Table of Contents

Continuity Differentiability & Differentiation

 Theory ............................................................................................................................................. 2

 Solved examples ............................................................................................................................. 12

 Exercise - 1 : Basic Objective Questions ....................................................................................... 33

 Exercise - 2 : Previous Year JEE Mains Questions .......................................................................... 43

 Exercise - 3 : Advanced Objective Questions ............................................................................... 47

 Exercise - 4 : Previous Year JEE Advanced Questions ................................................................... 59

 Answer Key ..................................................................................................................................... 67

CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 2

CONTINUITY

1. DEFINITION 5. If f (x) is continuous on [a, b] such that f (a) and f (b)

A function f (x) is said to be continuous at x = a; where are of opposite signs, then there exists at least one
a  domain of f (x), if solution of equation f (x) = 0 in the open interval (a, b).

lim f  x   lim f  x   f  a  3. THE INTERMEDIATE VALUE THEOREM

x a  x a

i.e., LHL = RHL = value of a function at x = a Suppose f (x) is continuous on an interval I, and a and b are any
or lim f  x   f  a  two points of I. Then if y0 is a number between f (a) and f (b),
x a
their exits a number c between a and b such that f (c) = y0.
12.1 Reasons of discontinuity
f (b)
If f (x) is not continuous at x = a, we say that f (x) is
discontinuous at x = a. y0
There are following possibilities of discontinuity :
f (a)
1. lim f  x  and lim f  x  exist but they are not
x a  x a
equal. 0 a c b x
The Function f, being continuous on (a,b)
2. lim f  x  and lim f  x  exists and are equal but takes on every value between f (a) and f (b)
x a  x a
not equal to f (a).
3. f (a) is not defined.
4. At least one of the limits does not exist. Geometrically,
the graph of the function will exhibit a break at the
point of discontinuity. That a function f which is continuous in [a, b] possesses
the following properties :
(i) If f (a) and f (b) possess opposite signs, then there
3 exists at least one solution of the equation
2 f (x) = 0 in the open interval (a, b).
(ii) If K is any real number between f (a) and f (b), then
1
there exists at least one solution of the equation f
0 (x) = K in the open interval (a, b).
1 2 3 4
The graph as shown is discontinuous at x = 1, 2 and 3. 4. CONTINUITY IN AN INTERVAL

2. PROPERTIES OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS (a) A function f is said to be continuous in (a, b) if f is

continuous at each and every point  (a, b).
Let f (x) and g (x) be continuous functions at x = a. Then, (b) A function f is said to be continuous in a closed
interval [a, b] if :
1. c f (x) is continuous at x = a, where c is any constant. (1) f is continuous in the open interval (a, b) and
2. f (x) ± g (x) is continuous at x = a. (2) f is right continuous at 'a' i.e. Limit
x a
3. f (x). g (x) is continuous at x = a. f (x) = f (a) = a finite quantity.
4. f (x)/g (x) is continuous at x = a, provided g(a)  0.- (3) f is left continuous at 'b'; i.e. Limit
xb
f (x) = f (b) = a finite quantity.
 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 3

(b) Isolated Point Discontinuity :

5. A LIST OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS
Where Limit f (x) exists & f (a) also exists but;
Function f (x) Interval in which x a

f (x) is continuous
Limit  f (a).
1. constant c (–, ) x a
2. xn, n is an integer 0 (–, )
3. x–n, n is a positive integer (–, ) – {0}
4. |x–a| (–, ) x 2  16
E.g. f (x) = , x  4 and f (4) = 9 has an isolated point
5. P (x) = a0xn + a1xn–1 +.....+ an (–, ) x4
p (x)
6. , where p (x) and (–, )–{x ; q (x)=0} discontinuity at x = 4.
q (x)
q (x) are polynomial in x
 0 if x  I
7. sin x (–, ) Similarly f (x) = [x] + [–x] =  has an isolated
8. cos x (–, )  1 if x  I

9. tan x (–, ) – (2n  1) : n  I  point discontinuity at all x  I.
 2 
10. cot x (–, )– {n : n I}
11. sec x (–, ) – {(2n + 1)
/2 : nI}
12. cosec x (–, ) – {n : n I}
13. ex (–, )
14. logex (0, )

6. TYPES OF DISCONTINUITIES
Type-1 : (Removable type of discontinuities)
In case, Limit f (x) exists but is not equal to f (c) then the
x c
function is said to have a removable discontnuity or
discontinuity of the first kind. In this case, we can redefine Type-2 : (Non-Removable type of discontinuities)
the function such that Limit f (x) = f (c) and make it
x c
continuous at x = c. Removable type of discontinuity can be In case, Limit f (x) does not exist, then it is not possible to
xa
further classified as :
(a) Missing Point Discontinuity : make the function continuous by redefining it. Such
discontinuities are known as non-removable discontinuity
Where Limit f (x) exists finitely but f (a) is not defined.
x a or discontinuity of the 2nd kind. Non-removable type of
discontinuity can be further classified as :
1 x   9  x 2
 has a missing point discontinuity
E.g. f (x) =
1 x 
at x = 1, and
sin x
f (x) = has a missing point discontinuity at x = 0.
x
y f (x) Lim
xa

a x

missing point discontinuity at x = a

 4 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

(a) Finite Discontinuity :

1
E.g., f (x) = x – [x] at all integral x; f (x) = tan–1 at x = 0 and
x
(a) In case of dis-continuity of the second kind the non-
negative difference between the value of the RHL at
1 + –
f (x) = 1 at x = 0 (note that f (0 ) = 0 ; f (0 ) = 1) x = a and LHL at x = a is called the jump of discontinuity. A
1 2x function having a finite number of jumps in a given interval
I is called a piece wise continuous or sectionally continuous
(b) Infinite Discontiunity : function in this interval.
(b) All Polynomials, Trigonometrical functions, exponential
1 1
E.g., f (x) = or g (x) = 2 at x = 4 ; f (x) = 2
tanx and Logarithmic functions are continuous in their
x 4  
x  4
domains.
(c) If f (x) is continuous and g (x) is discontinuous at x = a
 cos x
at x = and f (x) = at x = 0. then theproduct function  (x) = f (x) . g (x) is not necessarily
2 x
be discontinuous at x = a. e.g.
(c) Oscillatory Discontinuity :
 
sin x0
E.g., f (x) = sin
1
at x = 0. f (x) = x and g (x) =  x

x  0 x0

In all these cases the value of f (a) of the function at x = a

(d) If f (x) and g (x) both are discontinuous at x = a then the
(point of discontinuity) may or may not exist but Limit
im does
xa product function  (x) = f (x) . g (x) is not necessarily be
not exist. discontinuous at x = a . e.g.

 1 x 0
f (x) = –g (x) = 
 1 x  0
y

(e) Point functions are to be treated as discontinuous eg.

2
f (x) = 1 x  x 1 is not continuous at x = 1.
1
(1,1)
–1 (f) A continuous function whose domain is closed must have
1 2 x a range also in closed interval.
Nature of discontinuity (g) If f is continuous at x = a and g is continuous at
x = f (a) then the composite g [ f (x)] is continous at

x sin x
x = a E.g f (x) = and g (x) = |x| are continuous at x
From the adjacent graph note that x2 + 2
– f is continuous at x = –1
– f has isolated discontinuity at x = 1 x sin x
= 0, hence the composite (gof ) (x) = will also be
x2 + 2
– f has missing point discontinuity at x = 2
– f has non-removable (finite type) discontinity at the origin. continuous at x = 0.
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 5

DIFFERENTIABILITY
7. DEFINITION
= Slope of tangent at A (when approached from right)
Let f (x) be a real valued function defined on an open interval f (a+).
(a, b) where c  (a, b). Then f (x) is said to be differentiable or
f a – h   f a 
derivable at x = c,  Slope of Left hand secant = as h
h

f  x   f c  0, Q  A and secant AQ  tangent at A

iff, lim exists finitely..
x c  x  c
 f a – h   f a  
 Left hand derivative  Lim  
This limit is called the derivative or differentiable coefficient h 0  h 
of the function f (x) at x = c, and is denoted by
= Slope of tangent at A (when approached from left) f (a–).
d Thus, f (x) is differentiable at x = c.
f   c  or
dx
 f  x  x  c .
f  x   f c
 lim exists finitely
x c  x  c
Y y – f (x)
P f  x   f c f  x   f c
Right secant (a+h, f (a+h))  lim  lim
through A
x c   
x  c x  c  x  c
Left secant
through A f c  h   f c f  c  h   f  c
A  lim  lim
Tangent at A. h 0 h h 0 h
(a–h, f (a–h)) Q

f  x – f c f c – h – f c
Hence, lim–  lim is
a X x c  x – c h 0 –h
a–h a+h
called the left hand derivative of f (x) at x = c and
is denoted by f  (c–) or L f  (c).

