MODULE 2

MODULE
rd th
(3 & 4 Weeks
Weeks))
Sources,
Source s, composition,
&
Characteristics
Characteristics of Solid Waste
1
Sources of waste

Residential

Commercial

Institutional Municipal

Construction & demolition solid waste

Municipal services (MSW)

Treatment plants

Industrial

Agricultural

2
 Components of MSW

Mixed household waste

Recyclables, among others:
◦ Newspapers
◦ Aluminium cans
◦ Milk cartons
◦ Plastic soft drink bottles
◦ Steel cans
◦ Corrugated cardboard

Household hazardous waste

Commercial waste

Yard waste

Litter and waste from community trash cans

Bulky items (refrigerators, furniture)

Construction and demolition waste

3
 Residential waste

Organic
Inorganic
(combustible): (non combustile)
◦ Garbage (decomposable ◦ Glass
materials) ◦ Crockery
◦ Paper ◦ Tin cans
◦ Cardboard ◦ Aluminium
◦ Plastics ◦ Ferrous metals
◦ Textiles ◦ Dirt
◦ Rubber
◦ Leather
◦ Wood
◦ Yard wastes

4
Symbol of recyclable plastic
material

1- PETE

5
 PLASTIC
PLASTI C CLASSIFICATION

polyethylene terephthalathe (1-PETE)

high-density polyethylene (2-HDPE)

polyvinyl chloride (3-PVC)

low-density polyethylene (4-LDPE)

polypropylene (5-PP)

polystyrene (6-PS)

resin and other multilayered plastic
materials (7-other)

6
 Examples of plastic material
use

HDPE opaque bottles PVC clear bottles PET clear bottles

PP CD holder

PP paper holder A4 PP shopping bag 7

Examples of plastic material use

PS electricity appliances

PS food container
PS spoon & fork 8
Plastic waste from residential area

9
Plastic waste from residential area

10
 Plastic waste recycling chain

Scavenger Collector

Small scale
Agent
recycling industry

Industrial waste

Large scale
recycling industry
Market
Supplier
11
Plastic waste recycling product

12
Institutional sources of waste

Government centers

Schools

Prisons

Hospitals

13
Materials flow and the generation of
solid waste in technologi
technological society
RAW MATERIALS RESIDUAL DEBRIS

RESIDUAL
MANUFACTURING WASTE MATERIAL

PROCESS & SECONDARY

RECOVERY MANUFACTURING

CONSUMER

FINAL DISPOSAL

Raw materials, ,products and recovered materials

Waste Materials

14
Various types of SW

Garbage (decomposable SW)

Rubbish (non-decomposable SW)

Ashes

Dead animal

Street sweeping

Industrial waste

Hazardous waste

15
 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

1. Bulk density: weight/volume ratio; unit: kg/m3, or

lb/ft3
- loose SW 90 - 150 kg/m3
- in compactor truck 350 - 550
- baled SW 700 - 850
- in compacted landfill 450 - 750
2. Moisture, water content as dried at 77oC for 24
hours, presented in % weight:
M = {(w-d)/w} x 100 %
where: M = Moisture (% weight)
w= sample weight (kg)
d = dried sample weight after heated at
77o C, kg

16
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)

3. Particle size and distribution

A number of MSW processing technologies (e.g.
composting, pyrolysis, incineration) are dependent
on accurate data of particle size & distribution.
For non spherical particles:
-D=l D = particle diameter
- D = (h+w+l)/3 l = length
- D = (hwl)1/3 w = width
- D = (lw) ½ h = height
- D = (w+l)/2

17
 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(Continued)
4. Field capacity (FC): total amount of moisture
that is retained in a SW subject to downward
pull of gravity. The FC of SW is of critical
importance in determining leachate formation
in landfills. Water in excess of FC will be
released as leachate.

