GRAMMAR READER

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Table of Contents

1 Tenses 1

2 Modals 58

3 Passives 89

4 Reported Speech 109

5 Conditionals 127

6 Gerund and Infinitive 148

7 Relative Clauses 159

8 Adjectives and Adverbs 171

9 Comparatives and Superlatives 185

10 Prepositions and Conjunctions 200

 Past Past Present Present Future Future
Perfect Perfect Perfect

simple: I had eaten simple: I ate simple: I have eaten simple: I eat simple: I will have eaten simple: I will eat

Form: have + past participle Form: regular or irregular Form: have + past participle Form: infinitive without “to” Form: will + have + past participle From: will + infinitive
(past) verb in the past (present) 3rd person -s

Negative: I hadn’t eaten Negative: I didn’t eat Negative: I haven’t eaten Negative: I don’t eat Negative: I won’t have eaten Negative: I won’t eat

Question: Had you eaten? Question: Did you eat? Question: Have you eaten? Question: Do you eat? Question: Will I have eaten? Question: Will I eat?

continuous: I had been eating continuous: I was eating continuous: I have been eating continuous: I am eating continuous: I will have been eating continuous: I will be eating

Form: have + been + verb + -ing Form: be + verb + -ing Form: have + been + verb + -ing Form: be + verb + -ing Form: will + have + been + verb + -ing Form: will + be + verb + -ing
(past) (past) (present) (present)

Negative: I hadn’t been eating Negative: I wasn’t eating Negative: I haven’t been eating Negative: I am not eating Negative: I won’t have been eating Negative: I won’t be eating

Question: Had you been eating? Question: Were you eating? Question: Have you been eating? Question: Are you eating? Question: Will you have been eating? Question: Will you be eating?

Past Perfect Simple: Past Simple: Present Perfect Simple: Present Simple: Future Perfect Simple: Future Simple:

-completed actions before - main events in the past - completed actions which are - things that are always or - completed actions before a - Actions and predictions
the main event - used with finished time connected to the present because generally true certain time in the future in/about the future
words they just happened recently or - things that we do regularly or
because they have an effect on repeatedly
the present
- our experiences until now
- used with unfinished time words
- focus on completion

Past Perfect Continuous: Past Continuous: Present Perfect Continuous: Present Continuous: Future Perfect Continuous: Future Continuous:

- action that started in the past - background or simultaneous - unfinished actions that started - things that are happening at - actions that continue up to a - Actions that will be ongoing
and was ongoing until another actions in the past and continue up to or around the time of speaking certain time in the future at or around a certain time
point in the past - (longer) actions that were the present - events that are in progress/ that in the future
interrupted - focus on duration changing
- actions at a specific time in
the past
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1 Tenses
In English we can express three broad concepts of time: past, present and future. In each of these
tenses, we have a so-called perfect tense, i.e. a tense that happened before that time: the past perfect
before the past, the present perfect before the present and the future perfect before the future. In all
of these different tenses we can express a simple aspect and a continuous aspect of time. Very
generally speaking, the continuous aspect is used to express that an action was, is or will be ongoing
until another reference point in time, and to focus on duration.
For the formation and use of each tense, please consult the overview. The following sections will
provide additional information and examples.

1.1 The Present

The present simple is formed with the infinitive without “to”. The 3rd person singular requires an -s (a).
Verbs ending in -o, -s, -ch, -sh or -x require an -es for the 3rd person (b).
Examples:
a.) I walk / She walks
b.) She goes / misses / watches / wishes / relaxes

Some verbs also require spelling changes when adding the -ing ending. Verbs ending with -e drop the
-e (a), verbs ending with a double -ee keep both (b), verbs ending with -ie change to -y (c), one-syllable
verbs ending in a vowel and a consonant double the consonant (d), two syllable verbs with stress on
the last syllable double the consonant (e).
Examples:
a.) make – making
b.) agree – agreeing
c.) tie – tying
d.) run – running
e.) forget – forgetting

1.2 The Present Perfect

The present perfect is connected to the present because the actions have either just happened and/
or they still have an effect on the present. We also use it to talk about our experiences in our lives.
Thus, the present perfect is often used with unfinished time words: this week, this month, this morning
to show that the time is still ongoing (a), yet for negative sentences and questions (b), so far for
positive sentences and questions (c), already in positive sentences to describe an earlier action (d),
just to describe a recent event (e), always to describe a state (f), often for repeated events (g), for to
describe a period of time (h) and since to describe the starting point of an action (i).
Examples:
a.) I have seen him twice this week.
b.) Have you finished the book yet? / No, I haven’t finished it yet.
c.) How many pages have you read so far? / I have read 50 pages so far.

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d.) I have seen the movie already.

e.) She has just called me from the taxi.
f.) I have always loved animals.
g.) I have been to London often.
h.) She has worked here for three years.
i.) She has worked here since 2012.

Note that the verb “to be” can have two different forms and meanings in the present perfect: have
been means that we went to a place and have returned (a), while have gone means that we went to a
place but have not returned (b).
Examples:
a.) I have been to the shop this morning. I forgot to buy milk.
b.) He has gone to the shop. He will be back soon.

The present perfect continuous is used to describe events which started in the past and are still
ongoing in the present. The emphasis is on the duration of an action (a and b). Words that are often
used with the present perfect continuous are: all day, all morning, for days, for ages, lately, recently,
for and since. There is sometimes little difference to the present perfect simple and the choice often
has to do with whether we want to emphasise completion or duration (c and d).
Examples:
a.) I have been sitting here all morning.
b.) I have been working hard for hours.
c.) I have written a report for Jackie (= focus on completion).
d.) I have been writing a report for Jackie (= focus on duration).

1.3 The Past

We use the past simple to describe actions and states that have been completed in the past. The past
simple is therefore often used with finished time markers such as two hours ago, last week, last year,
on Sunday, in 1989, at the time, once, and so on. In the past simple most verbs have the regular ending
-ed, but there is a considerable amount of irregular verbs which need to be learned by heart.
The past simple is often used in combination with the past continuous. The past continuous can either
be used to describe a background action (a) or it can be used to describe an action that was ongoing
and then got interrupted by another action (b). It can also be used to describe several actions which
were ongoing simultaneously (c).
Examples:
a.) The sun was shining and the birds were singing.
b.) I was waiting for the bus when I saw Jack. / I was standing under the shower when the phone rang.
c.) While James was cooking, David way playing on his guitar.

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We often use time linkers with the past perfect simple and continuous to relate different elements of
a narrative to each other. We use as soon as to explain that one thing happened immediately after
another (a), while to express that two or more things were happening at the same time (b), we can
use when to express that two or more things were happening at the same time (c) or that an action
interrupted another action (d). Similarly, we can use meanwhile to express that two things were
happening simultaneously, but we need to formulate two sentences (e). We can use by the time to
express that something was completed before another event (f). We use during to explain that
something happened at a point within a certain period of time (g). Please note that during is always
followed by a noun. We use until to say that something happened up to a particular point in time (h).
Examples:
a.) I called her as soon as I saw the story on TV.
b.) I saw James while I was walking to work.
c.) They lost their ticket when they were running for the bus.
d.) I was cycling to work when I fell off my bike.
e.) David was playing his guitar. Meanwhile, James was cooking dinner.
f.) By the time we got to the party, she had already left.
g.) I fell asleep during the movie.
h.) I was awake until 4am.

When we speak about past habits or states we use the expressions used to or would. The statements
that we make about the past are no longer true. Used to describes a habit, i.e. something that we used
to do regularly, or a state in the past (a and b). We can also use would to talk about habits in the past,
but we cannot use would to talk about past states (c and d).
Examples:
a.) I used to play tennis with my mother on Sundays (= a past habit, an activity)
b.) I used to like him a lot better when I was younger (= a past state, not an activity)
c.) I would play tennis with my mother on Sundays (= a past habit, an activity)
d.) I would like him a lot better when I was younger (= a past state, not possible with would)

1.3.1 Past Simple vs Present Perfect

It is important to note the main difference between the past simple and the present perfect simple.
We use the past simple when an action started in the past, finished in the past, and is not continuing
now (a). We use the present perfect when the action started in the past and is continuing now (b).
We can then also focus on the duration of that action by using the present perfect continuous (c).
Example:
a.) She lived in Paris for a year. (=This action started and finished in the past. She no longer lives in
Paris. It is important to know the action lasted for a year.)
b.) She has lived in Paris for a year. (=This action started in the past and is still going on now; it has not
finished. She lives in Paris now, and additional information tells us how long she has lived there.)

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c.) She has been living in Paris for a year. (=This action started in the past and is still going on now; it
has not finished. She lives in Paris now, and we are putting emphasis on the duration of her stay there).

1.4 Past Perfect

We use the past perfect to express that an event has happened before another event in the past. It is
always used in combination with the past tense. We use before (a) and after (b) to make the order of
events clear. The past perfect is frequently used with verbs of thinking such as think, know, be sure,
realise, remember, suspect, understand (c). Similarly to the present perfect continuous, we can use the
past perfect continuous when we want to focus on the duration of an event (d).
Example:
a.) She had left the house before we arrived.
b.) We arrived after she had left.
c.) I remembered that I had seen him before.
d.) We had been flying for two hours before the pilot made the first announcement.

1.5 The Future

The future simple is used to talk about future beliefs, opinions, predictions and arrangements. There
are, however, other grammatical forms that can be used to express similar ideas and degrees of
certainty.
Predictions: When we are certain that something will happen and we have evidence for our prediction
we use going to (a). When we are confident about a prediction, but we don’t have evidence or we base
the prediction on our personal opinion we use will (b). When we want to express that we are not too
confident about a prediction, we can add probably (c). When we want to express that we are very
confident about a prediction, we can add definitely (d). Note that probably and definitely go after will
in positive sentences and before won’t in negative sentences
Examples:
a.) Look at that queue. We are going to have to wait a long time.
b.) I’m sure you will do well in the exam.
c.) He will probably pass the exam / He probably won’t pass the exam.
d.) He will definitely pass the exam/ He definitely won’t pass the exam.

Plans and Arrangements: When we want to talk about our plans and arrangements for the future we
usually use going to when we have decided on something (a). When we have already taken action and
made arrangements, we usually use the present continuous (b). The present continuous suggests that
a plan is more fixed. We can also use the present simple to talk about future evens when they are part
of a timetable, schedule or fixed program (c). When we make a spontaneous decision, we normally use
will (d).
Examples:
a.) I’m going to visit my aunt in Greece this summer.
b.) I’m meeting Jack for dinner on Sunday.

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c.) My train leaves at 6am / I finish work at 5pm.

d.) I saw that we are out of bread. I will go to the shop later.

We use the future continuous to describe that an action will be ongoing at or around a certain point in
the future. This tense is often used in combination with time phrases such as this time next week,
tomorrow morning or until (a). We can also use it to say that we are sure something will happen (b).
Example:
a.) This time next month, I will be sitting at the beach in Mexico.
b.) We’ll be having a meeting soon, we can discuss it then.

1.6 The Future Perfect

We use the future perfect simple to describe an action that that will be completed before a certain
time in the future. This tense is often used in combination with time phrases such as by 2050, in five
years, by the time, in ten year’s time, before and already (a).
The future perfect continuous is used to express that something will continue up until a particular
event or time in the future (b). This tense is not frequently used in English.
Examples:
a.) In three year’s time I will have completed my studies / By the time you get home, she will have left.
b.) Next month we will have been going out for a year.

For further overview of all tenses and corresponding exercises visit https://www.englishpage.com/

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2 Modals
Modal verbs are a special group of auxiliary verbs. We use them before other verbs to express certain
meanings like permission, ability, obligation or probability. The modal verbs in English are:
Can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, ought to (=same meaning as should).
Have to, be able to, had better, be supposed to and need to are technically not modal verbs, but they
have a very similar function.
Modal verbs have a special set of grammatical rules, i.e. two modal verbs cannot be combined (a), they
are followed by a verb in the infinitive without “to” (b), they do not have the 3rd person -s form (c), and
they use inversion in questions instead of “do” (d).
Examples:
a.) He can will meet you tomorrow.
b.) I might to call you later.
c.) She cans swim really fast.
d.) Do can you speak more than one language?

2.1 Permission
The modal verbs of permission are can or could and we use them to indicate whether someone has
permission to do something or not. We use can to say that someone is allowed to do something (a),
and cannot or can't to say that they are not allowed to so something (b). We use could to say that
someone was allowed to do something in the past (c), and couldn’t that they were not allowed to do
something in the past (d). Another way of expressing permission is be allowed to, which is not
technically a modal verb, but has a similar function (e). A formal way of expressing or asking for
permission is with the modal verb may (f).
Examples:
a.) Students can register for fall classes beginning next week.
b.) Children under ten cannot use the pool without adult supervision.
c.) We could go into any shop in the mall.
d.) We couldn’t stay out late because it was too dangerous.
e.) I was allowed to go backstage.
f.) May I go to the bathroom? – Yes, you may / No, you may not.

2.2. Ability
The modal verbs of ability are used to express that we are able to do something. We can use can, could
and be able to. Be able to is not technically a modal verb, but functions in very similar ways. We use
can to express that someone has a general ability in the present or the future (a). The negative form is
can’t or cannot (b). We use could to express a general ability in the past (c). Couldn’t is the negative
form (d). When we speak about more specific situations or a particular ability we use be able to (e)
rather than can, but usually these two verbs can be used interchangeably.

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Examples:
a.) He can dance really well. / I can see the lake from my window.
b.) I can’t speak French. / I cannot come to your party.
c.) My grandma could speak five languages
d.) She couldn’t find her glasses.
e.) We were able to find him in the end / He was able to speak Spanish when he was only 3 years old.

2.3 Obligation
The modal verbs of obligation are have to and must. We use them to express a necessary action that
was required repeatedly or just once. We use have to to talk about an obligation in the present or
future (a). We can use must to express the same thing (b). The past form of have to is had to, which is
used to express a necessity in the past (c). The past form of must is also had to. The negative form of
have to is don’t have to, which is used to express that there is no necessity for something (d), but it is
allowed. Careful, the negative form of must is mustn’t (e) which does not mean that you don’t have to
do something, but that you are not allowed to do something (cf. permission). Even though have to and
must are used very similarly, we normally use have to for things that happen repeatedly with adverbs
of frequency such as always, often or regularly (f).
Examples:
a.) I have to attend a meeting later today.
b.) I must attend a meeting later today.
c.) I had to go to hospital last week.
d.) You don’t have to wear a suit to work.
e.) I mustn’t be late for my appointment.
f.) I often have to wait in line at the grocery store.

2.4 Probability (or Certainty)

Modal verbs of probability are often tricky for non-native speakers of the English language because
these words express a degree of certainty or probability which is highly contextually dependent. The
modal verbs used to express probability are will, won’t, must, can’t, should, ought to, may, might and
could.
We use will and won’t to express that we are certain about something (a). We use must and can’t to
say that we are certain about something because it is logical (b). We use should or ought to (less
frequently used) when we want to express that we expect something to happen (c). We use may, might
or could when we are uncertain that something will happen (d).
Examples:
a.) We will arrive tomorrow. / We won’t make it on time.
b.) He must have overslept. He went to bed late last night. / She can’t be in Italy. I saw her today.
c.) They should be here around 7pm. / They ought to be here around 7pm.
d.) I may have to stay late. / She might win the election. / He could be stuck in traffic.

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2.5 Past Modals – Shoulda, Woulda, Coulda

Past modal verbs are all used hypothetically, to talk about things that didn't really happen in the past.
Should have + past participle can be used to express that something would have been a good idea, but
that you didn't do it (a). We can also use this to talk about something that would have happened if
everything was fine, but it hasn’t happened (b). Shouldn't have + past participle means that something
wasn't a good idea, but you did it anyway (c).
Examples:
a.) I should have studied harder!
I should have gone to bed early.
b.) I’m worried. Lucy should have arrived by now.
I don’t know where he is, he should have left work an hour ago.
c.) I shouldn’t have said that.
I shouldn’t have eaten so much cake

Would have + past participle is used as part of the third conditional, (cf. chapter 5), which we use to
talk about imaginary situations in the past (a). We can also use this form to talk about something we
wanted to do, but didn’t (b).
Examples:
a.) If I had had enough money, I would have bought a car
I would have told James, if I had seen him.
b.) I would have gone to the party, but I was too busy.
I would have called you, but I didn’t have your number.

Could have + past participle means that something was possible in the past, or you had the ability to
do something in the past, but that you didn't do it (a). We can also use that form when we want to
make a guess about something that happened in the past (b). We use couldn't have + past participle to
express that something wasn't possible in the past, even if you had wanted to do it (c).
Examples:
a.) I could have stayed up late, but I decided to go to bed early.
They could have won the race, but they didn't try hard enough.
b.) Why is John late? – He could have overslept.
Where is Sarah? – She could have gone to the wrong house.
c.) I couldn't have arrived any earlier. There was a terrible traffic jam.
He couldn't have seen me. I wasn’t at the party.

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 Could Have Should Have Would Have Exercise 1

1. I ___________________________________ (buy) bread but I didn’t know we needed it.

(past possibility)
2. We ___________________________________ (invite) so many people to our party! I’m
worried that we won’t have enough room for everyone. (past negative advice / regret)
3. I ___________________________________ (start) saving money years ago! (past advice
/ regret)
4. We ___________________________________ (join) you at the restaurant, but we
couldn’t get a babysitter. (past willingness)
5. The weather ___________________________________ (be) any worse! (past negative
possibility)
6. I ___________________________________ (arrive) on time, even if I’d left earlier.
There were dreadful traffic jams all the way. (past negative possibility)
7. They ___________________________________ (win) the football match, but John hurt
his ankle. (past possibility)
8. Amanda ___________________________________ (finish) the work, but she felt ill and
had to go home. (past willingness)
9. Lucy ___________________________________ (left) earlier. She missed her flight.
(past advice / regret)
10. We ___________________________________ (finish) the game, even if we’d wanted
to. It was raining very hard and we had to stop. (past negative possibility)
11. I ___________________________________ (eat) so much chocolate! I feel sick! (past
negative advice / regret)
12. Luke ___________________________________ (pass) the exam if he’d studied a bit
more. (past possibility)

1 Could have should have would have exercise 1 © 2015 www.perfect-english-grammar.com. May be freely copied for personal or
classroom use.

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 13. John ___________________________________ (call) Amy, but he didn’t have her
number. (past willingness)
14. You ___________________________________ (be) rude to him. He’s going to be really
angry now. (past negative advice / regret)
15. She ___________________________________ (come) to the restaurant if she’d left
work earlier. (past possibility)
16. You ___________________________________ (take) this job. I can see you’re not
enjoying it. (past negative advice / regret)
17. The race was really difficult. She ___________________________________ (win)
because she’s not fit enough. (past negative possibility)
18. Our neighbours ___________________________________ (cut) down the tree in their
garden. It was a really beautiful tree. (past negative advice / regret)
19. The children ___________________________________ (do) their homework last night.
Then they wouldn’t be panicking on the way to school. (past advice / regret)
20. I’m really cold! I ___________________________________ (bring) my coat. (past
advice / regret)
21. I ___________________________________ (come) to see you! I didn’t know you were
ill. (past willingness)
22. Andrew ___________________________________ (go) to Cambridge University, but he
decided to travel instead. (past possibility)
23. They ___________________________________ (be) kinder to me. They were absolutely
lovely. (past negative possibility)
24. You ___________________________________ (buy) some milk at the shops. We don’t
have any milk. (past advice / regret)
25. They ___________________________________ (come) to have breakfast with us, but
they went to bed too late the night before. (past willingness)

2 Could have should have would have exercise 1 © 2015 www.perfect-english-grammar.com. May be freely copied for personal or
classroom use.

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Answers: Could have should have would have

1. I could have bought bread but I didn’t know we needed it. (past possibility)
2. We shouldn’t have invited so many people to our party! I’m worried that we won’t have
enough room for everyone. (past negative advice / regret)
3. I shouldn’t have started saving money years ago! (past advice / regret)
4. We would have joined you at the restaurant, but we couldn’t get a babysitter. (past
willingness)
5. The weather couldn’t have been any worse! (past negative possibility)
6. I couldn’t have arrived on time, even if I’d left earlier. There were dreadful traffic jams
all the way. (past negative possibility)
7. They could have won the football match, but John hurt his ankle. (past possibility)
8. Amanda would have finished the work, but she felt ill and had to go home. (past
willingness)
9. Lucy should have left earlier. She missed her flight. (past advice / regret)
10. We couldn’t have finished the game, even if we’d wanted to. It was raining very hard and
we had to stop. (past negative possibility)
11. I shouldn’t have eaten so much chocolate! I feel sick! (past negative advice / regret)
12. Luke could have passed the exam if he’d studied a bit more. (past possibility)
13. John would have called Amy, but he didn’t have her number. (past willingness)
14. You shouldn’t have been rude to him. He’s going to be really angry now. (past negative
advice / regret)
15. She could have come to the restaurant if she’d left work earlier. (past possibility)
16. You shouldn’t have taken this job. I can see you’re not enjoying it. (past negative advice /
regret)
17. The race was really difficult. She couldn’t have won because she’s not fit enough. (past
negative possibility)
18. Our neighbours shouldn’t have cut down the tree in their garden. It was a really beautiful
tree. (past negative advice / regret)
19. The children should have done their homework last night. Then they wouldn’t be
panicking on the way to school. (past advice / regret)
20. I’m really cold! I should have brought my coat. (past advice / regret)
21. I would have come to see you! I didn’t know you were ill. (past willingness)
22. Andrew could have gone to Cambridge University, but he decided to travel instead. (past
possibility)
23. They couldn’t have been kinder to me. They were absolutely lovely. (past negative
possibility)
24. You should have bought some milk at the shops. We don’t have any milk. (past advice /
regret)
25. They would have come to have breakfast with us, but they went to bed too late the night
before. (past willingness)

3 Could have should have would have exercise 1 © 2015 www.perfect-english-grammar.com. May be freely copied for personal or
classroom use.

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3 Passive
Sentences in English can be active (SVO) or passive (OVS). We use the passive to shift the focus of
attention to the object of the sentence and away from the agent, i.e. the thing or person who does
something. The passive is also frequently used in (academic) writing to make a text sound more
neutral.
The passive in the simple form is built with be + past participle and by moving the object of the
sentence to the beginning.
Example:
Active: The police arrested the thief.
Subject Verb Object
Passive: The thief was arrested by the police.
Object Verb Subject

The passive in the continuous form is built with be + being + past participle and by moving the object
of the sentence to the beginning.
Example:
Active: The police are questioning the thief in the interview room.
Passive: The thief is being questioned in the interview room.

The agent can be included in the passive sentence with the word “by”. It is, however, not always
necessary to mention the agent. We usually leave the agent out if the agent is unknown (a), when the
agent is obvious (b) or when the agent is unimportant (c).
Examples:
a.) Brenda’s bike was stolen last night. (Agent unknown)
b.) The protesters were arrested. (Agent is obvious)
c.) Many SUVs are sold every year. (Agent is unimportant)

Only transitive verbs can be made passive, i.e. verbs that have an object (e.g. help someone). Some
verbs have two objects (e.g. give something to someone). In this case, we can form the passive in two
different ways.
Example:
Active: Peter gives a present to Stephanie.
Passive: A present is given to Stephanie by Peter.
Passive: Stephanie is given a present by Peter.

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A frequently used form in the passive is “to have something done”. We use this to express that
someone is doing work for us (a) or to explain that something unpleasant has happened to us (b). In
less formal speech we can use “get” instead of “have” (c).
Examples:
a.) We had our house painted / I am having my har cut / I have my house cleaned by a cleaner
b.) She had her house broken into / He had all his money stolen
c.) I got my car fixed / I will get my hair cut tomorrow

We can use the verbs believe, consider, expect, know, report, say, think, supposed or understand in the
present simple passive followed by an infinitive (to do/to be doing) to report news or to describe
current and future events.
Examples:
- The economy is expected to grow by 2% this year.
- The new mall is supposed to open next spring.
- The escaped prisoner is said to be living in South America.

90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
passives: revision test
All these sentences have mistakes in. Write them correctly.
1 French taught in most schools in Britain.

2 A shower is had by me every morning.

3 The town hall is just been rebuilt.

4 I could see that the room hadn't cleaned for months.

5 Our bread is freshly baked every day by a baker.

6 Our car has been stolen last year.

7 Your car will be ready soon; it's repaired now.

8 I've been giving some beautiful flowers by my boyfriend.

9 These computers are making in Korea.

10 The work will being finish tomorrow.

Put in the missing words (one or more).

1 He likes to ................... listened ................... .
2 Your room ................... still ................... cleaned; it will be ready soon.
3 I was glad I ...... ........... .. been told everything.
4 Everybody has ................... given a present.
5 This door can't ................... opened.
6 I knew I ................... being watched.
7 You ................... definitely ................... paid tomorrow.
8 English ................... in a lot of countries.
9 ................... you been given a cup of coffee?
10 'Invisible' means 'can't ................... '.

@ the best way to continue.

1 My friend Andrew take photographs of animals and birds.
A He sells them for a lot of money. B They are sold by him for a lot of money.
2 George Yeo's new book is very good.
A People bought 10,000 copies in the first week. B 10,000 copies were bought in the first week.
3 This milk tastes funny.
A I think someone has left it out of the fridge for too long.
B I think it's been left out of the fridge for too long.
4 Zoe takes good care of her car.
A She checks the oil and tyres every week. B The oil and tyres are checked by her every week.
5 She lives .i n an old house.
A Somebody built it in 1730. B It was built in 1730.

, d full
102 PASSIVES In some answers, both contracted forms (for example 99 /'m, don t) anrreet·
form s (for example 1am, do not) are possible. Normally both are eo
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
Grammar Reader
FMS3

4 Reported Speech
We use reported speech to report what someone else has said and to make it clear that those are
not our own words. This can also be used to create a deliberate distance between the person who
reports something and what was said, for example in news reports. In reported speech (aka indirect
speech), the tense used in the speaker’s original words is usually (but not always) moved back a
tense when the reporting verb (e.g. said, told, etc.) is in the past:

Example sentence: “I’m really hungry because I haven’t eaten since breakfast”, said Anna.

Anna said (that) she was really hungry because she hadn’t eaten since breakfast.

• The tense does not change if the reporting verb is in the present, present perfect or future,
but we have to change the pronouns and verb forms when necessary:

Anna says (that) she is really hungry because she hasn’t eaten since breakfast.

• We can use that after the reporting verb, but we often leave it out:

Anna told him she was hungry.

Tense changes in reported speech

Direct speech: Reported speech:
Present simple: Past simple:
We work for the embassy. → They said they worked for the embassy.
Present continuous: Past continuous:
I’m doing the dishes. → She said she was doing the dishes.
Past simple: Past perfect:
We decided to leave. → He said they had decided to leave.
Past continuous: Past perfect continuous:
I wasn’t telling the truth →He admitted she hadn’t been telling the truth.
Present perfect simple: Past perfect simple:
My guests haven’t arrived yet. → She said her guests hadn’t arrived yet.
Present prefect continuous: Past perfect continuous:
We’ve been waiting for ages! → They complained (that) the had been waiting for ages.
be going to future: was/were going to:
They’re going to stay at home tonight. → They said they were going to stay at home that night.

109
Grammar Reader
FMS3

shall/will → would
shall in offers and suggestions → should
must → must/had to
can → could

Reasons for not changing the tense:

• When the situation or feelings/opinions in the original speech are still true:
I really like your friend → She told me that she really likes you.
We’re leaving tomorrow → They said they’re leaving tomorrow (reported on the same day)
→ They said they were leaving the next day (reported days later)
• When the second verb follows a time conjunction such as after, before, while or the
conjunction because:
I locked the door after I finished cleaning → She said she’d locked the door after she finished
cleaning.

Pronouns and Possessives Words for Time and Place

direct reported direct reported
I he/she today that day
me him/her tonight that night
my his/her tomorrow the next day/ the
mine his/hers following day
you I/we next (week, month, the next/the
your my/our etc.) following (week,
month, etc.)
yours mine/ours
ago before
we they
yesterday the day before/the
us them
previous day
our their last (week, month, the last (the previous
ours theirs etc.) (week, month, etc.)
now then
here there
this (place) that (place)

110
Grammar Reader
FMS3

4.2 Reported Questions

We can report questions with verbs like ask, wonder and want to know. The tense changes remain
the same. The word order in reported questions is not inverted, i.e. the subject before the verb.
Where do you live? → He wanted to know where I lived (NOT where I did live)
Where is the stadium? → She asked where the stadium was (NOT where was the stadium)
• In reported yes/no questions (Do you, Did you, Are you etc.) we use if or whether and no
inversion.
Did you speak to Rachel? → He wondered if/whether I had spoken to Rachel.

4.3 Reported Commands and Requests

• Commands are reported with tell and the infinitive: Wait! Wait! → I told him to wait.

• Requests are reported with ask and the infinitive: Please, wait! → I asked her to wait

• Negative commands and requests are formed with not and don’t allow contracted forms:
Don’t go! → He told me not to go. (NOT He told me to don’t go)
Don’t wait for me → He told me not to wait for him (NOT He told me to don’t wait)

Other Reporting Verbs:

add, admit, admit to, advise, advise someone, agree, announce, apologize for, ask someone, beg
someone, claim, complain, complain about ,consider, encourage someone, insist, insist on, invite
someone, offer, order someone, persuade someone, refuse, regret, remind someone, reply,
respond, say, state, suggest, tell someone, thank someone for, warn someone

Reporting verbs have different patterns:

Verb + to infinitive: agree, decide, offer, promise, refuse, claim
Jenny agreed to give her a gift
Verb + object + to infinitive: advise, ask, beg, encourage, order, persuade, remind, tell, warn,
invite, remind

I advised James not to buy the car

Verb + -ing form: deny, suggest
Carlos suggested spending the day at the beach.
Verb + preposition + -ing form: admit to, apologize for, complain about, insist on, congratulate
on, thank someone for

He congratulated Tina on passing her exam.

111
 GRAMMAR 10 REPORTED SPEECH 1

1 Underline the errors in these sentences. Rewrite each sentence.

I Sally told that she'd lost her keys .
...s.~IJ~ ..s.A~~-.t.~c;Jt.:;..~e:~.Ja:;.t.Y.ler..&e.~s. •.....................................................................
2 Chris said me that he must leave early.

