approximation algorithm to find offset and two’s
complement of rounding quantization for the analog values x=3.5
volts .
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Homework
Problems 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5, 2.6
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