FC varies with degree of applied pressure and

decomposition state of the SW

18
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(Continued)
5. Permeability of compacted waste
Permeability or hydraulic conductivity of compacted
waste is an important property that governs the
movement of leachate and gases in landfill.
The coefficient of permeability is:

K = Cd2 γ/µ = k γ/µ

where: K = coefficient of permeability

C = shape factor
d = average size of pores
γ = specific weight of water
µ = dynamic viscocity of water
k = intrinsic permeability

19
Particle size distribution curve

50

wide variability
% particles

40
particles
30

20 uniform sized
10 particles

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Particle size (cm)

20
Mean particle diameter

Arithmetic mean
◦ DA = (D1+D2+D3+.....Dn)/n

Geometric mean
n
◦ DG = √(D1xD2xD3x.....Dn)

Weighted mean

DW = (W1D1+W2D2+W3D3+.....WnDn)/(W1+W2+W3)

Number mean
◦ DN = (M1D1+M2D2+M3D3+.....MnDn)/(M1+M2+M3)

Where: n = number of discrete classifications (sieves)

W = Weight in each classification
M = number of particles in each classification

21
Mean particle diameter (continued)

Surface area mean
◦ Ds = M1D13 / (M1D12+M2D22+.....MnDn2) +
M2D23 / (M1D12+M2D22+.....MnDn2) + ......
MnDn3 / (M1D12+M2D22+.....MnDn2)

Volume mean
◦ Ds = M1D14 / (M1D13+M2D23+.....MnDn3) +
M2D24 / (M1D13+M2D23+.....MnDn3) + ......
MnDn4 / (M1D13+M2D23+.....MnDn3)

Where: n = number of discrete classifications (sieves)

W = Weight in each classification
M = number of particles in each classification

22
Exercise 1
Calculate the particle SW arithmetic mean,
geometric mean, surface area mean with the given
data:
◦ Particle diameter, D (mm) 60 40 20 5
◦ Fraction weight, W (kg) 2 10 5 4
◦ Number of particles, M 140 300 1000 2000

Solution

DA = (60+40+20+5)/4 = 31,2 mm
4

DG = √(60x40x20x5) = 21,1 mm

DS = {140x603 / (140x602 + 300x402 + 1000x202+ 2000x52 )} +
{300x403 / (140x602 + 300x402 + 1000x202+ 2000x52 )} +
{......} + {......}
= 40,0 mm

23
 Typical moisture of SW components

Paper : 6%

Glass : 2%

Food waste : 70%

Yard waste : 60%

Exercise 2

Using the moisture of waste components above,
calculate the moisture of SW, which is composed of:
◦ 15 kg paper
◦ 10 kg glass
◦ 45 kg food waste
◦ 20 kg yard waste

24
Solution

Component kg Moisture (%) Dry weight (kg)

-Paper 15 6 14,1
-Glass 10 2 9,8
-Food waste 45 70 13,5
-Yard waste 20 60 8,0

TOTAL 90 45,4

Moisture = {(w-d) / w } x 100%) = 49.5%

25
 Chemical Characteristics
1. Proximate analysis:
1. Moisture: loss of moisture after heated for 1 hr
2. Volatile solids (VS) or volatile combustible: additional loss of
weight on ignition at 950oC.
3. Fixed carbon: combustible residue left after VS is removed in
closed crucible
4. Ash: weight of residue after combustion in an open crucible.
2. Fusing point of ash, temperature, where ash solidifies,
producing clinkers (1100-1200oC)
3. Ultimate analysis (elemental compositions), results of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, halogens,
and ash contents
4. Energy content (Btu/lb, kJ/kg, kcal/kg) or heat / calorific
value, energy content / weight unit, measured by bomb-
calorimeter or based on element (C,H,O,N,S) and ash
composition
26
Empirical equation for heat value
determination according to
element composition:

Btu/lb = 145C +610 (H-1/8*O) +40S +10N

Where:
◦ C = % w/w carbon
◦ H = % w/w hydrogen 1 kJ/kg = 0.429923 Btu/lb
◦ O = % w/w oxygen 1 Btu/lb = 2.326 kJ/kg
◦ S = % w/w sulphur
◦ N = % w/w nitogen

27
 Exercise

Estimate the calorific value of a municipal
solid waste sample, with a chemical
formula of C60H120O59N10S5