3 Maria and Tony said they shall see us tomorrow.

4 Tom said, I'm coming to your party.

5 Sue said that she had wrote a letter to Lisa.

6 Steve said us that he was arriving at 8.00.

7 'I had bought a new bike Pam told us:

8 'What's the matter? Ellen asked.

2 Rewrite each sentence in direct speech, ending as shown.

I Anna told us that she'd finished.
' .... IVe..-{1-Y.Y.~~Y.le.c;t ..................................................... , 'Anna told us.
2 Simon said that he would be back at 6.00.
' ................................................................................... , ' Simon said.
3 Beth said she was going to go shopping.
' ................................................................................... , ' said Beth.
4 Paul said that he wanted to make a phone call.
' ................................................................................... , ' said Paul.
5 Tina told the teacher she'd forgotten her homework.
' ................................................................................... , ' Tin a told the teacher.
6 David said he had to be back by 3.30.
' ................................................................................... , ' David said.
7 Jan told me she would let me know.
' ................................................................................... , ' Jan told me.
8 Bill said he was going to be late.
' ................................................................................... , ' Bill said.

112

47
INTERMEDIATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE

3 Match each sentence in direct speech (1-5) with its summarized version in
reported speech (a-e).
1 'Look, sorry about this, but I'm afraid I'm going to be a bit late: .....~.....
2 'Actually I've no idea at all where I am!' .......... .
3 'The thing is, I know it' illy but I've missed the bus: .......... .
4 'Anyway, I'll be back in next to no time: .......... .
5 'I did ring, you know, earlier in the evening: .......... .
a She said she would be back soon.
b She said she had missed the bus.
c She said she was going to be late.
d She said she had already rung.
e She said she didn't know where she was.

4 Complete each sentence, using say, tell or speak in an appropriate form.

1 Daniel .....tR.~0.......... me that he was playing in the school basketball team.
2 I ...................... to Helen, and she ...................... she would phone you.
3 'You're lucky; ...................... Steve. 'I ...................... you that you would win!'
4 A translator ...................... the president what the Chinese visitors were

5 'Look; I ...................... her, 'why don't you ...................... me what you mean?'
6 I ...................... my teacher that I ...................... Chinese, but she didn't believe me.

5 Rewrite each sentence in reported speech, beginning as shown.

1 'I won't be there because I'm having a party; said Lucy.
Lucy told us that she ...W.C?.~k~.I~/J.be.tn.er.e.b.e~Ja~-?.~.she..W.~.$..h.~V.k~.!Lp.~rt1;1 ...

2 'I've lost the map and I don't know the way; said Jack.
Jack told me that he .............................................................................................................

3 'When I finish the book, I'm going to watch television: said Jessica.
Jessica said that when ........................................................................................................ .

4 'I'm doing some homework but I won't be long; said Mike.

Mike said that he ................................................................................................................ .
...............................................................................................................................................
5 'I got up late and I missed the bus: said Richard.
Richard said that he ........................................................................................................... .
...............................................................................................................................................
113

48
 GRAMMAR 11 REPORTED SPEECH 2

1 Put one suitable word in each space.

1 Fiona asked me .. w.h~ther... I ...... W.~~....... going to school or not.
2 David asked his mother ..................... she ..................... be coming home.
3 Peter asked us ................... .. we ..................... ever been to Hungary.
4 Costas asked me ..................... I ..................... many photographs.
5 Maria asked a policeman .................. ... the museum was.
6 Dora asked her sister ..................... she ..................... fed their dog.

2 Complete each question in direct speech, ending as shown.

1 Jack asked me whether I was having lunch or going out.
'.... Ar~q:jP..~..~~Y.~.~J!1~h . P.r.gP.~~.. P.!1t:3................................... ' Jack asked me.
2 Carol asked Ann what she had done the day before.
'............................................................................................................ , Ann?' asked Carol.
"
3 John asked us if we often went sailing.
'.................. .... ................................................... ......................................... ?' John asked us. •
4 Christine asked me how many German books I had read.
'........................................................................................................ ?' Christine asked me.
5 Kevin asked Sue if she was going to change schools.
'............................................................................................................. ,Sue?' asked Kevin.
6 Alice asked me who I sat next to in class.
'................................................................................................................ ?' Alice asked me.

3 Rewrite each sentence in reported speech, beginning as shown. Do not change

the meaning.
1 ~re you staying here all summer?' the little girl asked me.
The little girl asked me .Jf/.w.nt:the.t:.J..w.~.$. .~t~.~-~Y.It@ .the.t:t.. ~Jk.~!1~.~e.r. ........... .
2 'What does 'procrastinate' mean?' I asked my teacher.
I asked my teacher ............................................................................................................. .
3 'Have you done your homework, or not?' my mother asked me.
My mother asked me ........................................................................................................ .
4 'When is your birthday?' I asked Sue.
I asked Sue .......................................................................................................................... .
5 'Did you remember to lock the door?' my father asked me.
My father asked me ........................................................................................................... .
6 'Why have you turned off the television?' Ell en asked me.
Ellen asked me ................................................................................................................... .
114

51
INTERMEDIATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE

4 Use a verb from the box to rewrite each sentence in reported speech, beginning
as shown. Do not change the meaning.

advised apologized congratulated invited offered

promised refused suggested

1 TU definitely be at your house before 8.00, Sue; said Mike.

Mike :p.rP.~.~g0... Sue . J~!~ .Wf:l.~~0..~~ - ~tk!~t:.hQ.~.e..~~f9.r.e..fl..QP., ........................... .
2 'Would you like to come to the cinema, Jean?' asked Chris.
Chris ............................................................................................................................ .........
3 'I wouldn't eat too much if I were you, Dave; said Patsy.
Patsy .......................................... ................................................................................ ........... .
4 'How about going for a walk?' said Nick.
Nick .......................................... .. ......................................................................................... ..
5 'I'm terribly sorry for breaking the window; said Carol.
Carol ..................................................................................... ................................................
6 'Shall I do the washing-up?' said Bill.
Bill ............................................................................. .......................................................... ..
7 'Well done, you've passed your driving test; said Tina's mother.
Tin a's mother ...................... her .........................................................................................
8 'No, I won't open my mouth!' said Pat.
Pat ............................................................................. .............................................................

5 Complete the direct speech.

1 Jane decided to have the green pair of trousers.
'I think ...............nth~).(.e..................................... the green pair of trousers: said Jane.
2 Peter reminded Julie to bring her dictionary to the lesson.
'Don't ................................................................................ to the lesson, Julie; said Peter.
3 The bank manager advised George to open a savings account.
'If .................................................................. a savings account; said the bank manager.
4 Carol promised not to be late again.
'I ...................................................................................................... late again; said Carol.
5 Nick refused to leave the room.
'No, I ................................................................................................. the room; said Nick.
6 Sam denied selling the photographs to the Daily News.
115
'I ............................................................ the photographs to the Daily News', said Sam.

~SEE ALSO
Grammar 10: Reported speech 1

52
 INTERMEDIATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE

3 We're going to the 5 1 'll have finished 6 been

1 10 will
doctor's, so we can't 2 meet next/again, I'll ./
2 11 shall
come. phone ./
3 12 have
4 Kelly will probably get 3 I check the spelling 4
have 13 ./
the job. 4 let me share her 5
had 14 been
5 Martin's wife is going 5 we have 6./ 15 ./
to have another baby. 6 leave/ go until I 7 ./ 16 have
6 Sarah will be late 7 the lesson has finished 8 are 17 be
tonight as usual. 8 you be doing 9 been
7 The score will be 3-0. 7 1 had stopped
8 It's going to snow
Checkpoint 1 2 I haven't played it
tomorrow. 1 1 I used to ride before.
6 1 getting 2 Shall I 3 When did Pete write
3 Have you seen her to you last?
2 Shall
4 have you been 4 Do you ever go to the
3 won't
working cinema?
4 will
5 I haven't finished 5 I went to the beach
5 Perhaps 6 I was washing everyday.
6 going 7 are you staring 6 She's playing
7 won't 8 I'm having basketball.
8 Shall 9 stops 8 1 Have you finished yet?
10 did you last go 2 I'll see you tomorrow!
Grammar9 2 arrived, Steve had 3 Did you have a nice
1 1 willl:te lying 2 I help time?
2 rings 3 do you usually 4 Do you know what I
3 We'll be moving 4 has been playing mean?
4 does your train leave 5 I'll 5 Are you coming out
5 you leave 6 was having for a drink later?
6 will you be working 7 is staying 6 Have you been waiting
7 I'll be 8 haven't seen long?
8 won't stop 9 you doing
2 1 e 2 b 3a 4f Se 6d 3 do you do Grammar 10
3 1 ./ 2 ran 1 1 Sally said that she'd
2 you grow 3 was sitting lost her keys.
3 ./ 4 don't understand 2 Chris said/told me
4 you give 5 realized that he must leave
5 arrives, I'll let 6 'm studying early.
,. 6 be using 7 was reading 3 Maria and Tony
7 she'll have left. 8 know said they would see us
8 I'll do it. 9 ' m staying tomorrow.
4 Shall we play tennis? 10 did you do 4 Tom said, 'I'm coming
2 I'm going to study 4 1C 2A 3D 4D SB to your party:
Arabic in Cairo. 6A 7C BC 9 D 10 B 5 Sue said that she'd
3 I'll be home by 11 B 12 D 13 A 14 C 15 A written a letter to Lisa.
midnight. 5 1 before 6 Steve told us/said that
4 I'll meet you later. 2 since he was arriving at
5 Will you go to the 3 all week 8.00.
shops for me? 4 yet 7 'I've bought a new
6 We won't make too 5 As soon as bike; Pam told us.
much noise. 6 never 8 'What's the matter?'
7 Shall I help you with 7 lately/recently Ellen asked.
those bags? 8 at/by 2 1 I've finished
8 We'll come back later 9 for 2 I'll be back at 6.00
if you like. /Shall we 10 By the time 3 I'm going to go
come back later? 116
shopping
284
 GRAMMAR ANSWERS

4 I want to make a 3 if/whether I'd done my 3 would

phone call homework 4 Unless
5 I've forgotten my 4 when her birthday was 5 Would
homework 5 if/whether I'd 6 Would
6 I have to be back by 3.30 remembered to lock 7 would
7 I'll let you know the door 8 If
8 I'm going to be late 6 why IO turned off the 9 would
3 1 c 2 e 3b 4a 5d television 10 unless
4 1 told 4 1 Mike promised Sue 11 Would
2 spoke, said he would be at her 12 if
3 said, told house before 8.00. 13 Unless
4 told, saying 2 Chris invited Jean to 14 if
5 told, tell (go to) the cinema. 15 If
6 told, spoke 3 Patsy advised Dave 4 1j 2g 3 l 4n 5m
5 1 wouldn't be there not to eat too much. 6a 7c 8 e 9 d 10 b
because she was 4 Nick suggested going 11 i 12f 13h 14 k
having a party for a walk. 5 1 had, 'd be able
2 'd lost the map and 5 Carol apologized for 2 take, 'll feel
(that) he didn't know breaking the window. 3 ate, would live
the way 6 Bill offered to do the 4 became, 'd buy '
3 she finished the book, washing-up. 5 leave, will give
she was going to 7 Tina's mother 6 follow, 'll come
watch television congratulated her on 7 used, wouldn't be
4 was doing some passing her driving 8 touch, won't bite
homework but he test. 9 leave, 'll give
wouldn't be long 8 Pat refused to open 10 lived, wouldn't want
5 'd got up late-and his mouth. 6 1 wear a pullover, you'll
(that) he'd missed the 5 1 I'll have feel cold
bus 2 forget to bring your 2 you don't take your
dictionary umbrella, you'll get wet
Grammar 11 3 I were you, I'd open 3 don't get up now,
1 1 whether, was 4 promise not to be you'll be late for school
2 when, would 5 won't leave 4 you take a map, you'll
3 if/whether, had 6 didn't sell get lost
4 if/whether, took 5 get very hungry if
5 where Grammar 12 we don't feed it now/
6 if/whether, had 1 1 we're, will be unless we feed it now
2 1 Are you having lunch 2 lived, we'd see 6 go for a walk if it rains
or going out? 3 take, we'll arrive
2 What did you do 4 don't hurry, we'll be Grammar 13
yesterday 5 were, would be able to 1 1 What would you do if
3 Do you often go 6 don't wear, you'll feel you had wings?
sailing 7 studied, would get 2 Ifl were you, I'd leave
4 How many German 8 had, I'd ride now.
books have you read 9 lend, I'll let 3 How would you feel if
5 Are you going to 10 had, I'd give you lived on Mars?
change schools 2 1 fall in, will get 4 lf I were you, I'd buy a
6 Who do you sit next 2 were/was, 'd go bike.
to in class 3 knew, 'd tell 5 What would you do if
3 1 if/whether I was 4 run, 'll catch you were rich?
staying there all 5 rains, 'll go/could go 6 What would you say if
summer 6 had, 'cl join Jim came with us?
2 what 'procrastinate' 3 1 would 7 Ifl were you, I'd take
meant 2 unless the bus.
117
285
68 REPORTED STATEMENTS
Practice
1 GRAMMAR IN USE Read the newspaper report and choose the correct words in italics.

In court this week

Maggie Givans reports from Brentford Magistrates' Court

On Tuesday, local shopkeeper Barry Southgate exactly what speed he (5) was I had been
appeared in court for dangerous driving. Police travelling at. He also said said that he (6) has I had
Constable Harriet Diamond said that on the night of forgotten to take his licence to the police station
14 February she (0) has seen~ dark blue (7) the next I next day. The magistrate wanted to
Volkswagen Golf travelling at high speed through know how he could forget something important
a residential area. She stopped the motorist, Mr like that, and Mr Southgate explained that his wife
Southgate, and asked him to tell her his driving (8) has had I had had their first baby that day,
speed. He replied that he ( 1) has I had no idea. so he (9) can't I hadn't been able to take his
When PC Diamond asked to see his driving licence, licence to the police station. He added that he
he replied that he (2) would I will bring it to the had been rushing to the hospital (10) the evening
police station (3) tomorrow I the following day, before I yesterday evening, and that was why he
closed his door and drove off, again at high speed. had been driving so fast. Magistrate Pound said that
In response to Magistrate Richard Pound's Mr Southgate still ( 11) must I had to pay the fine
questions Mr Southgate said (4) !I he knew he for speeding but that he (12) wishes I wished him
had been over the speed limit, but he didn't know and his new family all the best.

2 Complete the reported statements. Make all the changes you can.
cmJD listen and check.
0 POLITICIAN (to reporters): I'm ready to answer your questioQs.
The politician told the reporters t~t..~ . W.q!. . r.~~Y. ..................... ..
to answer their questions.
1 REPORTER: People were offended by remarks in your speech.
A reporter said people ................................................................ .. .
remarks in the politician's speech.
2 POLITICIAN: I didn't make any offensive remarks in my speech yesterday.
The politician stated .......... .. .......... ................. ........................ .... any offensive remarks in
his speech ............................... .
3 POLITIC IAN: I was just describing my plans for next year.
He said that ................................................................... his plans for the next year.
4 REPORTER:You must know that people have asked for your resignation.
The reporter said that the politician ................................................................................... ...
for his resignation.
5 POLITIC IAN: I can't understand it myself. I simply described the situation in the country.
The politician said ................... ............. .. .... ......................... himself.
He ........................ ............................ .. ..... ... the situation in the country.
6 POLITICIAN: I have been working very hard and I see no reason to resign.
He added that ... ..................... .... .......................................... and he saw no reason to resign.
7 roLJTICIA : I will make a full tatement about my plans tomorrow afternoon.
He ended by saying that ..... .............. .. ... .......... .. .. ................... ................... ...... .................... .. .
118

206
 3 Match the speech bubbles 1-8 with the reported statements A-L. Two more of the speech
bubbles can match two statements.
0 I' m revising for an 1 Adrian's revising for an A She said she'd already taken an exam that week.
exam at the moment. exam at the moment. B He said he had taken an exam the week before.
C She said he's revising for an exam at
the moment.
D He said he was revising for the exam
2 I'm going to 3 I was revising for
that evening.
take the exam the exam yesterday
tomorrow. evening . E She said she's already taken an exam this week.
f She said she vras revlsiug for an &am then.
4 I've already taken
G He said he was going to take the exam
an exam this week.
that week.
5 6 I'm going to take H She said she was going to take the exam the
the exam this week next day.
I He said he's revising for an exam this evening.
J She said she's rcY."ising for an exam aE-
the moment.
K He said he was revising for an exam then.
7 I took an L She said she was revising for the exam
exam last week. yesterday evening.
0 _F.,.J ... 1 .......... 2 ..... ... .. 3 .......... 4 ...... .. .. 5 .... .... .. 6 .. .... .. .. 7 8 ......... .

4 Rewrite the quotes in reported speech. Do not change the tense if it is possible not to.
ml!iil listen and check.
0 'You mustn't discuss the case outside the court room.'
The judge said that we . ~~~:~..~~-':~.~f.. ~~ . ~~-~e.. .~f1-!.f.~e. - ~0-:e:..co~rt.. ~o.qn:t ......... .
1 'The museum was opened to the public in 1965.'
The guidebook says ... ... ......................... ....... .. ...... .. ...... .. ...... .. .. .. ........ .. ..... .. .
2 'I'll take a taxi home after the film tomorrow evening.'
John told us last Friday ... ....... .. ...... .. ............. .. ...... ............. .. .. .. ... ................... .. .. ·
3 'Humans first walked on the moon in 1969.'
The lecturer said ...... .... ... ... .... ... .. ................ .. ... ... .... .. ......... .. ..... .. .. .. .. .. ..... .
4 'Samir's ill and can't come to school today.'
Mrs Richards, Samir's mother said ............................................... .. .. ........ ...... ................. .. . .
5 'Jason had been working for me for two years at that point.'
The manager told the police officer ... ................. .. ...... .... ... ......... .. .. ...... .. .. ............... .. .. .. .... .. .
6 'We're meeting our cousins from Vancouver at the weekend.'
Lou and Jane told us last week .. .. ...... .. ....... .. .... .. ...... .. .................. .. ........... ..... .. ..... .

5 Complete the sentences so they are true for you.

0 When my teacher gave back my last piece of homework, he/she said .t~~ - it._vv"!s.. o.~_ of ....
.!11-Y. ~~t.P.~~ef . ~f .W.0 .r.k: .. ........ .
1 When my teacher gave back my last piece of homework, he/she said .......... ... ..... ... ... ..... ... .
2 A friend complimented me recently. He/She said ...................... .. .. ........ .. ..... .. ........... ....... .. ..
3 The last time I was upset, it was because someone said .............. .. .............. .. ... ... .. ...... .. ... ..... .
4 The last time I went to the dentist, he/she said ................................................................ .. .. .
5 119 .. .... .
The last person who spoke to me was ... ... ........ ..... .... . He/She said ............. .. .................
6 Go online for more pract1ce 207
 Practice
1 Write the words in the correct order to make reported questions. Start with the underlined
word or phrase. C!iiiiD listen and check.
0 would be asked my mother l home when
0Y..~~~~- ~~-~~- .'t/.J::e:.~.~--W.~. ~~~- ~~.~f.~~-- .................................................................................
1 my friend couldn't come why to his party asked I

2 had to know the officer if wanted the keys I

3 how long she it asked had taken to get there

4 he could have his boss a pay rise asked Iohn whether

5 Maria to know if liked her hairstyle we wanted

6 t·he salesman whether we the car or not asked wanted to buy

2 GRAMMAR IN USE Read the reporter's

questions and complete the text with
reported questions. CSIID Listen and check.
0 Are you going to leave the how?
J Who caused the break-up?
2 Why can't you sort out your problem ?
3 Are you unhappy becau e Annette gets
more money than you?
4 Do you think Annette's a better singer
than you?
5 What will you do next?
6 Have you thought about giving
up singing?

" That reporter was horrible. He wouldn't go away. He asked so many questions. He
asked me whether (0) .L .W.C1!.3.Qi.'1fJ ..~Q)t;ffY.~. .t:h?. ..r.h.!J.W..QUUJ.t:. .... He wanted to know who
(1) ...... .. ....... ................ .............. .. ..... and also why (2) ... ..... ......... ....... ................ ............. ..... ... .
Obviously, 1 didn't ay anything. Then he asked me (3) ............................ .. ................ .. ......... ..
because Annette got more money than me, and he was so rude- he asked
(4) .......... .............................. ... .. ..................... .... ..... ........ ·Imagine that! He wanted to know
(5) .. ... ... .. ...................... .. .. ..... .......................................... and then he asked
(6) ... ..................... ...... ... ..... ........................ ... ........ ... ....... !At that point I told him I wasn't
going to answer any more question and shut the door in his face. "

3 Think of four questions that people have recently asked you, and report them.

o .My. .w.if~. ~s.i<.t:..l me...w.M.t.I .w.~.11.td .to..Mv.e..jQ r: .qil'tm,r.. .l.e1.r.t.xtight.. .. ... ... ..... .... ... .... ................. .
1 ... ......... ..... .. ... .... ..... ..... .......... ... ... ....... ... .... .. ................ .. ................ .... ......... ... ..... .... ..... ............ .
2
3 ....... .... .. .... .. ... .. ....... .. .. ...... ... ... ...... ............ .. .. .. ........ ..................... ............ .. ... .. ... .... ......... .... .... ..
4
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 Practice
1 GRAMMAR IN USE Read the email and choose the correct words in italics.
mD listen and check.
SubJect j1hate exa ms !

HiVicki
I've just come back from my Spanish oral exam . lt was awful! I was really nervous. Our teacher
had advised us (O) try to stay calm JGo try to stay catm) but of course, that was really difficult.
A group of us were waiting outside the exam room, when a woman came past and told
(1) us to I to us to stop chatting- she warned (2) that we don 't I us not to make too much
noise or we'd be in trouble. Then she asked one of our group (3) to go I go in, and we realised
that she was the examiner! She was so unfriendly. One of the teachers came past- she could
see we were all nervous, but she told (4) us not to I us to not worry. After a few minutes, the
door opened again and a man invited me to go inside. He was quite friendly, but of course
the unfriendly woman was also in there - she ordered (5) that I I me to sit down, so I took the
nearest chair. At first I couldn 't understa nd their Spanish. After a couple of minutes I felt better
and w hen they asked me (6) that I to talk about my last holiday in Spain, I was OK. But then
the woman told me (7) stop I to stop, and started correcting my Spanish, so I felt awful again!
The man advised (8) me to I me slow down- he said it w asn 't a speed competit ion- and from
then it seemed OK . I'll just have to w ait for the results now .. .

2 Decide whether each sign is giving an order or advice, or making a request. Then use the
words in the chart to describe each one.
[ill I]] ! PLEASE DO NOT I
0 .Thk:r.i.J.~.t.e)/.r.. ~..~t..t.o.:r~g, , ................ .. FEED THE FISH I

1 .Thi:r.:r.Y.~. q.r.f.:.:r ... .. .. .. .... .. ... .... ....................... .

2 ........ ........................ ... .. ......... ... ........ .......... ..
3 ......... .. ............... ....... ....... ...... .... ................. ..
4 ............ ....... ... .... ....... .... ... .... ..... ... ..... ... .... ... . . WARNING
feed the fish. WET PAINT
tells us smoke.
warns us to wear a hard hat.
asks us not to queue from this side. @] Please queue
advises us touch the paint. from this side

3 Complete the reported orders, requests, advice and warnings. Use tell, ask, advise or warn.
CDIIO listen and check.
0 'Don't talk in the library.'
The librarian . ·Ml11-!. . ~l.t.q _ lC1P<: J~ .~~ - ~ib.r:qr:y. .. ............ ..... ................................................. .
1 'I'd take some food for the journey, if I were you .'
My mother ... .. .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. .... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... .. ... ... ....... ...... , ...... .. ........ .. ..... .. ..... .. ................... ... ·
2 'Please h ave your tickets ready.'
The clerk .... .. ... ... ... .. .. ... .. ..... ...... .. ... .. .. .... ... .... .. .... .. .... ..... ... .... .... ... .......................... .. .. ....... ....... .
3 'Don't go in the sea- it's dan gerous.'
The lifeguard ..... .. ...... ... .... .. ... .. ... .. .. ..... ... .. ... ... ... .. .. .... ............... ...... ... .. .. ... ............. ....... ... .... .. .
4 'It's best if you take the first train that arrives .'
The guard ..... .. .... ...... .. ....... .. ................. .......... .. .. .. ...... .. .... .... ........... .. ....... ... .......... ................ . .
5 'Pick your rubbish up! '
The police officer ....... .... .......... .. .... ........ ......... ............... .. ............ .............. ..... ........ ... .... ... .... . .
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 Practice
1 Choose the correct words in italics. In four sentences, both answers are possible.
0 I agreed@/ him to sign the bank forms for my son.
1 We told you I to you that we couldn't see you that evening.
2 The thief finally admitted to stealing I that he had stolen the painting from the gallery.
3 Your representative said my husband I to my husband that no payment would be taken.
4 The dentist suggested that I should visit I visiting him more regularly.
5 The programme makers apologised upsetting I for upsetting a lot of people.
6 Mario insisted on buying I that he should buy dinner for me as a 'thank you'.
7 She complained to my manager that I was lazy I about my being lazy.
8 The school encouraged its students I to its students to go to university.

2 GRAMMAR IN USE Complete the conversation with the verbs from the box.
a!JIID Listen and check.
agreed announced apologised encouraged insisted regretted said told thanked
RASHID Sorry I'm late. Have you seen the news yet?
BEN No. My dad called- he (0) J~Y.Y~~...... on telling me all about his holiday. Why?
RASHID Well, you know there's been a bit of trouble with the TV company I work for?
BEN The complaints about that really violent series, yeah.
RASHID The managing director called the whole company to a meeting after work and
(1) .......... ... .... .. that he was going to resign this evening! He (2) ....... ............ that he
took full responsibility for the problems, because he'd (3) ........ .. ... ...... to show the
series although he knew how violent it was, so it was his fault.
BEN That's amazing, isn't it?
RASHID Yes, well, he's a very honourable man. He (4) ..... .. .... ........ for causing any difficulties
for his staff, you know, with reporters, and (5) .. .... ... .......... us all that he was very
proud of the way we had behaved over the last two weeks.
BEN Did anyone ask how he felt about leaving?
RASHID Yes, he said he (6) .. ... .. .. ... ...... . having to make this decision, but it was the only
one he could make. Anyway, he (7) .......... .... ..... us for supporting him, and
(8) ... .......... ...... us to stay on and make the company a success.

3 Report the spoken words, using the verbs in brackets. You can report some of the sentences
in more than one way. C911D Listen and check.

0 '01<, Dad. T did take £5 from your wallet, but it was to buy Mum a birthday card.' (admit
The boy . ~~~~t!~(~~!<:~!'!3. . t§.fi.:q."!'!-. .~i.r.fqt~~.~ ..~~~~~ ................ ·
1 'Would you like me to open the windows?' (offer)
The woman .... .... ..... .. .. ....... ....... ....... ................. .. ............................. . .
2 'In answer to your question, the club accepts members of all ages.' (reply)
The assistant .... .... .. .. ...... .. ... ... .... ... ... .... ....... ...... .. ...... ...... .. ... .............. . .
3 'I really am the best electrician in the area.' (claim)
He .... ...... .. ....... ......... ..... ... ... ... ...... .. ... .... ...... .. .. .... ........ ........ .
4 'Please try one of my cakes - they're delicious. You will? Good .' (persuade)
My friend ...... ....... .... .. ....... ... ..... ... .... ..... ............ .. ....... ...... ... ........ ... .
5 'We didn't tell the reporter about the company's financi.al problems.' (admit
The managers ......... ,............ .... ....... .... ... ..... .... ..... ........ ...... ... .... .......... .. .

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 Review MODULE 13
1 UNITS 68, 69 AND 70 Read the conversation between a student
and her tutor, then complete the email below it with one word
(or short form) in each gap.
TUTOR Jess, could you come into my office, please?
JESS Of course.
TUTOR Thanks. Jess, I've just read your essay, and it's excellent.
;m Thanks. That's really good news!
TUTOR Well, actually, it isn't. Tell me, ]ess, did you write that essay yourself?
JESS Of course I did.
TUTOR Well, there's a problem. I received an essay from another student in the group
yesterday, and your essay is almost identical to that one.
JESS I don't understand. How is that possible?
TUTOR Well, did you discuss it with other students?
JESS Yes, three or four of us worked on it together. You always say to us: 'Don't struggle
on your own; talk to other students.'
TUTOR True, that could explain similarities, but your two essays are identical. I' m going to
send the two essays to the Head of Department tomorrow.
JESS What will happen?
TUTOR This is the first time this ituation ha happened, so the Head of Department might
just give you a warning. But you really must be more careful in future, Ellen. You
shouldn't work too d o ely with ether when you're writing essays. The department
really can't have problems like this.

Subject J Problem at uni

Hi Samira
I'm just writing to tell you about a really awful thing that has happened at university. This
morning my history tutor asked me (O) }~ ... ..... ... ... . go into his office . When I got in, he said
that he (1) ..... .... .... .... .. just read my latest essay and that it (2) .. .... .. ... ...... .. excellent. I said
that was good news, but then he said that it (3) ..... .... .. ........ and he asked me (4) .. ... ... .. ... .... . .
I'd written the essay myself. I told him I had, but then he said that there was a problem. He said
that he had received an essay from another student in the group the day (5) .... .. ...... ..... .. , and
that (6) ..... ............ .. essay was almost identical to that one. I (7) .... ... .. ... ..... .. how that was
possible, and he wanted to (8) .... .. .. ... ... .... . whether I had discussed it with other students.
I told him that three or four of us had (9) ............ .. .... . on it together- he always advises us
(1 0) ... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. to struggle on our own, and to talk to other students . Anyway, he said that
(11) ... ...... ... .. .... . explain similarities but that (12) ....... .... .... .. .. essays were identical. He
said he was going to send the two essays to the Head of Department the (13) .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .
day. I asked him what (14) ... ... ..... ...... .. happen and he said that as it was the first time the
situation (15) ....... .. .. .... .. .. happened, the Head of Department (16) ... .. ... .... ....... just give
(17) ... ...... .. ... ... .. a warning . He (18) ........ .... .... ... me to be more careful in future, and
(19) .... ... ... ... ...... me not to work too closely with others when (20) ..... .... .... .... .. writing
essays because the department couldn't have problems like that. I simply can't understand
what happened ...