f a  h   f a  f  x  – f c f c + h – f c
 Slope of Right hand secant = as While, lim+  lim is
h xc x–c h 0 h

h  0, P  A and secant (AP)  tangent at A called the right hand derivative of f (x) at x = c
and is denoted by f  (c+) or R f  (c).
 f a  h   f a  
 Right hand derivative  Lim   If f  (c–)  f  (c+), we say that f (x) is not differentiable
h 0  h 
at x = c.
 6 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

or f (x) is differentiable at x = c
8. DIFFERENTIABILITY IN A SET
 f (x) is continuous at x = c.
1. A function f (x) defined on an open interval (a, b) is said to
be differentiable or derivable in open interval (a, b), if it is
differentiable at each point of (a, b).
2. A function f (x) defined on closed interval [a, b] is said to be Converse : The converse of the above theorem is not
differentiable or derivable. “If f is derivable in the open necessarily true i.e., a function may be continuous at a
interval (a, b) and also the end points a and b, then f is said point but may not be differentiable at that point.
to be derivable in the closed interval [a, b]”. E.g., The function f (x) = |x| is continuous at x = 0 but it is
not differentiable at x = 0, as shown in the figure.
f  x   f a  f  x   f  b
i.e., lim and lim , both exist.
x a
x a x b  xb
y
A function f is said to be a differentiable function if it is f (x)=|x|
differentiable at every point of its domain.

x' x
O

1. If f (x) and g (x) are derivable at x = a then the y'

functions f (x) + g (x), f (x) – g (x), f (x). g (x) will also
be derivable at x = a and if g (a)  0 then the function The figure shows that sharp edge at x = 0 hence, function
f (x)/g(x) will also be derivable at is not differentiable but continuous at x = 0.
x = a.
2. If f (x) is differentiable at x = a and g (x) is not
differentiable at x = a, then the product function
F (x) = f (x). g (x) can still be differentiable at
x = a. E.g. f (x) = x and g (x) = |x|.
(a) Let f + (a) = p & f – (a) = q where p & q are finite then
3. If f (x) and g (x) both are not differentiable at
:
x = a then the product function; F (x) = f (x). g (x)
can still be differentiable at x = a. E.g., (i) p = q  f is derivable at x = a
f (x) = |x| and g (x) = |x|.  f is continuous at x = a.
4. If f (x) and g (x) both are not differentiable at (ii) p  q  f is not derivable at x = a.
x = a then the sum function F (x) = f (x) + g (x) may
It is very important to note that f may be still continuous
be a differentiable function. E.g., f (x) = |x| and
at x = a.
g (x) = – |x|.
In short, for a function f :
Differentiable  Continuous;
9. RELATION B/W CONTINUITY & Not Differentiable  Not Continuous
DIFFERENTIABILITY (i.e., function may be continuous)
But,
In the previous section we have discussed that if a function
Not Continuous  Not Differentiable.
is differentiable at a point, then it should be continuous at
(b) If a function f is not differentiable but is continuous at
that point and a discontinuous function cannot be
x = a it geometrically implies a sharp corner at
differentiable. This fact is proved in the following theorem.
x = a.
Theorem : If a function is differentiable at a point, it is
necessarily continuous at that point. But the converse is Theorem 2 : Let f and g be real functions such that fog is
not necessarily true, defined if g is continuous at x = a and f is continuous at g
(a), show that fog is continuous at x = a.
 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 7

DIFFERENTIATION

10. DEFINITION 11. DERIVATIVE OF STANDARD FUNCTION

(a) Let us consider a function y = f (x) defined in a certain interval.

d n
It has a definite value for each value of the independent (i)
dx
 
x  n . x n 1 ; x  R, n  R, x  0
variable x in this interval.
d x
Now, the ratio of the increment of the function to the increment (ii)
dx
 
e  ex
in the independent variable,
d x
y f  x  x   f  x 

(iii)
dx
 
a  a x . ln a  a  0 
x x
d 1
y (iv)
dx
 ln x  
x
Now, as  x  0, y  0 and  finite quantity, then
x
d 1
dy (v)
dx
 loga x   log a e
x
derivative f(x) exists and is denoted by y’ or f ’(x) or
dx
d
(vi)  sin x   cos x
y  f  x  x   f  x  dx
Thus, f '  x   lim    lim
x 0  x  x 0 x
d
(vii)  cos x    sin x
(if it exits) dx

for the limit to exist, d

(viii) (tan x)  sec2 x
dx
f x  h  f x f x  h  f x
lim  lim
h 0 h h 0 h d
(ix)  sec x   sec x . tan x
dx
(Right Hand derivative) (Left Hand derivative)
d
(b) The derivative of a given function f at a point x = a of its (x)  cosec x    cosec x . cot x
dx
domain is defined as :
d
f a  h   f a  (xi)  cot x    cosec2 x
Limit , provided the limit exists & is dx
h 0 h
denoted by f ’(a). d
(xii)  constant   0
dx
Note that alternatively, we can define
d 1
f  x   f a  (xiii)
dx
 
sin 1 x  , –1<x<1
f '  a   Limit , provided the limit exists. 1 x2
x a xa

This method is called first principle of finding the derivative d 1

(xiv)
dx
 
cos 1 x  , –1<x<1
of f(x). 1  x2
 8 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

d 1  du   du 
(xv) 
tan 1 x   , xR   3   u1 u 2 u 4 ... u n    4   u1 u 2 u 3 u 5 ... u n 
dx 1  x2  dx   dx 

d 1  du 
(xvi)
dx

cot 1 x  
1 x2
, xR  ...   n   u1 u 2 u 3 ... u n 1 
 dx 

d 1
(xvii)
dx

sec1 x   , x 1  du   dv 
v   u  
x x2 1 d u  dx   dx  where v  0
(iv) “Quotient Rule”  
dx  v  v2
d 1
(xviii)
dx

cosec1x   , x 1 known as
x x2 1
(b) Chain Rule : If y = f (u), u = g(w), w = h (x)
(xix) Results : dy dy du dw
then  . .
dx du dw dx
If the inverse functions f & g are defined by
y = f (x) & x = g (y). Then g (f (x)) = x. dy
or  f ' u  . g ' w  . h ' x 
 g’ (f(x)) . f’ (x) = 1. dx

dy dy
This result can also be written as, if exists &  0 , then
dx dx

dx  dy  dy dx dy  dx   dx  dy du
 1/   or .  1 or  1/     0  In general if y = f (u) then  f u . .
dy  dx  dx dy dx  dy   dy  dx dx

12. THEOREMS ON DERIVATIVES 13. METHODS OF DIFFERENTIATION

13.1 Derivative by using Trigonometrical Substitution

If u and v are derivable functions of x, then,

d du dv Using trigonometrical transformations before differentiation

(i) Term by term differentiation : u  v  
dx dx dx shorten the work considerably. Some important results are
given below :
d du
(ii) Multiplication by a constant  K u   K , where K is 2 tan x
dx dx (i) sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x =
1  tan 2 x
any constant
1  tan 2 x
d dv du (ii) cos 2x = 2 cos2 x – 1 = 1 – 2 sin2 x 
(iii) “Product Rule”  u.v   u  v known as 1  tan 2 x
dx dx dx
In general, 2 tan x 1  cos 2x
(iii) tan 2x  2
, tan 2 x 
1  tan x 1  cos 2x
(a) If u1, u2, u3, u4, ..., un are the functions of x, then
(iv) sin 3x = 3 sin x – 4 sin3 x
d (v) cos 3x = 4 cos3 x – 3 cos x
 u1 . u 2 . u3 . u 4 . ... . u n 
dx
3tan x  tan 3 x
(vi) tan 3x 
 du   du  1  3tan 2 x
  1   u 2 u 3 u 4 ... u n    2   u1 u 3 u 4 ... u n 
 dx   dx 
  1  tan x
(vii) tan   x  
 4  1  tan x
 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 9

  1  tan x 13.2 Logarithmic Differentiation

(viii) tan   x  
4  1  tan x
To find the derivative of :
(ix) 1  sin x   cos x  sin x f2 (x)
2 2 If y   f1  x or y = f1 (x) . f2 (x) . f3 (x) ...

 xy  f1  x  . f 2  x  . f3  x  ...
(x) tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1   or y
 1  xy  g1  x  .g 2  x  .g3  x  ...

