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247 views10 pagesVector Notes For Jee
notes made by me on vectors for jee
Uploaded by
yashCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 10
-3 General Points Regarding Vectors
Vector Notation
Usually a vectors represented by a bold capital letter with an arrow over it, as A,B,C, ete.
The magnitude of a vector A is represented by A or |Al
Graphical Representation of a
Graphic:
tor
ly a vector is represented by an arrow drawn toa chosen
P represent th mon of the vector, The length and the direction of the arrow thus
sent the magnitude and the direction of the vector respectively.
a
Thus, the arrow 5 7 :
Thus, the arrow in Fig. 2.2 represents a yeetr A in-plane making an angle 8
nis.
Fig. 2.2
Angle between Two Vectors (0)
To find angle between two vectors both the veetors are drawn from a point in such a man
arrows of both the vectors are outwards from that point, Now, the smaller angle is called the
angle between two vecto1
For example in Fig, 2.3 angle between A and Bis 60° not 120°. Because in figure (a) they are wrongly)
drawn while in figure (b) they are drawn as we desire.
ner that
wo
ns
5 z
420°
Fig. 2.3
Unit and Zero Vector
‘A vector of unit magnitude is ca
as ‘A hat or A caret’,
Thus,
‘A unit vector merely indicates a dire
led a zero or a null vector. Its direction is arbitrary.
led a unit vector and the notation forit in the direction of A is A read
ReAA ‘
ction. Unit vector along x, yand z-directions are ij and
A vector of zero magnitude is val
Negative of a Vector
Means a vector of same magnitude but opposite in direction, Pat
Multiplication and Division of Vectors by Scalars
‘a vector A anda scalar m is a vector mA whose
5 the magnitude of A and which is in the
a according as the scalar m is positive or negative. Thus,
[mal =md
The product of
magnitude is ™ times
direction of opposite to
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ifm and 1 ato two scalars, then ny
8 ec
Further,
(memd=mK nd and mnaye sical
_ nll
The division of vector X by a non-zero scalar m le define!
pit
Equality of Vectors
All vectors with the same magnitude and direction are equtt de el
their different locations in space. Thus, if a vector ls dieplaced PM
to itself, it does not change :
Z ae
In Fig. 24, AL Band © are all equal, sine they have the
Pugmitude and direction even though they are differently Wea"
space,
2.4 Addition ang Subtraction of Two Vectors
= i and B
(The parallelogram law Let B be the resultant of two vectors A und
ccording to parallelogram law of vector addition, the resultant Ris the
diagonal of the parallelogram of which A and Bare the adjacent sides #
shown in figure. Magnitude of R is given by
ai)
R=VA?+B?+2AB cos8
Here, @ = angle between A and B. The direction of R can be found by angled. or of R with A or
Bsin@
ge ‘a= TB cos
mai tan B= Asin®@ 4
B+Acos@ é
Specie! eres 9=0°, R=maximum=4+B
6 =180°,
and if 6=90",
In all other cases magnitude and direction of Re can be calculated by using Eqs. (i) and (ji).
aw ifthe tail of one vector be Placed at the head of the other
the head end of the other,
imtespective of the order in.W
) The triangle law Agcording to this |
sum or resultant R is drawn from the tail end of the first to
Asis evident from the figure that the resultant Ri is the sam
vector A d Bare taken, Thus, R=AR4R- By 3
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R
BL
a
Fig. 2.6
Subtraction
Negative ofa vector say~A isa vector ofthe same magnitudeas —_, :
> ae : ~ x i
vector A but pointing in a direction opposite to that of A. Joa a
Thus,
Bean be written asA+(-B) or A—Bisreally the Fig. 27
vector addition of A and -B.
% athe 3
Suppose angle between two vectors A and Bis 8. Then angle between A and ~B will be 180 -@ as
shown in Fig. 2.8).