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2 UNITS 70 AND 71 Complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first, using the
word in brackets. Use two to five words in your answer.

0 Gwyneth said: 'Would you like to join our team in the quiz competition?' (invited)
Gwyneth . ~.~~. ~}~}~~~.... .. .... ... their team in the quiz competition.
1 'Don't run in the school corridors,' the head teacher told us. (ordered)
The head teacher .... ... ....... .. ..... ... ....... .. ......... ....... ....... .. ..... in the school corridors.
2 'I'm really sorry that I didn't remember your birthday,' Jennie told her sister. (remembering)
Jennie ............. .... ..... ... ............... .. ... .. .. ... .. ......... her sister's birthday.
3 'My advice is that you shouldn't give up your job yet,' Dad told me. (to)
Dad ..... ... .... .. ...... ....... ....... .... ... give up my job yet.
4 Our manager said to us, 'I'm going to pay for everyone's lunch and that's final.' (insisted)
Our manager .. ... ....... ... ... .. ..... .. ..... .... ..... for everyone's lunch.
5 'John, please don't ride that motorbike again,' said his father. (begged)
John's father .... .... ...... .. .. ... ... ... ... .. .. ... .... ride that motorbike again.

3 ALL UNITS Choose the correct words in italics. In five places, both answers are possible.

MUM Alan, how many times has your father told you (O) to not spend ;0ot to spendJages on the
land line? That's what your mobile is for.
ALAN Sorry, Mum, but that was a reporter from the local newspaper. She phoned me.
MUM Oh, what did she want?
ALAN She wanted to know how I (1) was feeling I am feeling after winning the regional final of the
Junior Musician of the Year competition.
MUM Oh, I see.
ALAN Yeah, she said she (2) has been I had been at the competition and she thought that
(3) I'd performed I I performed really well. She asked when (4) was I going I I was going to
the national final, so I told (5) her I to her that I might not go because I (6) can't I couldn't
afford to go to London.
MUM What did she say?
ALAN She said that the local newspaper (7) will I would sponsor me if money was a problem. She
invited me (8) going I to go to the office tomorrow and have my photo taken for the paper. I
said (9) I'm not! I wasn't sure, you know, I said (1 0) her I to her that I ( 11) had only done it I
only did it for a laugh. But then she told me what a good opportunity (12) was it I it was and
she tried to persuade me (13) to go I going to the final.
MUM What did you say?
ALAN I told her I'd see her (14) the next day I tomorrow at her office, of course!

4 ALL UNITS Find four more mistakes and correct them. Tick (.I) the correct sentences.

0 The police officer asked me where a id you work. you. warkt.d

1 The doctor told that I should bav an X-ray a oon a · pos ible.
2 He phoned me !a t week and asked what I had b en do ing this morning.
3 He admitted to leaving a cigarette burning in an ashtray, which caused the fire.
4 That woman wanted to know where were the nearest toilets.
5 Our history teacher said that the Hundred Years' War lasted more than 100 years.
6 We can't go into the theatre yet - they told us to not.

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 ANSWER KEY

2 1 to show 2 to sell 3 members to sell 4 us to 4 Mrs Richards, Samir's mother said (that) he's ill
paint 5 to use 6 me follow 7 you to stay and can't come to school today.
8 you break 5 The manager told the police officer (that) Jason had
3 1 HH! werl< me to work been working for him for two years at that point.
2 B'l:aEie Elo made to do 6 Lou andJane told us last week (that) they
3 ~notto were meeting their cousins from Vancouver at
4 tl:lat yeH Ele you to do the weekend.
5 ~ allowed to 5 Model answers
6 giYiflg ~o~p to give up 1 ... I hadn't tried hard enough.
7 ~keeping 2 ... that my hair was looking really nice that
8 Hef...9e not to be evening.
3 ... that I wasn't very confident and would not get
UNIT 67 the job I wanted.
11A2B3A4B5B 4 ... that my teeth are in very good condition.
2 1 to get 2 joining 3 to look/looking 5 ... my father. He said that I should finish my
4 walking 5 going 6 looking 7 fly homework.
8 getting 9 worrying 10 moving
3 1 burning 2 doing 3 to inform 4 to tell UNIT 69
5 looking 6 to find 1 1 My friend asked why I couldn't come to his party.
2 The officer wanted to know if I had the keys.
REVIEW 3 She asked how long it had taken to get there.
1 1 to take 2 to speak 3 playing 4 swimming 4 John asked his boss whether he could have a
5 to like 6 cleaning pay rise.
5 Maria wanted to know if we liked her hairstyle.
2 1 trying 2 not 3 to 4 to 5 him 6 me
6 The salesman asked whether we wanted to buy
7 let 8 start
the car or not.
3 1 to have/take 2 not to be 3 being called
2 1 had caused the break-up 2 1/we couldn't
4 going 5 having taken/taking 6 to have
sort out my/our problems 3 if I was unhappy
finished 7 hearing 8 to go on holiday
4 if/whether I thought Annette was a better singer
410 2A 3C 4C 50 6B 7A 8C than me 5 what I would do next 6 (me) if I had
9 D 10 C thought about giving up singing
TEST 3 Model answers
1B2A3A4C5A6C7A8C 1 My teacher asked me if I had understood her
9 B 10 A 11 C 12 C 13 A 14 C 15 A explanation.
16 C 17 B 18 A 19 C 20 A 2 My friend wanted to know if we could go swimming
at the weekend.
3 My mother asked if I could do the washing-up.
Module 13 4 A shop assistant asked if I had the right coins for the
chocolate bar.
UNIT 68
UNIT 70
... 1 1 had 2 would 3 the following day 4 he
5 had been 6 had 7 the next 8 had had 1 1 us to 2 us not to 3 to go 4 us not to 5 me
9 hadn't been able to 10 the evening before to 6 to 7 to stop 8 me to
11 had to 12 wished 2 1 This sign asks us not to feed the fish.
2 1 had been offended by 2 This sign advises us to wear a hard hat.
2 (that) he hadn't made, the day before 3 This sign warns/tells us not to touch the paint.
3 he had just been describing 4 This sign asks us to queue from this side.
4 had to know that people had asked 3 1 My mother advised me to take some food for
5 he couldn't understand it, had simply described the journey.
6 he had been working very hard 2 The clerk asked us to have our tickets ready.
7 he would make a full statement about his plans 3 The lifeguard warned/told us not to go in the sea.
the following/next afternoon 4 The guard advised us to take the first train
3 1 C 2 H 3 L 4 A, E 5 K 6 G 7 B 8 D, I that arrived.
5 The police officer told us to pick our rubbish up.
4 1 The guidebook says (that) the museum was
opened to the public in 1965. UNIT 71
2 John told us last Friday (that) he would take a taxi
1 1 you 2 to stealing/that he had stolen 3 to
home after the film the next/following evening.
my husband 4 that I should visit/visiting 5 for
3 The lecturer said (that) humans first walked on
upsetting 6 on buying/that he should buy 7 that
the moon in 1969.
I was lazy/about my laziness 8 its students

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 ANSWER KEY

2 1 announced 2 said 3 agreed 4 apologised have taken over the role of detectives in popular
5 told 6 regretted 7 thanked 8 encouraged fiction. This is the due to the increasingly important
3 1 The woman offered to open the windows. role which science plays in modern police work.
2 The assistant replied that the club accepts/ One of the best-known of these detectives is Dr Kay
accepted members of all ages. Scarpetta - the invention of American crime writer
3 He claimed to be the best electrician in the area/ Patricia Cornwell. Cornwell introduced Scarpetta
that he was the best electrician in the area. to the world in Postmortem, a book which she
4 My friend persuaded me to try one of his/her cakes. published in 1990.
5 The managers admitted that they hadn't told the 3 1 - 2 where 3 which 4 why 5 where
reporter about the company's financial problems. 6 when 7 why 8 which 9 when 10 which
(pronoun can be left out in 4, 6 and 9)
REVIEW 4 1 I told you about 2 you were interested in
1 1 had 2 was 3 wasn't 4 if/whether 3 we walked under 4 for which the insurance
5 before 6 my 7 asked 8 know 9 worked company 5 over which the committee 6 to
10 not 11 could 12 our 13 next /following whom the bank
14 would 15 has/had 16 might 17 us 5 1 in which/where Sherlock Holmes lives I which
18 warned/told/advised 19 advised/told 20 I'm Sherlock Holmes lives in
2 1 ordered us not to run 2 apologised for not 2 which Conan Doyle invented
remembering 3 advised me not to 4 insisted 3 who uses his powers of observation to solve crimes
that he would pay/insisted on paying 5 begged 4 who has starred in many recent films and
]ohn/him not to TV shows
3 1 was feeling/am feeling 2 had been 3 I'd 5 whose career in the army has ended
performed/! performed 4 I was going 5 her 6 who became famous for his part
6 can't/couldn't 7 would 8 to go 9 I'm not/
I wasn't 10 to her 11 had only done it/only did UNIT 73
it 12 it was 13 to go 14 tomorrow 11B2B3A4A
4 1 tela tflat told me/said that 2 1 Humaniqueness is the first book that Glauco
2 ~that Ortolano, who is Brazilian, has written in English.
3 ./ 2 Harlitt's chocolate factory, which used to employ
4 .,.,•e£e tl=le a ea rest tenets the nearest toilets were over a thousand people, has closed down.
5 ./ 3 You can't smoke in restaurants any more, which
6 ~notto I'm pleased about.
4 They've closed down our local library, which is
TEST really annoying.
1A2C3B4C5A6A7C8A 5 The course, which lasts ten weeks, starts on
9 C 10 A 11 B 12 A 13 C 14 B 15 A Monday 12th January.
16 B 17 C 18 B 19 A 20 B 6 The new company president will be Sandra
Jackson, whose period as creative director was
very successful. wl<Uk
Module 14 3 The nineteenth century, ~was the golden age
of Russian literature(produced the world-famous
UNIT 72 novelists Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky, the
1 1 that 2 whose 3 which/that 4 who 5 that/ poet Alexander Pushkin and the playwright An ton
which 6 that 7 that 8 whose Chekhov. Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, . ~
2 For over a hundred years detective stories have been which was written in 1869, is often considered to
one of the most popular forms of writing. The books be the greatest novel of the nineteenth century.
<!.@:>they appear in are often called 'whodunits'. Russian literature continued to flourish in the
In many cases the detectives in these novels are twentieth century. Internationally, the two Russian
professional police officers. A typical example is novelists who were most successful were Boris
Inspector Morse, the famous Oxford detective who Pasternak and Vladimir Nabokov.
was created by the writer Colin Dexter. Nabokov, ~who spent much of his life in the
But many of these characters are private detectives United States, also wrote novels in English.
who help the clients who they work for. Perhaps the Pasternak was the author of Dr Zhivago, ~which
best known is Philip Marlowe - a private detective was made into a hugely successful film in 1965. He
invented by the author Raymond Chandler in a was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1958 but refused
novel which he wrote in 1939. to accept it.
Of course, not all detectives in fiction are
professionals, many are amateurs. One of the
most famous of these is Miss Marple, a character
that Agatha Christie invented in 1927.
In more recent years scientists and psychologists

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Grammar Reader
FMS3

5 Conditionals
Every conditional sentence has two clauses, the condition (if) clause and the result clause. The if
clause can come before or after the result clause. If you start with the conditional clause, you must
always use a comma! You don’t need a comma if you start with the result clause first.
There are present and future conditions, unlikely/unreal conditions, past conditions and mixed
conditionals.
5.1 Present conditions (zero conditional)
We use the zero conditional to describe real situations that can happen at any time, or one event
that always follows another. We can use when instead of if:
If/When we talk to the baby, she smiles.
FORM: If/When + present simple, present simple.
We often use the zero conditional for imperatives or to give instructions:
If the elevator breaks down, press the alarm button.

5.2 Future conditions (Conditional I)

We use the first conditional to talk about the results of a possible future condition, one we think is
likely to happen.
If I don’t see you at the restaurant, I’ll give you a call.
In the first conditional the if clause describes the future but uses the present tense, not will/won’t.
FORM: If + present simple, will / modal + verb.
Alternatives to if:
unless I won’t wash your car unless you pay me (if you don’t pay me)
in case Take an umbrella in case it rains. (It might/might not rain but you’ll be prepared.)
even if I won’t wash your car even if you pay me! (if you pay me or not)
provided/ You can borrow the car provided I have it back by six o’clock. (I must have the car by
as long as by six.)

5.3 Unlikely/unreal conditions (Conditional II)

Unlikely future conditions:
We use the second conditional for future actions or situations that are possible, but unlikely:
If I got a pay rise this year, I’d buy a new car.
FORM: If + past simple, would (not) /modal + verb.
Unreal present conditions:
We can also use the second conditional for present situations that are imaginary, not real:
If we had hot summers here, we wouldn’t go abroad. (We don’t have hot summers)

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Grammar Reader
FMS3

Advice:
We often use the expression If I were you, I’d... to give personal advice:
If I were you, I’d get a taxi.
In spoken English, people often also use was instead of were.
Alternatives to if:
• Unless for unlikely conditions: I wouldn’t ask unless I really needed it but not unreal
conditions: I would be more active unless I had arthritis. → if I didn’t have arthritis.
• Imagine/suppose to ask about imaginary situations: Suppose they lived in the country, would
they have a garden?

5.4 Past Conditions

Unreal past conditions:
We use the third conditional to imagine situations or actions in the past that we know are the
opposite of the facts:
If he had stolen the company plans, he wouldn’t have kept them in his office.
FORM: If + past perfect, would/modal + have + past participle.
Regrets:
We can use the third conditional to talk about regrets from our past, often with could have:
I could have gotten a better job if I’d stayed at university.

5.5 Mixed conditionals

Mixed past to present conditional
We use this conditional to talk about present result of an imagined past condition/action:
If that thief hadn’t tricked me, I wouldn’t be in prison.
FORM: If + past perfect, would (not) /could/might + infinitive.
Mixed present to past conditional
We use this conditional to talk about imagined past results of a present condition/situation:
If I didn’t believe you, I would have left you.
FORM: If + past simple, might/could/would (not) have + past participle

5.6 I wish, If only, it’s time...:

We use wish + past simple to talk about present situations, when we are unhappy with the situation:
I wish we were still on holiday. (We aren’t on holiday now.)
If only means the same but with more emphasis:

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Grammar Reader
FMS3

If only I didn’t get angry so easily!

We don’t use wish or if only with a present tense!
I wish I have a better job. → I wish I had a better job.
To express a wish about the future, we use hope + present tense verb, not wish:
I hope you have a good holiday.

We use wish/if only + past perfect to talk about a past situation or action that we regret:
I wish I’d studied harder.
We don’t use wish/if only with the past simple if we want to talk about the past!
If only I didn’t shout at my boss last week. → If only I hadn’t shouted at my boss last week.

It’s time and would rather

We use the past tense after it's time and would rather when we are talking about the present.
• it’s (about) time means we think that someone should do something:
Come on - it's time we went home. It's about time you got on the plane.
• it’s high time + a past simple verb is stronger and suggests that the action is urgent:
It's high time you started looking for a flat of your own! You can't stay here forever.

• We can also use the infinitive with to (with or without for + object pronoun):
Come on- it's time (for us) home. It's about time (for you) to get on the plane.
We use would rather to say what we prefer:
I'd rather we stayed at home. (= I'd prefer to stay...)
Would you rather I paid you now or later? (= Would you prefer me to pay you now or later?)

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 -.

Practice
10
1 Match the two parts of the sentences. CIIID listen and check.
0 When you book a superior room,~ A we can provide a choice of meat-free dishes.
1 If you take items from the mini bar, ~B room service can provide snacks.
2 If the fire alarm sounds, C we provide fresh fruit and flowers every day.
3 If you eat in the hotel every evening, D we'll give you a discount on your meals.
4 If you require a vegetarian meal, E we will add them to your bill on departure.
5 If you require a meal after 10.00 p.m., F leave the building immediately.
6 When you check out, G don't forget to hand your key to reception.

2 GRAMMAR IN USE Write the verbs from the box in the correct form to make first conditional
sentences. Use will or might (not) in the result clause. ~ listen and check.

be able to I not have confuse I allow not cover I see

2=et I steal not have I not be tell I not return

Credit card fraud - the facts

If a credit card thief .3.~.... ... .. ..... .... .. .... the
chance, he. ~.~~~ .-!.~~!.... .. ...... .. .. your card or
your money. How can you prevent this? There are
several ways : 11

1 Always cover your PIN number when you use

it. If you .. .. ...... .. ................... it, someone
............ .. ... ...... .. ...... it.
2 Don't talk to people at the cash machine- a thief
.... .. ........ .. ............... you by talking to you if you
.. ................ .. .... .. .... . him to .
3 You need good security on your computer- thieves ............ .... ...... .. ...... . get into your accounts if
you .. ...... ...... ............ .. .. . proper security.
4 When you buy something on the Internet, make sure the website has a 'locked' symbol.
If it .. ...... .... .... ...... .... .... . one, it .. .. ...... .. ...... .... .... .. ... secure enough .
5 Don't forget, if you .... .... .... .... .. .. .... ...... . your PIN number to another person and your
money is stolen, your credit card company .. .......... .. .. .... ...... .... . your money.

3 Find seven more mistakes and correct them. Tick (.f) the correct sentences.
I'Ll I'I'W ve.
0 If I get the job at Siemens, 1-ffiev.e to Swansea.
1 Take your warm coat tonight if case it gets cold.
2 Mike really dislikes Luke and Pete. He won't come to your party unless they come.
3 When you go out, don't forget to lock the back door.
4 I'll meet you at 6.00, but when my bus is late, don't wait for me.
5 If the corner shop won't be open, I can go to the supermarket.
6 If I don't eat much during the day, I always get a headache.
7 Even my boss begs me to stay, I won't listen to him.
8 The taxi won't wait at the airport if your plane will be delayed.
9 I'll make some sandwiches provided you get hungry on the journey.
10 The match might be cancelled if the weather's really bad.
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 PRACTICE
1 Choose the correct meaning, A or B.
0 If Charles got a pay rise, he'd buy a better car.
A I think Charles will get a pay rise. @ I think Charles is unlikely to get a pay rise.
1 If house prices rise, we'll sell our flat and buy a cottage in the country.
A The speaker thinks house prices will probably rise.
B The speaker thinks house prices probably won't rise.
2 If I were you, I'd take the train to Cornwall; it's more relaxing than driving.
A I'm giving advice. B You've taken the train before.
3 If I had a mobile phone, I'd call the police.
A I might call the police. B I can't call the police.
4 Suppose you had a yacht, where would you sail to?
A You have a yacht. B You don't have a yacht.
5 Pablo would be very disappointed if he didn't pass the exam.
A Pablo expects to pass the exam. B Pablo doesn't expect to pass the exam.

2 Write one word only (or a short form) in each gap to make second conditional sentences.
milD Listen and check.
0 If I .~.V~ ........ to another country, I think I . '1.o~A}.~· ·· ···· ·· go to Mexico.
1 If there .... ............. .. more rain here, the countryside ................... be much greener.
2 I ................... talk to him right now if I ........ ........... you- he's in a terrible mood.
3 .......... ......... there were no borders between countries, wouldn't it ....... ........... . wonderful?
4 The director wouldn't make any redundancies ................... it .. ..... ... ...... ... really necessary.
5 If Jonas ........ ........... you to marry him, what ................... you say?
6 I've got an awful voice, but if I ................... sing, I ....... ... .... ..... join a choir.

3 GRAMMAR IN use Read the letter and then complete the responses below, using the
underlined parts of the letter to help you. mm:J listen and check.

This week's problem

We're really worried about our son at present. to our son about this yet, because we're sure
He's fifteen and he's just started going round (3) he'd just lie to us- he accuses us of treating
with a gang of older boys who are involved in
petty crime. (0) We don't take him to school

boys. They go to the cinema and funfair~.

and our son uses (1) U1e monev we give him for
lunch to go with them. (2) We haven'L talked can hel.12 us.

0 If . Y.o~.H~k:. h-.~M.: . ~~J.c.h-o.ql..... in the morning, you could make sure he goes inside.
1 He wouldn't be able to spend money on funfairs if you ..... ........ ................... ........... .. ... .
2 I would talk to your son if I .... ..................................... .
3 He probably ................ ........ ..... ....... ..... lie to you if you treated him like an adult.
4 If I were you I ................................................ unless you know he has committed a crime.
Your son is very young and you don't want the police involved at this stage.
5 It would be a good idea if you ...... .............................. .... ......... They might be worried, too.
6 The teachers know your son. If you speak to them, they .... .. .. ..... .. ... ...................... ..... ... .

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 Practice 10
1 Match the results 1-5 with the conditions A-F. Then complete 1-5 with would have,
wouldn't have or could have.

0 I _ '11/o~_d__J:u;l_'(e.... .. .. .... bought a faster car ~ A if I'd studied harder.

1 1 .... .. ... ...................... called you yesterday B if I'd practised the violin every day.
2 L.... ........... ........ ........ got a better degree C if I'd remembered your phone number.
3 I ............................... left my parents' home D if I'd had enough money.
4 I .. ............ ................. played in an orchestra E if I'd known how much renting costs.
5 I .... .. ............. ... ..... .. .. taken the job F if I'd realised the company was in
trouble.

2 GRAMMAR IN USE Complete the email, using the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
cmlll:1 Listen and check.

Subject ~

Hi Mum and Dad

I'm afraid I have to ask you for some money- and I'm very ashamed to tell you about this. You
see, I lost my job a few weeks ago. I deserved it because I upset a customer- if I hadn't been
rude to the customer, my boss (0) . VII~~.ef.11.:'t. . ~Y.~..ft..r:~ ............. (fire) me. And I was in debt
because of the car- obviously, I wouldn't have got into debt if I (1) .. ............. ... ... ...... .. ...... .
(not buy) the car, but I needed it for work. Then, one day recently I was in a local shop and I
took some money from the till. If it hadn't been open, I (2) ... .. ......................... .. .. .. .. .. .... ..
(not take) the money, but it was so easy. I left the shop before they noticed, but then, a couple
of days later I went back into the shop and the shopkeeper saw me. That was really stupid-
if I (3) .. .. .. .. .... .... ....... .. ...... ...... .... .. ... (not go back), he wouldn't have recognised me. I
denied taking the money, so he called the police, and they arrested me. If I'd admitted it to the
shopkeeper and paid him back, he (4) .... .... ...... .. ... ... .. .... .. .. ... (not call) the police . So .. . can
I borrow £500 to pay the fine? I know I've been stupid- if I (5) ......... .. ......................... (ask)
for your help weeks ago, this wouldn't have happened.
Love Harry

3 Write what these people said. They are talking about their regrets with would, might or
could. For 5 and 6, write sentences that are true for you. cmi!II listen and check.
0 Pietro didn't get a place at college because he didn't apply in time .
.rft1. .':':fP.L.~. -~~- .fi~~. _I_.~f9.~. ~V.e..J.~~- ."! .P.~~'t::. ~t,. ~ol~~-e.:.. .. .. ..... ... ... ...... __ ........ ...... ....... ... .
1 Last year Olivia spent all her money on clothes and couldn't afford a holiday.

2 Samuel didn't notice the speed camera and he got a fine for driving too fast.

3 Patrice broke his leg on a skiin g trip and he wasn't able to become a footb aller.

4 Kimiko ate some fish which was bad, so she was very ill.

5 If I hadn't ........................ ..... ........................................................ .. ........ ..... ,........................ .

6 If I had .... ......... .......... ·............................ .. ... ..... ............. ......... ............................................... .

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 Practice
10
1 Read each sentence. Decide if each explanation, A and B, is true (T) or false (F).
0 Gary could have been a famous footballer if he was more prepared to train hard.
A Gary isn't a famous footballer. .T.. ..... B Gary doesn't like training hard . .T ......
1 If Manfred's parents had moved to the UK, he might speak English now.
A Manfred's parents moved to the UK. .... .... .. B Manfred doesn't speak English ... ... .... .
2 If Noel and Jim had talked to each other more, they could still be friends today.
A They didn't talk to each other enough. .......... B They are still friends.
3 If Juliet didn't believe her son's story, she might have called the police.
A Juliet doesn't believe her son's story. ..... ... .. B Juliet called the police.
4 Joan might look really old now if she hadn't had cosmetic surgery.
A Joan has had cosmetic surgery. .. . .... .. B Joan doesn't look very old.
5 Helen would have found a husband years ago if she wanted to get married.
A Helen wants to get married. B Helen has found a husband.

2 I GRAMMAR IN use Read the conversations and choose the correct words in italics.
C111D Listen and check.
0 A I hear you lost that new laptop computer you'd bought.
B Yes, it was stolen. I feel really stupid now- I'd still have the computer and all my work
on it if I hadn 't left didn't leave the bathroom window open.
1 A Mum, can l pay with my Xbox?
B Yes, go on. What would you do I would you have done in the evenings if they hadn't
invented the Xbox?
2 A Why are you here? I thought Jenny said that you'd cancelled the meeting?
B Well, no. If I cancelled I had cancelled the meeting, I wouldn't be here now, would I?
3 A We've just bought a flatscreen TV.
B But you've already got one.
A No, if we already had one, we wouldn't buy I wouldn't have bought one, would we?
4 A Gary said th at his brother was very lazy.
B Neil, lazy? No, if that was true, I didn't marry I wouldn't have married him all those
years ago!
5 A Do you .have any regrets about getting married when you were very young?
B Of com se not! If we didn 't get married I hadn't got man·ied when we were young, we
couldn't enjoy I wouldn 't have enjoyed all our grandchild ren and great-grandchildren now.

3 Write conditional sentences, using the words in brackets. Use could or might if possible.
cmiiilJ Listen and check.
0 The.re might have been more wars in rece.nt years if (the United Nations I exist) .
.~::t?:-..~l9h-t.. ~Y.~. k~ .~r~ .~!il~f .i!'!-..~~~- Y.~.r:{. if.t~ ..0.~~. ~~#.9.~ . ~f4.YJ-:~ .tXi:.rt. ...·
1 If von Ohain and Whittle hadn't invented the jet engine we (have I mass air travel/ today) .
~
0
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••••• •• •• •• •••••• •• • • 0 ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . ... . . .. . .. . .. ... . 0 •

2 We wouldn't all use Windows today if (Bill Gates I start I Microsoft).

3 If there were still a lot of racial problems in the US, (they I elect I Barack Obama).

4 Fewer African people would have died if (we I have I a cure for malaria).

5 If Tim Berners-Lee hadn't created the World Wide Web, (the world I be I very different).
• • • o o oo o • • ' o ~a • ' 0 • • 0 ~ • • o • • o o • o • • ' ~ o o • • o I o • o o • o 0 • • • o o o o • • • 0 0 0 • • • • • • • o 0 • • • •. • • '0 0 0 0 • • ' o o o • o • ' o o < o o '• ' • 0 o o o ' o • • o o o o o • ' • • o • 0 I ' o • • ' • o o •,. o " o

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 Practice
10 I

1 GRAMMAR IN usE Read t he letter from a man in prison to his wife. Choose the correct
underlined words. crnm
Listen and check.

My de4re.st Mol'liqKe
I c.t~~vkt brai"" to teLL yo~-t lww WL"{th I miss yoK. If oi1Ly I {0} didrkt Li.rte11. 1(fid11.'t li.rte.tt£4)
to Tommy Ewri'L! t~~Ll those mo11ths qgo wJ.te-11. he sQfid ke. Wt~~l1ted ·tll driver fo t(l(k.e him to tke.
eri.rport. Obvid~-LSly, I wisk the police. (1} did11.'t Ui[tc.h I b£tdn/t Ctii£19M us ·t~~t the w"relw~Ue,
bid I wish eve11. more tlwrt I (:2.} didl-!!t beli.e.ve I fwdrkt beLieved his story.
Well, I'm he.re 110W, t~~wl I suppose. I'm L"{tk.y tl-teft it:r 011ly for two yf!,(l(rs. I just wish thtllt
1 (3) £1!!11 wqs GuJser to lwme. If oi1Ly you (tf} co~-tld vi.sit I GIJ~-tld ht,ve visited me more.
ojte11., tke-11. I'm sure. life wol-tld be e(l(si.er.
Thi.~s (l(re11.'t too berd kere, rf!,(I(/Ly. I G"'I'L work. d~-tril'!:} tke. dery erwl tke eve11.i~s Q/re OK, bid
the ~kts erre QI.Wfol - I rurLly wi.sh tke. other pri.so11.e.rs {5.) wol-tld M.(l(k.e, I woi{Ldn/t J~VLt~~k.e
so ~k 11Ci.se eft 11i._gl1.t, efM 1 wi.sh I (ro) ~I t011.ld _Jet some more sleep.
Well, t d better .JO. It's time {7) ~I to ,ioi11. the. othe.rs jo·r 'evel'ti~ (l(ctiviti.d. I do
el'ljoy 3~ letters from yo~, (IIM I wisk you {K) woW,d write I write to me more ojte11..
I {1} wi.sh I lwpe- thtllt I'll see you soo11., bid I'd rclltke.r {10} yoz..<. dorkt bring I yo~-t diqrkt
bring tke. Ghildrei'L - I dorkt Wclll'!t them to see- me ke.re.

2 Complete the sentences with would I wouldn't and a verb from the box.
CS.I':ID Listen and check.
close (not) leave (not) IIl.ake (not) play turn off wash uo

0 I wish you . W.~~{W.~!~. !'!f. .......................... after you've eaten.

1 I wish you ... .. .. .... ... ... ...... .................... ....... your clothes in the living room.
2 I wish you ...... ... ...... ............................ .. ... .. phone calls late at night.
3 I wish you ...... ... .. .. .. ........ ...................... ..... the fridge door.
4 I wish you ....................... ........ ................... music really loudly.
5 I wish you ... ..... .. .. .......... ............................ the TV and talk to me!