(xi) 
sin 1 x  sin 1 y  sin 1 x 1  y 2  y 1  x 2  then it is convenient to take the logarithm of the function
first and then differentiate. This is called derivative of the
logarithmic function.
1 1 2

(xii) cos x  cos y  cos xy  1  x 1  y
1 2
 Important Notes (Alternate methods)
(xiii) sin–1x + cos–1x = tan–1x + cot–1x = sec–1x + cosec–1x = /2 g x
1. If y   f  x   e g  x  ln f  x  ((variable)variable) { x = eln x}
–1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1
(xiv) sin x = cosec (1/x) ; cos x = sec (1/x) ; tan x = cot (1/x)
dy  d d 
  e g  x  ln f  x  .  g  x  . ln f  x   ln f  x  . g  x  
dx  dx dx 

Some standard substitutions : gx  f ' x  

  f  x  .  g  x .  ln f  x  . g '  x  
Expressions Substitutions  f x 

2. If y = {f (x)}g (x)
a2  x2  x = a sin  or a cos 
dy
  Derivative of y treating f (x) as constant + Derivative of
dx
a2  x2  x = a tan or a cot 
y treating g(x) as constant

 x2  a 2  x = a sec  or a cosec    f  x 
gx
.ln f  x  .
d
g  x   g  x   f  x 
g  x  1 d
. f x
dx dx

ax ax g x  g  x 1

  or   x = a cos  or a cos 2   f  x  .ln f  x  . g '  x   g  x  . f  x  . f ' x 
ax ax
13.3 Implict Differentiation :  (x, y) = 0
 a  x   x  b  or 2 2
x = a cos  + b sin 
(i) In order to find dy/dx in the case of implicit function, we
ax  xb differentiate each term w.r.t. x, regarding y as a function of x
  or   & then collect terms in dy/dx together on one side to finally
 xb ax
find dy/dx.
(ii) In answers of dy/dx in the case of implicit function, both x &
 x  a   x  b  or x = a sec2  – b tan2 
y are present.
Alternate Method : If f (x, y) = 0
 xa   xb
  or  
 xb  x a   f 
dy   diff . of f w.r.t. x treating y as constant
x
then     
 2ax  x 2  x = a (1 – cos ) dx  f 
 
diff . of f w.r.t. y treating x as constant

 y
 10 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

13.4 Parametric Differentiation 14. DERIVATIVE OF ORDER TWO & THREE

If y = f (t) & x = g(t) where t is a Parameter, then Let a function y = f (x) be defined on an open interval
(a, b). It’s derivative, if it exists on (a, b), is a certain function
dy dy / dt
 ...(1) f ’(x) [or (dy/dx) or y’] & is called the first derivative of y w.r.t.
dx dx / dt
x. If it happens that the first derivative has a derivative on
(a, b) then this derivative is called the second derivative of
y w.r.t. x & is denoted by f ”(x) or (d2y/dx2) or y”.

dy dy dt Similarly, the 3rd order derivative of y w.r.t. x, if it exists, is

1.  .
dx dt dx
d3 y d  d 2 y 
d 2 y d  dy  d  dy  dt  dy  defined by    it is also denoted by f ”(x) or y”’.
2.      .  in terms of t dx 3 dx  dx 2 
dx 2 dx  dx  dt  dx  dx  dx 
Some Standard Results :
d  f 't   1
  . {From (1)}
dt  g '  t   f '  t  dn m!
(i) n
 ax  b m  .a n .  ax  b 
mn
, m  n.
dx  m  n !
f   t  g   t   g   t  f   t 
 3
 f '  t  dn n
(ii) x  n!
dx n
13.5 Derivative of a Function w.r.t. another Function

dy dy / dx f   x  dn
Let y = f (x) ; z = g(x) then dz  dz / dx  g  x
(iii)
dx n
 
e mx  m n .emx , m  R
 
13.6 Derivative of Infinite Series dn  n 
n 
(iv) sin  ax  b    a n sin  ax  b   , n  N
dx  2 
If taking out one or more than one terms from an infinite
series, it remains unchanged. Such that
dn
(v)
dx n
 cos  ax  b    a n cos  ax  b  n2  , n  N
(A) If y  f x  f x  f  x   .......  

then y  f  x   y  (y2 – y) = f (x) d n ax

(vi)
dx n
 
e sin  bx  c   r n .eax .sin  bx  c  n   , n  N

dy
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get (2y – 1) = f ’(x)
dx
where r   a 2  b2  ,   tan 1  b / a .
.......
f  x f  x 
(B) If y  f  x  then y = {f (x)}y  y = ey ln f (x)
d n ax
(vii)
dx n
 
e .cos  bx  c   r n .eax .cos  bx  c  n   , n  N
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

y 1
y  f  x  . f '  x  y2 f ' x 
dy
  where r   a 2  b2  ,   tan 1  b / a .
dx 1   f  x y . n f  x  f  x  1  y  n f  x 
 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 11

15. DIFFERENTIATION OF DETERMINANTS 16. L’ HOSPITAL’S RULE

f x g x hx If f (x) & g(x) are functions of x such that :
If F  X     x  m  x  n  x  ,
(i) lim f  x   0  lim g  x  or lim f  x     lim g  x  and
u  x  v  x  w x  x a x a x a x a

wheref, g, h, , m, n, u, v, w are differentiable function of x then (ii) Both f (x) & g(x) are continuous at x = a and

f ' x  g ' x  h ' x  f x g x h x (iii) Both f (x) & g(x) are differentiable at x = a and
F ' x     x  m  x  n  x    ' x  m ' x  n  x  (iv) Both f ’(x) & g’(x) are continuous at x = a, Then
ux vx w x ux vx w x
f x f ' x  f " x 
Limit  Limit  Limit & so on till
x a g x x a g '  x  x a g "  x 
f x g x h x
 x mx n x indeterminant form vanishes..
u '  x  v'  x  w '  x 

17. ANALYSIS & GRAPHS OF SOME USEFUL FUNCTION

  
(i) y = sin–1 (sin x) x  R ; y   , 
 2 2

(ii) y = cos–1 (cos x) x  R ; y   0, 

     
(iii) y = tan–1 (tan x) x  R   x : x   2n  1 , n  Z  ; y    , 
 2   2 2
 12 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example – 1 Example – 3

Discuss the continuity of the function of given by

 5x  4, when 0  x  1
Show that f (x)   3 f(x) = | x – 1 | + | x – 2 | at x = 1 and x = 2.
4x  3x, when 1  x  2
is continuous at x = 1. Sol. We have,
f(x) = | x–1 | + | x–2 |
Sol. We have,
 (x  1)  (x  2), if x  1
(LHL at x = 1) = lim f (x)  lim 5x  4  
x 1 x 1 f (x)  (x  1)  (x  2), if 1  x  2
 (x  1)  (x  2), if x  2
[ f(x) = 5x – 4, when x 1] 
= 5 × 1 – 4 = 1,
2x  3, if x  1
3 
(RHL at x = 1) = lim f (x)  lim 4x  3x  f (x)   1, if 1  x  2
x 1 x 1
 2x  3, x2
[ f(x) = 4x3 – 3x, x > 1] 

= 4 (1)3 – 3(1) = 1, Continuity at x = 1:

and, f(1) = 5 × 1 – 4 = 1 We have,
[ f(x) = 5x – 4, where x  1] lim f (x)  lim (–2x +3) = –2 × 1 + 3 = 1
x 1 x 1
 lim f (x)  f (1)  lim f (x)
x 1 x 1 lim f (x)  lim 1  1
x 1 x 1
So, f(x) is continuous at x = 1.
and, f(1) = 1.
Example – 2
 lim f (x)  f (1)  lim f (x)
Test the continuity of the function f (x) at the origin : x 1 x 1

So, f (x) is continuous at x = 1.

| x |
 ; x0 Continuity at x = 2
f (x)   x
 1 ; x  0 We have,
lim f (x)  lim 1  1
x  2 x  2
Sol. We have,
lim f (x)  lim (2x–3) = 2×2 – 3 = 1
(LHL at x = 0) = lim f (x)  hlim
0
f (0  h)  lim f ( h)
h 0 x 2 x 2
x 0
and, f(2) = 2 × 2 – 3 = 1.
| h | h
 lim  lim  lim  1  1 lim f (x)  lim f (x)  f (2)
h 0  h h 0  h h 0 
x 2 x  2

and, (RHL at x = 0) = lim f (x)  hlim

0
f (0  h)  lim f (h)
h 0
So, f (x) is continuous at x = 2.
x 0

h
|h|
 lim  lim h  lim 1  1
h 0 h h 0 h 0

Thus, f(x) is not continuous at the origin.