1 BTU/lb = 2.326 kJ/kg

28
Typical Proximate analysis of SW

Variables Value range

◦ Moisture (% w/w) 15-35
◦ Volatile matter (% w/w) 50-60
◦ Fixed carbon (% w/w) 3-9
◦ Non combustibles (% w/w) 15-25
◦ Higher heat value (kJ/kg) 3000-6000

29
Typical Ultimate Analysis of SW

Variables Value range

◦ Moisture (% w/w) 15-35
◦ Carbon (% w/w) 50-60
◦ Hydrogen (% w/w) 3-9
◦ Oxygen (% w/w) 15-25
◦ Nitrogen (% w/w) 0,2-1,0
◦ Sulphur (% w/w) 0,02-0,1
◦ Total non combustibles (% w/w) 15-25

30
 Heat values of fuels in USA
Fuel Heat C H O N Ash
value wt % wt % wt % wt % wt %
(kJ/kg)

Natural gas 54.750 75,2 23,5 - 1,22 -

Heating oil 45.000 87,2 12,5 - 0,02 -
Coal, anthracite 29.500 79,4 3,7 3,0 0,9 11,2
Hard Wood 7180
Shredded SW 10.840
Refuse Derived 18.223 45,4 0,3 6,0
Fuel (RDF)
Paper 24.900 20,7 2,7 19,1 0,13 2,74
Unprocessed SW 10.300 25,6 2,65 21,2 0.64 20,8

31
 Heat values of some SW
components in USA
Heat value (kJ/kg)
Component As collected Moisture free
Cardboard 7.040 7.400
Food waste 1.800 6.000
Magazines 5.250 5.480
Newspaper 7.980 8.480
Mixed paper 6.800 7.570
Mixed plastics 14.100 14.390
HDPE 18.700 18.700
Polystyrene 16.400 16.400
Yard waste 2.600 6.500

32
Exercise 3

A solid waste sample contains 10% moisture.
The heat value is 10.000 kJ/kg. The ash
content is 20%. Calculate the moisture and
ash free heat values of the solid waste.
Solution:

The moisture free heat value is:

◦ 10.000 x 100%/(100%-10%) = 11.111 kJ/kg

The moisture and ash free heat value is:

◦ 10.000 x 100%/(100%-10%-20%)
◦ = 14.2857 kJ/kg

33
 Biological characteristics
Composition of biodegradable SW:
 Soluble organics: sugar, starches, amino acids,
various organic acids
 Hemicellulose: polymer of 5-6 carbon sugars
 Cellulose: polymer of 6 carbon sugars
 Fat and oil: esters of alcohols and long chain fatty
acids
 Lignin: polymer containing aromatic rings with
methoxyl groups (-OCH3). Present in woods, and
some paper products)
 Lignocelulose: a combination of lignin & celulose
 Protein: composed of chains of amino acids

34
 Biological characteristics (continued)

Biodegradable organic components :

Content can be estimated by determining volatile
matters, measured at 550oC

Biodegradability can be determined using the
following empirical equation:
BF = 0.83 – 0.028 LC
BF = biodegradable fraction as VS
LC = lignin content, in % dry weight

35
 Biological characteristics (continued)

Odour is generated when SW is deposited for a long time
in landfill or TDS, particularly when anaerobic condition
occurs. Odour comes from emissions of sulphide,
mercaptan, and other gas products from anaerobic
process.

Reaction examples:
- 2 CH3CHOHCOOH + SO4= 2 CH3COOH + S= + H2O + CO2
lactic acid sulphate acetic acid
4 H2 + SO4= S= + 4 H2O
S= + 2H+ H 2S
- CH3SCH2CH(NH2)COOH CH3SH +CH3CH2CH2(NH2)COOH
methionine methyl mercaptan aminobutyric acid
CH3SH +H2O CH3OH + H2S

36
 Biological characteristics (continued)

Disease vector proliferation
◦ Flies are one of the most important vectors for its fast
reproduction. It needs 2 weeks to form the insect form:
 Egg formation : 8-12 hours
 First larvae stage : 20 hours
 Second larvae stage : 24 hours
 Third larvae stage : 3 days
 Pupae phase : 4-5 days
 Total : 9-11 days

37
 SW Transformation

Physical Transformation: converting the
physical forms of SW (eg compaction, size
reduction)