3 Find and correct the mistakes in each sentence.

~~ turf'ted doWvt,
O I wish l i 't turn do•,.m that job offer last week.
1 We'd rather you don't bring your children with you.
2 If only we have enough money for a new kitchen.
3 We wish you get good news from your son next week.
4 Would you rather went to the mountains this year?
5 I wish you won't criticise me in front of your friends.
6 Isn't it time the gas bill to come?

4 Complete the sentences so they are true for you.

0 I wish my parents . W.~W.d.':!/.~. t.r~~..~..L.~~..c:r.. t;-h-.i!4 ...... .. ............................... ...................... .... .

1 I wish my best friend ............ .. ........................... .... .... .............. .. ... .............. ... .............. .......... ·
2 If only I hadn't bought ...... .. .. ... .. .. ........... .................... ....... ............ .. ..... .. ..... ....... .. ... ............. !
3 I'd rather people didn't ............ ....... ........ ........... .. .... .. ............................ ............................... .
4 I wish I could ......... .... ...... .. ...... .. ....... ... .. ......... ............ .............. ....... ... .. ........................... ... .. . .

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 Review MODULE 10
1 UNITS 54 AND 55 Choose the correct words in italics.
0 The director wouldn't call a special meeting if !Gmt~ ~it were really necessary.
1 People are always friendlier when the sun is I was s inin .
2 It may be a good idea to take extra money even ifI in case the museum isn't free.
3 If I were prime minister, I will I would increase taxes immediately.
4 Arsenal are doing well- they will I would win the group stage if they don't I didn't lose
their next match.
5 Suppose I When Abba played together again, do I would you go to see them?
6 We will get to the airport in time ifI unless there isn't much traffic on the motorway.
7 Provided this illness has I doesn't have time to develop, it is very easy to treat.
8 I know it's unlikely, but will I would you accept the job if they offer I offered it to you?

2 UNITS 56 AND 57 Rewrite the sentences, using past or mixed conditionals.

0 Tina owned a clothes shop but her business was in trouble, so she went to the bank. A
man ran out of the bank and knocked her over, so she injured her shoulder.
If Tina - ~~1.~3q.~Jq ..~~ - ~q~· ·· ··· ·' she wouldn't. ~'(~- -~-~~- ~~~:.~..... ............ .
1 The bank manager called a doctor. The doctor decided she should go to hospital.
If the bank manager .. ... .. ........... ....... ... ....... .. .... ..... , Tina wouldn't

2 While Tina was waiting at the hospital, she met an old schoolfriend.
If Tina ... ......... ......... ........ ... ......... ..... , she ..... ................. ..... .. ........... ... ... .
3 They had to wait for a long time so Tina told her friend about her business.
If···· ···· ······· ···· ······································· ····· ························· ············ ·· ···· ··· ·························· ··· .
4 Tina's friend had just received a lot of money and she invested in Tina's business.
If Tin a's friend ... ...... .. ............ ............ .... ....... ... .. .... ....... .. ........... ..... .... .... ... ....... ..... ...... ... ... .. .
5 So, because Tina hurt her shoulder, she met her old friend, and Tina's business is now
profitable. Tina's business might not ... .... ..... .. .. .... ... ......... .. ...... .. .. .... ..... .. ... ......... .. ... .. .... .... .

3 UNITS 57 AND 58Look at the list and complete the past regrets and present wishes of a
lonely person who lives in an old person's home.

Re:Jre:ts Wishes
0 I 11£-Ver JIIIUfrri.ed~M 110W I'm r~lly loi1£.Ly. 00 I'd Like to ~ve more wtal1£.y.
1 I did~t ~ve ~11-y cJ...iLdre!1- ~M 110W I'm i!1- if- I'd prefer to Live i11- my OW!1- home.
~11- old people's home. 5 I'd like the people here to be frieMLier
:2. I did~t stiA..dy whe11- I w~s yoiA..~er. to me.
3 I lived ~ selfish Lift. 10 I do~t Like bei~ old!

0 If I .~{~r:t:"~~..J. . WP.z~lA1.tk~. :l:q)q~~Y.. ~W ....................... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .................... ..... .

1 If I ........ ... ....... .............................. ..... .. ........... ................................... ....... ..................... .. ... ·
2 I wish I .... ........ .. .............................. .. ........................................... ................................. .. ... .
3 If only I ....................................... ...... ....... ............................. .. ... .. ................................. .... . ·
00 I wish I .~.(~.t:'~ . ~-~Y......... ........... .. ..... ....................................... ... ... ............................. ·
4 I'd rather ... ..... ... ...... .. .............. .... .... ... .... ............... .. ............... .. ... ... ....... ................ .. ..... .. ..... .
5 I wish the people ..... ............. ..... ....... ..... .. .. ........... ..... ... .. ...... .. .......... .. ... .... .. ..... ...... .. .... ...... .
6 If only 1... .. ........ ....... .. .............. .. ... .. .... ... ..... .. .................... .. ..... .. .... .... ....... ..... ... .. ........... ..... !

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4 ALL UNITS Complete the article with one word (or a short form) in each gap.

End of the road for canoe couple

'Canoe couple' John and Anne Darwin are now
both in prison, as the court decided they were
both guilty of trying to cheat money out of an
insurance company. John Darwin went canoeing
in March 2002 and 'disappeared' - the canoe was
found some weeks later, but there was no sign of
John. In fact. he had already left the country. Some
months later, Anne was able to claim £250,000
ti·om their insurance. The couple had been in
financial difficulties. and (0) ... .. me~.~· · ·· not have
committed the crime if things had (I) .. .. .. .. ... ... .. .
been so bad, a spokesman said.
Anne Darwin moved to Panama in 2007. to be with John Darwin admitted his guilt and received a prison
her 'dead' husband. but in December 2007 John sentence of six years and three months. and his wife.
Darwin came back to Britain and gave himself up- who refused to admit guilt. received six years and six
if he hadn't done this. they (2) .. ..... .... . ..... . still be months- she would certainly (7) ... ..... .... .. got a
free and living in Panama. Until this time. both their shorter sentence if she had admitted her part in the
sons believed their father was dead. The couple now story. The court might have (8) .... .. .. .. ..... .. . more
(3) .. ... .... .. .. ..... they hadn't lied to their sons. and sympathetic (9) .. ... ... ..... .. . the couple hadn't lied
John Darwin (4) .. .. ... ..... .. .. .. that one day they to their sons. If the couple behave themselves in
will forgive him. His wife Anne now says that she prison, they (I 0) ... ...... ..... .. .. be released in about
(5) ....... ... .... ... .. he really (6) . .. ... .. .. ......... drowned four years. Whether they will be able to rebuild their
that day. lives is another story.

5 ALL UNITS Complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first, using the word
in brackets. Use two to five words in your answer.

0 I can't come to the meeting because I'm ill. (would)

If I . '1.~-!.~:~ . i!!, ..L":{~.~.d. ............... come to the meeting.
1 You can go out tonight, but you must come back by 10.30. (as)
You can go out tonight .............................................. .. ............ . back by 10.30.
2 You should go to the doctor about your bad back. (were)
If .............................. .. ............................. , I'd go to the doctor about your bad back.
3 I thought they'd have arrived by now. (time)
It's about ........................................................ ..... .
4 I don't like the fact that you smoke in the house. (wish)
I ............................................................. in the house.
5 That job involves moving to Berlin, but I don't think I'll get it. (move)
I .................................... .. ...... .. ............... to Berlin if I got that job.
6 You didn't get the job because you're so lazy! (have)
If you weren't so lazy, you ............................................................. the job.
7 Which sport would you play if you were really athletic? (suppose)
.. .. .... .. ................................................... really athletic, which sport would you play?
8 I have short legs and I hate it! (only)
If .. .. .. .. ...... ... ..... .... .. ... ... :.. ..... .. .... ... .... ...... short legs!

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 ANSWER KEY

8 1 You aren't allowed to/can't/mustn't play football in UNIT 56

this park. 1 1 C would/could have 2 A could have 3 E
2 We don't have to/don't need to/needn't buy batteries- wouldn't have 4 B could have 5 F wouldn't have
they are included. 2 1 hadn't bought 2 wouldn't have taken
3 I think we should/ought to cook this in the microwave. 3 hadn't gone back 4 might not have called
4 How about trying the keep fit class tomorrow 5 had asked
evening?
3 1 If I hadn't spent all my money on clothes last
5 She can't be thirty ...
year, I could have afforded a holiday.
6 We'd better bring those plants in from the garden ...
2 If I had noticed the speed camera, I wouldn't
7 Only adults are allowed to/can buy this product.
have got a fine (for driving too fast) .
8 I might/could have met someone famous!
3 If I hadn't broken my leg on a skiing trip, I
9 That looks interesting. Shall we go inside .. .
could I might have become a footballer.
10 This could/might be the chance you've been
4 If I hadn't eaten some fish which was bad, I
waiting for.
wouldn't have been ill.
TEST Model answers
1C2B3A4A5B6A7B8C 5 If I hadn't left my job, I might have become a
9 B 10 A 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 B 15 A manager.
16 B 17 C 18 A 19 A 20 B 6 If I had listened to my parents, I wouldn't have left
school so early.
UNIT 57
Module 10 1 1 AF BT 2 AT BF 3 AF BF 4 AT BT
UNIT 54 5 AF BF
11E2F3D4A5B6G 2 1 would you do 2 had cancelled 3 wouldn't
have bought 4 wouldn't have married 5 hadn't
2 1 If you don't cover it, someone might see it. got married, couldn't enjoy
2 ... a thief will confuse/might confuse you by talking
to you if you allow him to. 3 1 ... we wouldn't have mass air travel today
3 ... thieves will be able to get into your accounts if 2 ... Bill Gates hadn't started Microsoft 3 ... they
you don't have proper security. wouldn't have elected Barack Obama 4 ... we had
4 If it doesn't have one, it won't be secure enough. had a cure for malaria 5 ... the world would be
5 ... if you tell your PIN number to another very different
person ... , your credit card company might not
UNIT 58
return/won't return your money.
1 1 hadn't caught 2 hadn't believed 3 was
3 1 &ese in case 4 could visit 5 wouldn't make 6 could 7 to
2 tHHess if join 8 would write 9 hope 10 you didn't bring
3 .,/
4 wfteft if
2 1 wouldn't leave 2 wouldn't make 3 would
5 wea't ee isn't close 4 wouldn't play 5 would turn off
6 .,/ 3 1 Qea!f didn't
7 Even if my boss 2 fta¥e had
8~is 3 wt5ft hope
9 tJfsvideel in case 4 west go/we went
10 .,/ 5 weH4 wouldn't
6 time tl~e gas J:JUI te eeme for the gas bill to come/
UNIT 55 the gas bill came
11A2A3B4B5A 4 Model answers
2 1 was/were, would 2 wouldn't, was/were 1 I wish my best friend would phone me more often.
3 Suppose/Imagine/If, be 4 unless, was/were 2 If only I hadn't bought those Manolo Blahnik shoes!
(or if, wasn't/weren't 5 asked, would 6 could, 3 I'd rather people didn't talk to me on the train.
would/might 4 I wish I could play a musical instrument.
3 1 didn't give him any (money) 2 were you
3 wouldn't 4 wouldn't talk to the police REVIEW
5 spoke to his teachers 6 will be able to help you 1 1 is 2 in case 3 would 4 will, don't 5 Suppose,
would 6 if 7 doesn't have 8 would, offered
2 1 If the bank manager hadn't called a doctor, Tina
wouldn't have gone to hospital.
2 If Tina hadn't been (waiting) at the hospital, she
wouldn't have met an old schoolfriend.
3 If they hadn't had to wait (or a long time, Tina might
not/wouldn't have told her friend about her business.
4 If Tina's friend hadn't just received a lot of money,
she couldn't/wouldn't have invested in Tina's business.

382 137

I Z03_MGL_GBWK_INTGLB_4574_KEY.indd 382 14/1112011 09:33 1

 ANSWER KEY

5 Tina's business might not be profitable now if she 5 Frank Gehry is one of the most famous architects
L>~- 1orol1to m 1'/:L~
hadn 't hurt her shoulder. in the world. He was born is 192.9 ifl Tereflte but
3 1 If I had had (some) children, I might not be in an moved IR 19 47 te Les ARgeles to Los Angeles in
old people's home now. 1941. He aA ar~i teet eeea111e became an architect
2 I wish I had studied when I was younger. after studying architecture in California and design
3If only I hadn't lived a selfish life. at Harvard, and his career has lasted over forty years.
4 I'd rather live in my own home. His designs have always been really large and very
5 I wish the people here would be/were friendlier expensive to build. Some were so costly, such as the
to me. Wait Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, that many
6 If only I wasn't/weren't old! people ees sielereei 'l:lflbl:lllaatile' tfleFR considered
4 1 not 2 might 3 wish 4 hopes 5 wishes them 'unbuildable'. His career really took off when
6 had 7 have 8 been 9 if 10 might/will the Guggenheim Museum was built in Bilbao in
(could) 1997, changing an old unused waterfront into an
5 1 as long as you come 2 I were you 3 time area that a e te meEiem asa remaBtie lee !tea looked
they arrived/time for them to arrive 4 wish you both modern and romantic. Gehry completed the
wouldn't smoke 5 would (have to) move Wait Disney Concert Hall in 2003 and it is now the
6 would have got 7 Suppose you were home of the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra.
These two buildings, and others, have earned seffie-
8 only I didn't have
ilfiJ3 e rtaRt areeiteEtliral a\··arEislli rR him some
TEST important architectural awards. One of Gehry's most
recent projects is the Serpentine Gallery in London
1B 2C3 B4A5C6A7A8C
-this was 111 l&nglaBel 11is lirst !3Fajeet his first project
9 A 10 C 11 B 12 C 13 A 14 B 15 A
in England.
16 B 17 C 18 A 19 C 20 A
UNIT 60
1 1 There is 2 It was 3 It's 4 There is, It's
Module 11 5 It's, There is 6 There are, It's
UNIT 59 2 1 It 2 did it take 3 Was it 4 There's 5 it's
6 It's 7 there are 8 There were 9 are 10 Were
1 1 a litre of water.
there 11 to go 12 was 13 There 14 it was
2 very happy.
3 a nurse. 3 1 There was 2 Did it rain 3 wasn't difficult to
4 ./ complete 4 Was there 5 won't be easy to
5 too much money.
UNIT 61
6 ./
7 all the books. 1 1 F, J 2 A, C 3 D, H 4 E, I
8 really tired. 2 1 Was it/the castle built a long time ago? Yes, it was.
2 1 The coach will meet us outside the school gates 2 Was James I of England born in the castle?
at 8.30 in the morning. Yes, he was.
2 Everyone in the train compartment was reading 3 Does it/the castle get a lot of visitors? Yes, it does.
a book or magazine . 4 Can you see the city (of Edinburgh) from it/the
3 Our friends didn't wait for us after the concert. castle?
4 Fabio called his friend stupid . Yes, you can.
5 The new doctor arrived at the hospital yesterday. 5 Does the ticket price include a guided tour?
6 The local council promised the shopkeepers Yes, it does.
Arc.W•t _g4in1. . .
lower business taxes. 3 JACK ,"rre gaJR 0 tu-Jom any clubs or sooettes at
7 Ugh, your trainers smell awful . university this year, Vijay?
8 The children were playing quite happily in the VIJAY Yes, ±!m I am. I'm interested in joining the
back garden earlier. photography society. Why, ye1:1 ares't aren't
3 1 a great time at first 2 appeared really friendly you going to join any?
3 at Conway's last Friday 4 really well for over an JACK I'm not sure. Isn't the final year more difficult
hour 5 seemed really happy 6 us 7 me really than the others?
angry 8 them a choice VIJAY ~Yes, it Is. At least, people say it is.

4 1 The exhibition has had a lot of interest. Tl1ey are Are they having a 'club fair' to
2 Errol promised that he would call me. introduce all the clubs and societies this year?
3 Irina seems quite sad these days. JACK No, tfley set they aren't. All the information
4 ]an gave the twins their birthday presents. is online, and we can ask questions by email.
5 Everyone was laughing at the clown. VIJAY That's a shame.
6 Your terrible behaviour has made your father JACK Why? ¥o1:1 set tflinl< Don't you think it's a
really angry. good idea? We can find out about the societies
7 My lawyer sent all the documents to the when we want.
VI]AY I suppose so, but I prefer to discuss things face
insurance company.
8 Marco presented his arguments quite well at the to face.
debate on Thursday.

138 383

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 GRAMMAR 12 CONDITIONALS 1

1 Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence.

1 If wea be/we're late for class, our teacher will be/was angry.
2 If we would live/lived on another planet, we'll see/wea see the Earth in the sky.
3 If we take/will take a taxi, we arrived/we'll arrive sooner.
4 If we won't hurry/don't hurry, we'll be/we'd be late.
5 If we were/are birds, we would be able to/are able to fly.
6 If you don't wear/wouldn't wear your pullover, you'll feel/you felt cold.
7 If I studied/will study harder, I get/would get better marks.
8 If I have/had a motorbike, I rode/la ride it to school.
9 If you will lend/lend me your bike, I'll let/! let you borrow my skateboard.
10 If I had/have lots of money, I gave!I'd give some to all my friends.

2 Complete the sentence for each situation using the verbs given.
1 You're standing very close to the edge of a swimming pool. You're wearing all your
clothes, not a swimming costume. A friend says:
If you (fall in) ...f~-~U.v.x .... , your clothes (get) .. W.~~~..0.et... wet!
2 You're sitting in the classroom on a hot day. You're day dreaming about going to
the beach. You think:
If today (be) ..................... a holiday, I (go) ..................... to the beach.
3 You can't answer a question in your English book. You ask a friend to help, but she
doesn't know the answer. She says:
Ifi (know) ..................... the answer, I (tell) ..................... you.
4 You're walking towards the bus stop witb a friend. Suddenly the bus arrives. The
bus stop is far away, but you think there is a chance of catch.ing the bus. You say:
If we (run) ..................... , we (catch) ..................... it!
5 You're planning to go cycling tomorrow with some friends. You are not sure about
the weather, because it sometimes rains at this time of the year. You arrange to
meet tomorrow afternoon and say:
If it (rain) ..................... , we (go) ..................... to the cinema instead.
6 You're very busy, because you have lots of school work, and you also play in two
teams. A friend asks you to join a computer club. You say:
Ifi (have) ..................... more free time, I (join) ..................... the club.
But it's impossible at the moment because I'm too busy!

55
139
INTERMEDIATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE

3 Complete each sentence using if, unless or would.

1 If he asked me to help him, I ......... 't{Q.~.4~............ .
2 We'll have lunch outside in the garden, ................................. it's too cold.
3 John ................................. win more races if he trained harder.
4 Come on! ................................. we hurry, we'll miss the plane!
5 ................................. you like to use my laptop?
6 The manager won't be long.................................. you take a seat, please.
7 I'm sure that Connie ................................. go to the cinema with you, if you asked her.
8 ................................. you feel like a chat, phone me tonight.
9 What ................................. you do if you saw a big spider?
10 I don't feel happy ................................. I swim every day.
11 ................................. you lend me some money until Friday?
12 Could you phone me ................................. you'll be late?
13 ................................. you give me my pen back, I'll tell the teacher!
14 I'll come to your party ................................. Sam is coming. I really like her!
15 ................................. you feel cold, turn on the heating.

4 Complete each sentence (1-14) with an ending (a-n).

I If you play the music too loud, ... j. ..... a the alarm would go off.
2 If aliens landed on Earth, ........... b I'll buy a new bike.
3 If we don't have enough ice cream, ........... c I'll be in Paris at 6.00.
4 If we leave now, ........... d you'll feel ill.
5 If I found someone's wallet, ........... e you wouldn't talk to me!
6 If a burglar broke into this house, ........... f you would feel better.
7 If my train isn't late, ........... g a lot of people would panic!
8 If you were famous, ........... h I'll get it for you.
9 If you eat any more cake, ........... i you'll get wet.
10 If my father lends me the money, ........... j you'll wake up the neighbours.
11 If you fall in the water, ........... k you'd understand more.
12 If you took more exercise, ........... 1 we'll get some more.
13 If you tell me what you want, ........... m I'd take it to the police station.
14 If you used a dictionary, ........... n we won't miss the bus.

140
 GRAMMAR 12 CONDITIONALS 1

5 Complete each sentence as either a first conditional or a second conditional

sentence using the verb in brackets.
I Ifi (have) ........ h~d........ arms five metres long, I (be able) ....... ~P.I.. ~e.til.b~.e......... to
reach the top of that shelf!
2 Don't worry, you've just got a cold. If you (take) ....................... an aspirin, you
(feel) .................................. better.
3 Vegetarians believe that if nobody (eat) ....................... meat, everyone
(live) .................................. longer.
4 If I (become) ....................... a famous rock star, I (buy) .................................. my
parents an enormous house.
5 It says 'No Parking: If you (leave) ....................... the car here, the police
(give) .................................. you a parking fine.
6 It's not far. If you (follow) ....................... this path, you (come) ... ......... ............ ......... .
to the station.
7 If people (use) ....................... bikes instead of cars, there (not be) ............................... .
so much pollution.
8 Actually, Brutus is a very friendly dog. If you (touch) ...... ..... ............ him, he
(not bite) .................................. you.
9 If you (leave) ....................... your books on the desk, I (give) ..................................
them back to you at the end of the lesson.
IO If you (live) ....................... on the lOOth floor of a skyscraper, your friends
(not want) .................................. to visit you!

6 Rewrite each sentence so it begins as shown.

I If you wear a pullover, you won't feel cold.
If you don't ... weA.r..ta.p..~.~ko.V.t!r. ..~.o.~~~tfee.t~.oMi. ...................................................... .
2 You'll get wet, unless you take your umbrella.
If··········································································································································.
3 You'll be late for school unless you get up now!
If you ................................................................................................................................... !
4 You won't get lost if you take a map.
Unless ......................... .................................. ....... .......................... ............. ......................... .
5 If we don't feed the cat now, it will get very hungry.
The cat will ......................................................................................................................... .
6 If it doesn't rain, we'll go for a walk.
We won't ............................................................................................................................. .

-+SEE ALSO
Grammar 13: Conditionals 2

141 57
 GRAMMAR 13 CONDITIONALS 2

1 Rewrite each comment, beginning as shown. Do not change the meaning.

1 Supposing you had wings, what would you do?
What ..WO.K~.Q(·k1·0.~..~.Q..~f.~.O.ft!...h.ta~..W~.~ ..................................................................... ?
2 Why don't you leave now? That's what I'd do.
If ....................................................................................................................... ........................ .
3 Imagine you lived on Mars. How would you feel?
How ......................................................................................................................... ........ .... .... ?
4 I think you should buy a bike. That's what I'd do.
If ....................... ................................. ........ .............................. ....... ........................... ....... ..... ... .
5 Imagine you were rich. What would you do?
Wh at .................... ....... ........................................... .. ................................................................ ?
6 Supposing Jim came with us, what would you say?
What ...................................................................................................................... .. ................ ?
7 Why don't you take the bus? That's what I'd do.
If ....................................................................................................... ........ .............. ... ......... ...... .
8 Imagine you lost your keys. What would you do?
What ............................................................................................................ ...... ............ .. .... .... ?

2 Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence.

1 If you phoned/had phoned me yesterday, I had givenlwo.uld have g_iverz you the news.
2 If you took/would have taken more exercise, you might feel/had felt better.
3 If Tiro drove/had driven more carefully, he wouldn't have crashed/didn't crash.
4 If you had come/came to see the film, you had enjoyed/would have enjoyed it.
5 If I'd known/! would know it was your birthday, I would send/would have sent you a
card.
6 If people had helped/helped one another more often, the world might be/was a better
place.
7 If our team had tried/tried harder, we had won/could have won.
8 If you would have worn/wore a coat, you wouldn't get/ didn't get cold.

59
142
INTERMEDIATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE

3 Complete the sentence for each situation.

1 Charlotte didn't leave early, and so she missed the bus.

If Charlotte ......................hf'.~--~~ft:;.~~r.k~ ........................................... ,
she .....................W.P.!1:~.0. ¥.~:-~.t..h9Y.C:..~k?.?.t!.~............................ the bus.
2 I didn't buy more milk, so I didn't have enough for breakfast.
Ifi ............................................................................................. ,
I ............................................................................................. enough for breakfast.
3 We forgot to take a map, so we got lost in the mountains.
If we ............................................................................................. ,
we ............................................................................................. in the mountains.
4 I didn't go to bed early, so I didn't wake up at 7.00.
If I ............................................................................................. early,
I ............................................................................................. at 7.00.
5 Mike didn't make a shopping list, and he forgot to buy some coffee.
If Mike ............................................................................................. ,
he .................................................................. ........................... some coffee.
6 I didn't realize you were tired when I asked you to go for a walk.
Ifi ............................................................................................. ,
I ............................................................................................. for a walk.
7 The Romans didn't sail across the Atlantic, so they didn't reach America.
If the Romans .......................................................................:..................... ,
they ............................................................................................. America.
8 I didn't turn left at the station, and I lost my way.
If I ............................................................................................. , I
.............................................. ............................................... myway.

-+SEE ALSO
Grammar 12: Conditionals 1
Grammar 17: Modals 1
Grammar 18: Modals 2

60
143
INTERMEDIATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE

1 Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence.

I I'm sunburnt. I wish I hadn't sunbathed/didn't sunbathe for so long.
2 I don't feel well. I wish I could stay/stayed at home today.
3 I'm not a good swimmer, but I wish I could swim/would swim well.
4 I wish I had/have a puppy or a kitten!
5 I wish I could see/saw you tomorrow, but it's impossible.
6 I wish Jim didn't sit/doesn't sit next to me. He's so annoying!
7 If only we had/would have some money, we could take the bus.
8 I hope you enjoyed/enjoy yourselves at the dance tomorrow.
9 I wish I can/could speak English better!
IO I hope I'll/I'd win the lottery!

2 Underline the correct continuation for each sentence.

I I've got lots of work to do, and I'm tired, but I can't stop.
a) I wish I had taken a rest. b) I wish I could take a rest.
2 I wasn't paying attention in class, and now I can't do my homework.
a) I wish TU tened to my teacl1er. b) I wish I'd listened to my teacher.
3 Sarah painted her room green, but she doesn't like it.
a) She wishes she'd painted it blue. b) She wishes she painted it blue.
4 This is a very puzzling problem!
a) I wish I'd known the answer. b) I wish I knew the answer.
5 It's really cold and miserable here in the winter.
a) I wish we lived in a warm place. b) I hope we live in a warm place.
6 I can't repair my bike because I haven't got any tools.
a) If only I would have a screwdriver. b) If only I had a screwdriver.
7 I'm worried about my basketball team. Perhaps they won't win!
a) I wish they play well. b) I hope they play well.
8 You promised not to tell anyone my secrets but you did!
a) I wish I hadn't told you. b) I wish I didn't tell you.
9 I've been feeling ill all week.
a) I hope I feel better soon. b) I hope I'd feel better soon.
I 0 I want to see my sister. I haven't seen her for ages.
a) I wish I could speak to her. b) I wish I spoke to her.

62 144
 GRAMMAR 14 WISHES

3 Complete each sentence with a suitable form of the verb in brackets.

1 I'm soaked to the skin! If only I (bring) .......... .k\A.Q! ..b.r.Q.Irl-.tahL ....... an umbrella!
2 This pullover was really cheap. I wish I (buy) .............................................. two of
them!
3 I like your school. I wish I (go) .............................................. there too.
4 I must get in touch with Sue. If only I (know) .............................................. her phone
number!
5 This bus is really slow! I wish we (take) .............................................. the train.
6 I'm disappointed in this camera. I wish I (not buy) .............................................. it.
7 I answered three questions well. If only I (finish) .............................................. the
whole test!
8 I can't understand Marie! I wish I (speak) ............................ ..... ............. French.

4 Complete each sentence in a suitable way.

1 I'm hungry. If only ........ ..l.. h.t::t.ei.. ~. :!?.~~W.hY.h ......... with me.
2 Enjoy your holiday. I hope ...................................................... time.
3 This is a lovely place. I wish we ...................................................... longer.
4 It's a pity you live so far away. If only you ...................................................... nearer.
5 Ellen is a fantastic dancer. I wish I ...................................................... as well as her!

5 Rita isn't very happy at the moment. Complete her words.

1 She wasted a lot of money on expensive clothes.
'I WlS ntt~ll'-'t waste~
. hI .......................... .. .. ... .. .... ......... so muc h money on expens1ve
. c1oth es.I'
2 She thinks jobs are difficult to find.
'I wish jobs ...... .. ........................................ so difficult to find:
3 She thinks it's difficult to learn to drive.
'I wish it ................................................ easier to learn to drive:
4 She can't go on holiday this summer.
'I wish I ................................................ on holidaY:
5 She doesn't have very good qualifications.
'I wish I ................................................ better qualifications.'
6 She has to do the washing-up. She hates doing it.
'I wish I ................................................ do the washing-up:
7 She is sorry her family moved to the suburbs.
'I wish we ................................................ to the suburbs:
8 She thinks she is very untidy.
'I wish I ................................................ so untidY:

-+SEE ALSO
Grammar 12: Conditionals 1
Grammar 13: Conditionals 2
145
63
 GRAMMAR ANSWERS

4 I want to make a 3 if/whether I'd done my 3 would

phone call homework 4 Unless
5 I've forgotten my 4 when her birthday was 5 Would
homework 5 if/whether I'd 6 Would
6 I have to be back by 3.30 remembered to lock 7 would
7 I'll let you know the door 8 If
8 I'm going to be late 6 why I'd turned off the 9 would
3 1c2e3b4a5d television 10 unless
4 1 told 4 1 Mike promised Sue 11 Would
2 spoke, said he would be at her 12 if
3 said, told house before 8.00. 13 Unless
4 told, saying 2 Chris invited Jean to 14 if
5 · told, tell (go to) the cinema. 15 If
6 told, spoke 3 Patsy advised Dave 4 1j 2g 3 1 4n 5m
5 1 wouldn't be there not to eat too much. 6a 7c 8 e 9 d lOb
because she was 4 Nick suggested going lli 12 f 13 h 14 k
having a party for a walk. 5 1 had, 'd be able
2 'd lost the map and 5 Carol apologized for 2 take, 'll feel
(that) he didn't know breaking the window. 3 ate, would live
the way 6 Bill offered to do the 4 became, 'd buy
3 she finished the book, washing-up. 5 leave, will give
she was going to 7 Tina's mother 6 follow, 'll come
watch television congratulated her on 7 used, wouldn't be
4 was doing some passing her driving 8 touch, won't bite
homework but he test. 9 leave, 'll give
wouldn't be long 8 Pat refused to open 10 lived, wouldn't want
5 'd got up late and - his mouth. 6 1 wear a pullover, you'll
(that) he'd missed the 5 1 I'll have feel cold
bus 2 forget to bring your 2 you don't take your
dictionary umbrella, you'll get wet
Grammar 11 3 I were you, I'd open 3 don't get up now,
I 1 whether, was 4 promise not to be you'll be late for school
2 when, would 5 won't leave 4 you take a map, you'll
3 if/whether, had 6 didn't sell get lost
4 if/whether, took 5 get very hungry if
5 where Grammar 12 we don't feed it now/
6 if/whether, had 1 1 we're, will be unless we feed it now
2 1 Are you having lunch 2 lived, we'd see 6 go for a walk if it rains
or going out? 3 take, we'll arrive
2 What did you do 4 don't hurry, we'll be Grammar 13
yesterday 5 were, would be able to I 1 What would you do if
3 Do you often go 6 don't wear, you'll feel you had wings?
sailing 7 studied, would get 2 If I were you, I'd leave
4 How many German 8 had, I'd ride now.
books have you read 9 lend, I'll let 3 How would you feel if
5 Are you going to 10 had, I'd give you lived on Mars?
change schools 2 1 fall in, will get 4 If I were you, I'd buy a
6 Who do you sit next 2 were/was, 'd go bike.
to in class 3 knew, 'd tell 5 What would you do if
3 1 if/whether I was 4 run, 'll catch you were rich?
staying there all 5 rains, 'll go/could go 6 What would you say if
summer 6 had, 'd join Jim came with us?
2 what 'procrastinate' 3 1 would 7 Ifi were you, I'd take
meant 2 unless the bus.