 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 13

Example – 4 [ k  k + h < k + 1 [k + h] = k]

 lim f (x)  lim f (x)

Examine the function f(t) given by x k  x k 

 cos t So, f(x) is not continuous at x = k.

 ; t  /2
f (t)    / 2  t Since k is an arbitrary integer. Therefore, f(x) is not
 1 ; t  / 2 continuous at integer points.
Let a be any real number other than an integer. Then, there
for continuity at t = /2 exists an integer k such that k – 1 < a < k.
Now, (LHL at x = a)
Sol. We have,
lim f (x)  lim f (a  h)  lim [a  h]
(LHL at t = /2) = lim f(t) x a  h 0 h 0
t  / 2
 lim k  1  k  1
cos (  / 2  h) sin h x 0
 lim f (  / 2  h)  lim  lim 1
h 0 h 0  / 2  (  / 2  h) h 0 h [ k – 1 < a – h < k  [a–h] = k – 1]
(RHL at x = a)
and, (RHL at t = /2) = lim f (t)
t  / 2
 lim f (x)  lim f (a  h)
x a  h 0
cos ( / 2  h)
 lim f ( / 2  h)  lim
h 0 h 0  / 2  (  / 2  h)  lim [a  h)  lim (k  1)  k  1
h 0 h 0

 sin h sin h [ k – 1 < a + h < k  [a+h] = k – 1]

 lim  lim 1
h 0 h h 0 h and, f(a) = k – 1
Also,f(/2) = 1. [ k – 1 < a < k  [a] = k – 1]
Thus,
 lim f (t)  lim  f ( / 2)
t  / 2 t  / 2
lim f (x)  lim f (x)  f (a)
So, f(t) is continuous at t = /2. x a  x a 

Example – 5 So, f(x) is continuous at x = a. Since a is an arbitrary real

number, other than an integer. Therefore, f(x) is continuous
Prove that the greatest integer function [x] is continuous at all real points except integer points.
at all points except at integer points.
Example – 6
Sol. Let f(x) = [x] be the greatest integer function. Let k be any
integer. Then, Show that the function f(x) given by
 k  1, if k  1  x  k
f (x)  [x]   [By def.]  e1/ x  1
 k , if k  x  k  1 
f (x)   e1/ x  1
, when x  0
is discontinuous at x=0.
Now (LHL at x = k)  0 , when x  0

 lim f (x)  lim f (k  h)  lim [k  h]
x k  h 0 h 0
Sol. We have,
 lim (k  1)  k  1
h 0 (LHL at x = 0) = lim f (x)  lim f (0  h)  lim f (  h)
x 0  h 0 h 0
[ k–1  k – h < k [k–h] = k–1]
and, (RHL at x = k) 1
1
e1/ h  1 e1/ h 0 1
 lim f (x)  lim f (k  h)  lim [k  h]  lim 1/ h  lim   1
x k  h 0 h 0 h 0 e 1 h  0 1 0 1
 1
e1/ h
 lim k  k
h 0
 14 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

 1  log (1  ax) log (1  bx)

lim  lim k
 hlim  0 
0 e h
1/

x 0 x x 0 x

log (1  ax) log (1  bx)

and, (RHL at x = 0) = lim f (x)  lim f (0  h)  lim f (h)  a lim  (b) lim k
x 0  h 0 h 0 x 0 ax x 0 (b) x

e1/ h  1 1  1/ e1/ h 1  0  a (1) – (–b) (1) = k

 lim  lim  1
h 0 e1/ h  1 h 0 1  1/ e1/ h 1 0  log (1  x) 
So, f(x) is not continuous at x = 0 and has a discontinuity of  Usin g : xlim
0 x
 1

first kind at x = 0.
 a+b=k
Example – 7 Thus, f(x) is continuous at x = 0, if k = a + b.

Find the value of the constant  so that the function Example – 9

given below is continuous at x = – 1.

 x 2  2x  3  1  cos 4x
 , x  1  , if x  0
f (x)   x 1  x2
  , x  1 
 Let f (x)   a , if x  0

 x
, if x  0
Sol. Since f(x) is continuous at x = –1. Therefore,  16  x  4

lim f (x)  f (1)
x 1 Determine the value of a so that f (x) is continuous at x = 0.

x 2  2x  3 Sol. For f (x) to be continuous at x = 0, we must have

 lim  [ f(–1) = ]
x 1 x 1
lim f (x)  lim f (x)  f (0)
(x  3) (x  1) x 0 x 0
 lim    lim (x–3) = –4 = 
x 1 x 1 x 1
lim f (x)  lim f (x)  a
 ... (i)
So, f(x) is continuous at x = –1, if = –4. x 0 x 0

Example – 8 1  cos 4x
Now, lim f (x)  xlim
x 0 0 x2
If the function f(x) defined by
 1  cos 4x 
 log (1  ax)  log (1  bx)
, if x  0  f (x)  x 2
for x  0


f (x)   x
 k , if x  0
2sin 2 2x
 lim f (x)  lim
is continuous at x = 0, find k. x 0 x 0 x2

2
Sol. Since f(x) is continuous at x = 0. Therefore,  sin 2x 
 lim f (x)  2 lim  
lim f (x)  f (0) x 0  x  0  x 
x 0
2
 sin 2x  2
log (1  ax)  log (1  bx)  lim f (x)  2  4 . lim    8(1)  8 ... (ii)
 lim k [ f(0) = k] x 0  x 0  2x 
x 0 x

 log (1  ax) log (1  bx)  x

lim   lim f (x)  lim

x 0 x x   k and,
x 0 x 0
16  x  4
 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 15

continuous at each x R except possibly at x = 3 and x = 5.

 x 
 f (x)  for x  0  At, x = 3, we have
 16  x  4 
lim f (x)  lim 1  1, lim f (x)  lim ax+b = 3a + b, and,
x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3
x f(3) = 1
 lim f (x)  lim . ( 16  x  4)
x 0  x 0 16  x  16
For f(x) be continuous at x = 3, we must have

 lim f (x)  lim ( 6  x  4)  4  4  8 ... (iii) lim f (x)  lim f (x)  f (3)
x 0 x 0 x 3 x 3

From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get a = 8.  1 = 3a + b

At x = 5, we have ... (i)
Example – 10
lim f (x)  lim ax + b = 5a + b; lim f (x)  lim
Determine the value of the constant m so that the function x 5 x 5 x 5  x 5

7 = 7, and, f(5) = 7
 m(x 2  2x), if x  0
f (x)   is continuous For f(x) to be continuous at x = 5, we must have
 cos x , if x  0
lim f (x)  lim f (x)  f (5)
x 5 x 5 
Sol. When x < 0, we have
 5a + b = 7
f (x) = m (x2 – 2x), which being a polynomial is continuous at
Solving (i) and (ii), we get a = 3, b = – 8 ... (ii)
each x < 0.
When x > 0, we have Example – 12
f (x) = cos x, which being a cosine function is continuous at
Show that the function f (x) = | sin x + cos x | is continuous
eaxh x > 0.
at x = .
So, consider the point x = 0.
We have, Sol. Let g(x) = sin x + cos x and h (x) = | x |. Then, f (x) = hog (x).
In order to prove that f (x) is continuous at x = . It is
(LHL at x = 0) = lim f (x)  lim (x2 – 2x) = 0, for all values of sufficient to prove that g (x) is continuous at x = and h (x)
x 0  x 0
is continuous at y = g () = sin + cos = –1.
m
Now,
and (RHL at x = 0) = lim f (x)  lim cos x = 1
x 0  x 0
lim g(x) = lim (sin x + cos x) = sin + cos = –1
x  x 
Clearly, lim f (x)  lim f(x) for all values of m. and g () = – 1
x 0 x 0

So, f (x) cannot be made continuous for any value of m.  lim g(x) = g ()
x 
In other words, the value of m does not exist for which f(x)
So, g (x) is continuous at x = .
can be made continuous.
We have, g () = –1 y = g () = –1.
Example – 11
Now, lim h(y)  lim | y |  lim  y  (1)  1
y1 y1 y1
 1 , if x  3 and, h(g ()) = h (–1) = | –1 | = 1.