Chemical Transformation: converting the
chemical characteristics of SW (eg pirolysis,
gasification

Biological Transformation: converting SW
characteristics using biological process (eg
composting, methanation)

38
 SW GENERATION

SW generation data are very important in

SWM, because, together with composition
and characteristic data, they are key
elements for determining :
◦ Selection of equipment
◦ Transportation vehicle and route plan
◦ Recycling facilities
◦ Area and type of disposal site

39
Factors affecting SW generation

a. Public habit & tradition

b. Reduction at source
c. Recycling
d. Legal aspect, eg packaging rule
e. Environmental factors, eg climate,
geography

40
SW generation measurement method

1. load-count analysis

2. weight-volume analysis

3. material-balance analysis

41
 Load
oad--count analysis

The number of individual loads and the

corresponding waste characteristics (types
of waste, estimated volume) are noted
over a specified time period. If scales are
available, weight data are also recorded

42
 Weight-
eight-volume analysis

Volume and weight of incoming SW from

each vehicle to the TDS/FDS is recorded
for determining the SW generation rate
and density in a particular period of time.

43
 Material
aterial--balance analysis

Provides more complete data and

information than the other two methods,
which are very useful for analyzing
residential, institutional, and industrial SW
generation in relation to SW treatment/
recycling planning.

44
 Material balance method
OUTFLOW
Gas, odor, fly ash

INFLOW Processing, OUTFLOW

Raw material Storage Products

Residual matter,
leachate
OUTFLOW 45
 Material balance method
Method:
First : determine the system boundary
Second : determine all activities in system boundary which generate SW
Third : identify products and residual matter from these activities
Fourth : using mathematical approach, calculate the products, residues, and
stored components.
Formula :
Accumulation rate of material within the system boundary =
rate of material inflow – rate of material outflow + waste generation
wihin the system boundary

dM/dt = Σ Min –Σ Mout + rw

where:
dM/dt= change of weight of material stored or accumulated (ton/day)
Σ Min = sum of all material flowing into study unit (ton/day)
Σ Mout = sum of all material flowing out of the study unit (ton/day)
rw = rate of waste generation (ton/day)
t = time (day)
46
 Exercise 4

Load Count Analysis:

Determine SW generation in a week from 1200

houses, which are served by the following collection
facilities:
- Compactor trucks 9 .
- Truck volume: 20 m3
- Dump trucks: 7
- - Dump truck volume: 8 m3
- - Pick-up trucks: 10
- - Pick up truck volume: 2 m3

47
 Solution::
Solution

SW volume from compactor trucks : 9 x 20 m3 = 180 m3

SW volume from dump trucks : 7 x 8 m3 = 56 m3
SW volume from pick up trucks: 10 x 2 m3 = 20 m3
Total SW volume total 256 m3/week
SW generation rate/week :
= 256 m3/1200 house
= 0.2133 m3/house

48
Exercise 5
Determine the amount of recyclable components from 1000
tons MSW generated per day, with the following
composition:
- 60% biodegradable organics - 5% textile
- 10% paper, - 5% metal
- 10% plastics, - 5% other waste
- 5% cans
50% of the biodegradable organics is used for compost
production, the rest s residual matter. 80% of paper &
plastic waste can be collected and recycled. All cans and
metal waste are collected. 50% of textile waste is recycled.
About 800 kg industrial SW is generated daily. 70% of this
waste can be recycled.
49
 Solution::
Solution
Recyclable
SW quantity components Residual waste
(tonnes/day) ( tonnes/day) (tonnes/day)
1000 Mixed MSW
600 Biodegradable organics 300 300
100 Paper 80 20
100 Plastics 80 20
50 Cans 50 -
50 Textile 25 25
50 Metal 50 -
50 Others 0 50
Sub Total 585 415
0,8 Industrial waste 0,56 0,24
1000,8 Total 585,56 415,24 50
Closure

Students are expected to have good
understanding on :
◦ SW sources, generation, composition,
and characteristics and their importance
in determining SWM strategies
◦ Methods for measuring SW generation,
composition, and characteristics
◦ Potential of SW for material recovery
◦ Solving related problems to SW sources,
generation, composition, and
characteristics

51