146 285
INTERMEDIATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE

8 What would you do if 3 went 7 The robber unlocked

you lost your keys? 4 knew the door with a false
2 1 had phoned, would 5 had taken key.
have given 6 hadn't bought 8 This book was written
2 took, might feel 7 had finished by Sam's father.
3 had driven, wouldn't 8 spoke/ could speak 4 1 has been discovered
have crashed 4 (Suggested answers) 2 will be opened
4 had come, would have 1 I had a sandwich 3 was painted by
enjoyed 2 you have a good 4 will be announced
5 I'd known, would have 3 could stay 5 is being redecorated
sent 4 lived 6 have been arrested
6 helped, might be 5 danced/ could dance 7 are sold by
7 had tried, could have 5 1 hadn't wasted 8 is being built
won 2 weren't 5 1 The casino has been
8 wore, wouldn't get 3 was closed.
3 had left early, wouldn't 4 could go 2 The match has been
have missed 5 had postponed.
2 'd bought more milk, 6 didn't have to 3 English is spoken all
would have had 7 hadn't moved over the world.
3 'd taken/'d 8 wasn't 4 The new swimming
remembered to take pool has been opened.
a map, wouldn't have Grammar 15 5 This purse was left in
got lost 1 1 by someone the classroom
4 'd gone to bed, would 2 - yesterday.
have woken up 3 by a doctor 6 Traffic has been
5 had made a shopping 4 - banned from the city
list, wouldn't have 5 - centre.
forgotten to buy/ 6 by the postman 7 A new government
would have 7 by the police has been elected.
remembered to buy 8 by someone 8 The flat was broken
6 'd realized you were 2 1 was questioned into last night.
tired, wouldn't have 2 is watched 6 1 Penicillin was
asked you to go 3 will be finished discovered in 1928 by
7 had sailed across 4 has been elected Fleming.
the Atlantic, would 5 is being rebuilt 2 not possible
have reached 6 has been closed 3 The six·survivors were
8 'd turned left at the 7 is written rescued from the water
station, wouldn't have 8 was stolen by a helicopter.
lost 9 will be met 4 The winner of the race
10 was won was congratulated by
Grammar 14 3 1 Many pet dogs are lost the president.
1 1 hadn't sunbathed every year. 5 not possible
2 could stay 2 The injured man was 6 The two missing children
3 could swim taken/has been taken were found in a local
4 had to hospital. park by a policewoman.
5 could see 3 A new bridge is being 7 Her new book will be
6 didn't sit built across the river. published next year.
7 had 4 All the food at the 8 not possible
8 enjoy party was eaten.
9 could 5 Nothing will be Grammar 16
10 I'll decided before next 1 1 cut
2 1 b 2b 3a 4b Sa Saturday. 2 taken
6b 7b 8 a 9a lOa 6 The match is being 3 sent
3 1 had brought played on Friday 4 serviced
2 had bought evening. 5 broken
147
286
Grammar Reader
FMS3

6 Gerund and Infinitive

6.1 Verb + -ing form
When we use two verbs together, the second verb is often in the -ing form. After verbs with
adverbs/prepositions (e.g. give up, think of), the second verb is always in the -ing form.
common verbs examples
likes and dislikes dislike, can’t stand, enjoy, I enjoy not doing anything
hate*, like*, love*, (not)mind, sometimes.
prefer*
ideas and opinions admit, consider, imagine, look Do you admit stealing that
forward to, recommend, watch?
suggest, think of
actions that start, stop or begin*, continue*, delay, give Has he given up smoking?
continue up, start*, stop*, finish, keep
(on), practice, put off, spend
(time)
others avoid, can’t help, deny, You can’t risk losing your job
involve, mention, miss risk over a silly argument.
*these verbs can also be followed by -ing with a change in meaning.

In the verb look forward to, to is a preposition, so we use an -ing form:

I'm looking forward to see you again. → I'm looking forward to seeing you again.

go + -ing form; do the/some + -ing form

We sometimes use go + -ing form to talk about doing sports and other activities:
The boys often go fishing at the weekend. I go shopping- it's the best way to relax!
We usually use go + -ing form where there is a verb for the activity: I sail → I go sailing.
Where the activity is a game, or does not have a verb form, we use play or do:
I play football. / I do karate.
We use do + the/some with -ing forms to talk about work in the home:
Have you done the ironing? We'd better do some cleaning this weekend.

6.2 Verb + infinitive

Verb + infinitive without to
We use the infinitive without to after modal verbs (e.g. can, will):
We can use the swimming pool after 8.00 a.m.
We'll send you an entry form in the post.
After the verb help we can use the infinitive with or without to. There is no change in meaning:
I'll help pack your rucksack.
We helped to tidy up after the party.

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Grammar Reader
FMS3

Verbs Examples
mental states or activity agree, choose, decide, forget*, Did you agree to help them?
remember*, want, wish
future arrangements aim, arrange, expect, hope, of- The hotel aims to provide ex-
fer, plan, prepare, promise, re- cellent service.
fuse, threaten
appearance appear, pretend, seem, tend People around here tend not
to go to bed early.
other attempt, can/can’t afford, ask, We can’t afford to eat out to-
deserve, fail, offer, try night.
*these verbs can also be followed by -ing with a change in meaning.

would like, etc.

We use the infinitive with to after would ('d) + like/love/hate/prefer:
I'd really like to learn a new skill- perhaps we could go sailing?
Jackie would prefer not to go out this evening as she's really tired.
We can use the -ing form after like, love, hate and prefer without would ('d).
Compare:
• I'd love to go mountain climbing. (in the future)
• I love going mountain climbing. (= I enjoy the activity.)
• I'd prefer to stay in tonight. (on this occasion)
• I prefer eating at home to eating in restaurants. (in general)

would rather + infinitive without to

After would rather, we can use the infinitive without to. We only use this if the subject of would ra-
ther and the second verb is the same:
We’d rather we went by plane. = We’d rather go by plane.

6.3 Verb + infinitive or -ing form

Infinitive or -ing form with similar meanings:
After the verbs begin, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer and start, we can use an infinitive or an
-ing form with little difference in meaning:
• Oh no! It's just started to rain.
• Oh no! It's just started raining.
Notice this small difference with like:
• We like inviting friends to dinner at the weekend. (=We enjoy this.)
• I like to save a little bit of money every month. (= It's a good habit and I choose to do it.)

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Grammar Reader
FMS3

Infinitive or -ing form with different meanings

Verb +-ing form + to + infinitive
forget/remember for an event or situation in the for something you should
past: I’ll never forget riding my do/should have done: Don’t
first bike. forget to lock the back door!
go on continue an activity: They change from one action to an-
stopped, but we went on walk- other: After a slow start, she
ing. went on to win the race.
regret feel sorry about something you say sorry: We regret to inform
did/didn’t do: I regret not stud- you that…
ying harder at school.
stop finish an action: have you finish an action in order to do
stopped practicing now? something else: No, we’ve just
stopped to take a break.
try do something as an experi- attempt to do something diffi-
ment: Try turning it off and on cult: I’m not an electrician, but
again. I’ll try to mend it.

Feel, hear, see, etc.+ infinitive or -ing form

After sense verbs (e.g. feel, hear, see) we can use:
• object + infinitive without to
• object + -ing form.
The meaning is slightly different:
• We were watching the runway and saw your plane arrive. (=We saw the plane as it came
down and landed.)
• We saw your plane arriving as we parked the car. (= We saw the plane in the sky, but we
didn't see it land.)
Need, help and can't help+ -ing form
The verbs need and help have different meanings, depending on their form:
• I need to drink some water. (+ infinitive with to= physical necessity)
• This room needs cleaning. (+ -ing form= someone should clean it)
• I help (to) run the local charity shop. (+infinitive with to= assist, aid)
• I couldn't help laughing. (+ -ing form= couldn't avoid doing it)

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 Practice
1 Match the pictures with the sentences. Then complete each sen~ence with a suitable verb in
the -ing form.
[AI [[] (g [QJ

0 .T.t:i!P~-~.f'13. .... ... on a mobile phone in a restaurant really annoys me- it's so rude. .D.."" ..
1 ............. ...... is very good exercise for strengthening your arms and legs.
2 We often go ................... at the weekend- being in the countryside is lovely.
3 There's nothing more relaxing than ................... by the sea, watching the waves.
4 I don't mind ................... as long as it's in front of the TV!

2 Complete the sentences using the -ing form of the verbs in brackets. You will need to use
the perfect or passive form for some of them. C1UJiD1 Listen and check.

0 Did your secretary mention _hqv.iV!!f..s.e.-.111: .. ......... (have sent) the package to me?
1 We're really looking forward to ... .. ... .......... .. ........... (have) two weeks off work in
the summer.
2 I don't mind .................................... (not watch) Sportsnight if you want to see that
film on Film 4.
3 .................................... (spend) too much time on their own often makes
people depressed.
4 I can't imagine .................................... (be offered) a job like that.
5 The students admitted .................................... (have copied) their essays from the
Internet.
6 I hate ......................... (work) here. I can't stand ............................. (be told) what to
do all the time.

3 GRAMMAR IN USE Complete the conversation using the -ing form of the verbs in the box.
CDEm Listen and check.
call camp do go make not be play tell B:y

JULES I've got some information about that new club. Listen, it says: 'For young
people who love (0) .~r:0.f:13 ......... new things, and who enjoy (1) ................... new
friends! We offer lots of activities, so if you like (2) ................... team sports and
(3) ................... martial arts like judo and karate, this is the club for you. In the
summer, we also expect to go (4) ..... .. ... .. ... .. .. and canoeing'.
NICK Oh, OK. Sounds good. I like all of those things.
JULES Me, too. I've really missed (5) ................... to the sports centre since it closed down.
NICK Yeah. Well, at least we've still got the bowling alley- can you imagine
(6) ................... able to go there with everyone on a Friday evening?
JULES No, I can't! It would be awful. This new place opens next week. What do you think
about (7) ................... the others and (8) ................... them about it?
NICK Yes, let's do that.
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6 Go onl1ne for more pract1ce 193
 Practice
1 Choose the correct words in italics. In one place, both answers are possible.
celm Listen and check. ·
0 Do you think that the government might~/ to call a general election soon?
1 Leila would love to learn I learning to play the saxophone.
2 The builders expect have I to have finished the roof by the end of next week.
3 If we wanted sell I to sell our house right now, we would have I to have to lower the price.
4 Children these days refuse to told I to be told how to do things.
S My Canadian friend has offered to help teach I to teach our children English.
6 We'd prefer to spend I spending our holiday somewhere quiet and peaceful.
7 The writers threatened not to I to not complete the script for the next episode of the drama.
8 We'd rather to spend I spend holidays with friends than visit new places.

2 Read the text and find eight more places where the word to is missing .
:mD!!J Listen and check.

Avison Extreme Sports Holidays

Have you ever wanted ?try
a really different, adventurous holiday?
Would you love go parasailing or rock climbing, potholing or bungee ju
Why not try an Avison sports holiday?
This is how it works: you tell us what you can and sports. We help you progr
can't do, and what you'd like be able to do. We assess
your abilities and offer teach you at least two different
extreme sports in one week. If you choose accept our Your promise to us: you promise not overestimate your
offer, we decide on a date and then arrange collect you abilities - we can Qnly work with what is already there!
from the nearest station or airport. '-']~
Interested? Th~n call us on the number
Our promise to you: we promise provide you with all the
equipment necessary and expert training in the chosen below or visit our website.

3 Write the words in the correct order to make questions. Start with the underlined word
or phrase.

0 would like can't afford to do what but you to do ?

.V\f~t__\f\/O_v!J_~_Y.OV( L_i~ __to .. ~o ..~.~.:!._c0.~'t,.~o~.d..t~- - ~q? ......................................... .......... ... ......... ..
1 do you in ten years' time to be doing want what kind of work ?

2 forgotten recently have to do what you ?

3 studying English when to have finished hope you do ?

4 aim you by the time you're s ~xty what do to have done ?

4 Now write true answers to the questions in Exercise 3.

o .r1. !.~~- -~qJ:.~:~e.~ . :.~~t~J~..w.q ~~~( ..b.t!!}.c_~1~..4fq_r~_ t,q __~~--~t: ................... ........................... ..
1 .......... ... ....... ....... .. ..... ........ ... .... ... ...... ..... ...... ... ... .. .. .. .. .......... .. ................................................ ..
2 .. ..... ... .......... .............................. .. ......... ... .... .. ......................................................................... .. .... .
3
4
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 ANSWER KEY

UNIT 62 TEST
1 1 When 2 Whose 3 Who 4 Where 1B2A3B4CSA6A7B8C
5 How 6 for 7 time 8 language(s) 9 C 10 C 11 A 12 A 13 B 14 C 15 B
2 1 did the car leave 2 started 3 did the chase 16 A 17 C 18 B 19 C 20 B
finish 4 jumped 5 did they do
3 1 Where is it/the building/the Statue of Liberty?
2 Who designed it? I Who was it designed by? Module 12
3 Why was it built?
UNIT 64
4 When was it opened?
5 What can you see/visit/do there?/What else is 1 1 swimming, A 2 cycling, C 3 sitting, E
there to see/visit/do? 4 ironing, B
6 Why is it famous? 2 1 having 2 not watching 3 Spending 4 being
offered 5 having copied 6 working, being told
UNIT 63 3 1 making 2 playing 3 doing 4 camping
1 1 How far 2 How 3 How much 4 How 5 going 6 not being 7 calling 8 telling
5 How often 6 How long 7 How deep
8 Howmany UNIT 65
2 1 Who's 2 Which 3 is 4 What 5 which 1 1 to learn 2 to have 3 to sell, have 4 to be
3 1 what's 2 How old 3 twenty-four 4 Which told 5 teach I to teach 6 to spend 7 not to
university 5 how long 6 What 7 Whose 8 spend
8 who's 2 Avlson Extreme Sports Holidays
to
4 Model answers Have you ever wanted J. try a really different,
1 What's your phone number? It's 225697. adventurous holiday? Would you love to go
parasailing or rock climbing, potholing or
2 How long have you studied/been studying English?
bungee jumping?
For about three years.
Why not try an Avison sports holiday?
3 How far is the nearest cinema to your house? It's
about two kilometres. This is how it works: you tell us what you can and
can't do, and what you'd like to be able to do. We
4 What do you like doing on lwliday? Lots of things-
assess your abilities and offer to teach you at least
sightseeing, walking, swimming. two different extreme sports in one week. If you
5 Whose music do you prefer listening to? I like some choose to accept our offer, we decide on a date and
soul music but I prefer Indie groups like the Pixies. then arrange to collect you from the nearest station
or airport.
REVIEW
Our promise to you: we promise to provide you
1 1 There was 2 to see 3 there were 4 at the
with all the equipment necessary and expert
school on Saturday evening 5 It was 6 gave
training in the chosen sports. We help you progress
me 7 didn't take 8 were there 9 me so
quickly because of the intensity of the training. You
angry 10 to you
can expect to be taught in a safe environment, with
2 1 at the eemeastratieR really eaEld~' really badly at the minimum of risk.
the demonstration
Your promise to us: you promise not to overestimate
2 sl:!ewee te EAe showed me
your abilities -we can only work with what is
3 witi! the arehiteet's pla-a5 eelighteel delighted
already there!
with the architect's plans.
4 ,( Interested? Then call us on the number below or
5 ~It's visit our website.
6 Ties taeir sew eat their new cat Tibs 3 1 What kind of work do you want to be doing in
7 W&There's ten years' time?
3 1 Why were they surprised? 2 What have you forgotten to do recently?
2 Why was the area quite light? 3 When do you hope to have finished studying
3 What did Mrs Yuang give them? English?
4 How many bedrooms does her cave have? 4 What do you aim to have done by the time
5 Where are the caves? you're sixty?
6 How many people live in the caves? 4 Model answers
7 What do they do there? 1 I want to be working with children.
8 What are the caves like? 2 I've forgotten to call my sister.
9 What do the caves protect the residents from? 3 I hope to have finished studying English in two years.
10 What did they fmd out the next day? 4 I aim to have made a lot of money!
41B 2B 3A 4B SA 6A
UNIT 66
1 1 She taught/is teaching (the student) to play
the guitar.
2 They let the cat sleep on the bed. 153
3 He helped the old lady (to) carry her bags.
4 He warned them not to skate (on the pond/ice).
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 ANSWER KEY

2 1 to show 2 to sell 3 members to sell 4 us to 4 Mrs Richards, Samir's mother said (that) he's ill
paint 5 to use 6 me follow 7 you to stay and can't come to school today.
8 you break 5 The manager told the police officer (that) Jason had
3 1 !'Be wsfi< me to work been working for him for two years at that point.
2 maele El a made to do 6 Lou and Jane told us last week (that) they
3 ~notto were meeting their cousins from Vancouver at
4 tflat YBH Q8 YOU to do the weekend.
5 let allowed to 5 Model answers
6 gl\'tng l:lf:l to give up 1 ... I hadn't tried hard enough.
7 ~keeping 2 ... that my hair was looking really nice that
8 ~nottobe evening.
3 ... that I wasn't very confident and would not get
UNIT 67 the job I wanted.
11A2B3A4B5B 4 ... that my teeth are in very good condition.
2 1 to get 2 joining 3 to look/looking 5 ... my father. He said that I should {inis/1 my
4 walking 5 going 6 looking 7 fly homework.
8 getting 9 worrying 10 moving
3 1 burning 2 doing 3 to inform 4 to tell UNIT 69
5 looking 6 to find 1 1 My friend asked why I couldn't come to his party.
2 The officer wanted to know if I had the keys.
REVIEW 3 She asked how long it had taken to get there.
1 1 to take 2 to speak 3 playing 4 swimming 4 John asked his boss whether he could have a
5 to like 6 cleaning pay rise.
5 Maria wanted to know if we liked her hairstyle.
2 1 trying 2 not 3 to 4 to 5 him 6 me
6 The salesman asked whether we wanted to buy
7 let 8 start
the car or not.
3 1 to have/take 2 not to be 3 being called
4 going 5 having taken/taking 6 to have
2 1 had caused the break-up 2 l/we couldn't
sort out my/our problems 3 if I was unhappy
finished 7 hearing 8 to go on holiday
4 if/whether I thought Annette was a better singer
41D 2A 3C 4C 5D 6B 7A BC than me 5 what I would do next 6 (me) if I had
9 D 10 C thought about giving up singing
TEST 3 Model answers
1B2A3A4C5A6C7A8C 1 My teacher asked me if I had understood her
9 B 10 A 11 C 12 C 13 A 14 C 15 A explanation.
16 C 17 B 18 A 19 C 20 A 2 My friend wanted to know if we could go swimming
at the weekend.
3 My mother asked if I could do the washing-up.
Module 13 4 A shop assistant asked if I had the right coins for the
chocolate bar.
UNIT 68
UNIT 70
1 1 had 2 would 3 the following day 4 he
5 had been 6 had 7 the next 8 had had 1 1 us to 2 us not to 3 to go 4 us not to 5 me
9 hadn't been able to 10 the evening before to 6 to 7 to stop 8 me to
11 had to 12 wished 2 1 This sign asks us not to feed the fish.
2 1 had been offended by 2 This sign advises us to wear a hard hat.
2 (that) he hadn't made, the day before 3 This sign warns/tells us not to touch the paint.
3 he had just been describing 4 This sign asks us to queue from this side.
4 had to know that people had asked 3 1 My mother advised me to take some food for
5 he couldn't understand it, had simply described the journey.
6 he had been working very hard 2 The clerk asked us to have our tickets ready.
7 he would make a full statement about his plans 3 The lifeguard warned/told us not to go in the sea.
the following/next afternoon 4 The guard advised us to take the first train
3 1 C 2 H 3 L 4 A, E 5 K 6 G 7 B 8 D, I that arrived.
5 The police officer told us to pick our rubbish up.
4 1 The guidebook says (that) the museum was
opened to the public in 1965. UNIT 71
2 John told us last Friday (that) he would take a taxi
1 1 you 2 to stealing/that he had stolen 3 to
home after the film the next/following evening.
my husband 4 that I should visit/visiting 5 for
3 The lecturer said (that) humans first walked on
upsetting 6 on buying/that he should buy 7 that
the moon in 1969. I was lazy/about my laziness 8 its students

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156
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Grammar Reader
FMS3

7 Relative Clauses
Relative clauses give us information about the subject or object of the main clause.
Defining relative clauses describe exactly which (or what kind of) person or thing we mean:
• The man who lives next door is French → which man?
Non-defining relative clauses give extra information. The information is not necessary for the
sentence to make sense. To show this in writing we use commas.

• Pierre, who lives next door, is French.

Different Relative Pronouns:

which, that which= things In non-defining relative
that = people and things clauses we use which
instead of that:
The bus, which that broke
down, arrived late.
who, that, whom who and that = people Whom is used if it replaces
him/her (formal speech and
writing)
It was the man whom I met
last night.
whose something belongs to The girl whose phone had
someone (possession) been stolen went to the
police.
when relative clause about times, There was a storm on the
days, years etc. day when I was born.
where places (which/that + in That’s the hotel where we
work as well) stayed.
That’s the hotel which/that
we stayed in.
why reason That’s the reason why I’m
late.

We can also leave out the noun before when, where and why: That’s why we’re late. (the reason
why)
Furthermore, we can also leave out when after day, year, time etc. and why after reason:
There was a storm the day I was born. / That’s the reason I’m late.
We can leave out the relative pronoun in defining relative clauses, but we always need it in non-
defining relative clauses.
• if the subject is not directly followed by a verb:
The doctor (whom) I spoke to told me not to worry. NOT NEEDED
The doctor who treated me told me not to worry. NEEDED? → verb

• after a superlative: that was the best meal (that) I’ve ever eaten!

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Grammar Reader
FMS3

Combining Sentences:
We can combine sentences using relative pronouns.
A bus goes to Cairo. It leaves from here.
The bus that goes to Cairo leaves from here.
We took a road. It led to an ancient temple.
The road (that) we took led to an ancient temple.
NOTE: When we combine sentences, we do not repeat the subject by adding another pronoun:
The bus that goes to Cairo it leaves from here.

Relative clauses with an -ing form:

The relative clause often has a continuous verb form:
Can all the students who are leaving tomorrow give back their books?
NOTE: In this case we can leave out both the relative pronoun and the verb be:
Can all the students leaving tomorrow give back their books?

What as a relative pronoun:

We can use the relative pronoun what to mean the thing(s) that:
We didn’t understand what she said. → (the things that she said)
What I want now is a cup of tea. → (the thing that I want)

Prepositions and relative clauses:

The position of prepositions, such as apply for, is dependent on the level of formality:
Informal: That’s the job which I applied for.
Formal: Below are the details of the job for which you applied.

• Prepositions are not used in clauses beginning with when or where or in front of that.
This is the house where I used to live in.
This is the book for that I’ve been looking. → This is the book that I’ve been looking for

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72 RELATIVE CLAUSES (1)

Practice
1 Choose the correct words in italics. In two places both answers are possible.
l:miiB Listen and check.
0 Agatha Christie is the writer~/ which invented Miss Marple.
1 Is this one of the DVDs that I what you've already seen?
2 Mike's the man who I whose wife writes detective novels.
3 What's the name of the hotel which I that you visited last summer?
4 Carol's the teacher whose I who will be taking over our class next term.
5 I prefer books that I which have a happy ending.
6 I could never live in a house that I who doesn't have a nice garden.
7 A whale is an animal who I that breathes air but lives underwater.
8 I'm afraid it's by an author who I whose name I can't remember.

2 GRAMMAR IN USE Find five more relative pronouns in the text that can be left out.
cmDrJ Listen and check.

The detective novel

For over a hundred years detective stories have been one of the most popular forms of writing . The
book@hey appear in are often called 'whodunits'. In many cases the detectives in these novels
are professional police officers. A typical example is Inspector Morse, the famous Oxford detective
who was created by the writer Colin Dexter.
But many of these characters are private detectives who help the clients who they work for. Perhaps
the best-known is Philip Marlowe- a private detective invented by the author Raymond Chandler in
a novel which he wrote in 1939.
Of course, not all detectives in fiction are professionals, many are amateurs . One of the most famous
of these is Miss Marple, a character that Agatha Christie invented in 1927.
In more recent years, scientists and psychologists have taken over the role of detectives in popular
fiction. This is due to the increasingly important role which science plays in modern police work. One
of the best-known of these 'detectives' is Or Kay Scarpetta- the invention of American crime writer
Patricia Cornwell . Cornwell introduced Scarpetta to the world in Postmortem, a book which she
published in 1990.

3 Complete the sentences with which, where, when or why. Leave out the pronoun where
possible.

0 This tastes awful. I don't know ...V.hY. ...... ..... I ordered it!
1 It was raining by the time ................... we got there.
2 Is this the place .... ......... ... .. . we're supposed to meet them?
3 She works in a building ................. .. used to be a hospital.
4 Is that the reason ............ ....... she never answers your emails?
5 This is the house .... ... ... ... ...... my grandmother was born.
6 1969 was the year ............... .. .. human beings first landed on the moon.
7 What a terrible thing to say! I don't know ................. .. she's always so rude to me.
8 It was a film ........ .. ......... seemed to last forever.
9 Do you remember the day ... ............. ... we met?
10 There were a couple of questions ............ ....... were too difficult for me to answer.

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220
4 Complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first.
Sentences 4-6 are more formal English.
0 We used to go to that school.
That's the school . '1.~ ..11!.0 .t9.3.qJ~..... .
1 I told you about that woman.
She's the woman ................................................. ............ .
2 You were interested in a musical. Is it Mamma Mia?
Is Mamma Mia the musical .. ..... .. ... ...... ............ .... ........... ... .... .......... ?
3 We walked under that old railway bridge.
That's the old railway bridge ............................ ....................... ..... ...... .
4 The insurance company has already paid for those repairs.
Those are the repairs ... .. ................. ...... ....... .. .... .. ........... ..... .. . has already paid.
5 The committee has no control over this matter.
This is a matter ....... .. ......................... .. ........ ....... ........... has no control.
6 The bank has lent money to those customers.
Those are the customers .. .. ....... .. ..................... ..... ....................... has lent money. '
5 GRAMMAR IN use look at the text about a TV show below and complete it
with this information.
(0) The Internet and mobile phones didn't exist in the nineteenth century.
(1) Sherlock Holmes lives in the flat at 221B Baker Street.
(2) Conan Doyle invented the basic plots.
(3) Sherlock Holmes uses his powers of observation to solve crimes.
(4) Benedict Cumberbatch has starred in many recent films and TV shows.
(5) Dr Watson's career in the army has ended.
(6) Martin Freeman became famous for his part in The Office.

A 21st Century Sherlock Holmes

Sherlock is a new BBC television series based on the novels of Arthur Conan Doyle,
but set in present-day London. Of course, the original stories were written in the
late nineteenth century, a time (0) W.~}~ J~~?..~-~ - m?I?.~(~. Ph·P.'Yd . f'!.i.'!_n-_'t. .~i#. .... .
In this new version all kinds of modern technology are used.
Although the stories have been updated to the twenty-first century, lovers of
the original novels will be pleased to know that many of the familiar characters
and places have been kept for the new series. For instance, the fiat (1) .................... .. ..
. .... .. .. ... ... .. .. ... ... .. .. _.. ................. ......... is still 221 B Baker Street.
The writers of the series have used the basic plots (2) ........................................ ..
.. ... .. .. .... ... . .. .... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. . , but they have been made more exciting and modern. The
main characters are:
Sherlock Holmes: Holmes is a brilliant detective (3) ............ ........ ........................... .
.. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .... . .. ... .. ... . .. . .. .. .. ... . .. .. ... ... ... . ... .. . The part of Holmes is played by Ben edict
Cumberbatch, a young actor (4) ...... .. ......................... .. ........ .................... .

Dr Watson: Watson, a doctor (5) ............ ...... .... .... .... ... ..... ... , is Sherlock Holmes' best
friend. The part ofWatson is played by Martin Freeman. He's an actor (6) ................... .
.... .. .. .... .. .. .. ... in the hit comedy series The Office .
....,.,..,..,.... A._~ ,.,..r"""""-...-.4_.-~ ... -...., _.-..._ .. _.......__.__A,.,.-.._~"-~-A-- -""'.........., _ ,..--..._........._ ___ .-.,.-~-- /l<-. ,.· "'- "" l .., , .....