If f(x) =  ax  b , if 3 x 5
 7  lim h(y)  h (g())
 , if 5  x y 1

Determine the values of a and b so that f(x) is continuous.  lim h(g(x))  h (g())
g(x)1

Sol. The given function is a constant function for all x < 3 and lim h(g(x))  h(g())

for all x > 5 so it is continuous for all x < 3 and for all x > 5. g(x)g (  )
We know that a polynomial function is continuous. So, the  h is continuous at g ()
given function is continuous for all x (3, 5). Thus, f(x) is
Hence, f (x) = hog (x) is continuous at x = .
 16 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

Example – 13  (LHD at x = 0) = 0 × (an oscillating number between –1 and 1) = 0

f (x)  f (0)
 x  1, if x  2 (RHD at x = 0) = lim
Show that the function f(x) =  is not x 0  x0
 2x  3, if x  2
f (0  h)  f (0)
differentiable at x = 2.  (RHD at x = 0) = lim
h 0 0h 0
Sol. We have, 1
h 2 sin    0
f (x)  f (2) f (h)  f (0) h
(LHD at x = 2) = lim  (RHD at x = 0) = hlim  lim
x 2 x2 0 h h 0 h

(x  1)  (4  3) 1
 (LHD at x = 2) = xlim  (RHD at x = 0) = hlim h sin  
2 x2 0 h
[ f(x) = x – 1 for x < 2]  (RHD at x = 0) = 0 × (an oscillating number between –1 and 1) = 0
x2  (LHD at x = 0) = (RHD at x = 0) = 0.
 (LHD at x = 2) = lim  lim 1  1
x 2 x  2 x 2
So, f(x) is differentiable at x = 0 and f’ (0) = 0.
f (x)  f (2)
and, (RHD at x = 2) = lim Example – 15
x 2 x2
(2x  3)  (4  3) Discuss the differentiability of f (x) = | x – 1 | + | x – 2 |.
 (RHD at x = 2) = lim
x 2 x2
Sol. We have,
[ f(x) = 2x – 3 for x 2]
f (x) = | x – 1 | + | x – 2 |
2x  4
 (RHD at x = 2) = lim  lim 2  2
x 2 x  2 x 2  (x  1)  (x  2) for x  1

 (LHD at x = 2) (RHD at x = 2).  f (x)   x  1  (x  2) for 1  x  2
 (x  1)  (x  2) for x  2
So, f (x) is not differentiable at x = 2. 
Example – 14
 2x  3 , x 1

 f (x)   1 , 1 x  2
 2 1  2x  3 ,
 x sin   , if x  0  x2
Show that the function f(x) =  x is
 0 , if x  0
 When x < 1, we have
differentiable at x = 0 and f ’ (0) = 0. f (x) = –2x + 3 which, being a polynomial function is
continuous and differentiable.
Sol. We have, When 1  x < 2, we have
f (x)  f (0) f (x) = 1 which, being a constant function, is differentiable
(LHD at x = 0) = lim on (1, 2).
x 0  x 0
When x 2, we have
f (0  h)  f (0)
 (LHD at x = 0) = hlim f (x) = 2x – 3 which, being a polynomial function, is
0 0h 0 differentiable for all x > 2. Thus, the possible points of non-
f (h)  f (0) differentiability of f (x) are x = 1 and x = 2.
 (LHD at x = 0) = hlim h
0 Now,
 1  f (x)  f (1)
( h)2 sin  0 (LHD at x = 1) = lim
 h  x 1 x 1
 (LHD at x = 0) = hlim
0 h
(2x  3)  1
1  (LHD at x = 1) = lim
x 1 x 1
 (LHD at x = 0) = hlim h sin  
0 h [ f (x) = –2x + 3 for x < 1]
 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 17

2(x  1) f (x)  f (0)

 (LHD at x = 1) = lim  2 (LHD at x = 0) = lim
x 1 x 1 x 0  x 0
f (x)  f (1) x 0
(RHD at x = 1) = lim  (LHD at x = 0) = lim 1
x 1 x 1 x0 x  0
[ f (x) = x for x < 0 and f (0) = 0]
11 and,
 (RHD at x = 1) = lim 0
x 1 x  1
f (x)  f (0)
[ f (x) = 1 for 1 x < 2] (RHD at x = 0) = lim
x 0  x0
 (LHD at x = 1) (RHD at x = 1)
So, f (x) is not differentiable at x = 1. xe 2 / x  0
 (RHD at x = 0) = lim
f (x)  f (2) x 0 x
(LHD at x = 2) = lim
x 2 x2
 f (x)  xe2/ x for x  0 
1  (2  2  3)  
 and f (0)  0 
 (LHD at x = 2) = xlim
2 x2
 (RHD at x = 0) = xlim e2 / x  0.
 f (x)  1 for 1  x  2  0
 and f (2)  2  2  3   (LHD at x = 0) (RHD at x = 0)
 
So, f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0.
11
 (LHD at x = 2) = xlim
2 x  2
 0. Example – 17

f (x)  f (2) Find the values of a & b so that the function is continuous
(RHD at x = 2) = lim for 0 < x < 
x 2 x2
(2x  3)  (2  2  3)
 (RHD at x = 2) = xlim  
2 x2
 x  a 2 sin x , 0x
4
[ f (x) = 2x – 3 for x 2] 
  
2x  4 2(x  2) f  x    2x cot x  b , x
 (RHD at x = 2) = xlim 2 x  2
 lim
x 2 x  2
2  4 2
 
 (LHD at x = 2) (RHD at x = 2) a cos 2x  b sin x , 2  x  

So, f (x) not differentiable at x = 2.
Remark It should be noted that the function f(x) given by
f(x) = | x – a1| + |x – a2| + (x – a3| +.... + |x – an| Sol. Since, f (x) is continuous for 0 < x < 
is not differentiable at x = a1, a2, a3, ..., an.
 RHL  at x     LHL  at x   
Example – 16  4  4

Discuss the differentiability of      

  2 . cot  b     a 2 .sin 
 4 4  4 4
  1  1 
 |x| x   
f (x)   xe  , x  0 at x = 0.   b   a
2 4
0 , x0


 a  b  ....(i)
4
Sol. We have,
Also, RHL  at x     LHL  at x   
  1  1   2  2
 xe  x x   xe2 / x , x  0
  2     
f (x)    1 1    a cos  bsin    2 . .cot  b 
 xe  x x   x , x  0  2 2   2 2 
 – a – b = b
0 , x0

Now,
 18 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

a + 2b = 0 ...(ii)
R.H.L  lim f  0  h 
h 0
 
From eqs. (i) and (ii), a  and b 
6 12  lim h sin log h 2  lim h lim sin log h 2
h 0 h0 h 0

Example – 18 = 0 × (oscillating between –1 and +1) = 0

f (0) = 0 (Given)
Let f : R  R be a function defined by  L.H.L. = R.H.L. = f (0)
f (x) = max {x, x 3}. Show that the set of points Hence f (x) is continuous at x = 0.
{–1, 0, 1}, f (x) is not differentiable. Test for differentiability :
f  0 – h – f  0
Sol. f (x) = max {x, x3} considering the graph separately, Lf   0   lim
h 0 –h
y = x3 and y = x.
2
 f  x   x in    ,  1 – h sin log  – h  – 0
 lim
 3 h 0 –h
 x in  1, 0
Now, 
 x in  0 , 1 
 lim sin log h 2 
h 0
 x 3 in 1,  
 As the expression oscillates between –1 and +1, the limit
The point of consideration are does not exists.
 Left hand derivative is not defined.
y Hence the function is not differentiable at x = 0

A (1, 1) Example – 20

x' x Draw graph for y = max. {2x, x2} and discuss the continuity
O and differentiability.
B
(–1, –1) Sol. Here, to draw, y = max. {2x, x2}
y'

f (–1–) = 1 and f (–1+) = 3

f (–0–) = 0 and f (0+) = 1
f (1–) = 1 and f (1+) = 3
Hence, f is not differentiable at –1, 0, 1.
Example – 19

Show that the function f (x) is continuous at x = 0 but its Firstly plot y = 2x and y = x2 on graph and put 2x = x2 x =
derivative does not exists at x = 0 0, 2 (i.e., their point of intersection).
Now, since y = max. {2x, x2} we have to neglect the curve below
2

 x sin log x ; x  0
if f  x   
 point of intersections thus, the required graph is, as shown.
 0 ; x0

2
Sol. LHL  lim f  0 – h   lim f  – h  sin log  – h 
h 0 h 0

 – lim h sin log h 2

h 0

As h  0, log h2  –
Hence sin log h2 oscillates between –1 and +1.

