Chapter – 4
Work Sheet
Exercise-1
Using the truth-table definitions of the dot, the wedge, and the curl, determine which of the
following statements are true:
1. Rome is the capital of Italy v Rome is the capital of Spain.
2. ⁓(London is the capital of England . Stockholm is the capital of Norway).
3. ⁓London is the capital of England . ⁓ Stockholm is the capital of Norway.
4.⁓ (Rome is the capital of Spain v Paris is the capital of France).
5. ⁓Rome is the capital of Spain v ⁓Paris is the capital of France.
6. London is the capital of England v ⁓ London is the capital of England.
7. Stockholm is the capital of Norway .⁓Stockholm is the capital of Norway.
8. (Paris is the capital of France . Rome is the capital of Spain) v (Paris is the capital of
France .⁓ Rome is the capital of Spain).
9. (London is the capital of England v Stockholm is the capital of Norway) .(⁓ Rome is the
capital of Italy .⁓Stockholm is the capital of Norway).
10. Rome is the capital of Spain v⁓ (Paris is the capital of France . Rome is the capital of
Spain).
Exercise – 2
If A, B, and C are true statements and X, Y, and Z are false statements, which of the
following are true?
1. ⁓A v B
2. (A . X) v (B . Y)
3. ⁓{⁓[(B.⁓C) v (Y.⁓Z)] . [(⁓B v X) v (B v ⁓Y)]}
4. [A v (B v C)].⁓[(A v B) v C]
5. ⁓[(A v ⁓C) v (C v ⁓A)]
Exercise – 3
Using the letters E, I, J, L, and S to abbreviate the simple statements, “Egypt’s food
shortage worsens,” “Iran raises the price of oil,” “Jordan requests more U.S. aid,” “Libya
raises the price of oil,” and “Saudi Arabia buys five hundred more warplanes,” symbolize
these statements.
1. Iran raises the price of oil but Libya does not raise the price of oil.
2. Either Iran or Libya raises the price of oil.
3. Iran and Libya both raise the price of oil.
4. Iran and Libya do not both raise the price of oil.
5. Iran and Libya both do not raise the price of oil.
6. Iran or Libya raises the price of oil but they do not both do so.
7. Saudi Arabia buys five hundred more warplanes and either Iran raises the price of oil or
Jordan requests more U.S. aid.
8. Either Saudi Arabia buys five hundred more warplanes and Iran raises the price of oil or
Jordan requests more U.S. aid.
9. It is not the case that Egypt’s food shortage worsens, and Jordan requests more U.S. aid.
10. It is not the case that either Egypt’s food shortage worsens or Jordan requests more U.S.
aid.
Exercise – 4
Use truth tables to determine the validity or invalidity of each of the following arguments;
1. If Angola achieves stability, then both Botswana and Chad will adopt more liberal
policies. But Botswana will not adopt a more liberal policy. Therefore Angola will not
achieve stability.
2. If Denmark refuses to join the European Community, then, if Estonia remains in the
Russian sphere of influence, then Finland will reject a freetrade policy. Estonia will remain in
the Russian sphere of influence. So if Denmark refuses to join the European Community,
then Finland will reject a free-trade policy.
3. If Greece strengthens its democratic institutions, then Hungary will pursue a more
independent policy. If Greece strengthens its democratic institutions, then the Italian
government will feel less threatened. Hence, if Hungary pursues a more independent policy,
the Italian government will feel less threatened.
4. If Japan continues to increase the export of automobiles, then either Korea or Laos will
suffer economic decline. Korea will not suffer economic decline. It follows that if Japan
continues to increase the export of automobiles, then Laos will suffer economic decline.