162
C) Go online for more practice 221
 Practice

1 Choose the correct meaning, A or B.

0 Emma's sister, who isn't married, lives in New York.

A Emma has several sisters. @ Emma only has one sister.
1 This building is part of the Riverside development, which has just won a design award.
A The building has won an award. B The Riverside development has won an award.
2 We stayed at the first hotel we saw which had a swimming pool.
A We only looked at one hotel. B We looked at other hotels without pools.
3 I chose the grey suit, which cost $100.
A The colour was more important. B The price was more important.
4 Two students who took the exam passed with distinction.
A More than two students took the exam. B Only two students took the exam.

2 Rewrite the sentences, using non-defining relative clauses.

0 I went to university in Cambridge. Cambridge is a beautiful city.

J..v!.r:-.~.t.~. -~Y.~r:s:~o/.J~.&.!~b.r:~~~...."'.-!0:~~h: .i:-r..~.. b.~.utifo.L..~~0': ............................................... .
1 Humaniqueness is the first book that Glauco Ortolano has written in English. Ortolano is
Brazilian.

2 Harlitt's chocolate factory has closed down. It used to employ over a thousand people.

3 You can't smoke in restaurants any more. I'm pleased about that.

4 They've closed down our local library. This is really annoying.

5 The course starts on Monday 12th January. The course lasts ten weeks.

6 The new company president will be Sandra Jackson. Sandra Jackson's period as creative
director was very successful.

3
- · -- · -~--

GRAMMAR INuse There are four more missing commas and three more incorrect pronouns
in the text. Write the correct words and the missing commas. Ci111J listen and check.

w~k ,
The nineteenth century, -t:aat w as the golden age of Russian L
literature produced the world-
11
famous novelists Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky, the poet Alexander Pushkin and the
playwright Anton Chekhov. Tolstoy's novel War and Peace what was written in 1869 is often
considered to be the greatest novel of the nineteenth century.
I'
Russian literature continued to flourish in the twentieth century. Internationally, the two Russian
novelists who were most successful were Boris Pasternak and Vladimir Nabokov.
Nabokov, that spent much of his life in the United States also wrote novels in English.
Pasternak was the author of Or Zhivago that was made into a hugely successful film in 1965.
He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1958 but refused to accept it.

163
6 Go online for more practice 223
 ANSWER KEY

2 1 announced 2 said 3 agreed 4 apologised have taken over the role of detectives in popular
5 told 6 regretted 7 thanked 8 encouraged fiction. This is the due to the increasingly important
3 1 The woman offered to open the windows. role which science plays in modern police work.
2 The assistant replied that the club accepts/ One of the best-known of these detectives is Dr Kay
accepted members of all ages. Scarpetta - the invention of American crime writer
3 He claimed to be the best electrician in the area/ Patricia Cornwell. Corn well introduced Scarpetta
that he was the best electrician in the area. to the world in Postmortem, a book which she
4 My friend persuaded me to try one of his/her cakes. published in 1990.
5 The managers admitted that they hadn't told the 3 1 - 2 where 3 which 4 why 5 where
reporter about the company's financial problems. 6 when 7 why 8 which 9 when 10 which
(pronoun can be left out in 4, 6 and 9)
REVIEW 4 1 I told you about 2 you were interested in
1 1 had 2 was 3 wasn't 4 if/whether 3 we walked under 4 for which the insurance
5 before 6 my 7 asked 8 know 9 worked company 5 over which the committee 6 to
10 not 11 could 12 our 13 next /following whom the bank
14 would 15 has/had 16 might 17 us 5 1 in which/where Sherlock Holmes lives I which
18 warned/told/advised 19 advised/told 20 I'm Sherlock Holmes lives in
2 1 ordered us not to run 2 apologised for not 2 which Conan Doyle invented
remembering 3 advised me not to 4 insisted 3 who uses his powers of observation to solve crimes
that he would pay/insisted on paying 5 begged 4 who has starred in many recent films and
John/him not to TV shows
3 1 was feeling/am feeling 2 had been 3 I'd 5 whose career in the army has ended
performed/! performed 4 I was going 5 her 6 who became famous for his part
6 can't/couldn't 7 would 8 to go 9 I'm not/
I wasn't 10 to her 11 had only done it/only did UNIT 73
it 12 it was 13 to go 14 tomorrow 11B2B3A4A
4 1 tola tfiat told me/said that 2 1 Humaniqueness is the first book that Glauco
2 #H!i that Ortolano, who is Brazilian, has written in English.
3 v' 2 Harlitt's chocolate factory, which used to employ
4 were the a ea rest toiletos the nearest toilets were over a thousand people, has closed down.
5 v' 3 You can't smoke in restaurants any more, which
6 ~notto I'm pleased about. ·
4 They've closed down our local library, which is
TEST really annoying.
1A2C3B4C5A6A7C8A 5 The course, which lasts ten weeks, starts on
9 C 10 A 11 B 12 A 13 C 14 B 15 A Monday 12th January.
16 B 17 C 18 B 19 A 20 B 6 The new company president will be Sandra
]ackson, whose period as creative director was
very successful. wkUh
Module 14 3 The nineteenth century, ~was the golden age
of Russian literaturet_'produced the world-famous
UNIT 72 novelists Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky, the
1 1 that 2 whose 3 which/that 4 who 5 that/ poet Alexander Pushkin and the playwright An ton
which 6 that 7 that 8 whose Chekhov. Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, :wHat
2 For over a hundred years detective stories have been which was written in 1869, is often considered to
one of the most popular forms of writing. The books be the greatest novel of the nineteenth century.
~they appear in are often called 'whodunits'. Russian literature continued to flourish in the
In many cases the detectives in these novels are twentieth century. Internationally, the two Russian
professional police officers. A typical example is novelists who were most successful were Boris
Inspector Morse, the famous Oxford detective who Pasternak and Vladimir Nabokov.
was created by the writer Colin Dexter. Nabokov, iRaf who spent much of his life in the
But many of these characters are private detectives United States, also wrote novels in English.
who help the clients who they work for. Perhaps the Pasternak was the author of Dr Zhivago, iRaf which
best known is Philip Marlowe - a private detective was made into a hugely successful film in 1965. He
invented by the author Raymond Chandler in a was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1958 but refused
novel which he wrote in 1939. to accept it.
Of course, not all detectives in fiction are
professionals, many are amateurs. One of the
most famous of these is Miss Marple, a character
that Agatha Christie invented in 1927.
In more recent years scientists and psychologists

386 164

Z03_MGL_GBWK_INTGLB_4574_KEY.Indd 386 14/11/2011 09:331

INTERMEDIATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE

1 Underline the correct word in each sentence.

1 An old man, who/which was carrying a suitcase, knocked at the door.
2 The winner, which/whose bike was an unusual design, won a medal.
3 The girl who/which spoke to me turned out to be in my class.
4 The museum, which/whose was in a beautiful building, was closed.
5 A policewoman that/which we asked told us how to get there.
6 The boy whose/whom house I was staying at was an old friend.
7 The last person which/whose pen I borrowed didn't get it back.

2 Complete each sentence with who, whose or that.

1 Th e fnen wV1ose h ouse I stayea, m
· d ..................... · IS
· commg
· to stay Wit
· h us.
2 The guidebook ..................... we bought explained everything.
3 The couple ..................... house I bought both worked in my office.
4 I'd like you to tell me ..................... you were talking to.
5 The girl ..................... ruler I had borrowed wanted it back.
6 I can't remember ..................... I lent my bike to.
7 Do you know ..................... Catherine works for?

3 Decide whether the clause in italics is defining or non-defining. Write D or N

next to each sentence:.
1 The girl who was waiting was becoming impatient.- .....................
J:)

2 The room, which was enormous, was filled with lines of chairs.
3 The students, who were late, waittd in the playground.
4 The food which was left was eaten the following day.
5 A tall girl, who was wearing a hat, came into the room.
6 The dog, which was lying on the sofa, had long pointed ears.
7 The train which leaves at 8.00 doesn't stop at Bath.

4 Underline any relative pronouns that can be left out in these sentences.
1 The book that John was reading was a bit frightening.
2 The travel agency which sold me the ticket was near my office.
3 In the end, our holiday was the best that we had ever had.
4 The dentist who I go to isn't very expensive.
5 The film which we saw last week was much better than this one.
6 The people who were leaving couldn't fmd their coats.
7 The garden, which wasn't very large, was full of flowers.

165
102
 GRAMMAR 23 RELATIVE CLAUSES 1

5 Rewrite each formal sentence as an informal one, ending with the word given.
IIll illtillll
1 These are the boys with whom I went on holiday.
....JVJ.e,$.e../(1 r.e. .t.l:l~. b.Q.!1$. .I. .w.e.I!Xt. .Q.~. Y.t.Q. ~-~d.?l kl·........................................................ with.
2 This is the letter for which I've been waiting.
......................................................................................................................................... for.
3 That is the shop from which Sue bought her bike .
...................................................................................................................................... from.
4 That is the hotel at which I stayed .
..................................................................................... ...................................................... at.
5 Tim is someone to whom I hardly ever write .
......................................................................... ............................................................ ...... to.
6 Do you know by whom this book was written?
........................................... ............... ............................................................................... by?
7 Ravenna was the most interesting town in which we stayed.
........................................................................................................................................... in.
8 United were the best team against which we played .
.................................................................................................................................. against.

6 Add a relative pronoun to each sentence.

1 Friday was the last time I saw Jim.
, ,.J , ,
.... F.nY.\~kj ..w.f.Js..t:.kl e.~st . t~o-m.e. tkt~t J..s~wJ k~¥.t ,...........................................................
2 The island we visited was extremely beautiful.

3 The girl I met was a friend of Philip's.

4 The meal we ate wasn't very tasty.

5 Gina was the first person I asked.

6 The book I read didn't explain the problem.

7 The teacher we usually have was away ill.

8 The friends I met last night send you their love.

166 103
 GRAMMAR 24 RELATIVE CLAUSES 2

1 Underline the correct word in each sentence.

1 The train which/who goes to Brighton leaves from here.
2 That/What I like best is an afternoon at the beach.
3 I didn't know who/which to ask about my timetable.
4 The people which/whose luggage was lost had to wait a long time.
5 Where's the ruler whose/that I left on this desk?
6 The shop what/that I went to didn't have any milk.
7 Do you know whom/whose bag this is?
8 Everyone who/which was there will remember the day forever.
9 The second bus, which/whose was full, didn't stop either.
10 Jim was helped by someone who/whom told him the answer.

2 Some sentences have a word which should not be there. Write the word in the
space. If the sentence is correct, put a tick (v").
I The man whose his car had been damaged was very angry. ...... h~::?........ .
2 That was the longest film I've ever seen.
3 The train which it goes to London leaves from here.
4 The policewoman who she stopped me asked me my name.
5 The Eiffel Tower, which it was finished in 1889, is made of iron.
6 Everyone that Eleii.a spoke to advised her to try again.
7 The children that they live next door are my friends.

3 Rewrite each pair of sentences as one sentence, and include the word in bold.
Begin as shown, and make any necessary changes.
1 We want to visit a museum. It opens at 12.00.
that
~ .,
The .......m~t.!1.m. tr.•.litt .w.e. . w.litvxt.te.X'J.:.?.kt.Q:P,t.~.?. . l(l.t..+.2,/.?.P...................................... .
2 A boy's bike was taken. He visited the police station.
whose
The ................................................ ....................................................................................... .
3 A friend met me at the airport. He carried my suitcase.
who
The ....................................................................................................................................... .
4 Tom cooked a meal. It was delicious.
that
The ....................................................................................................................................... .
5 A friend is staying with me. She comes from Paris.
who
The ........................................................................................................................ ................

167
105
INTERMEDIATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE

6 I found a man's wallet. He gave me a reward.

whose
The ....................................................................................................................................... .
7 I go to a shop in the centre. It is cheaper.
that
The ..................................... ................ .................................................................................. .
8 I went to a girl's party. She phoned me.
whose
The ...................................................................................................................................... ..
9 I know someone. This person likes you.
who
I ..............................................................................................................................................
10 We saw a film last week. It was more interesting.
that
The ...................................................................................................................................... ..

4 Put one word in each space, or tick (vi') the space if the sentence is correct.
1 We sent a present to the children .........( ........... living next door.
2 Mike doesn't really know .................... ... he wants.
3 I started talking to some boys ....................... sitting by the side of the road.
4 I asked Mary ....... ................ she was thinking, but she wouldn't tell me.
5 There were lots of people at the party ....................... we went to.
6 I don't really know ....................... you're talking about.
7 We saw two rabbits ....................... playing in the garden.
8 Is this the bike ....................... your parents bought you for your birthday?
9 The police officer ....................... stopped me wanted to see my identity card.
10 .... ................... we need now is a map and a compass.

fi map and a compass would be very useful now.'

168
106
 GRAMMAR ANSWERS

2 I didn't use that piece 5 much money that he 9 Could I borrow

of string, because it doesn't know what to 10 should go
wasn't long enough. do with it. 3 1 you mind taking
3 It was such a difficult 6 old enough to get 2 'd rather have/Cl prefer
question that I had to married. 3 Can you wait
ask for help. 7 enough money to buy 4 Can/May I leave
4 There were too few this bike. 5 you turn off
seats for all the guests. 8 enough plates I'm afraid. 6 How about going
5 There were too many 7 won't talk
guests and not enough Grammar 21 8 Shall I help
seats. 1 1 however 9 mind telling me
6 We can't put that box 2 Although 10 wereyou
in the car as there's too 3 Although 4 1 should
little space. 4 On the other hand 2 Can/Could/Would
7 I've got too little time 5 but 3 Can/Could/Would
to do all my work. 6 despite 4 Will/Would
8 I've got so much work 7 In spite of 5 Let's
that I can't go out. 8 although 6 mind
9 She had so many 2 1 Although 7 rather
children that she 2 but 8 Can/Could/Would
didn't know what to do. 3 However 9 Would
10 The play was so good 4 even 10 can/may
that the audience 5 still
cheered. 6 although Grammar 23
5 1 Sorry, but I haven't got 7 Despite 1 1 who 5 that
enough time. 8 spite 2 whose 6 whose
2 Erica is not old 3 1 the snow, we went out 3 who 7 whose
enough to drive a·car. for a walk. 4 which
3 Paul has so many 2 some experts think 2 1 whose 5 whose
friends that he's always prices will fall, others 2 that 6 who
busy. disagree. 3 whose 7 who
4 We h ad too little time 3 losing at half time, our 4 who
to go sightseeing. team won in the end. 3 ID 2N 3N 4D 5N
5 It's so hot that I can't 4 it was hot, Diana wore 6N 7D
think! her winter clothes. 4 1 The book that John
6 There was so much 5 but/, however, this was reading was a bit
snow that we couldn't summer it's rained all frightening.
travel. the time. 2 .I
7 It was such a long way 6 having a headache,/his 3 In the end, our holiday
that we decided to headache, James still was the best that we had
drive there. read until late. ever had.
8 As/Since/Because I'd 7 but/, however, he (still) 4 The dentist who I go
run a long way, I felt did well in the test. to isn't very expensive.
exhausted./I'd run 5 The film which we saw
Grammar22 last week was much
such a long way that I
1 ld 2b 3g 4j 5f better than this one.
felt exhausted.
6c 7i Sa 9e 10h 6 .I
6 1 enough to be in the
2 1 Would you mind 7 .I
basketball team.
2 Ifi were you, I'd write 5 1 These are the boys I
2 to the house, because/
3 go went on holiday with.
as it's not very far.
4 Could you 2 This is the letter I've
3 such a long film that
5 Would you like been waiting for.
we missed our last bus.
6 I won't do it 3 That's the shop Sue
4 unhappy that she
7 Shall I help bought her bike from.
cried.
8 Why don't you go
289
169
INTERMEDIATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE

4 That's the hotel I 5 The friend who is 7 Who do you sit next
stayed at. staying with me comes to in English?
5 Tim is someone I from Paris. 8 What helps you study?
hardly ever write to. 6 The man whose wallet 3 1 I haven't 5 I didn't
6 Do you know who this I found gave me a 2 I am 6 I can't
book was written by? reward. 3 I did 7 I do
7 Ravenna was the most 7 The shop in the centre 4 I will 8 he isn't
interesting town we that I go to is cheaper./
stayed in. The shop that I go to in Grammar 26
8 United were the best the centre is cheaper. 1 1 I haven't6 theycan
team (that) we played 8 The girl whose party I 2 I do 7 I won't
against. went to phoned me. 3 lam 8 shehasn't
6 1 Friday was the last 9 I know someone who 4 she didn't
9 it is
time that I saw Jim. likes you. 5 he has 10 she didn't
2 The island that/which 10 The film that we saw 2 1 Have we 6 Is there
we visited was last week was more 2 Don'tyou 7 Has she
extremely beautiful. interesting. 3 Did she 8 Haven't
3 The girl that/who I met 4 1 ,/ 6 what/who 4 Don'tyou you
was a friend of Philip's. 2 what 7 ./ 5 !she 9 Isn't there
4 The meal that/which we 3./ 8./ 10 Did you
ate wasn't very tasty. 4 what 9 who 3 1 aren't we 6 don't they
5 Gina was the first 5 ,/ 10 What 2 have you 7 do you
person that/who I 3 aren't you 8 don't you
asked. Grammar25 4 will you 9 hasn't he
6 The book that/which 1 1 What time do you 5 isn't he 10 should I
I read didn't explain usually get up? 4 1 Paul doesn't like
the problem. 2 What were you football, does he?
7 The teacher that/who reading? 2 You've got a sister,
we usually have was 3 Why did you go there?_ haven't you?
away ill. 4 What have you done/ 3 You haven't done your
8 The friends that/who eaten so far? homework, have you?
I met last night send 5 What do I have to do 4 You sat next to Ellen,
you their love. now? didn't you?
6 How did you feel 5 The guests haven't
Grammar24 yesterday? arrived, have they?
1 1 which 6 that 7 What are you doing? 6 Your name is John,
2 What 7 whose 8 Why did you leave isn't it?
3 who 8 who early? 7 Your name isn't John,
4 whose 9 which 9 Where did you leave is it?
5 that 10 who your bike? /Where's 8 I didn't leave my wallet
2 1 his 5 it your bike? on the desk, did I?
2 ,/ 6 ,/ 10 Who's coming to your 5 1b 2b 3b 4a5b 6b
3 it 7 they party? 6 1 what the time is
4 she 2 1 Who lives next door? 2 what this means
3 1 The museum that we 2 Who do you play 3 how much this costs
want to visit opens with? 4 what time the
at 12.00. 3 Who teaches you museum opens
2 The boy whose bike maths?/What does 5 if/whether I'm in the
was taken visited the Mrs Dawson teach right seat
police station. you? 6 where Asham Street is
3 The friend who met 4 What do you (usually) 7 if/whether this is
me at the airport eat for lunch? Trafalgar Square
carried my suitcase. 5 What frightens you? 8 when this bus leaves
4 The meal that Tom 6 Who do you talk to 7lb 2b 3a 4a Se
cooked was delicious. most? 6 c 7 b 8 a 9 b 10 a
290 170
Grammar Reader
FMS3

8 Adjectives and Adverbs

8.1 Adjectives
An adjective is a word that modifies or describes a noun or pronoun. Adjectives usually go before the
word that they modify (a). They can sometimes also come after the words they modify (b) when they
follow one of these verbs: be, seem, look, appear, smell, taste.
Examples:
a.) An interesting person / A cute puppy / A purple flower.
b.) She seems interesting / The puppy was cute / The flower looks purple.

8.2 Adverbs
An adverb is a word, or a set of words, that modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Adverbs
answer the question of how, when, where, why, to what extent, how often or how much something is
done. Adverbs can go into different positions within a sentence. Adverbs are usually formed by adding
the suffix -ly, or they can consist of an adverbial phrase.
Examples:
- He speaks slowly (tells us how he speaks)
- She speaks very slowly (tells us how slowly)
- Carefully, he placed the painting on the wall (tells how he placed the painting)
- She is madly in love with her (tells us how in love)
- She arrived today (tells us when)
- We looked in the basement (adverbial phrase that tells where)
- Bernie left to avoid trouble (adverbial phrase that tells us why)

Please note that the adjective is good (a) and the corresponding adverb is well (b).
Example:
a.) You did a good job (describes the noun “job”)
b.) You did the job well (describes the verb “do”)

Please note that precision in language is always desirable. So instead of saying very big, say huge.
Instead of saying very tired, say exhausted. Instead of saying very cold, say freezing, and so on.

171
172
173
174
175
176
0 Say how often you do some of the following things.

stay in bed late have bad dreams eat chocolate get headaches play tennis read poetry
fall in love go to concerts play the piano forget people's names go to the cinema
cook go to the doctor write letters go skiing go swimming get depressed feel happy

..,. .. !.~./?~~~~~ ~~P! !::1. ~.":: -~~-~ - ~-~~~-- - .. ....r. 0!>.~:~. ~~-~ -~~- ~P. -~~~~. ~~~~~.':.. ........... .... .. .... ........... ...... ..
1 ... ...... ..... . .... .. .......... ... ... .. ........... .. .... .... ...... .... ... .. ......... .... .... .. . .. .. .. ... ... .... .............. .... .... ..
2 ... .. .. ... . .. .. ... .. .... .... ...... .... .. ........ .. ..... ........ .. .. .. .. .. .... ...... .... .... ................... . .... .. ..... . ... .... . .. .. .
3
4 .... .... .... ... ..... .... ... ... .... ...... .. ... ... ... ............ .. .. .... ..... ...... .. .......... ......... .. .... .. ........ ... ... ...... .. . .
5 ............ .............. ... ......... .. ... .. ....... ... ........ . ...... .. . ;,, .. .. .. ... ... .. .... ..... ... ....... .... . ... .. . .. .. .... ... .. ..
6
7 .. ......................... . . . ............. .. ..... ... .. .. ... . ......... . .. . .. . .. ....... . . .. ... . . . .. . ... .. ......... .. .. ..... . ........... .
8
9 ...... ..... .... ... .. .. ...... .. ....... ............. ............ .. ........ ..... .. ...... ..... . .. .. ... .... .. .. ... .... ... ... ...... ........ ..
10 .... ..... ... ........... .... ....... ........................... ... ....... ........ .. .. .. ... ... .............. ....... .... .. .... ............ .

0 These sentences are all taken from real recorded conversations. Can you put the adverbs
in the right places?
..,_ You are/...h ere wben something happens. (usually) 21 I buy them in boxes. (always)
1 Her mum cooks a meal in the evenings. (alwa) s) 22 I have tried to find it. (often)
2 We book that April holiday in] anuary. (usually) 23 They are fighting. (always)
3 They think that we have got bread. (probably) 24 She saw this ghost. (often)
4 You should look where you're going. (always) 25 You are right. (probably)
5 She is going to stay overnight. (probably)
6 Chocolate cakes are the best. (definitely)
7 I will be able to get it cheaper. (probably)
8 I have had an illness in my life. (never)
9 We saw sweets in those days. (never)
10 I remernher buying some. (definitely)
11 Do you read upside down? (usually)
12 I can manage to get there. (usually)
13 She has dorrethat before. (never)
14 Samethingis burning. (definitely)
15 She has been nervous. (always)
16 I feel cold in your house. (never)
17 They were agairrst me. (always)
18 We are going to wirr. (definitely)
19 February is the worst. (usually)
20 It is very difficult. (sometimes) 'You never tell me you hate me any more. '

lf there is more than one auxiliary verb, adverbs of frequency and certainty usually go after the first auxiliary.
The roof has never been repaired. I will definitely be seeing him tonight.
Adverbs go before or after not, depending on the meaning. Compare:
lt's definitely not raining. She's not often lote.

177

ln some answers, both contracted forms (for example l'm, don't) and full ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 221
forms (for example 1am, do not) are possible. Normally both are correct.
178
confusing adjectives and adverbs: fast, ·hard, late ...

Some words can be both adjectives and adverbs.

If you've got a fast car, why don't you drive fast?
More examples:
early hard late loud* monthly weekly well yearly

Put in suitable words.

1 It's getting ............... , so I'm going to stop work.
2 The Times is a ............... paper (but it isn't published on Sundays).
3 The postman's ............... I wasn't expecting him for another hour.
4 She speaks English very ............... She must have spent time in an English-speaking country.
5 We usually have ............... meetings, but there were only two in September.
6 Don't talk so ............... It hurts my head.
7 If you want me to work ............... , you'll have to pay me more.
8 Fresh milk is delivered .............. . to the local shops.
9 I'm sorry I'm ............... My train arrived very ............. ..
10 I can't stand ............... noises.
11 She's becoming very ............... to live with.
12 'How are you?' 'Very .............. . , thanks.'
13 I get paid ............... , on the 30th or 31st.
14 Please try to come home ............... for once.

Some words that end in -ly are adjectives, not adverbs.

She's a very friendly person.
She always speaks in a friendly way. (BUT NOT .she-6/weys speel&fFieRdly:)
More examples:
cowardly deadly likely lively lonely lovely silly ugly

Put in suitable words.

1 Curare is a ............... poison.
2 I don't think rain is very ............... today.
3 What ............... flowers!
4 Why does he wear such a ............... hat?
5 She was ............... , so she got herself a dog.
6 This music is really depressing. Can you put on something more ............... ?
7 He was too . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to tell the boss he was leaving.
8 Cinderella was beautiful, but she had two ............... sisters.

Choose one or more words from Exercises 1 and 2 to go in each blank .

.,.. .. :Y.~~~~~r ..~':":~.~ ~~.... .. .... magazines 8 very ........ .................... ......... to rain
1 .......... .. .. ....... .. ..... .. .... ... expressions 9 ................ .............. ... .... flowers
2 .......... ... ... ............. .. ...... phone calls 10 I feel very .......... ......... ....... ..... ..... .
3 ........ ........ ....... .... ..... ..... music 11 We left ... ....... ......... ... .. ..... .... ... .
4 She sings too . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . 12 trying ....... .... ........................ ..
5 He visits us .. .. . . .. . .. . ... .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. .. . .. 13 a ........... ...... ...... ... .. ........ . illness
6 ........ .. ... ............... .. ..... .. things to say 14 .............. .... ..... ... ........... work
7 ... ............... ... .. ........ ... ... faces 15 a ............ ..... ... ..... .. .. .... .... life
•Loudly is also possible, especially in a formal style.
179

In so m~: answers, both contracted forms (for I:XJmple /'m, don't) and full ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 223
forms (for exampl e I am, do not) are possible. Normally both are correct.
180
181
182
183
page 221 page223
4 1 Her mum always cooks a meal in the evenings. 1 1 late 2 daily 3 early 4 well. 5 weekly
2 We usually book that April holiday in January. 6 loud. 7 hard/late 8 daily 9 late.; late.
3 They probably think that we have got bread. 10 loud 11 hard 12 well 13 monthly
4 You shou ld always look where you're going. 14 early
5 She is probably going to stay overnight.
6 Chocolate cakes are definitely the best. 2 1 deadly 2 likely 3 lovely 4 silly 5 lonely
7 I will p(obably be able to get it cheaper. 6 lively 7 cowardly 8 ugly
8 I have never had an illness in my life.
9 We never saw sweets in those days. 3 (possible answers)
10 I definitely remember buying some. 1 friendly, lively, lovely, silly, ugly
11 Do you usually read upside down? 2 daily, weekly, monthly, early, late
12 I can usually manage to get there. 3 early, loud, lively, lovely, silly
13 She has never done that before. 4 loud.
14 Something is definitely burnihg. 5 daily, monthly, weekly, yearly.
15 She has always been nervous. 6 hard, lovely, silly
16 I never feel cold in your house. 7 hard, cowardly, lively, lonely, lovely, silly, ugly
17 They were always against me. 8 likely
18 We are definitely going to win. 9 early, late, lovely
19 February is usually the worst. 10 well, cowardly, lively, lonely, silly, ugly
20 lt is sometimes very difficult. 11 early, late
21 I always buy them in boxes. 12 hard
22 I have often tried to find it. 13 deadly
23 They are always fighting. 14 daily, hard, lonely
24 She often saw this ghost. 15 hard, lonely, lovely
25 You are probably right. (Some other answers may be possible.)

page222 page 224

1 1 He even sings in his sleep. 1 1 cheaply. 2 gently 3 soft 4 clearly.
2 I am on ly doing this because I love you. 5 happy 6 completely 7 stupid; extremely
3 She even gets up at six on Sundays. 8 bad. 9 carefully. 10 badly
4 He even wears a suit on holiday.
5 She only ate a piece of dry toast. 2 1 coldly 2 wonderful 3 Correct. 4 Correct.
6 I can only play very easy music. 5 deaf man/ woman /person 6 Japanese very
7 He can't even write his own name. well 7 in a very friendly way I gives me a very
8 They even make you pay for a carrier bag. friendly smile 8 Correct. 9 old blue
9 I'm sorry. I was only trying to help. 10 bored 11 is usually 12 beautifully in the
10 You can even ski there in summer. I You can ski ch urch last night 13 interested 14 Correct.
there even in summer. 15 Correct.

2 1 I don'tt hink she plays tennis very well. 3 1 even on Sundays. 2 even brush their teeth
2 He always moves very slowly in the morning. 3 She even likes rats. 4 Even the cat thinks
3 She was crying quietly in her room. 5 Only the clock 6 only for a few minutes.
4 We talked about it briefly at lunchtime. 7 Even the guides got lm.t . 8 only watch tennis
5 I'm going to break the eggs carefully into
the bowl.
6 Ann works at the village shop on Saturdays.
page 225
7 I paid the bill at once.
4 1 impatient 2 bad-tempered 3 practical
8 She speaks Japanese fluently.
4 mean 5 shy 6 sociable 7 reserved
9 I can't explain my feelings clearly.
8 lazy 9 optimistic 10 quick-thinking
10 The-team played brilliantly yesterday.
11 I think we'd better open the parcel now.
6 Wrong rules: C and E.
12 I always worked very hard at school.
13 She practises the piano here every evening.
7 1 loud 2 hard 3 lonely 4 daily 5 friendly
14 He read every word slowly.
6 ugly
15 Put the butter in the fridge at once.