L.H.L  – lim  h   lim sin log h
2
 Thus, from the given graph y = max. {2x, x2} we can say y =
h0 h 0 max. {2x, x2} is continuous for all x R.
= – 0 × (number between –1 and +1) = 0 But y = max. {2x, x 2 } is differentiable for all
x R – {0, 2}
 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 19

Example – 22

Let f (x) = maximum {4, 1 + x2, x2 – 1}  x R. Then find the

total number of points, where f (x) is not differentiable.
One must remember the formula we can write,
f (x)  g(x) f (x)  g(x) Sol. We have discussed in last chapter for sketching maximum
max.{f (x),g(x)}  
2 2 {4, 1 + x2, x2 – 1} as

f (x)  g(x) f (x)  g(x)

min .{f (x), g(x)}  
2 2

Example – 21

Find the number of points of non-differentiability of

f(x) = max. {sin x, cos x, 0} in (0, 2n).

Sol. Here, we know sin x and cos x are periodic with period 2.
Thus we could sketch the curve as; (In the interval 0 to 2)
Which shows

y = max. {sin x, cos x, 0}

  3
cos x, 0  x  4 or 2  x  2
 Thus, from above graph we can simply say,
 3
 0,   x 
 2 f (x) is not differentiable at x = ± 3.
  And it could be defined as :
 sin x,  x  
 4
4,  3  x  3
Clearly, y = max. {sin x, cos x, 0} is not differentiable at 3 f (x)  
2
points when x = (0, 2).  x  1, x   3 or x  3
Thus, y = max. {sin x, cos x, 0} is not differentiable at 3n
points.
 20 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

Example – 23 Example – 24

Let f (x + y) = f(x) + f(y) for all x, y R. If f (x) is continuous If f : R  R is continuous and satisfies the relation
at x = 0, show that f (x) is continuous at all x. f (x + y) + f (x – y) = 2 f(x) + 2 f(y)
and f (1) = 1, then f(3) is equal to____.
Sol. Since f (x) is continuous at x = 0. Therefore,
lim f (x)  lim f(x) = f(0) Sol. In the given relation, taking x = y = 0, we have f(0) = 0. Also
x 0  x 0
x = 0 implies
 lim f (0  h)  lim f(0 + h) = f(0) f (y) + f (–y) = 0 + 2 f(y)
h 0 h0
 f (–y) = f(y)
 lim f (0  (h)  lim f (0  h)  f (0)
h 0 h 0 Again if we put y = x in the given relation we get
lim [f (0)  f (h)]  lim [f(0) + f(h)] = f(0) f (2x) = 4 f(x) = 22 f(x)
 h 0 h 0
Now replacing y with 2x in the given relation we obtain
[Using : f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)]
f (3x) + f(–x) = 2f (x) + 2 f(2x)
 f (0)  lim f (h)  f (0)  lim f (h)  f (0) Therefore [ f (–x) = f(x)]
h 0 h 0
f (3x) = f(x) + 2f (2x)
 lim f (h)  lim f (h)  0 ... (i)
h 0 h 0 = f (x) + 2.22 f(x)
Let a be any real number. Then, = 32 f (x)
lim f (x)  lim f (a  h)  lim f (a  (  h)) Therefore by induction, we have f (n x) = n2 f(x) for all
x a  h 0 h 0
positive integers n. Replacing n with –n and observing
 lim f (x)  lim [f (a)  f ( h)] that f (–x) = f(x)  x, we have
x a  h 0
f (–nx) = f(nx) = n2 f (x) = (–n)2 f (x)
[ f(x + y) = f (x) + f(y)]
Therefore f (nx) = n2 f (x) for all integers x. Also
 lim f (x)  f (a)  lim f (  h)
x a  h 0 f (n) = n2 ( f (1) = 1)
If x = p/q is rational, then
 lim f (x)  f (a)  0 [Using (i)]
x a  q2f (x) = f(qx) = f(p) = p2 f(1) = p2 ( f(1) = 1)
lim f (x)  f (a). Therefore
 x a 
and,
p2
lim f (x)  lim f (a  h) f (x)   x 2 for all rational
x a  h 0 q2

lim f (x)  lim [f (a)  f (h)] If x is irrational, then let [xn] be a sequence of rational numbers

x a  h 0 such that xn  x as n  . Since f is continuous, by Theorem
[ f (x + y) = f(x) + f(y)] we have
lim f (x)  f (a)  lim f (h) f (xn)  f (x) as n  

x a  h 0
But
 lim f (x)  f (a)  0  f (a) [Using (i)]
x a  lim f (x n )  lim (x n2 )  x 2
n  n 

Thus, we have Therefore f(x) = x2 when x is irrational. Also f (x) = x2 for all
lim f (x)  lim f (x)  f (a) real x. Hence
x a  x a 
f (3) = 32 = 9
 f (x) is continuous at x = a.
Since a is an arbitrary real number. So, f (x) is continuous at
all x  R.
 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 21

Example – 25 Example – 26

If f is a real-valued function defined for all x  0, 1 and If f is a real-valued function satisfying the relation
satisfying the relation
1
f (x)  2f    3x
 1  2 2 x
f (x)  f   
 1  x  x 1  x
for all real x  0, then lim
x 0
(sin x) f (x) is equal to
Then lim
x 2
f (x) is______.
(a) 1 (b) 2
Sol. Given relation is (c) 0 (d) 

 1  2 2
f (x)  f    ... (1) Ans. (b)
 1  x  x 1  x
1
Sol. We have f (x)  2f    3x ... (1)
1 x
Replacing x with in above equation Eq. we have
1 x
Replacing x with 1/x, we have
 1   x 1  2 (1  x)
f f    2 (1  x)  ... (2) 1 3
 1  x   x  x 2f (x)  f    ... (2)
x x
1 From Eqs. (1) and (2) we get
Again replacing x with in Eq. (1), we get
1 x
2
f (x)  x
 x 1  2x x
f   f (x)  2x  ... (3)
 x  1 x Therefore
Now adding Eqs. (1) and (3) and subtracting Eq. (2) gives
 2sin x 
lim (sin x) f (x)  lim   x sin x 
2 2 2x  2 (1  x) x 0 x 0  x 
2f (x)     2x    2 (1  x) 
 x 1  x 1  x  x = 2 (1) – 0 = 2.

 2 2(1  x)   2 2x  Example – 27
      2x  2(1  x)
 x x   1  x 1 x
P (x) is a polynomial such that P(x) + P (2x) = 5x2 – 18.
2x 2(1  x)  P(x) 
  2
x (1  x) Then lim  
x 3  x  3 

2 (x  1) (a) 6 (b) 9
 2 2
x 1 (c) 18 (d) 0

2(x  1) Ans. (a)


x 1 Sol. Since 5x 2 – 18 is a quadratic polynomial and
Therefore P(x) + P (2x) = 5x2 – 18 it follows that P(x) must be a quadratic
polynomial. Suppose
x 1 P (x) = ax2 + bx + c
f (x)  By hypothesis
x 1
(ax2 + bx + c) + (4ax2 + 2bx + c) = 5x2 – 18
Taking limit we get or 5ax2 + 3bx + 2c = 5x2 – 18
This gives a = 1, b = 0, c = –9
 x 1  2 1
lim   3 So P (x) = x2 – 9
x 2  x  1  2 1
P(x)
Therefore lim  lim (x  3) = 6
x 3 x  3 x 3
 22 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

Example – 28 (ii) Let y = ex sin x.

