REI N FORCED CONCRET E DE SIGN
MODULE 3.1
MODULE 1.2:
FLEXURE ON BEAMS
BY: ROLLS GRANT VASQUEZ
CIVIL/STRUCTURAL ENGINEER
1.2A : FLEXURE ON BEAMS CONCEPT
BY: ROLLS GRANT VASQUEZ
CIVIL/STRUCTURAL ENGINEER
FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF BEAMS
CONCEPT OF BENDING AND STAGES OFLOADING
A. UNCRACKED STAGE
At small loads when the tensile stresses are less than the modulus of rupture (the bending tensile stress
at which the concrete begins to crack), the entire cross section of the beam resists bending, with
compression on one side and tension on the other.
B. CRACKED STAGE (WORKING STRESS DESIGN)
As the load is increased after the modulus of rupture of the concrete is exceeded, cracks begin to
develop in the bottom of the beam. The moment at which these cracks begin to form—that is, when the
tensile stress in the bottom of the beam equals the modulus of rupture—is referred to as the cracking
moment, Mcr. Service Loads/Actual Loads are used.
C. COLLAPSED STAGE (ULTIMATE STRESS DESIGN)
As the load is increased further so that the compressive stresses are greater than 0.50fc’, the tensile
cracks move farther upward, as does the neutral axis, and the concrete compression stresses begin to
change appreciably from a straight line. For this initial discussion, it is assumed that the reinforcing bars
have yielded.
RGBV
BEAM SECTION DETAIL and BAR LAYOUT
GENERAL NOTES
b eccf – extreme concrete compression fiber
Concrete cover (cc) – NSCP 2015 420.6.1.3
under normal condition if not exposed,
eccf • Column/beam, cc ≧ 40 mm
• Slabs/wall, cc ≧ 20 mm
• footings, cc ≧ 75mm
d, effective depth
ds – diameter of stirrups db – diameter of rebars
ds = dia. ofstirrups
Concrete spacing (cs) – NSCP 2015425.2.1
*Use largest of
As the following
d b /2
cc Effective depth, d –distance from eccf to center of rebar
cc cs db= dia. of main bars d =h –cc –ds - db/2
(concrete cover)
RGBV
BEAM SECTION DETAIL and BAR LAYOUT
CLEAR SPACING
b
(N – number of rebars)
eccf
If cs <csmin: • Bundle
d, effective depth
• Double Layer
• Change Bar Diameter
• Change Beam Width
ds = dia. ofstirrups
As
d b /2
cc
db= dia. of main bars
cc cs
RGBV
BEAM SECTION DETAIL and BAR LAYOUT
b
DOUBLE LAYER:
𝑏−2𝑐𝑐−2𝑑𝑠−𝑑𝑏(𝑁−1)
GENERAL : 𝑐𝑠 =
𝑁−1
𝑏−2𝑐𝑐−2𝑑𝑠−𝑁𝑑𝑏
d2 2nd Layer: : 𝑐𝑠 =
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
d
𝐴1𝑁1𝑑1+𝐴2𝑁2𝑑2
d1 Use Varignon’s Theorem for d: d=
𝐴1𝑁1+𝐴2𝑁2
Sample Computation for d1 and d2
vcs ≧ 25mm
d1=h-cc-ds-db/2
d2=d1-db-vcs
cc cs db
(concrete cover)
RGBV
BEAM SECTION DETAIL and BAR LAYOUT
BUNDLED BARS
RGBV
BEAM SECTION DETAIL and BAR LAYOUT
MINIMUM DEPTH, NSCP 2015409.3.1.1
One End Both End One End
Simply Supported Continuous Continuous Continuous
One End
Continuous Cantilever Cantilever
• Simply Supported l n /1 6 l n is clear span
• One End Continuous l n/18. 5
• Both End Continuous l n/ 2 1
Note that for beams reinforced with fy <420 MPa, multiply values by (0.4 +
• Cantilever l n /8 (fy/700))
RGBV
MODULE 3.2
SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
MODULE 1.3: SINGLY REINFORCED
DESIGN
RECTANGULAR BEAMS
(USD METHOD BASED ON NSCP2015)
BY: ROLLS GRANT VASQUEZ
CIVIL/STRUCTURAL ENGINEER
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
DESIGN CRITERIA: Re q ui re d St re ng t h ≤ De si g n St reng t h
u≤∅Sn
Calculated internal forces at Nominal Strength (100%
critical section due to ultimate capacity produced by
(NSCP 2015 Section 405) concrete and steel)