In these answers, we usually give either contracted forms (for example I'm, don't) 184 KEY 361
ANSWER
or full forms (for example I am, do not). Normally both are correct.
Grammar Reader
FMS3

9 Comparatives and Superlatives

Adjectives come in three forms, also called degrees. An adjective in its normal, or usual, form is called
a positive degree adjective. The other forms are called comparative (which helps us to compare two or
more things) and superlative (which helps us to compare things with all of their entity). Only few
adjectives have irregular comparatives and superlatives.
The comparative is usually formed with -er than or more/less than. For one-syllable adjectives we add
-er, for multi-syllable adjectives we use more/less. Some adjectives can take both forms. Adjectives
ending in y change their spelling to i.
The superlative is usually formed with the -est or the most. For one-syllable and most two-syllable
adjectives we use the -est. For multi-syllable adjectives, we use the most.

Examples:
Positive Comparative Superlative
sweet sweeter the sweetest
happy happier the happiest
lovely lovelier the loveliest
intelligent more intelligent most intelligent
efficient more efficient most efficient
good better the best
bad worse the worst

For comparatives, can use modifiers when we want to give more detail about the degree of difference
between the things we compare: a lot, far, much, so much, very much, a bit, a little, slightly.

Here are some colourful and unusual comparisons:

- As slow as a broken-down snail
- As thick as two planks (=stupid)
- As ugly as home-made soap
- As happy as a dog with two tails
- As poor as a church mouse
- As nervous as a brick wall
- As brave as the first man who ate ay oyster
- As welcome as a wet shoe
- As exciting as watching paint dry

185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
Grammar Reader
FMS3

10 Prepositions and Conjunctions

Common prepositions of time
at a time: at 9 o'clock
an age: at fifteen/the age of fifteen

on a day or a date: on Monday, on 25th September

on Saturday afternoon, on the morning of 4th June
+ noun/gerund: On departure/departing, she...
= When she departed, she...
in a period of time:
- some time during that period: in the morning, in February, in 1994
- at the end of a stated period: I'll be ready in five minutes (=five minutes from now).
- the length of time that something takes:
I read the book in two and a half hours.

by a time, date, period, riot later than that time:

You must be here by 7 o'clock.

before a time, date, period, event:

I never go to bed before midnight.

after a time, ·date, period, event:

I'll phone you after lunch.

since a point in time, from that time until now or until a point in the past:
We've been here since Tuesday.
It was the end of the summer. They had been there since June.

for a period of time:

They've been together for three years.

during a named period or an event:

We always work hard during the summer.
Fighting broke out between rival fans during the match.

until a point in time, the point in time at which the action finished:
We slept until/till 8.00.
We didn't wake up until/till 8.00

from a time to/until/till a time:

We slept from 11.30 to/until/till 8.0.

Common prepositions of position and movement

(away) from/at/to a place: I’ll meet you at the café.
out of/in/in(to) a place: I’ll wait for you in the car.
off/on/on(to) surface or line: We need some pictures on the wall.

200
Grammar Reader
FMS3

Common conjunctions
To link: and, both...and, or, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but (also)
To contrast: but, however, nevertheless, though, although/though, in spite of, despite, whereas
To express reason or purpose: because, for, as, since, so that, in order that
To express a consequence: so, therefore
To make an additional point: besides, moreover, anyway

201
 Sentence structure

He became ill during the summer.

(Tells us when - at some point in the summer period)
We spend all our time outside during the summer.
(Tells us when - refers to the whole summer period)
• During versus in:
They can both be used to refer to something that happens throughout a time period, from
its beginning to its end, and so it is often possible to use either during or in.
It's very cold here during/in the winter.
BUT
- We use in and not during when we want the time reference to sound more specific. So,
for example, if we are contrasting one period of time with another, we use in:
I last saw you in May, not July.
- We use during when we want to stress the idea of duration.
She felt miserable during the whole of that summer.
- When the time reference is an activity rather than a time period, we use during:
She didn't speak once during the meal.

Practice
64 Complete the gaps with a suitable preposition of time.
Paula and Jemma are friends.

P: Jemma, how would you like to come round for a meal 1

C:n. Saturday?
••

J: Yes, that sounds a good idea. 2

•••••••••••••••••• the evening, do you mean?
P: Yes. 3
•••••••••••••••••• about 8 o'clock if that's O.K.
J: Sure, that would be fine. The only thing is, I'll have to leave 4
••••••••••••••••••

about midnight because I've got to get up early 5

••••••••• Sunday morning.
P: That's all right. I don't like staying up much 6
•••••••••••••••••• midnight anyway.
J: No, neither do I. I stayed up 7
•••••••••••••••••• three o'clock last Saturday and I
felt terrible 8
•••••••••••••••••• Sunday morning.
P: So what were you doing 9
•••••••••••••••••• three o'clock?
J: Oh, Kirsty came down 10
•••••••••••••••••• the weekend. We actually got home
11
•••••••••••••••••• about half past twelve 12
•••••••••••••••••• Saturday night but then we
stayed up talking 13
•••••••••••••••••• another two and a half hours.
P: Oh, how is Kirsty? I haven't seen her 14
•••••••••••••••••• your party last year.
J: Oh, she's a bit fed up. She's just split up with Matthew 15
•••••••••••••••••• four
years together.
P: Oh, poor Kirsty.
J: Yes, and they split up just 16
•••••••••••••••••• her exams started too. In fact, I think
she had her first exam the next day. Isn't that awful? Anyway, I'll tell you
about it 17
•••••••••••••••••• Saturday.
P: O.K. I'll see you then. 202

169
 Sentence structure

Practice
65 Complete the gaps with a preposition (or adverb) of position or movement.
n.
Two friends , Pally and Maria, are talking.

P: I didn't see you 1 .~~. the club last night. Where were you? Did you stay
1
•••••..•..•.•• home?
M: Yes, I thought it was time to stay 3
•••••••••••••• for a change and, besides, I
didn't feel very well. I just lay 4
•••••••••••••• the bath reading for ages. I decided
I wasn't going to get 5
•••••••••••••• the bath until I'd finished the book. But then
Rosie turned up 6
• • • •••• •• ••• • • the doorstep so I had to get 7
•• • •• •••• • •• • • to see her.
P: So are you feeling well enough to come out later on?
M: I think so.
P: Well, I'm going round ' .............. Helen's at 5.00 and we're going to take the
train 9
•••••• • • •••••• Highbury 10
••••••••• •• •• • Richmond. So we should get n ...... . ...... .

Richmond by 6.00. Then we can walk 12

•••••••••••••• the station 13
•••••••••••••• that
nice cafe 11
•••.•••••••••• the riverbank. And if we see Charles there, he might
invite us 15
... .. ..... . . . . his boat.
M: Oh, that would be nice.
P: Did he tell you about Kate pushing him 16
• ••• • ••• ••••• • last week?
M: No. So, he fell 17
••• ••• •••••••• the boat, did he?
P: Yes, and straight '' .... .. .. .. .... the river. He was soaked, and pretty cold too .

66 Prepositions of time, position and movement

Check
66 Complete the gaps with a suitable preposition or adverb of time or place.

It was 8 o'clock ' ..C:!!. a cold morning 2

• • ••••• ••••••••• •• • January. She was still asleep .
She usually stayed 3
• • •••••••••• • ••• • •• bed 4
••• •• • • • • •• • ••••••• about 9 o'clock 5
• • •••••••••••••••••

the winter. Suddenly she was woken up by a knocking at the door. She got
6
•• • ••••• •••• ••• • • • • bed and went 7
• •• •• •••• ••• • ••• • •• the door. There was a man
' ...... ............. the doorstep. She thought she recognized him. 'Hello Edna,' he
said. 'It's Tom. Can I come 9
• • • ••••••• • ••• •• • • • ?' And then she knew who it was but
she didn't quite believe it. She hadn't seen him 10
••••••••••••••••••• thirty years, not
n .... . .......... ... the summer of 1940 when she'd said goodbye to him the night
203

171
Sentence structure

12
••••••••••••••••••• his final departure. That was when he went off 13 ••••••••••••••••••• war.
It was two years 14
••••••••••••••••••• that when she received the letter 15
•••••••••••••••••••

the War Office which said that Tom had been missing 16
••••••••••••••••••• some time
and was now presumed dead. She kept on hoping that they were wrong right up
17
••••••••••••••••••• the end of the war. But then she gave up. 18
••••••••••••••••••• then,
she'd continued to think of Tom every day. 19
••••••••••••••••••• his birthday, she
20
always stayed ••••••••••••••••••• home all day because she couldn't bear to meet
anybody. She'd met Tom 21
••••••••••••••••••• the age of sixteen and they'd had a
wonderful time together 22
••••••••••••••••••• the start of the war. She was nineteen
when war broke out and they'd been together 23
••••••••••••••••••• three years. They
were going to get married 24
••••••••••••••••••• the war.
She looked at his face. It was still the same face but with quite a few lines
25
••••••••••••••••••• it and there was a bit less hair 26
••••••••••••••••••• his head. He put his
hand 27
••••••••••••••••••• his pocket and took out a small photograph. It was one
she'd sent him just 28
••••••••••••••••••• his disappearance. It was a picture of her
29
••••••••••••••••••• a teenager 30
••••••••••••••••••• the war. She held it 31
••••••••••••••••••• her
hand and remembered back to those times. She felt rather hot and dizzy and
thought that she might fall 32
••••••••••••••••••• the floor at any moment. She asked
him to come 33
••••••••••••••••••• the living-room and they sat down together to tell
their stories.

204
172
 Sentence structure

Complex sentences
Complex sentences have a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses
or phrases. We can link the clauses as follows:
• With relative clauses:
Many people who are out of work become depressed.
• With noun clauses:
I've always known that he hated me.
• With adverbial clauses:
Did you see him when he came in?
• With infinitive or participial constructions:
To do the job properly, you'll need to get some tools.
She ran out of the house calling for help.

51 Conjunctions
Common conjunctions
To link: and, both ... and, or, either ... or, neither ... nor,
not only ... but (also)
To contrast: but, however, nevertheless, though/although, in spite of,
despite, whereas
To express a reason or purpose: because, for, as, since, so that, in order that
To express a consequence: so, therefore
To make an additional point: besides, moreover, anyway

Practice
51 In your notebook, join the sentences with a suitable conjunction. There may
be more than one possible answer for each sentence.
1 I went to bed early. I would be able to get up early.
I went to bed early so that I would be able to get up early.
I went to bed early in order that I would be able to get up early.
2 It's an excellent course. I'm very lucky to get a place on it.
3 I don't really want to go to the cinema tonight. I can't afford it.
4 There is very little that the company can do about this. It is not their
responsibility.
5 I've known her for a long time. I don't know much about her private life.
6 She's extremely generous. Her husband is the exact opposite.
7 I didn't say that. I didn't even think it.
8 The suspect is critically ill in hospital. We can't interview him for the time
being.
9 I like working here. The people are very friendly.
10 I could do the work tonight. I could get up early in the morning to do it.
11 In a way, I love the job. I hate it.
12 He looks a bit overweight. He is quite fit.
13 The economy has been in recession all year. Our sales have remained steady.
14 I've brought a photograph. You can see how beautiful the place is.
15 The Government are getting worried. They're losing popularity.
205
139
Key

64 1 on 2 In 3 At/For 4 at/by 5 on 6 after 9 harder

7 till/until 8 on 9 till/until 10 for 11 at 10 easier
12 on 13 for 14 since 15 after 16 before
17 on Part D
1 did you work
65 1 at 2 at 3 in 4 in 5 out of 6 on 7 out
2 left
8 to 9 from 10 to 11 to 12 from 13 to
3 Have you met
14 on 15 onto 16 off 17 off/out of
4 've known
18 into
5 's
66 1 on 2 in 3 in 4 until/till 5 in 6 out of 6 've been going
7 to 8 on 9 in 10 for 11 since 12 before 7 Has the phone rung
13 to 14 after 15 from 16 for 17 to/till/ 8 was cooking
until 18 Since 19 On 20 at 21 at 9 didn't answer
22 before 23 for 24 after 25 on 26 on 10 'd already left
27 into 28 before 29 as 30 before 31 in
32 onto 33 into PartE
1 're taking (are going to take)
TEST 1 2 's going to
Part A 3 'll
1 4 stay
2 a 5 'll call
3 the
4 the Part F
5 1 He got the job despite not having much
6 experience.
7 the 2 She was quite nervous, so she didn't do
8 a very well.
9 the 3 He seems well-educated; however, he's not
10 the very bright.
4 I hired him because he had so much
Part B experience.
1 She bought a lovely new silk blouse. 5 She is not only beautiful and intelligent
2 The shop sells expensive old handmade but kind and thoughtful.
objects.
3 She seldom gets to work before 9.00. Part G
4 I'll probably see him early in the morning 1 onto
when I come to work. or I'll probably see 2 to
him when I come to work early in the 3 During
morning. 4 after
5 He left the house quite suddenly after his 5 until
phone call.
TEST 2
Part C Part A
1 more interesting 1 will have been working
2 harder 2 will have to finish
3 better 3 not to speak
4 more spacious 4 Will you be waiting
5 quieter 5 don't intend to marry
6 friendlier 6 will do
7 more difficult 7 didn't come
8 the newest 206

198
 Key

interest in it. 8 She told me (that) it was Defence have decided to close down the
pouring with rain down there. 9 She naval base in two years' time. 8 She
promised me (that) she would have accused me of reading/having been
finished writing the report by the time I reading her diary. 9 He reminded me to
got there. 10 She says (that) her new apply for a new passport. 10 She
computer has made a lot of difference to apologized for all the trouble she had
her. 11 The station announcer has just caused.
said (that) the 8.45 train from Waterloo
50 Model Answer
will be arriving in approximately five
In her acceptance speech, Diane Banham
minutes. 12 They told me (that) when
said that she was delighted to have been
they were setting up the organization, they
elected onto the Council and that she was
had/had had very little money. 13 The
very much looking forward to representing
treasurer told the meeting (that) the club
the interests of the residents of Kimbridge
had lost quite a lot of money last month/
Valley. Having spoken to the many valley
the previous month. 14 He agreed (that) it
residents over the last few weeks, she said
would be a very difficult time for all of us/
that she had a clear idea of the issues
them. 15 He told me (that) I worked too
which were of most concern to them. The
hard and that I should take more time off.
proposed closure of the school was
1 He asked me where I thought we should understandably causing a great deal of
advertise. 2 Emma asked me if/whether I anxiety and she hoped to be successful in
was going to audition for the play. 3 She fighting against that. She then thanked all
told me to give her a ring if I needed any her supporters and helpers.
help. 4 She often asks me how you are
51 1 I went to bed early so that/in order that
getting on. 5 He's been wondering
I would be able to get up early. 2 It's an
whether to ask her out for a meal. 6 He
excellent course so I'm very lucky to get a
asked why Matthew had looked so
place on it. 3 I don't really want to go to
embarassed when he saw Carole. 7 He
the cinema tonight because I can't afford
asked if/whether we had to stay there all
it. 4 There is very little that the company
evening. 8 She wondered what they were
can do about this since it is not their
doing about publicity for the event. 9 He
responsibility. 5 I've known her for a long
asked me if/whether I would send him the
time. However, I don't know much about
report when it was finished. 10 She asked
her private life. 6 She's extremely
me what I had done with the student
generous, whereas her husband is the
records. 11 She asked us if/whether we
exact opposite. 7 Not only did I not say
could keep our voices down a bit. 12 He
that: I didn't even think it. 8 The suspect
wanted to know where I had bought
is critically ill in hospital so/therefore we
the/that hat. 13 The doctor asked me if/
can't interview him for the time being. 9 I
whether I had been eating properly.
like working here because the people are
14 They asked us not to make any noise
very friendly. 10 (Either) I could do the
during the perfomance. 15 Mike asked me
work tonight or I could get up early in the
if/whether I was still teaching music when
morning to do it. 11 In a way, I both love
I met Oliver.
the job and hate it. 12 He looks a bit
1 He offered to help me type up the report. overweight in spite of/despite being quite
2 He peruaded me not to hand in my fit./He looks a bit overweight although
resignation immediately. 3 He refused to he's quite fit./He looks a bit overweight.
discuss it with me. 4 He complained Nevertheless, he's quite fit. 13 Although
about not being invited/having been the economy has been in recession all
invited to the meeting. 5 The doctor year, our sales have remained steady./The
advised him to take it easy for a few days. economy has been in recession all year;
6 The police warned him not to go near however,/nevertheless, our sales have
their house again. 7 The Ministry of 207
remained steady.jln spite of/Despite the
Key

economy being in recession all year, our good enough to do the job remains
sales have remained steady. 14 I've doubtful. 12 It is quite apparent that he
brought a photograph so that you can see has some emotional problems. 13 Have
how beautiful the place is. 15 The you arranged where we are going to meet
Government are getting worried because tonight? 14 Do you know how she is?
they're losing popularity. 16 I had a 15 I'm delighted that they're getting
terrible headache last night so I couldn't married.
go out. 17 My job is very interesting
53 1 I smelt something burning. 2 I went
but/although it doesn't pay very well.
round to see her hoping for a
18 Either you leave now or I'll call the
reconciliation. 3 While hating the job, he
police.
did it for many years. 4 She came in
52a A: Helen, I'm delighted to hear that you've looking furious. 5 Having plenty of time
decided to accept the post of junior to spare, I had a good look round the
manager. town. 6 Wearing only a pair of shorts, he
H: Yes. I just hope that it turns out all walked out into the darkness. 7 Having
right. been out all day, I was quite happy to
A: Oh, I'm sure it will. Is there anything in in for the evening. 8 The bedrooms
particular that you're worried about? overlooking the sea are the best ones in
H: Well, yes. I'm not sure how the staff the hotel. 9 We're wasting time sitting
will respond to me a a manager. After here and doing nothing. 10 I have
all, I am quite a bit younger than most changed my job since last writing to you.
of them. 11 Before making a decision, I need to
A: Oh, I wouldn't worry too much about discuss it with my partner. 12 After
that. I expect that some of them will be having been friends for twenty years, we
a bit hostile to you at first but they'll suddenly had a big argument and haven't
soon get used to the fact that you ' re the seen each other since. 13 Having failed
boss. It's important that you appear one of my exams, I couldn't get into
confidenl in yow· position, even if you university. 14 Loving her so much, he
don't feel very confident. The reason forgave her for everything. 15 I left them
that you got this position at your age is doing the washing-up.
that you're good and you must
54 1 Exhausted through lack of sleep, I fell
remember that.
asleep at my desk. 2 Abandoned by his
H: Well, I hope that I will live up to your
parents at an early age, Peter took to
expectations of me. I will certainly try.
stealing. 3 Although written many years
52b 1 I'm sure that he's lying to you. 2 What ago, the book is still relevant today.
you did is unforgivable./It is unforgivable 4 Since being promoted, I've had no time
what you did. 3 She still holds on to the to go out. 5 Taken from his parents at an
belief that he isn't dead. 4 We must be early age, the boy had a very difficult life.
grateful for the fact that she hasn't made a 6 Hidden in the cellar, the money was not
complaint. 5 I don't know how many discovered for many years.
people are coming to the meeting. 6 The 7 Frequently criticized for his self-centred
suggestion that she lied to you about it is attitude, he was nonetheless very popular.
ridiculous. 7 I presume that you're going 8 After being released from prison, Andy
with him. 8 Have you forgotten that could not find a job anywhere. 9 Always
Judith's coming round tonight? 9 I don't dominated by the same people, the
know if/whether she has passed her committee meetings were slow-moving
exams. 10 She is very angry about the fact and ineffectual. 10 On being caught, he
that he didn't tell her the truth. 11 It confessed everything. 11 Seen from the
remains doubtful if/whether she is good outside, the building looks a mess, but it i
enough to do the job./If/whether she is lovely inside. 12 If elected, we will
208
 Unit 113
E~ercises
I!
I
I
t the sentences. Use although + a sentence from the box.
cornple e
1
113. odn't speak the language he has a very impertaRt jee
I d• d ever seen her before we don't like them very much
I ha n 0

q uite cold the heatmg was on

it was b f ' k
I'd met her tw•ce e ore we ve nown each other a long time
0

.AW'1.9.o~g!t .. oh~....hM.... o~....Yoq,H .. oi,mpg0tW:n°tJ9.l?....o, he isn't particularly ':ell-paid. h

0

I i

113.2 C mplete the sentences with although I in spite of I because I because of.
°[email protected]~Ogh....oit rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday. I
I
I
I
1
2a ........................................................................ all our careful plans, a lot of things went wrong.
b........................................................................ we'd planned everything carefully, a lot of things went wrong.
3 aI went home early ........................................................................ I was feeling unwell.
bI went to work the next day ........................................................................ I was still feeling unwell.
4a She only accepted the job ........................................................................ the salary, which was very high.
b She accepted the job .......................................................................0the salary, which was rather low.
5 a I managed to get to sleep ...............................................................-......0there was a lot of noise. '!•' it
b I couldn't get to sleep ........................................................................ the noise. 0 ',1
Use your own ideas to complete the following sentences:
t'·
6a He passed the exam although .................................................................................................................................................................... .
~·
b He passed the exam because ....................................................................................................................................................................... •
7a I didn't eat anything although ................................................................................................................................................................... . I'
il•

b I didn't eat anything in spite of ...............................................................................................................................................................0 •

l ..

113.3 Make one sentence from two. Use the word(s) in brackets in your sentences.
1 I couldn't sleep. I was very tired. (despite)
....J.... ~~ot4.t\~O~oooo~o~oooo4?.;?oP.O~ OOOP.0~.9....Y.Y.!J, .. o4.r.o~ ...................................................................................................................................... ..
2 They have very little money. They are happy. (in spite of)
In spite .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ..
3 My foot was injured. I managed to walk to the nearest village. (although)
il
l i
4 ~o~~;o~;~d.,~h~"fii'~:oooTh~oo~~~~;oo~~~"~ii'i;:ooooo(oi~"~~oi~~oo~oi)"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo I.

5 ...... ..............0o0oO oOooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOooOOooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

We live in the same street. We hardly ever see each other. (despite)
6 i"""""""oooooooooo.,.,.,............................ OOOOOOOooOOoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooOOoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
got very wet in the rain. I was only out for five minutes. (even though)
113.4 Us~.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ..

the words in brackets to make a sentence with though at the end.

~ ~?e house isn't very nice. (like I garden) .....L..ota.~....~o~ .. o g.~4?.r.l....~.Q~.9.ho,................................................................ o

; ~: ~i~;', ~~:::he(;~~~;~) ::::: ::: :: :: ::== :: ::::~:: := :~:: : == =: =~: : 209 :: :

very mce. (don't like I husband) ..................................................................................................................................................
"Additional 0

exerc•se 32 (page 321) 22 7

E~ercises Unit115
•A' ·tea new sentence with the same meaning U .
5.1 vvn · se un 1ess In your sentence.
11
You must t,ry a bit harder or you won't pass the
1
.....Y.g.~.....~g.~.LP.~.~.... ~~....~~.~.... ~.~!&~~ ... .Hg.~ .. Jr.~:~. . ~e~~mh~d..er.
Listen carefully or you won't know what to do. ·······························································································································
2
You won't know what to do ....................................
She must apologise to me or I'll never spe~k··~·~··h~~...~.~~i~~································· .. ····································································
3
4 y~~ . h~~~··~~···~~~~k··~~·~;··~·i~·~·i;··~~··h~··~~·~~·~··b~··~h·i~··~~··~~d~·~~~~·~d··;·~~·:··········· ··· ··· . · · · · . · ··· · ··· · · · · · · · ···· · · · · .
5 s~~·i~~·~~·· ~·~~~··i~;~~·~~···~~·~~·~··~·~··~h~··~~~·~~~;··~·i11··h~~~··~~·· ~~~·~~:································· . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .... . . ..
··································································································································································································································································
. Write sentences with unless.
115 2
1 The club is~'t open to e.veryone. You are allowed in only if you're a member
.....Y..Q~.... 0!..~J. .. ~~~ ...~ ... ~.~ ...9¥.~.... ~.~!&~~ ... Hg!/.t~....~....~ember. · ..........
2 I don't wa~t to go to the party alone. I'm going only if ·;·~~··~·~··~~·~:...................................................................
I'm not gotng ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3 Don't worry about the dog. It will attack you only if you move suddenly.
The dog ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4 Ben isn't very talkative. He'll speak to you only if you ask him something.
Ben ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5 Today is a public holiday. The doctor will see you only if it's an emergency.
The doctor ..........................................................................;.......................................................................................................................................................
115.3 Choose the correct word or expression for each sentence.
1 You can borrow my car unless I as long as you promise not to drive too fast. (as long as is
correct)
2 I'm playing tennis tomorrow unless I providing it rains.
3 I'm playing tennis tomorrow unless I providing it doesn't rain.
4 I don't mind if you come home late unless I as long as you come in quietly.
5 I'm going now unless I provided you want me to stay.
6 I don't watch TV unless I as long as I've got nothing else to do.
7 Children are allowed to use the swimming pool unless I provided they are with an adult.
8 Unless /provided they are with an adult, children are not allowed to use the swimming pool.
9 We can sit here in the corner unless I as long as you'd rather sit over there by the window.
10 A: Our holiday cost a lot of money.
B: Did it? Well, that doesn't matter unless I as long as you enjoyed yourselves. ';
I ~~
I

11 5.4 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences.

1 We'll be late unless .....~~... 9~... ~... ~~.~ .................... .....................................................................................:................................................ ·

2 I like hot weather as long as ............................................................................................................................................................................... ·
3 It takes Kate about 20 minutes to drive to work provided ....................................:........................................................... ·
l,,,
'I
I
~ ~ ~~:·:o~:~k~:l~:;;io;;~ea~~;!:: ~-~~~·~~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . .... . . . .·.·.·.·.·.-.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.-.·.:·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.:·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.:·.·.::·.·.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~
6 We can meet tomorrow unless .......................................................................................................................................................................... ·

~ ~~~ ~:n~to::~:::::;:~ ~~::~i:: ::•.. : ::

210
~ Add'f
1
IOna I exercise 32 (page 321) 231
 Unit 118 i

118·
1 What
do you say in these situations? Use 100 k/
..,ake your sentence.
·
1
sound feel + as if .... Use the words in brackets I:
to'" t.
1 You meet Bil.l. He h~~IAa ~~~k ey~ and s?me plasters on his face. (be I a fight)
You say to htm: .................................~....if. Jj9.~.. Y.~....~.~YI i.n o.. finht.
2
Christine comes into t~e room. She looks absol~-~~~; .. ~~~-~-;~~d~ ·(·~~~-~-~ ~h~~~) .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
You say to her: What s the matter? You .............. .
h I'd H ' lk' ....................................................................................................................................
3 Joe is on °
~ ay. e s ta mg to you on the phone and sounds very happy. (enjoy I yourself)
You say to htm: You ..k................................................................................................................................................................................................... .
4 You have just r.un one ilometre. You are absolutely exhausted. (run I a marathon)
You say to a frtend: I .................................................................................................................................................................................................. ..

118.2 Make sentences beginning lt looks as if ... /lt sounds as if ... .

you should see a doctor there's been an accident they are having an argument
it's going to rain she isH't eemiHg we'll have to walk
1 Sandra said she would be here an hour ago.
..
You say: ..... Jt . ~g~~----~....if....~.r~ ~~.n~~... 9?.T.~9.: .................................................................................................................................... ..
2 The sky is full of black clouds.
You say: It .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3 You hear two people shouting at each other next door.
You say: ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ..
4 You see an ambulance, some policemen and two damaged cars at the side of the road.
You say: ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .
5 You and a friend have just missed the last bus home.
You say: ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .
6 Dave isn't feeling well. He tells you all about it.
You say: .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

118.3 Complete the sentences with as if. Choose from the box, putting the verbs· in the correct form.
she I enjoy I it I I go I be sick he I not I eat I for a week
he I aeea I a geecl rest she I hurt I her leg he I mean I what he I say
I I not I exist she I not I want I come

..
1 Mark looks very tired. He looks ..... ~....if....r~ n~~ ....~... .99.9.4.. ..r.~~t.......................................................................... •
2 I don't think Paul was joking. He looked ............................................................................................................................................. .
3 What's the matter with Liz? She's walking .......................................................................................................................................... .
4 Peter was extremely hungry and ate his dinner very quickly.
He ate .......................;.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. .
5 Caroline had a bored expression on her face during the concert.
She didn't look ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .
6 I've just eaten too many chocolates. Now I don't feel well.
I feel ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .
7 I phoned Liz and invited her to the party, but she wasn't very enthusiastic about it.
She sounded .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .
8 I went into the office, but nobody spoke to me or looked at me.
Everybody ignored me ............................................................................................................................................................................................... ·
11 84 Th 'I
· ese sentences are like the ones in Section D. Complete eac h sentence usmg . as 1'f• i

1 Brian is a terrible driver. He drives ......~ ....U': ...~-~ . . ~ey--~ .... the only driver on the road.
2 I'm 20 years old so please don't talk to me ....................................................... I ....................................................... a child.
3 Steve has never ~et Nicola but he talks about her ............................................................................. his best 211 friend.
4 It Was a long time ago that' we first met, but I remember it ..................................................................... yesterday.

237 ~
 Unit 119
E~ercises
. for or during.
Jlg.l ru; lnained ..... fur..... t~ree days without stopping.
1 t / asleep ..... dM.rmg . ... the film.
11
2 ~ :ent to the t~eatr~ las~ n~ght. I r:ne~ Sue ............................................. the interval.
3 Martin hasn't hved m Bntam all h_1s hfe. He lived in Brazil ............................................. four years.
4 production at the factory was senously affected ............................................. the strike.
~ I felt really ill last week. I could hardly eat anything .............................................. three 'days ..
I waited for you ............................................. half an hour and dec1ded that you weren t commg.
7
Sarah was very angry with me. She didn't speak to me ............................................. a week.
8
We usually go out at weekends, but we don't often go out ............................................. the week.
9
Jack started a new job a few weeks ago. Before that he was out of work ............................................ .
10
six months.
I need a change. I think I'll go away ............................................. a few days.
11
The president gave a long spe_ech. She spoke ............................................. two hours. .
12
We were hungry when we arnved. We hadn't had anything to eat ............................................. the JOUrney.
13
We were hungry when we arrived. We hadn't had anything to eat ............................................. eight hours.
14
Put in during or while.
119•2 h~
1 We met a lot of interesting people ..... ~ ............... we were on holiday.
2 We met a lot of interesting people ..... dM.ri:ng ..... our holiday.
3 I met Mike ............................................. I was shopping.
4 ............................................. I was on holiday, I didn't read any newspapers or watch TV.
5 ............................................. our stay in Paris, we visited a lot of museums and galleries.
6 The phone rang three times ............................................. we were having dinner.
7 The phone rang three times ............................................. the night.
8 I had been away for many years .............................................. that time, many things had changed.
9 What did they say about me ............................................. I was out of the room?
10 I went out for dinner last night. Unfortunately I began to feel ill ............................................. the meal and
had to go home.
11 Please don't interrupt me ............................................. I'm speaking.
12 There were many interruptions ............................................. the president's speech.
13 Can you lay the table ............................................. I get the dinner ready?
14 We were hungry when we arrived. We hadn't had anything to eat ............................................. we were
travelling.
11 9.3 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences.