Putting u = x sin x, we get
Differentiate the following function w.r.t.x :
y = eu and u = x sin x
2
log sin x
dy du
  e u and  x cos x  sin x.
Sol. We have, du dx
Let y = log sin x2. dy dy du
Now,  
Putting v = x2 and u = sin x2 = sin v, we get dx du dx
y = log u, u = sin v and v = x2
dy
dy 1 du dv  = eu. (x cos x + sin x) = ex sin x (x cos x + sin x)
 ,  cos v and  2x. dx

du u dv dx
Example – 30
Now,

dy dy du dv x sin 1 x
   If y   log 1  x 2 , then prove that
dx du dv dx 2
1 x
dy 1 1 dy sin 1 x
   cos v  2x  cos v  2x  .
dx u sin v dx 3/ 2

[ 4  sin v]

1 x2 
dy
  cot v.2x  2x cot x 2 1/ 2 1
dx Sol. We have, y  x sin 1 x 1  x 2   
 log 1  x 2 .
2

2
[ v  x ] Differentiating with respect to x, we get

Hence,
d
dx
 
log sin x 2  2x cot x 2
dy d

dx dx 
x . sin 1 x . 1  x 2  
1 / 2
 
1 d
2 dx
 
log 1  x 2 
Example – 29 dy 1/ 2 d d 1/ 2

dx

 sin 1 x . 1  x 2  dx
(x)  x.
dx
sin 1 x . 1  x 2   
Differentiate the following functions with respect to x :
d 1/ 2 1 1 d
(i) log (sec x + tan x) (ii) ex sin x  x sin 1 x .
dx

1  x2   .
2 1  x 2 dx
1  x2  
dy sin 1 x 1 1
Sol. (i) Let y = log (sec x + tan x).   .1  x  
dx 1 x 2
1 x 2
1  x2
Putting u = sec x + tan x, we get
y = log u and u = sec x + tan x  1 3/ 2 d 1
 x sin 1 x .    1  x 2   
1  x2    0  2x 
dy 1 du
 2 dx 2 1 x2  
  and  sec x tan x  sec 2 x.
du u dx


dy sin 1 x
 
x

x sin x
1

 0  2x  
x  
dy dy du 2 3/ 2
dx 2 1  x2 1 x2
Now,  
dx du dx
1  x2 1  x  
dy 1 . (sec x tan x + sec2 x)
  dy sin 1 x x 2 sin 1 x
dx u    3/ 2
dx 1 x2 1  x2  
dy 1

 dx sec x  tan x sec x (tan x + sec x) = sec x. dy sin 1 x x 2  sin 1 x sin 1 x
 1
  1  2
  2
 3/ 2
dx 1 x2 1 x2 1 x
 1  x  1 x2  
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 23

Example – 31 Example – 32

a 2  x2  a2  x2 dy 1
If x 1  y  y 1  x  0, prove that 
If y  , show that dx 2
a2  x2  a 2  x2  x  1

dy 2a 2  a2  Sol. We have,

 3 1  4 .
dx x  a  x4 
x 1 y  y 1 x  0

Sol. We have,  x 1  y  y 1  x

a2  x2  a2  x2 a2  x2  a2  x2 a2  x2  a2  x2  x2 (1 + y)= y2 (1 + x) [On squaring both sides]

y  .
a2  x2  a2  x2 a 2  x2  a 2  x2 a2  x2  a2  x2  x2 – y2 = y2 x – x2y

 a 2  x2  a2  x2 
2  (x + y) (x – y) = – xy (x – y)
  a2  x2  a2  x2  2 a2  x2 a 2  x2
 y 
 x + y = – xy [x  y  0. as y = x does not satisfy the
a 2
 
 x2  a2  x2  2 x2
given equation]
2a 2  2 a 4  x 4  x = – y – xy
 y
2x 2  y (1 + x) = – x

a2 a4  x4 x
y   y
 1 x
x2 x2

dy  1  x  .1  x  0  1 
 y  a 2 x 2  a 4  x 4 x 2   
 dx 2
 1  x  
dy d 2 d

dx
 a2
dx
x 
dx
   a 4  x 4 x 2  dy 1

 dx 2
dy 1 4 1/ 2 d 4 1  x 
 dx
 2a 2 x 3   2  x 3 a 4  x 4  x 2
2
  
a  x4  dx

a  x4 
Example – 33
2
dy 2a 2 1
 dx
 3  4 a4  x4 
x x 2 4 4
4x 3   2
2x a  x dy sin  a  y 
If sin y = x sin (a + y), prove that 
dx sin a
dy 2a 2 2 2x
  3  3 a4  x4 
dx x x a  x4
4
Sol. Differentiating both sides of the given relation with
respect to x, we get
dy 2a 2  a 4  x 4 x 
  3 2  3
  d d
dx x  x a  x4
4
  sin y    x sin  a  y 
dx dx

dy 2a 2  a 4  x 4  x 4  dy d
  3  2   cos y  1 . sin  a  y   x cos  a  y  . a  y
dx x  x 3 a 4  x 4  dx dx

dy dy
dy 2a 2 2a 4 2a 2  a2   cos y  sin  a  y   x cos  a  y  .
  3   3 1  4  dx dx
dx x x3 a 4  x4 x  a  x4 
dy dy
 cos y  x cos  a  y   sin  a  y 
dx dx

dy
 cos y  x cos  a  y  dx  sin  a  y 
 24 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

Example – 35
 sin y  dy
 cos y  . cos  a  y    sin  a  y 
 sin  a  y   dx Differentiate the following functions with respect to x :
x x
sin y  x sin  a  y   (i) x
x
 
(ii) x x
 
x  sin y 
 sin  a  y   x
  x
Sol. (i) Let y = x . Then,
x
 sin  a  y  cos y  sin y cos  a  y   dy y = ex . log x
    sin  a  y 
 sin  a  y   dx On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
dy x d x
sin  a  y  y  dy 2
dy sin  a  y  dx
 e x . log x
dx

x . log x 
   sin  a  y   
sin  a  y  dx dx sin a
dy x d

dx
 xx
dx

e x log x . log x 
Example – 34
dy x  d x log x d 
If 6 6
1  x  1  y  a x  y , prove that  3 3
  dx
 x x log x.
 dx
e  
 e x log x .  log x  
dx 
dy x  d x log x 1 
dy x 2 1  y6   xx x
log x.e log x  x log x   e . 
 , where – 1 < x < 1 and – 1 < y < 1. dx  dx x
dx y 2 1  x 6
dy x   1  1
  x x log x.x x  x.  log x   x x . 
Sol. Putting x3 = sin A and y3 = sin B in the given relation, we dx   x  x
get
dy x  xx 
2 2   x x  x x 1  log x  .log x  
 1  sin A  1  sin B  a  sin A  sin B  dt  x 

AB AB  AB AB dy x  1

 2 cos   cos    2a sin   cos     x x . x x 1  log x  . log x  
 2   2   2   2  dt  x
(ii) Let y = (xx)x. Then,
 AB AB
 cot    a  cot 1  a  2
 2  2 y  xx . x  xx
2
 A – B = 2 cot–1 (a)  y  e x . log x
 Sin–1 x3 – sin–1 y3 = 2 cot–1 (a). On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
dy 2 d 2
dx
 e x . log x
dx

x . log x 
1 d 3 1 d 3

dx
 
x  
dx
y  0.  
1  x6 1 y 6
dy 2  d 2 d 
 dx
 e x . log x  log x .
 dx
 
x  x 2 .  log x  
dx 
1 1 dy
 3x 2   3y 2  0. dy 1
 6 6 dx 2 
1 x 1 y   x x  log x.2x  x 2 . 
dx  x

dy x 2 1  y6  e x 2 . log x  x x 2 
   
dx y2 1  x 6
dy 2
  x x  2x .log x  x 
dx

dy 2
  x . x x  2 log x  1 .
dx
 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 25

Example – 36 dy  d d 
 x cot x log x . (cot x)  cot x . (log x) 
Differentiate : (log x)x + xlog x with respect to x. dx  dx dx 

(x 2  x  2) (4x)  (2x 2  3) (2x  1)

