17 CIRCLE
Points to R e m e n m b e r
1. Circle: A cirele is locus of a pont which is equidistant from CIRCUMFER
a fixed point. The fixed point is called the centre
ofthe circle
and the distance is called the radius of the circle. The Radus
perinmeter of the circle is called the circumference of the circle.
2. Chord: A line segment, joiing any two points on the
circumference of the circle, is called a chord. Diameter
Ifa chord passes through the centre, it is called the diameter
of the circle and diameter is the largest chord. Iiora
Diameter is twice the radius.
3. Arc: A part of the circumference is called an arc.
A chord divides circumference into two parts. The
bigger part is called a major arc and smaller part is called
aminor arc.
Segment: A segment is the part ofa circle bounded by an arc and a chord. Like an arc, a chord divides the
circle into two parts: major segment and minor segment.
5. Cyclic Quadrilateral: A quadrilateral whose all the vertices lie on the circle, is called a cyclic quadrilateral.
The opposite angles of a cyelic quadrilateral are supplementary
Angles in a segment: Angle in a major segment is an acute angle and angle in the minor segment is obtuse
angle. Angle in a semicircle is a right angle.
THEOREM 5
Astraight line drawn from the centreofa circle to
biseet a chord which is not a diameter, is at right angles
tothe chord.
Given-A circle with centre O and OC bisects the
chord AB.
To Prove-OC LAB. ***
Construetion-Join OA and OB. *
Proof **.
In 1OAC and A
OBC;
0) OA OB (Radii of the same circle)
i) OC-OC (Common)
n)AC BC (OC bisects) AB (given)
A OAC (S.S.S Postulate)
AOBC
=
(CPC.T)
20CA 20CB ..(2)
(ACB is a straight line.)
But, 2OCA+2OCB= 180"
3) (From (2) and (3),)
4OCA LOCB= 90°
OC LAB. Q.E.D.
Arun Deep's Concise Mathematics-X
397
THEOREM 6
(Coversc of Theorem 5)
of the circle, bisects the chord.
The perpendicular to
chord, from the centre
a
chord AB.
is perpendicular to tlhe
Given-A circle with centre O and OP
To ProveAP =
BP
Construction- Join OA and OB.
Proof
In OAP and A OBP:
OA = OB (R:adii of tlhe same circle.)
OP = OP (Common)
B
OPA = O P B = 90 (OP L AB (given)
OAP =A OBP (R.H.S Postulate)
AP = BP (C.P.C.T.)
Q.E.D.
THEOREM 7
There is one circle, and only one, which passes through three given points not in a straight line,
linc.
Given-Three points A, B and C. which are not in a straiglht
one circlc can be drawn through
To prove-One and only
A. B and C.
Construction- Join AB and BC. Draw perpendicular
bisectors of AB and BC. Let ihese perpendicular bisectors
meet al point O.
O
Proof-
Since. O lies perpendicular biscctor of AB
on
Each point of the L bisector is cquidistant from the
extremitics of the line)
OA OB
D
S1nce. O lies on L bisector of B3C
. OB = OC 2)
From (1) and (2)
OA OB =OC
0 is cquidistant from A, B and C.
= Ifa circle is drawn with O as centre and OA as radius, the circle will pass througlh B and C als0
Sincc. perpendicular bisectors ofAB and BC cul cacl1 other at point O only.
-0 is tie only point cquidislant from A, B and C.
Thercforc, one and only one circle can be drawn througlh points A, B andC not in a straight line.
QED
THEOREM
Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre.
Given- circle with centre O in which chord AB = chord CD. hen *
To Prove-Chords AB and CD arc cquidistant from the centre i.c. i f OP L AB and 0Q L
prove tlhat OP =0 Q .
Construction-Join OB and OD.
Deep's Concise Mathema
398 Arun
Proof-BP = 5 AB
(Perpendicular from the centre bisccts the chord.)