B
>
8 2
A 8
@
Fig. 2.8
Magnitude of § = A ~ B will be thus given by
S=|A-Bl= A? +B? +248 cos (80-8)
ioe S =A? +B? -24B cos 8
For direction of § we will either calculate angle a. orB, where, ;
qx_2sin (80-8) ___Bsind : ae
‘A+B cos (180-0) A-Beos0
p pa 4sin (80=0) __Asind :
B+ Acos (180-0) B-Acos0 2
Note A-B or B - Acan also be found by making triangles as shown-in Fig. 2.9 (a) and (b).
a BoB-R
RP cn m *
@ & : - (0). ;. s ;
Fig. 2.9
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jiayi 0
‘ the iti
ZeBan A vom
Examplo 26. find A+ Bo
and Bem Sunt
oT)
0 = 60° x
Fig. 2.10
Solution Addition RJA? +B? +2AB cos 0 Finite
= J16+ 942% 4x 300s 60° = V37 uni
Bsin®
A+B ecos0
= —25in oa
4+ 30s 60°
@= tan! (0.472) =25,3°
» Fesultant of A and Bis 37
rection shown in figure,
Subtraction Safa? +B? ~24B cos
= V16+9-2x4x 3005
V3 units
Bsin@
and fan a= a Boais. Beos6
3sin 60°
© 4=3eos 60°
5 a= tan~ (1,04) = 46,10"
Thus, A ~ Bis V7 units at 46.1° from 2 in the direction shown in
‘olygon Law of Vector Addition for more than Two Vectors
This law states that if a vector polygon be drawn, placing the tai] end o}
tan 0 =
Thus,
units at angle 25,3° from A in
the di
=1.04
figure.
f each
succeeding vector at the head or the arrow end of the precedin,
one theirresultantR © e
is drawn from the tail end of the first to the head or the arrow end of the last,
4 ST sy ; 4
Thus, in the figure R =A +B+@ i 6
2 iy ry
A j : Fay a
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1.9 Components of a Vector
Twoceimore vectors which, when compounded in necontance with the paatielogranntaw of vector
pt wo be components of vector f. The moat important components with which we are concerned
SRT nD Pervendicular ox rectangulet o0en along the tires go-ordinele auc on oy and ot
respectively, Thos, a vector Hoan be written as ite Verieri
Mere, R,.8, wt Ry are the components of Rin x,y and» axes respectively and i, and i are unit
Sestys along theve directions, The magnitude of iis given by
htt
ReyRe eR aR?
TR vootor R makes an angle of soos? ( \ With xaxis
R
Pecos! (& i with y-axis
ant yscos" (% | “with z-axis
Refer figure (a)
| We bave resolved a two dimensional vector (in ayplane) R in mutually perpendicular directions x
Poaad y.
Component along x-axi
Rana.
Ry = Ros or R sin and component along y-axis = R, = Reos or
Ry
(vy
Fig. 2.14
Ifiand j be the unit vectors along x and y axes respectively, we can write
2
=Ri +R yi
,.. figure (b)
Vector R has been resolved in two axes x and y not perpendicular to each other, Applying sine
the triangle shown , we have .
LES dL
sin [180~-(+B)| sinB sing.
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of +" sin (a +B)
Reino
and yn (a8)
1ra+B=90", R, =Rsin Band R, =Rsinct
poral!
came ich ar
Example 2.7 Resolve a weight of 10N in two directions which
‘perpendicular 10 a slope inclined at 30° fo the horizontal
Solution Coiponent perpendicular to the plane
W, =W eos 30° =o) Ba sn yy) s
and Component parallel to the plane é wz2ioN
my, =Wsn °=(10)(2)=5N Fig. 2:15 |
8N which makes a” angle
Example 2.8 Resolve horizontally and vertically a force F =
45° with the horizontal. ;
Solution Horizontal component of F is
Fy areata
and vertical component of Fis
1
Fy =F sin 4=@()-WON
fe Ya}:
Fig. 2.16
Two vectors in the form of i, jand k can be added, subtracted on
multiplied by a scalar directly as done in the following example.