Reduction Factor
SECTION 409 : BEAMS
409.5 Design Strength a) FLEXURE, Mu ≤ ∅ M n
Nominal Moment Strength
Reduction Factor
Maximum Ultimate Required Moment
b) SHEAR, Vu ≤ ∅ V n
c) TORSION, Tu ≤ ∅ T n
d) AXIAL, Pu ≤ ∅ P n
RGBV
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN
SECTION 405 : LOADS
LOAD DESIGNATION EQUATION PRIMARY LOAD
U =1.4D 405.31a D
U =1.2D +1.6L +0.5 (L or R) 405.31b L
U =1.2D +1.6 (L or R) +(1.0L or 0.5W) 405.31c Lr or R
U =1.2D +1.0W +1.0L +0.5 (Lr or R) 405.31d W
U =1.2D +1.0E+1.0L 405.31e E
U =0.9D +1.0W 405.31f W
U =0.9D+1.0E 405.31g E
Table 405.3.1 Load Combinations
RGBV
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : F LEX URE IN BEA MS
SECTION 422 : SECTIONAL STRENGTH
422.2 DESIGN ASSUMPTION FOR MOMENT AND AXIALSTRENGTH
Where:
fc’ - Concrete Compressive Strength εc– Strain of concrete
fs - Steel Tensile Stress c- depth of the neutral axis from eccf
d - Effective depth a- depth of uniform stress block from eccf
eccf - Extreme concrete compression fiber (d-a/2) - distance between C and T (lever arm/moment arm)
RGBV
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : F LEX URE IN BEA MS
SECTION 422 : SECTIONAL STRENGTH
422.2 DESIGN ASSUMPTION FOR MOMENT AND AXIALSTRENGTH
equivalent
rectangular stress
block Ac eccf 0.85fc'
fc'
a/2 a/2
a c C a C
d
Neutral Axis
d – a/2
a
T T
SRRB Stress Equivalent Rectangular
fs Section Distribution Stress Block
Where:
fc’ - Concrete Compressive Strength Ac – area of concrete under uniform compressive stress of 0.85 fc’
fs - Steel Tensile Stress c- depth of the neutral axis from eccf
d - effective depth a- depth of uniform stress block from eccf
eccf - extreme concrete compression fiber (d-a/2) - distance between C and T (lever arm)
RGBV
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : F LEX URE IN BEA MS
SECTION 422 : SECTIONAL STRENGTH
For reference: TRIANGULAR SECTION
eccf
Ac 0.85fc'
fc'
2 2
a C a
a 3 c a 3
C
d
Neutral Axis
2
d− a
3
T T
RGBV
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : F LEX URE IN BEA MS
SECTION 422 : SECTIONAL STRENGTH
equivalent
rectangular stress
block Ac eccf 0.85fc'
f c'
a/2 a/2
a C a C
c
d
Neutral Axis
d – a/2
a
T T
SRRB Stress Equivalent Rectangular
fs Section Distribution Stress Block
422.2.2.4.1 𝜷𝟏
0.85
a= 𝜷𝟏 𝒄 *take note of the
typographical error on NSCP
2015
Table 422.2.2.4.3
RGBV
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : F LEX URE IN BEA MS
SECTION 422 : SECTIONAL STRENGTH
DERIVATION
By Equilibrium :
ΣF x= 0; ΣM = 0 C = 0.85 𝒇’c ab - Axial Compressive Force
T=As 𝒇s - Axial Tensile Force (Non-yielding)
T=As 𝒇y - Axial Tensile Force (Yielding)
𝒂
Mn =0.85 𝒇’c ab(d- )
𝟐
- Design Moment
𝒂
Mn =As 𝒇s (d- )
𝟐
RGBV
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : F LEX URE IN BEA MS
SECTION 422 : SECTIONAL STRENGTH
STEEL TENSILE STRESS
CASE I. NON-YIELDING CONDITION
εc=0.003
*Concrete crushes at strain =0.003
𝒇𝒔 < 𝒇𝒚 ; 𝒇𝒔 =Es ε𝒚 c
By strain Compatibility :
N.A. STRAIN
d DIAGRAM
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟑(𝒅−𝒄)
ε s= 𝒄
T
𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒅−𝒄 εs
𝒇𝒔 =
𝒄
*Theoretical tensile stress when concrete crushes
CASE II.YIELDINGCONDITION
*Use fs =fy
𝒇𝒔 ≥ 𝒇𝒚 ; T=As 𝒇𝒚 *fs is independent to strain
RGBV
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN: F LEX URE IN BEA MS
CONDITIONS OF FAILURE
This depends on strain conditions of concrete andsteel.