DQ CDD 2)
But; AB
=
CD (3)
(Given)
BP= DQ ..(4)
(From (1), (2) and
In A OPB and A OQD (3).}
)BP DQ (From (4)}
OB =
OD
(i) (Radii of the same circle)
(ii) 2OPB 20QD 90
=
(OP L AB and
OQ L CD)
A OPBEAOQD
(R.H.S. Postulate)
OP= 0Q (C.P.C.T.)
Q.E.D.
THEOREM9
(Converse of
Tlicorcm
Chords of a circle, cquidistant from 8)
the centre of the
circle, are
equal.
Given-A circle with centre O in which chords AB and CD
are
cquidistant
from the centre.
i.e. L AB and OQL CD, tlieu OP
if OP =
OQ.
To Prove-Chord AB chord CD. =
Construction-Join OB and OD.
Proof
In A OPB and A
OQD,
OP-0Q (Given)
OB = OD
(Radii of the same circle)
2OPB 20QD =
90° (OP L AB and 0Q 1 CD)
A OPB =A 0QD
PB = QD (R.H.S. Postulate)
(C.P.C.T.)
-AB-CD
AB CD
(L from centre bisects thhe chord.)
QE.D.
he
angle which, of a circle subtends
an arc
THEOREM 10 at
ne
centre is double that which it
subtends at
n point on the remaining part of the
Circumference.
en-A circle with centrc O. Arc APB subiends
ngic AOB at the centre and angle ACB at
On the
remaining circumference. poin
1o
Prove-LAOB =
2LACB.
399 Arun Deep's Concise Mathematics-X
il to a point D.
Construction-Join CO and produce
Proof
lu AAOC.
OA OC (Radii of the saime circle.)
OAC=-OCA (Angles oppositc to cqual sdes ofa Aare cqual)
AOD = O A C + 2OCA (Exterior angle of a A Sum of ilsinternor
oppositeangles
(From (2): 20AC = 20CA)
L0CA + 20CA
24 A 3)
Siularly, in ABOC.
Est ZBOD = 220CB
..4)
AOB = 2AOD+ B O D
220CA + 220CB {From (3) and (4)}
2(20CA + 20CB)
22ACB Q.E.D
THEOREM 11
Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
Given-A circle wilh centre O. Anglc ACB and angle ADB
are in the same scegment.
To Prove-LACB = LADB.
Construction-Join OA and OB.
Proof-Arc APB subiends angle AOB at the centre and
ACB point C of the remaining circumference.
angle at
LAOB = 22ACB (Angle at the)
(centre is twice the angle at remaining circumference)
"
Similarly. LAOB = 2LADB..(2)
LACB = 2ADB
From (1) and (2)}
Q.E.D
THEOREM 12
The angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.
Given-A circle with centre O. AB is a diaincicr and ACB
is the angle of semi-circle.
To P r o v e - Z A C B = 90°
Proof
Arc APB subtcnds ZAOB al cenire and 2ACB at pt. C of
rcmaning circumicrencc.
LAOB = 22ACB (1) (Angle at the centre is)
(tvice the angle at remaining circumference.)
LAOB = 180°
(2) (AOB is a strainght linc.)
22ACB = 180° (From (1) and (2)}
L A C B = 90°
QE.D.
THEOREM 13 ement
The opposite angles of u cyelie quadrilateral (quadrilateral inscribed in a cirele) are suppic
Given-A (quadrilatieral ABCD inscribed in a circle with centre O.
To ProveLABC + ZADC = I80" and ZBAD + ZBCD = 180°
Construction-Join OA and OC.
n a t i c s -
Arun Deep's Concise Matheni
Proor
ABC subtcnds anglc AOC at ihe centre and angle ADC
t Doil D of the remaining circumfrerence. D
AOC 22ADC (Angle at lhe centre is twice he angle
at remaining circuimfercncc.)
ZADCLAOC
Similarly, ZABC = rcllex ZAOC ...(2)
LABC+ ADC (reflex ZAOC + LAOC)
From (1) and (2)
360° = 180" (Rcflex 2AOC + ZAOC = 360°)
Similarly, ZBAD + ZBCD = 180
Q.E.D
THEOREM 14
The exterior angle of a cyclie quadrilateralis
eual to the interior opposite nngle.