Example 2.9 Obtain the magnitude of 24-38 if
aig
oa Ba -j+k.
Solution 2A-3B=21+}-2k)-3(a-j+k)
=-4i+5j-7k
Magnitude of 2A-3B =y(-4)° + (5)? + (-2?
= 16425 +49 = (90 J a
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jjons a"
Chapter 2 Units: Dimens!
2.6 Prog,
the wot Of Two Vectors
b Product of ty
(a scalar or g
(i) a vector or
‘0 vectors is of two kinds,
lot product,
@ cross product.
F Scalar or Dot Product i, of
3 AB andis rea
f ~The scalar or dot product of two vectors & and Bis denoted by A + B and is Fe
as A dot B
1d the
Itis defined as the product of the magnitudes of the two vectors: Rand Ban 4
Cosine of their included angle 0
Thus, A+B= AB cos0 (a scalar quantity) 2 Fig. 2.17
Important Points Regarding Dot Product
The. Sollowi ings ‘points should be remembered regarding the dot. ‘product.
@ A-B=B-A
(i) A-(@B+@)=A-B+A-C
(iii) A-A=A?
© Gv) B= 4@ cos 8)= (Component of B along A
or A + B= B(Acos 6) =B (Component of A along B)
ii (QQ) cos 0° =1
= (DQ) cos 90° =
(vii) (ith joi) ened Saya, +b,b, +E,c,
AB
" (viii) cos ® = AB (cosine of angle between Aand B) ast al
(ix). Two vectors are perpendicular if ‘their dot product is zero. (@=90°) ~
—Fxample 2.10 Work done by a force F on a body is:W-=Fe8, where @ is the
displacement of body. Given that under a force B= (ai+3}+ 4k) N a body is displaced from.
position vector, = (21 + 3}+ Ie) mio the position vector®, = (1+ j+ Kk) m. Find the work done
by this force. =
Solution The body is displaced from F, to tr. Therefore, displacement of the body is Be
)=
Sar -1, =G+]+k)- Ql+3]+h)=(1-2))m
=F :
i+ 4k) (-1- 2)
ne (3)(-2) =- 83 Fs
= (i+
2
+k
Now, work done by the forceis W=
+3
Mo
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cample 2.11 ” N90 vector tye am wt Gee
ors A=2+j-k and B
Al = VQ)" +0? ry
B= (Ble Vay + Oy 25
E:
v6
Solution A
AERO SIE) Bye oh cess 5
AB
ow, cos = AtB
fet AB Pe
Example 2.12 Prove that the veetos® <9 _-« tte are mutually
ors R= HH K aiej+k are
perpendicular. ors A= 2h -3}4K and Baiti+
Solution =i-3}4 eds jak
= (2)(1) + (-3)(1) + (1)Q) = 0= AB cos ©
s cos@=0 (as A#0,B #0)
= = 90°
or the vectors A and B are mutually perpendicular.
Vector or Cross Product
The cross product of two vectors A and Bis denoted by A x Band read as A cross B. a
It is defined as a third vector @ whose magnitude is equal to the product of the
magnitudes of the two vectors A and B and the sine of their included angle 8. A
Fig. 2.18
ee
Thus,if C=AxB, then C=ABsin0.
- nh
The vector C'is normal to the plane of A and Band points in the direction
in which a right handed screw would advance when rotated about an axis
perpendicular to the plane of the two vectors in the direction from A to B
through the smaller angle 6 between them or, alternatively, we might state
s. G,
the rule as :
Ifthe fingers of the right hand be curled in the direction in which vector A
must be turned through the smaller included angle 6 to coincide with the
m4 . « . " nt A
direction of vector B, the thumb points in the direction of C as shown in
Fig. 2.19.
Jither of these rules is referred to as the right handed screw rule. Thus, if ™ > Sy
f Plane of A and B
Es
be the unit vector in the direction of C, we have Fig. 2.19
GoAxB= 48 sin i
0