1 I fell asleep while ..... !.. ...~.lt:-.?.....~qJ.g).iJJg ....t&!&Y.k~.W.n.~ .............................................................................................................................. ..

;::!·~~~r::~~~·~~ : =~· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · •• •:

212
E~erdses Unit 120
ke sentences with by.
01 Ma
12 · We have to be home not later than 5 o'cl k
...
1 w.~ ~.~x~... ~ ... ~.~. . n.9.T.~... hL.?.... P.~.9Pd: . oc .
2
I. h~ve to be at the a~rport not late~..~h~·~. s·:J"o:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I have to be at the airport .................................................. ..
Let me know not later than Saturda h h .................................................................................................................................... ..
3 Let me know ............................................................~..: ....~.~.... ~.~ you can come to the party.
4
p}ease make sure that you're here not later th~~ .. ~·;~l 2. . . . k. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Please make sure that .............................................................. oc ·
5
If we ~eave now, we should arrive not later th·~~.. ~~~~·h~i~~: .................................................
If we eave now, .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ..
120.2 Put in by or until.
1 Steve has gone away. He'll be away ..... ~.~E4.-..... Monday.
2 Sorry, but I must g~. I have to be home ............................................. 5 o'clock.
3 I've been offered aF JOb. .d I haven't decided yet whether to accep t It · or not. I h ave to d ec1·de
............................................. r1 ay.
4 I think I'll wait ............................................. Thursday before making a decision. I
.,

5 It's too late to go shopping. The shops are open only ............................................. 5.30. They'll be closed
............................................. now.
6 I'd better pay the phone bill. It has to be paid ............................................. tomorrow.
7 Don't pay the bill today. Wait ............................................. tomorrow.
8 A: Have you finished redecorating your house?
B: Not yet. We hope to finish ............................................. the end of the week.
9 A: I'm going out now. I'll be back at about 10.30. Will you still be here? d
If j

B: I don't think so. I'll probably have gone out ............................................. then.
10 I'm moving into my new flat next week. I'm staying with a friend ............................................. then.
11 I've got a lot of work to do. .. ........................................... the time I finish, it will be time to go to bed.
12 If you want to take part in the competition, you have to apply ............................................. 3 April.
I·'
I

120.3 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. Use by or until.
1 David is away at the moment. He'll be away .....~.~W.....M9.~~ ........................................................................................ .
2 David is away at the moment. He'll be back ...)H... M9.~~ ................................................................................................ . 1•
3 I'm just going out. I won't be very long. Wait here .................................................................................................................... . ;t
j
4 I'm going out to buy a few things. It's 4.30 now. I won't be long. I'll be back ................................................... .
5 If you want to apply for the job, your application must be received ...................................................................... .
6 Last night I watched TV .......................................................................................................................................................................................... ·
120.4 Read the situations and complete the sentences using By the time ... ·
I.
/.

1 I was invited to a party, but I got there much later than I intended .
...... ~!i ...th.~. .~.~...J.....9.9.Lt9.....th.~... l?.~ ...... , most of the other guests had left.
2 I intended to catch a train but it took me longer than expected to get to the station.
.... . ' ............................................................................ , my train had already left.
. . . . . .
3 I ~~~~~d ~~ ~~ ~h~;~i'~~ ~fr~; fi~i~hi·~~ ~y work. But I finished muc_h later than expected. .
........ .. .................................................................... , It was too late to go shoppmg.
.. . . if. .
4 I s~~..~~~.. ~~~ ..~-h~ i~·~k.~d ~~ ~h~; were trying to steal a car. I called the police, but it was
some time before they arrived. .
.................................. , the two men had disappeared.
5 W~. ~~i·~b~d. ~. ~·~~~~~i~. ~~·d . i~ . ~~~k. ~·~ . ~ . ~~~;. l~·~~ time to get to the top. There wasn't
much time to enjoy the view. we had to come down again .
............................................................................................................................................................................. ' 213

.... Addir 241

Iona I exercise 33 (page 321)
 E~ercises Unit 121
lete the sentences. Use at, on or in + the following·
121.1 ColllP . .
the evening about 20 mmutes -1:4-n 1.
the same time I

oment 21 July 1969 the 1920s night

the m .
Saturdays the Mtddle Ages 11 seconds

1 Columbus made his first voyage from Europe to America .oo •• ~ ..11~.?.:......
•• oo · · · o o · · · · · · o o · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · •

2 If the sky is clear, you can see the stars ................................................................................................................................................... .

3 After working hard during the day, I like to relax ...................................................................................................................... .
4 Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon ..................................................:................................................... .
5 It's difficult to listen if everyone is speaking ....................................................................................................................................... .

;{;;zj~:;;:::~~~l:~ !~et~~o~~i;,~~::~:~k·· .· .· .· .· :.· .· .· .·:.·:.·:.·:.·:.·:.·:.· :.·:.·: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ~

8 (on the phone) 'Can I speak to Dan?' 'I'm afraid he's not here ............................................................................ .'
9 Many of Europe's great cathedrals were built ................................................................................................................................. .
10 Ben is a very fast runner. He can run 100 metres ........................................................................................................................ .
11 Liz works from Monday to Friday. Sometimes she also works ..................................................................................... .
i

121 .2 Put in at, on or in.

I

1 Mozart was born in Salzburg .....~0000. 1756.

2 I haven't seen Kate for a few days. I last saw her Tuesday. 000000000000 00 00000000

3 The price of electricity is going up .. October. 00000000000000000000

4 weekends, we often go for long walks in the country.

oo oooooooo oooooo oo oo oo

5 I've been invited to a wedding 14 February. oo oooooo . : oooo oo oooooo

6 Jonathan is 63. He'll be retiring from his job two years' time. 00000000 00000000000000

7 I'm busy just now, but I'll be with you a moment. 0000000000000000000000

8 Jenny's brother is an engineer, but he doesn't have a job the moment. 0000000000000000000000

9 There are usually a lot of parties New Year's Eve. 00000000 00 000000000000

10 I don't like driving night. ooooooooOOOOOOOO OOOO OO

11 My car is being repaired at the garage. It will be ready two hours. 0000 0000 00 0000000000 00

12 The telephone and the doorbell rang the same time. oooooo oooooooooo oo oooo

13 Mary and David always go out for dinner their wedding anniversary. oo OOOO OO OO OOOOOOOOOOOO

14 It was a short book and easy to read. I read it a day. 0000000000 00 0000 0000 00

15 .
Saturday mght I went to bed
oo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . oooo. m1'd mg
. h t. oooo oo ooo oooooooooo•oo

16 We travelled overnight to Paris and arrived 5 o'clock the morning. ooooooooOOOOOOOOOO OO OO OOOOOOOOOOOoooooooooo•

17 The course begins 7 January and ends sometime

oooooooooo oooooo oooooo April. oooo oo oooooooooo o oooo.

18 I might not be at home .. Tuesday morning, but I'll be there

oooo·oooooooooooooo. the afternoon. oooo oooooooooooo oo oooo

12
1.3 Which is correct: a, b, or both of them?
I·
1 a I'll see you on Friday. b I'll see you Friday. oooooo)g.tnooooooooo
l·
2 a I'll see you on next Friday. b I'll see you next Friday. ooooooooooooo~oooooooooo•oo II
3 a Paul got married in April. b Paul got married April. ............................ il
4 a They never go out on Sunday b They never go out Sunday ····························
evenings. evenings.
5 a We often have a short holiday b We often have a short holiday ····························
on Christmas. at Christmas.
6a b What are you doing at the weekend?
What are you doing the weekend? ............................
7a b Will you be here Tuesday?
Will you be here on Tuesday? ····························
8a
We were ill at the same time. b We were ill in the same time. ............................
9 a 214
Sue got married at 18 May 1996. b Sue got married on 18 May 1996. ····························
10 a
He left school last June. b He left school in last June.
····························
 Unit 126
put in to/at/in/into where necessary. If no preposition is necessary, leave the space empty.
1
126· 1 Three people were taken ..... ~..... hospital after the accident. ..
.
met Kate on my way ......:::..... home. (no preposition)
21
3 We left our luggag~ ............................ the station and went to find something to eat.
4 Shall we take a taxi ............................ the station or shall we walk?
5 I have to go :........................... the bank today to change some money.
6 The river Rhme flows ............................ the North Sea.
7 'Have you got your camera?' 'No, I left it ............................ home.'
8 Have you ever been ............................ China?
9 I had lost my key, but I managed to climb ............................ the house through a window.
10 We got stuck in a traffic jam on our way ............................ the airport.
11 We had lunch ............................ the airport while we were waiting for our plane.
12 Welcome ............................ the hotel. We hope you enjoy your stay here.
13 We drove along the main road for about a kilometre and then turned ............................ a narrow side
street.
14 Did you enjoy your visit ............................ the zoo?
15 I'm tired. As soon as I get ............................ home, I'm going ............................ bed.
16 Marcel is French. He has just returned ............................ France after two years ............................ Brazil.
;. ,,
17 Cad was born ............................ Chicago, but his family moved ............................ New York when he was
three. He still lives ............................ New York.

126.2 Have you been to these places? If so, how many times? Choose three of the places and write a
sentence using been to.
Athens Australia Ireland Paris Rome Sweden Tokyo the United States
1 (example answers) .... .J.:.Y.~... ~.~Y.~... .t?.~~....t9. ....A.~~k~.: . ..l. CY.~ ...~.~ ....~.....1.r.~4....9..r.~.:..............................
2 ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ..
4 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ..
..
126.3 Put in to/at/in where necessary. If no preposition is necessary, leave the space empty.
1 What time does this train get ... JP...... London?
2 What time does this train arrive ............................ London?
3 What time did you get ............................ home last night?
.i il
I

4 What time do you usually arrive ............................ work in the morning?

5 When we got ............................ the cinema, there was a long queue outside.
6 I arrived ............................ home feeling very tired.
126·4 Write sentences using got + into I out of I on I off.
1 You were walking home. A friend passed you in her car. She saw you, stopped and offered you
a lift. She opened the door. What did you do? ......I.. .. .9.9.L/{.)~.... th.~... ~.:.......................................................................
2 You were waiting for the bus. At last your bus came. The doors opened. What did you do
then? I ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ..
3 You drove home in your car. You stopped outside your house and parked the car. What did
You do then? ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ..
4 You were travelling by train to Manchester. When the train got to Manchester, what did you
5 1do~.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
11
ou needed a taxi. After a few minutes a taxi stopped for you. You opened the door. What did
6 You do then? ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ..
You Were travelling by air. At the end of your flight, your plane landed at the airport and
stopped. The doors were opened, you took your bag and stood up. What did you do then?
215
... ··················································································································································································································································· ..
"Additio n::.l P" a .. ~:--. .-,'l'l\
..... A I , ____
253
. E~ercises Unit 127
I 127
.1 cornP
lete the sentences using in + the following·
·
block capitals cold weather love my opinion
penc'il the rain t he shade

in t11e- ro..Ln · Wat't untt·1 tt

Don •t go out .......................................... · stops.
1
2 Matt likes to keep warm, so he doesn't go out much ........................................................................ .
3 If you write ........................................................................ and make a mistake, you can rub it out and correct it.
4 They fell ........................................................................ almost immediately and were married in a few weeks.
5 Please write your address clearly, preferably ........................................................................ .
6 It's too hot in the sun. I'm going to sit ........................................................................ .
7 Amanda thought the restaurant was OK, but ........................................................................ it wasn't very good.
. Complete the sentences using on + the following:
127 2
a diet -fire- holiday the phone
strike television a tour the whole

1 Look! That car is .... .Qn.. ..fk~. ... ! Somebody call the fire brigade.
2 Workers at the factory have gone ........................................................................ for better pay and conditions.
3 Soon after we arrived, we were taken ........................................................................ of the city.
4 I feel lazy this evening. Is there anything worth watching ........................................................................ ?
5 I'm sorry. It was an accident. I didn't do it ........................................................................ . ·,
6 Richard has put on a lot of weight recently. I think he should go ........................................................................ .
7 Jane's job involves a lot of travelling. She often has to go away ........................................................................ . I
8 A: I'm going ........................................................................ next week. i 1

I
B: Where are you going? Somewhere nice? . ·1,.
9 A: Is Sarah here?
B: Yes, but she's ........................................................................ at the moment. She won't be long.
10 A: How was your exam?
B: Well, there were some difficult questions, but .......................................................... :............. it was OK.

127.3 Complete the sentences with on, in, at or for.

1 Water boils ..... ~..... 100 degrees Celsius.
2 When I was 14, I went ............................ a trip to France organised by my school.
3 There was panic when people realised that the building was ............................ fire.
4 Julia's grandmother died recently ............................ the age of 79.
5 Can you turn the light on, please? I don't want to sit ............................ the dark.
6 We didn't go ............................ holiday last year. We stayed at home.
7 I'm going to Switzerland ............................ a short holiday next month.
8 I won't be here next week. I'll be ............................ holiday.
9 Technology has developed ............................ great speed.
10 Alan got married ............................ 17, which is rather young to get married.
11 I heard an interesting programme ............................ the radio this morning.
12 ............................ my opinion violent films should not be shown ............................ television.
~ 3 I Wouldn't like to go ....~ ....................... a cruise. I think I'd get bored.
4 I mustn't eat too much. I'm supposed to be ............................ a diet.
~~ ~Wouldn't like his job. He spends most of his time talking ............................ the phone.
, h.e earth travels round the sun ............................ 107,000 kilometres an hour.
17
~td you enjoy your holiday?' 'Not every minute, but ............................ the whole, yes.' 216
18
hen you write a cheque, you have to write the amount ............................ words and figures .

..,. Additio I
na exercise 34 (page 322) 255
 · es Unit 128
f~erciS .
t the sentences usmg by + the following:
Cof11Pie e .
12 9.1 ~ credit card hand mistake satellite
W had n't arranged to meet. We met ..... ~.!1. ... 0..~~..... .
1 ;dn't intend to take _YOur umbre.lla. I took it ........................................................................ .
1
2 oon't put the sweater m the was~mg machine. It has to be washed ................................................ .
3 don't need cash. I can pay the btll ........................................................................ .
1
; The rwo cities were connected ········································································ for a television programme .
. by in or on.
82 put I11 ' k b
12 · ne usually goes to wor ........!:! ..... bus.
1 Joan .
saW Jane this mornmg. ~he was ............................ the bus.
21
HoW did you get here? D1d you come ............................ train?
!
I decided not to go ............................ car. I went ............................ my bike instead.
I didn't feel like walking home, so I came home ............................ a taxi.
5
Sorry we're late. We missed the bus, so we had to come ............................ foot.
6
How long does it take to cross the Atlantic ............................ ship?
7
Write three sentences like the examples. Write about a song, a painting, a film, a book etc.
128.3

~ : : :~~~~f~t.:::~:::~~:.~~~::.~b:~~~:P.~~;:: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
3 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. .
4 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. .
5 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. .

128.4 Put in by, in, on or with.

1 Have you ever been bitten ..... ~.!i ..... a dog?
2 The plane was badly damaged ............................ lightning.
3 We managed to put the fire out ............................ a fire extinguisher.
4 Who is that man standing ............................ the window?
5 These photographs were taken ............................ a friend of mine.
6 I don't mind going ............................ car, but I don't want to go ............................ your car.
' I
7 There was a small table ............................ the bed ............................ a lamp and a clock ............................ it.
~I
128.5 All these sentences have a mistake. Correct them.
1 Did you come here ~ or yours? in ka.te' 5 GO..Y
···································································································
2 I don't like travelling on bus. ................................................................................................. ..
3 These photographs were taken by a very good camera. .. ................................................................................................ .
4 I know this music is from Beethoven, but I can't ...................................................................................................
remember what it's called.
5 I couldn't pay by cash- I didn't have any money on me. .................................................................................................. .
6 We lost the game only because of a mistake of one of
...................................................................................................
our players.
128.6 Corn I
P ete the sentences using by.
1 Cla ' 1
~err::l:;ya~.:.b;;.~ -~~:.~~~~ti..~~;, ..i~- ~~~:~.~~.:............................................................................................
2
r:
da~ly newspaper used to cost 60 pence. From today it costs 70 pence.
3 The pnce has gone up .............................................................................................................................................................................. .
H elre Was an election. Helen won. She got 25 votes and Norman got 23.
e en Won
4 Iw ·············································································································································································································
217
I rn~nt to Kate's house to see her, but she had gone out five minutes before I arrived.
tssed
"Additi ·····················································································································································································································
onal ex .
erctse 34 (page 322)
257
 Key to Exercises

tell his wife 4 I enjoyed the film in spite of UNIT 115

·dn't eve 11 ) the silly story. I ... in spite of
f'{e dI was going .
8 (where he know the people the story being silly. I ... in 11 5. 1
't even spite of the fact (that) the 2 You won 't know wha t to do
I doll
9 oetf door. story was silly. or unless you listen ca refull y.
In spite of ... , I enjoyed the 3 I'll never speak to her agai n
3 film . unless she apologises to me.
t1Z· older
veil 5 Despite living in the same or Unless she a pologises to
Ze better
even e difficult street, we hardly ever see each me, I'll ...
3 ven rnor
4 e worse other. or Despite the fact 4 He won 't be able to
11
5 eve understand you unless you
(that) we live in ... or
venless speak very slowly. or Unless
6e We hardly ever see each other
despite ... you speak very slowly, he ...
nz.4 6 Even though I was only out for 5 The company will have to
z if close unless business improves
I
3 even if five minutes, I got very wet in
·i the rain. or I got very wet in soon. or
'l 4 even h
Unless business improves
I 5 even thoug the rain even though I was ...
soon, the company ...
6 £ven h 113.4
7 even thoug 115.2
2 It's very windy though.
8 even if 3 We ate it though. 2 I'm not going (to the party)
£ven though
9 4 I don't like her husband unless you go too.
though. 3 The dog won't attack you
UNIT 113 unless you move suddenly.
4 Ben won't speak to you unless
tt3.1
Although I had never seen her
UNIT 114 you ask him something.
2 5 The doctor won't see you
before . 114.1
!though it was qmte cold 2-5 Take a map with you in case unless it's an emergency.
3
:!though we don't like them you get lost.
4 115.3
very much Take an anorak with you in 2 unless
Although I didn't speak the case it rains.
5 3 providing
language Take a camera with you in 4 as long as
6 Although the heating was on case you want to take some 5 unless
7 although I'd met her twice photographs. 6 unless
before Take some water with you in 7 provided
8 although we've known each case you're thirsty. or 8 Unless
other a long time ... you get thirsty. 9 unless
113.2 114.2 10 as long as
2 a In spite of (or Despite) 2 I'll say goodbye now in case I 115.4
b Although don't see you again (before Example answers:
3a because you go). 2 it's not too hot
b although 3 Can you check the list in case 3 there isn't too much traffic
4 a because of we've forgotten something? 4 it isn't raining
b in spite of (or despite) or ... forgotten anything? 5 I'm in a hurry
5 a although 4 You should back up your files 6 you have something else to do
b because of in case the computer crashes. 7 you pay it back next week
Example answers:
8 you take risks
6 a he hadn't studied very hard 114.3
b he had studied very hard 2 He wrote down the name (of
7 a I was hungry the book) in case he forgot it. UNIT 116
being hungry I my hunger I 3 I phoned my parents in case
they were worried (about me). 116.1
the fact (that) I was hungry
2 We all smiled as we posed for
113.3 4 I sent (Liz) another email in
the photograph.
. of havmg
2 In spite . very little case she hadn't received the
3 I burnt myself as I was taking
first one.
~on~y, they are happy. or 5 I gave them my address in
a hot dish out of the oven.
hn spite of the fact (that) they 4 The crowd cheered as the two
case they came to London
A~;~ very little money ... (one day).
teams ran onto the field.
· . ough my foot was 5 A dog ran out in front of the
InJured I 114.4 car as we were driving along
th ' managed to walk to
I ~nearest village. or 3 If the road.
anaged to walk to the 4 if 116.2
nearest village although my ... 5 in case 2 As it was a nice day, we went
6 if for a walk by the sea.
7 if 3 As we didn 't want to wake
8 in case anybody up, we came in very
9 in case 218
quietly.
361
 Key to Exercises <
4
~s the door was open, I went 14 Like 12 during
m. 13 wh ile
5 As none of us had a watch we 15 as
16 As 14 while
didn 't know what time it ~as. 17 like 119.3
116.3 18 as (like is also possible) Example answers:
3 because 3 I hurt my arm while I was
4 at the same time as UNIT 118 doing the housework.
5 at the same time as 4 Can you wait here while I
6 because 118.1 make a quick phone call?
7 because 2 You look as if you've seen a
5 Most of the students looked
ghost. bored during the lesson.
116.4 3 You sound as if you're
3 OK 6 I was asked a lot of questions
enjoying yourself.
during the interview.
4 when I was asleep on the 4 I feel as if I've (just) run a
7 Don't open the car door while
beach marathon. the car is moving.
5 When I left school
118.2 8 The lights suddenly went our
6 OK
2 It looks as if it's going to rain. while we were having dinner.
7 when I was a child
3 It sounds as if they're having 9 It started to rain during the
116.5 an argument. game.
Example answers: 4 It looks as if there's been an 10 It started to rain while we
1 I saw you as you were getting accident. were walking home.
into your car. 5 It looks as if we'll have to
2 It started to rain just as we walk. UNIT 120
started playing tennis. 6 It sounds as if you should see
3 As I didn't have enough a doctor. 120.1
money for a taxi, I had to 2 I have to be at the airport
118.3 by 8.30.
walk home.
2 as if he meant what he said
4 Just as I took the photograph, 3 Let me know by Saturday
3 as if she's hurt her leg I as if
somebody walked in front of whether you can come to the
she hurt her leg party.
the camera. 4 as if he hadn't eaten for a
4 Please make sure that you're
week here by 2 o'clock.
UNIT 117 5 as if she was enjoying it
5 If we leave now, we should
6 as if I'm going to be sick arrive by lunchtime.
117.1 7 as if she didn't want to come
3 like her mother 8 as if I didn't exist 120.2
4 people like him 2 by
5 OK 118.4 3 by
6 like most of his friends 2 as if I was/were 4 until
7 like talking to the wall 3 as if she was/were
5 until 5.30 ... by now
8 OK 4 as if it was/were
6 by
9 OK 7 until
10 OK UNIT 119 8 by
11 like a bomb exploding 9 by
12 like a fish 119.1 10 until
3 during
117.2 11 By
4 for
2 like blocks of ice 12 by
5 during
3 like a beginner 6 for 120.3
4 as a tourist guide 7 for Example answers:
5 like a church 8 for 3 until I come back
6 as a birthday present 9 during 4 by 5 o'clock
7 like winter 10 for 5 by next Friday
8 like a child 11 for 6 until midnight
117.3 12 for
13 during 120.4
2 like 2 By the time I got to the
3 as 14 for
station I By the time I'd got to
4 like 119.2 the station
5 like 3 while 3 By the time I finished (my
6 as (like is also possible)
4 While work) I By the time I'd
7 like 5 During finished (my work) . d1
8 as 6 while . a rnve
4 By the time the po Itce
9 as 7 during By the time the police had
10 like 8 During
11 like arrived h toP 1
9 while 5 By the time we got to t e
12 as 10 during By the time we'd got to the
13 as 11 while 219
top
362
 Key to Exercises

4 at the end of the race 8 On the left .

5 at the end of the interview 9 In the back row.
oNir 121 10 On a farm.
122.4
1 . ht
121·rlltg . g 2 In the end she resigned (from 124.2
z~ h eventn her job). 2 on the right
3 ill rz~ JulY1 ~69 3 In the end I gave up (trying to 3 in the world
4 oil he same rune learn German). 4 on the way to work
5 ~t r 1920s 4 In the end we decided not to
ill rhe
6 . about
zo minutes go (to the party). or
5 on the west coast
6 in the front row
1 tO moment In the end we didn't go (to the 7 at the back of the class
8 at rhe •A'ddle Ages
. the JVlt party). 6 on the back of this card
9 tO 11 seconds
tO tO ) Saturdays 122.5 124.3
!1 (Oil 2 In 2 in
121.2 her on Tuesday. or 3 at ... at 3 in
2 ( last saW
w her Tues d ay.
4 m 4 at
(last sa 5 in 5 in
3 in 6 at 6 on
4Ar 7 in 7 At
5 on 8 at 8 in
6 in 9 in 9 in
7 in 10 on
g at llm
9 on
UNIT 123
12 on
tO at 123.1 13 in
., 11 in 2 On his arm. or 14 on ... on
' 12 at On the man's arm.
!3 on 3 At the traffic lights.
!4 in UNIT 125
4 a On the door.
15 On Saturday night or. . b In the door. 125.1
Saturday night ... at mtdmght
5 On the wall. 2 on a train
16 at 5 o'clock in ~he morning 6 In Paris. 3 at a conference
l7 on 7 January ... in April
l8 at home on Tuesday morning 7 a At the gate. 4 in hospital
or at home Tuesday morning b On the gate. 5 at the hairdresser's
... in the afternoon 8 On the beach. 6 on his bike
7 in New York
121.3 123.2 8 at the Savoy Theatre
3a 2 on my guitar
4 both 3 at the next garage 125.2
5b 4 in your coffee 2 in a taxi
6b 5 on that tree 3 at the cinema
7 both 6 in the mountains 4 in prison
8a 7 on the island 5 at school
9b 8 at the window 6 at the sports centre
10 a 7 in hospital
123.3 8 at the airport
2 on 9 on the plane
UNIT 122 3 at 10 at sea
4 on
122.1
5 in 125.3
2 on time
6 on 2 at
3 in time
7 at 3 m
4 on time
8 in a small village in the south- 4 at
5 in time
6 on time west 5 at/in a very nice hotel ... in
7 in time 9 on Amsterdam
8 in time 10 in 6 in
9 on time 11 on the wall in the kitchen 7 on
12 at 8 at
122.2 9 m
~ 1
got home just in time. UNIT 124
10 at
4 1 stopp ed h'tm JUSt
. 11 m
1
in time.
got to th · . . 124.1 12 at ... at
t' e cmema JUSt m
tme forth b . . 2 On the second floor. 13m
film. e egmnmg of the
3 At/On the corner. 14 in Birmingham ... at
122.3 4 In the corner. Birmingham University
2 5 At the top of the stairs. 220
at the end f h
3 at th o t e month 6 In the back of the car.
e end of the course
7 At the front .

363
 Key to Exercises

UNIT 126 5 in UNIT 129

126.1 6 on 129.1
3 at 7 for or on 2 to the problem
4 to 8 on 3 with her brother
5 to 9 at 4 in the cost of living
6 into 10 at 5 to your question
7 at 11 on 6 for a new road
8 to 12 In my opinion .. . on television 7 in/to working at home
9 into 13 on 8 in the number of people
10 to 14 on without jobs
11 at 15 on 9 for shoes like these any more
16 at
12 to 10 between your job and mine
17 on
13 into 129.2
18 in
14 to 2 invitation to
15 get home . . . going to bed 3 contact with
16 returned to France ... two UNIT 128
4 key to
yea rs in Brazil 128.1 5 cause of
1 7 born in C h icago ... moved to 2 by mista ke 6 reply to
New York .. . lives in New 3 by hand 7 connection between
York 4 by credit card 8 pictures of
126.2 5 by satellite 9 reason for
Example mtswers: 10 damage to
128.2
2-4 I've been to Sweden once. 2 on 129.3
I've never been to the United 3 by 2 to
States. 4 by car ... on my bike 3 m
I've been to Paris a few 5 m 4 for
times . 6 on 5 of
126.3 7 by 6 in or to
2 m 7 for
128.3
3 - 8 to or towa rds
Example answers:
4 at 9 with
3-5 Ulysses is a novel by James
5 to 10 m
Joyce.
6 - 11 to
Yesterday is a song by Paul
McCa rtney.
12 of
126.4 13 for a rise in pay
Guernica is a painting by
2 I got on the bus. 14 to
Pablo Picasso.
3 I got our o f the car. 15 with
4 I got off the train . 128.4
5 I got into the taxi. or I got 2 by
in the taxi.
UNIT 130
3 with
6 I got off the plane. 4 by 130.1
5 by 2 That was nice of her.
UNIT 127 6 by car . .. in your car 3 That was generous of him.
7 by the bed with a la mp a nd a 4 That wasn't very nice o f them.
127.1 clock on it 5 T hat's very kind of you.
2 in cold weather 6 That wasn't very polite of
3 in pencil 128.5
him.
4 in love 2 travelling by bus or
7 That's a bit childish of them.
5 in block capitals travelling on the bus or
6 in the shade tra velling on buses 130.2
7 in my opinion 3 ta ken with a very good ca mera 2 kind to
4 this music is by Beethoven 3 sorry for
127.2 5 pay cash or pay in cash 4 annoyed with
2 on strike 6 a mistake by o ne of our 5 a nnoyed a bo ut
3 on a tour player s 6 impressed b y/with
4 on television 7 bored w ith (or bored by)
5 on purpose 128.6
8 astonished at/by
6 on a diet 2 T he price has gone up by ten
7 on business pence. 130.3
8 on ho liday 3 H elen w o n by two votes. 2 of
9 on the phone 4 I missed her/Kate by five 3 to . . . to
10 o n the whole minutes. 4 of
5 of
127.3 6 with
2 on 7 to 221
3 on 8 with
4 at
3 64