1.COMPRESSION CONTROLLED FAILURE
Concrete crushes before steel yields. Abrupt Collapse of member
εs <εy For rectangular For spiral
𝒇𝒚 stirrups, use stirrups, use
εy = ∅=0.65 ∅=0.75
*εy – yield strain 𝑬𝒔
*Use εty =0.002 for G420steel
2. TENSION CONTROLLED FAILURE
Steel is way beyond yielding before concrete
εs ≥ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 ∅=0.90
crushes. Gradual Collapse due to yielding phase.
RGBV
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : F LEX URE IN BEA MS
CONDITIONS OF FAILURE
3. TRANSITION FAILURE
Steel just yielded
εy <εs <0.005
*Use εy =0.002 for G420steel
409.3.3 Reinforcement Strain
εy or εs ≥ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒 Note. Always maintain a tension controlled design
RGBV
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN: F LEX URE IN BEA MS
REDUCTION FACTOR CALCULATION
Use ∅ ranging from 0.65 to 0.90,
through interpolation. (Table 421.2.2)
𝟎.𝟗−𝟎.𝟔𝟓
𝒇𝒚
∅other=0.65+ 𝒇𝒚 (𝜺𝒕- 𝑬𝒔)
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓−
𝑬𝒔
RGBV Note. Always maintain a tension controlled design
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN: F LEX URE IN BEA MS
MODES OF DESIGN
1.Under-Reinforced Design – Tension steel reinforcement
strength reached while the concrete strength has not yet
reached
2.Balanced Design – tension steel reinforcement and concrete
strength simultaneously
3.Over-Reinforced Design – concrete strength reached while the
tension steel reinforcement strength has not yet reached
Note: The code requires the design to be under-reinforced
RGBV
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN: F LEX URE IN BEA MS
Maximum Reinforcement (Asmax)
When concrete crushes at εc = 0.003, depending on the amount of
steel (As ) present as tension reinforcement, following conditions are
possible for steel strain (εs )
1. εs = εy Balanced Failure Condition, Brittle Failure
2. εs < εy Over reinforced condition, Brittle failure
3. εs > εy Under Reinforced Condition, Ductile Failure
• For relative high amount of tension reinforcement, failure may
occur under conditions 1 & 2, causing brittle failure. It is for this
reason that NSCP restricts maximum amount of reinforcement in
member subjected to flexural load only.
RGBV
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN: FLEXURE IN BEAMS
TENSION CONTROLLED CONDITION
BALANCED
b εc= 0.003
c5
cb
d
d
TENSION
CONTROLLED
εs= fy/Es
0.005
T
*c5 is the distance from from
eccf to Neutral Axis at Tension
Controlled
Steel Ratio at Tension
Controlled
RGBV
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN: FLEXURE IN BEAMS
BALANCED STRAIN CONDITION
BALANCED
b εc= 0.003
c5
cb
d
d
TENSION
CONTROLLED
εs= fy/Es
0.005
T
*c b is the distance from
from eccf to Neutral Axis
at Balanced Strain
Condition
Steel Ratio at Balanced Strain
Condition
RGBV
ULTIMATE STRESS DESIGN: F LEX URE IN BEA MS
Example: b =250 mm
Determine the following for the given beam section.
Use fc’ =21 MPa, fy =280 MPa
1. Depth of stress block, a
2. Tensile steel strain, εt, when concrete εc=0.003
3. Type of Failure
d=400 mm
4. Reduction Factor
5. Nominal Moment Capacity
6. Ultimate Moment Capacity
3 - ∅16mm
RGBV
ULTIMATE STRESS DESIGN: F LEX URE IN BEA MS
Example:
Determine the following for the given beam section:
Use fc’ =21 MPa, fy =420 Mpa. Concrete
cover=40mm, Stirrups diameter=10mm
1. Depth of stress block, a
2. Tensile steel strain, εt, when concrete εc=0.003
3. Type of Failure
h=460mm
4. Reduction Factor
5. Nominal Moment Capacity
6. Ultimate Moment Capacity
RGBV
ULTIMATE STRESS DESIGN: F LEX URE IN BEA MS
Example:
Determine the following for the given beam section:
Use fc’ =21 MPa, fy =420 MPa
1. Depth of stress block, a
2. Tensile steel strain, εt, when concrete εc=0.003
3. Type of Failure
4. Reduction Factor
5. Nominal Moment Capacity 400 mm
6. Ultimate Moment Capacity
RGBV
ULTIMATE STRESS DESIGN: F LEX URE IN BEA MS
Example: b =250 mm
Determine the following for the given beam section:
Use fc’ =21 Mpa, fy =420 MPa
1. Depth of stress block, a, at ultimate stage
2. Tensile steel strain,εt, when concrete εc=0.003
d=400 mm
3. Type of Failure
4. Reduction Factor
5 - ∅20mm
5. Nominal Strength
6. Design Strength
RGBV
ULTIMATE STRESS DESIGN: F LEX URE IN BEA MS
Example: b =250 mm
Determine the following for the given beam section:
fc’ =21 Mpa, fy =420 MPa
1. Depth of stress block, a, at ultimate stage
2. Tensile steel strain,εt, when concrete εc=0.003 d=400 mm
3. Type of Failure
4. Reduction Factor 5 - ∅25mm
5. Nominal Strength
6. Design Strength
RGBV
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN: FLEXURE IN BEAMS
-ALTERNATE EQUATION FOR SRRB
-SUGGESTED FOR DESIGN PROBLEMS
- Derived combined equation of C =T and couple formula.