Given-A cyclic quadrilateral ABCD wlhose side AB is
produccd to a point E.
To Prove-Ext. 2CBE =
ZADC
Proof
LABC 2CBE
+ =
180 (1) (Lincar pair.)
LABC LADC
+ =
180 (2) (Opp. angles of a cyclic quadrilateral)
LABC+ LCBE ZABC 2DC
=
+ (Fronn (1) and (2)}
2CBE= ZADC.
Q.E.D
THEOREM 15
ncqual circles (or, in the saume circlc), it wo res subtcd cqual angles at the centre, they are
ejual.
Given-Two cqual circles C,
ild
C, with their centres ns O
and P respcctively.
ATC AMB subicnds angle AOB
e centre O and arc CND
Sulbtends
P
angle CPD at the centre
sucl tlat ZAOB
2CPD.
To
Prove-Arc AMB Arc CNID.
M N
401| Arun Deep's Concise
Mathematics-N
P'roof-
Place cincle C, on circle C, such ihat
centne O alls on centre P and radus OA
Llls on raduus PC.
Point A fall on point C (Given OA =
CP =
radii of cqual
(Given; 2 AOB = 2 CPD.)
circles)
1ud OB falls on PD
An. pont B alls on point D (OB PD= radii of cqual circles.)
Ai AIB conmpletcly coincides with are CND (A falls on C, B falls on D and the circles are e l
i AMB =Arc CND. Q.E.D.
THEOREM 16
(Couverse of Theorenm 15)
In cqual circles (or in the sume circle), if two arcs are equal, they subtend equal angles at th
centre.
Given-wo cqual circle C,
and C. with thcir centres O and
P respectively.
Also. arc AMB = arc CND.
To ProveL AOB 2 =
CPD
Proof
Placc circle C, on circle A B
C. so that A falls on C. V
AO falls on CP and arc
AMB falls on arc CND. (0)
(Given, OA = PC = radii of cqual circie
Centre O falls on centre P
(Given arc AMB = arc CND.)
and B falls on D. ...(ii)
OB falls on PD (iii) From (i)}}
Sector AOBM completely (A falls on C, B falls on D)
coincides with sector (and O falls on P.)
CPDN.
2AOB = 2 CPD Q.E.D.
THEOREM 17 arts*
In circles (or in the same circle), if two chords are equal, they cut off cqual
equal
Given-Two cqual circles C, and C, with centres O and P respcctively.
Also. clhord AB = clhord CD.
To P r o v e - A r c AMB
=
Arc CND C
Construction- Draw line segnicils OA, OB, PC and PD.
Proof- In A OAB and A PCD,
OA PC (Radii of equal circles)
" " "
OB - PD
AB CD (Given)
A OAB =APCD (SSS Postulate)
N
Atbemati
Arun Deep's Concise
402
L AOB = 2 CPD (C.P.C.T.))
Arc AMB =
Arc CND (If arcs of equal circles subtend equal angles at centres,
the arcs are cqual.) QE.D.
THEOREM 18
In equal circles (or, in the same circle), if two arcs are equal the chord of the arcs are also equal.
Given-Two cqual circles C, and C, with centres C
O and P respectively.
Also, arc AMB = arc CND.
To Prove- Chord AD= Chord CD.
Construction- Draw the linc segments OA, OB,
PC and PD.
P r o o f Since, arc AMD = arc CND
N
L AOB 2 CPD i) (Equal arcs of cqual circles)
(subiend equal angles at the centre)
In A AOB and A CPD,
(i)2 AOB = 2 CPD {From (i).}
(11) OA = PC
(Radii of equal ircles).
(ii) OB = PD "
4 AOB =A CPD (S.A.S Postulate.)
>Chord AB = Chord CD. Q.E.D.
(C.P.C.T)
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
