Chapter Two : Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

This chapter reviews literature related to impact of corona virus pandemic on people. It focuses on

health, socioeconomic and education sectors.

Covid-19

According to (WHO, 2020), The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a dramatic loss of human life

worldwide and presents an unprecedented challenge to public health, food systems and the world of

work. The economic and social disruption caused by the pandemic is devastating: tens of millions

of people are at risk of falling into extreme poverty, while the number of undernourished people,

currently estimated at nearly 690 million, could increase by up to 132 million by the end of the

year.

Millions of enterprises face an existential threat. Nearly half of the world’s 3.3 billion global

workforce are at risk of losing their livelihoods. Informal economy workers are particularly

vulnerable because the majority lack social protection and access to quality health care and have

lost access to productive assets. Without the means to earn an income during lockdowns, many are

unable to feed themselves and their families. For most, no income means no food, or, at best, less

food and less nutritious food.

2.2 Theoretical Literature Review

2.2.1 Noy et al Theory

According to (Noy, 2020) The impact of the pandemic on world GDP growth is massive. The

COVID-19 global recession is the deepest since the end of World War II (Figure 1). The global

economycontracted by 3,5 percent in 2020 according to the April 2021 World Economic Outlook
Report published by the IMF, a 7 percent loss relative to the 3.4 percent growth forecast back in

October 2019. While virtually every country covered by the IMF posted negative

growth in 2020 (IMF 2020b), the downturn was more pronounced in the poorest parts of the

world. The impact of the pandemic on world GDP growth is massive. The COVID-19 global

recession is the deepest since the end of World War II . The global economy

contracted by 3,5 percent in 2020 according to the April 2021 World Economic Outlook Report

published by the IMF, a 7 percent loss relative to the 3.4 percent growth forecast back in October

2019. While virtually every country covered by the IMF posted negative growth in 2020. Tthe

downturn was more pronounced in the poorest parts of the world. The impact of the pandemic on

world GDP growth is massive. The COVID-19 global recession is the deepest since the end of

World War II . The global economy contracted by 3,5 percent in 2020 according to the April

2021 World Economic Outlook Report published by the IMF, a 7 percent loss relative to the 3.4

percent growth forecast back in October 2019. While virtually every country covered by the IMF

posted negative growth in 2020, the downturn was more pronounced in the poorest parts of the

world (Noy, 2020). The impact of the shock is likely to be long-lasting. While the global

economy is expected to recover this year, the level of GDP at the end of 2021 in both advanced

and emerging market and developing economies (EMDE) is projected to remain below the pre-

virus baseline . As with the immediate impact, the magnitude of the medium-term cost also

varies significantly across countries, with EMDE suffering the greatest loss. The IMF (2021)

projects that in 2024 the World GDP will be 3 percent (6

percent for low-income countries (LICs)) below the no-COVID scenario. Along the same lines,

(Djiofack, 2020) estimate that African GDP would be permanently 1 percent to 4 percent lower

than in the pre-COVID outlook, depending on the duration of the crisis.

The COVID-19 crisis is an individual and genre-specific identity crisis in which basic ethical

attitudes towards life are questioned, where the social distancing and restrictions have a

separating, dissociating effect on the integration process with different levels of life. Therefore

the inner circle of the model approaches biocentric connections of humans to themselves, to

others and to the “complex of living elements”, to nature. Maintaining a connection in these

three levels is necessary to sustain a healthy identity during pandemics. The causes and

consequences of separations from these levels of life because of biocentric boundaries, which are

defined in the model (Stueck, 2021)

Stuck, 2021 concludes that in order to protect the connection of humans to themselves, to others

and to the complex of living beings (nature) sup-port options are shown in six biocentric fields of

action during and after pandemics: maintaining affective communication, maintenance of lively

corporeality, contact with one’s own identity and inner oriented self-reflexion together with

others, construction of life sense and expression of life potentials, expansion of consciousness

and perception of the wholeness, development of ecological awareness and sustainable biocentric

lifestyles and attitudes.

Socio-economic Impact of covid-19 on Community

warns that “The COVID-19 pandemic is far more than a health crisis: it is affecting societies and

economies at their core. While the impact of the pandemic will vary from country to country, it

will most likely increase poverty and inequalities at a global scale, making achievement of SDGs

even more urgent.Assessing the impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on societies, economies and

vulnerable groups is fundamental to inform and tailor the responses of governments and partners
to recover from the crisis and ensure that no one is left behind in this effort.Without urgent socio-

economic responses, global suffering will escalate, jeopardizing lives and livelihoods for years to

come. Immediate development responses in this crisis must be undertaken with an eye to the

future. Development trajectories in the long-term will be affected by the choices countries make

now and the support they receive.” The United Nations has mobilized the full capacity of the UN

system through its 131 country teams serving 162 countries and territories, to support national

authorities in developing public health preparedness and response plans to the COVID-19 crisis

(UNDP, 2020)

Educational Impact of Covid-19 on Community

The pandemic has taken a substantial toll on students’ academic progress as well as on their

mental health. School systems can respond across multiple horizons to help students get back on

track. The pandemic has taken a substantial toll on students’ academic progress as well as on

their mental health. School systems can respond across multiple horizons to help students get

back on track.

we examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on student learning and well-being, and

identify potential considerations for school systems as they support students in recovery and

beyond. Our key findings include the following:

The length of school closures varied widely across the world. School buildings in middle-income

Latin America and South Asia were fully or partially closed the longest—for 75 weeks or more.

Those in high-income Europe and Central Asia were fully or partially closed for less time (30

weeks on average), as were those in low-income sub-Saharan Africa (34 weeks on average).
Access to quality remote and hybrid learning also varied both across and within countries. In

Tanzania, while school buildings were closed, children in just 6 percent of households listened to

radio lessons, 5 percent accessed TV lessons, and fewer than 1 percent participated in online

learning.

Furthermore, pandemic-related learning delays stack up on top of historical learning inequities.

The World Bank estimates that while students in high-income countries gained an average of 50

harmonized learning outcomes (HLO) points a year prepandemic, students in low-income

countries were gaining just 20, leaving those students several years behind. (Bryant, 2022)

Health impact of covid-19 on Community

Most people who get coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) recover within a few weeks. But

some people — even those who had mild versions of the disease — might have symptoms that

last a long time afterward. These ongoing health problems are sometimes called post-COVID-19

syndrome, post-COVID conditions, long COVID-19, long-haul COVID-19, and post acute

sequelae of SARS COV-2 infection (PASC).

Post-COVID-19 syndrome involves a variety of new, returning or ongoing symptoms that people

experience more than four weeks after getting COVID-19. In some people, post-COVID-19

syndrome lasts months or years or causes disability.

Research suggests that between one month and one year after having COVID-19, 1 in 5 people

ages 18 to 64 has at least one medical condition that might be due to COVID-19. Among people

age 65 and older, 1 in 4 has at least one medical condition that might be due to COVID-19.

Organ damage could play a role. People who had severe illness with COVID-19 might

experience organ damage affecting the heart, kidneys, skin and brain. Inflammation and
problems with the immune system can also happen. It isn't clear how long these effects might

last. The effects also could lead to the development of new conditions, such as diabetes or a heart

or nervous system condition.

The experience of having severe COVID-19 might be another factor. People with severe

symptoms of COVID-19 often need to be treated in a hospital intensive care unit. This can result

in extreme weakness and post-traumatic stress disorder, a mental health condition triggered by a

terrifying event. (Mayo Clinic, 2022)

Conceptual framework

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Impact of corona Community

Socio-Economic Travelling Consumers and suppliers

Educational Teachers and students

Health Old people