ΣF x= 0 from stress diagram
C = T ρ𝒇y The Ultimate Moment Capacity, Mu is given by
0.85 𝒇’c ab = As 𝒇y Let ω=
𝒇’c
Mu=∅ Mn (where ∅ =0.9 for tension controlled section)
Solving for a, ω𝒅 Eq.4
a=
0.85 Mu =∅𝒇’c ω b 𝒅2(1-0.59 ω) Eq.6
A 𝒇
a = 0.85s 𝒇y’ b Eq.1
c From stress diagram, the nominal moment capacity, Mn is Let the coefficient of Resistance, R
Multiplying by d/d, 𝒂 𝒂
Mn =C(d- )= 0.85 𝒇’c ab(d- ) Eq.7
As 𝒇y 𝒅
𝟐 𝟐 R= 𝒇’c ω (1-0.59 ω)
a=
0.85 𝒇’c b d Mu =∅𝑹b 𝒅2 Eq.8
Substituting the value of Eq. 4 to above,
A Solving ω in Eq. 7 and replacing it with ρ𝒇y yields
Let ρ= s Eq.2 Mn =0.85 𝒇’c ω 𝒅 b(d- ω 𝒅 ) 𝒇’c
bd 0.85 0.85(2) the following formula for steel ratio
ρ 𝒇y 𝒅 Eq.3 Mn =𝒇’c ω b 𝒅2(1-0.59 ω) Eq.5
a= 𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 𝟐𝑹
0.85 𝒇’c ρ= 𝟏− 𝟏− Eq.9
𝒇𝒚 𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄
RGBV
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN: FLEXURE IN BEAMS
DESIGN LIMITATIONS
𝟎.𝟐𝟓 𝒇’𝒄
Minimum Tensile Steel Ratio 𝟏.𝟒
ρmin = 𝒐𝒓
𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚
Limiting Strain: εty or εs ≥ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒
εs = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒 𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 𝜷𝟏 𝟑
ρmax = ( ) For Analysis
𝒇𝒚 𝟕
𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 𝜷𝟏 𝟑
ρmax = ( ) For Design
𝒇𝒚 𝟖
Note:
If ρ<ρmin , use ρmin
If ρ > ρmax , Design/Analyze as Doubly Reinforced Beam
RGBV
ULTIMATE STRESS DESIGN: F LEX URE IN BEA MS
Example:
1. Supposed you need to design a concrete beam located at the 2nd floor of a factory
whose properties are as follows: f’c=34.6 MPa, fy=414.7 MPa. From load analysis, it is
determined that the dead load acting on the beam is 10.5 kN/m and the Live Load is 16
kN/m. Assume the beam to be simply supported with a span of 6.4m, and that steel
cover is 62.5mm. Beam dimensions rounded off by 50’s. By client standard, b=0.75h. Use
db=25mm
RGBV
ULTIMATE STRESS DESIGN: F LEX URE IN BEA MS
Example:
Determine the following for the given bf =700 mm
beam section:
fc’ =21Mpa; fy=420MPa 100 mm
1. Depth of stress block, a, at
ultimate stage
2 . Tensile steel strain,εt, when
d=500 mm
concrete εc=0.003
3 . Type of Failure 5 - ∅20mm
4. Reduction Factor
5 . Nominal Strength
300 mm
6. Design Strength
RGBV
USD1
Monday, February 8, 2021 3:43 PM
USD2
Monday, February 8, 2021 4:07 PM