Sol. Let y = (log x)x + x log x. Then, 
(x 2  x  2) 2
log  log x  x log x )
ye  elog ( x
dy  cot x  2x 2  14x  3
 y = ex log (log x) + elog x . log x  x cot x  cos ec2 x .log x  
dx  x  (x 2  x  2)
On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
Example – 38
dy d 2 d
 e x log (log x ) . x log (log x)  e(log x ) (log x) 2
dx dx dx
 2x  1  dy
If y = f  2  and f ’ (x) = sin x2, find .
dy  d d   x 1  dx
  (log x) x log (log x). (x)  x . (log(log x))   x log x
dx  dx dx 
2x  1
 d  Sol. Let z = . Then,
 2 (log x. (log x))  x2 1
 dx 
y = f (z)
dy  1 1  1
  (log x) x log (log x)  x. .   x log x 2 log x .  dy d d dz
dx  log x x   x   
dx dx
f  z   dz f  z  . dx
dy  1  log x  2 log x 
  (log x) x log (log x)   x  . dy d  2x  1 
dx  log x  x    f 'z  2 
dx dx  x  1 
Example – 37
dy  2 (x 2  1)  (2x  1) 2x 
  f 'z  
Differentiate the following functions with respect to x : dx  (x 2  1)2 
2x 2  3
x cot x  dy 2 (x 2  1)  (4x 2  2x)
x2  x  2   sin z 2
dx (x 2  1) 2

 f '(x)  sin x 2 
cot x 2x 2  3  
Sol. Let y  x  2 . Then, 2
x x2  f '  z   sin z 

2x 2  3  2 
y  ecot x. log x  dy  2x  1  1  x  x 
x2  x  2   2sin  2  2 
dx  x  1   x2  1 
 
 x cot x  e log x cot x  
 ecot x .log x 
 
Example – 39
On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

dy d cot x . log x d  2x 2  3  x x x sin x

Given that cos . cos . cos ...  , prove that

dx dx
e    2 

dx  x  x  2  2 4 8 x

1 x 1 x 1
dy cot x .log x d 2
sec 2  4 sec 2  ...  cos ec 2 x  2
e (cot x. log x) 2 2 2 4 x
dx dx

d d Sol. We have,
(x 2  x  2) (2x 2  3)  (2x 2  3) (x 2  x  2)
 dx dx
(x 2  x  2)2 x x x sin x
cos . cos . cos ... 
2 4 8 x
 26 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

Taking log on both sides, we get Example – 41

x x x
log cos  log cos  log cos ...  log sin x  log x x e x  e x  ....to  dy y
2 4 8 If y  e , show that 
dx 1  y
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

x x x Sol. The given function may be written as

sin sin sin
1 2  1 4  1 8 ...  cos x  1 y = ex + y

2 cos x 4 cos x 8 cos x sin x x
 log y = (x + y) . log e [Taking log of both sides]
2 4 8
 log y = x + y[ log e = 1]
1 x 1 x 1 x 1
  tan  tan  tan ...  cot x  1 dy dy
2 2 4 4 8 8 x   1 [Differentiating with respect to x]
y dx dx
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

1 x 1 x 1 x 1 dy  1  dy y
 sec 2  2 sec2  2 sec2 ...   cos ec x  2    1   1 
2 2
2 4 4 8 8 x dx  y  dx 1  y

1 x 1 x 1 x 1 Example – 42
 2
sec 2  2 sec 2  2 sec 2 ...  cos ec 2 x  2
2 2 4 4 8 8 x
dy
Example – 40 Find in the following cases :
dx

x ...  dy y 2 log y  1 t
xa  (i) x  a cos t  log tan 2  and y = a sin t
If y  a , prove that dx x 1  y log x . log y .  2 2
 
(ii) x = a ( – sin ) and y = a (1 – cos )
Sol. The given series may be written as
Sol. We have,
y)
y  a(x
 1 t
 log y = xy log a [Taking log of both sides] (i) x  a cos t  log tan 2  and y = a sin t
 2 2
 log (log y) = y log x + log (log a)
 1 t
1 d dy d  x  a cos t  2log tan  and y = a sin t
(log y)  . log x  y. (log x)  0  2 2 
 log y dx dx dx
 t
[Differentiating both sides with respect to x]  x  a cos t  log tan  and y = a sin t.
 2
1 1 dy dy 1
 .  .log x  y. Differentiating with respect to t, we get
log y y dx dx x
dx  1 t 1 dy
 a   sin t  sec 2 .  and  a cos t t
dy  1  y dt  tan t / 2 2 2 dt
   log x  
dx  y log y  x
dx  1  dy
dy 1  y log y.log x  y   a  sin t   and = a cos t
  dt  2sin  t / 2  cos  t / 2   dt
 dx y log y
  x
dx  1  dy
dy y 2 log y   a  sin t   and  a cos t
  . dt  sin t  dt
dx x 1  y log y.log x
dx a cos 2 t dy
  and  a cos t
dt sin t dt
 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 27

Example – 44
dx   sin 2 t  1  dy
 a  and  a cos t
dt  sin t  dx
 1  x  1  x 
2 2
Differentiate tan 1   with respect to
2 2
dy dy / dt a cos t  1  x  1  x 
    tan t
dx dx / dt a cos 2 t cos–1 x2
sin t

(ii) We have,  2 2 
1  1  x  1  x
x = a ( – sin ) and y = a (1 – cos ) Sol. Let u = tan  2
 and v = cos–1 x2.
 1  x 2  1  x 
Differentiating with respect to , we get
Putting x2 = cos , we get
dx dy
 a 1  cos   and  a sin 
d d
 1  cos   1  cos  
u  tan 1  
dy dy / d a sin  2sin   / 2  cos   / 2    1  cos   1  cos  
     cot .
dx dx / d a 1  cos   2sin 2   / 2  2

Example – 43  2 cos 2  / 2  2sin 2  / 2 

 u  tan 1  
2 2
 2 cos  / 2  2sin  / 2 
If x  a sin 1 t cos1 t
, y a , a > 0 and –1 < t < 1, show

dy y
that   cos  / 2  sin  / 2 
dx x  u  tan 1  
 cos  / 2  sin  / 2 
Sol. We have,
1  tan  / 2 
1 t 1 t
 u  tan 1  
x  a sin and y  a cos 1  tan  / 2 
dx 1 sin 1 t 1/ 2 d sin 1 t dy 1 cos1 t 1/ 2 d cos1 t
  a
dt 2
  dt
a 
and  a
dx 2
  dt
a   [Dividing numerator and denominator by cos /2]

dx 1 sin 1 t 1/ 2
  a
dt 2
  a sin 1 t
log e a .  dtd sin 1

t and , 
    
u  tan 1  tan    
  4 2 
1/ 2
dy 1 cos 1 t d
 a
dt 2
  a cos 1 t
log e a .  dt

cos 1 t 
u
 1  1
    cos 1 x 2 [ x2 = cos    cos–1 x2]

4 2 4 2
dx 1 sin 1 t 1/ 2 1 x log e a
  a
dt 2
  (log e a) 
1 t 2

2 1 t2
and ,
du 1 2x x
   
dx 2 1 x4 1 x4
dy 1 cos1 t 1/ 2 1  y log e a
 a
dt 2
  (log e a) 
1 t 2

2 1 t2
dv 2x
and , v  cos 1 x 2  
dy dx 1  x4
dy dt
 
dx dx
dt du du / dx 1
So,  
dv dv / dx 2
dy  y log e a 2 1  t 2  y
   
dx 2 1  t 2 x log e a x
 28 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

Example – 45  u = 2 tan–1 x –  [   tan 1 x]

 2x  du 2 2
Differentiate tan 1  2 
with respect to   0 
1 x  dx 1  x 2 1 x2
and, v = sin–1 (sin 2 ) = sin–1 (sin (– 2 )) =  2 
 2x 
1
sin  2 
, if =  – 2 tan–1 x
1 x 
dv 2 2
(i) x  1, 1 (ii) x  (1,  )   0 2

dx 1 x 1  x2
(iii) x (,  1)
du 2
du dx 1  x 2
    1
 2x  1  2x  dv dv 2
1
Sol. Let u = tan  2 
and v = sin  2  dx 1  x 2
1 x   1 x 
Putting x = tan , we have (iii) When x  ,  1 .

 2 tan   1  2 tan  
We have,
u  tan 1  2  and v = sin  1  tan 2  
 1  tan   x = tan  and x  ,  1
 u = tan–1 (tan 2 ) and v = sin–1 (sin 2)
  
(i) When x  (–1, 1).    tan   1          2  
2 4 2
We have,
x  (–1, 1) and x = tan   u  tan 1 (tan 2 )  tan 1{tan (  2 )}    2    2 tan 1 x

    du 2 2
 –1 < tan  < 1         2    0 2

4 4 2 2 dx 1 x 1 x2

 tan–1 (tan 2 ) = 2  and sin–1 (sin ) = 2 and, v = sin–1 (sin 2 ) = sin–1 {– sin ( + 2 )}
 u = 2  and v = 2   v = sin–1 (sin (– – 2 )) = –  – 2  = –  – 2 tan–1 x
 u = 2 tan–1 x and v = 2 tan–1 x dv 2
 
[ x = tan tan–1 x] dx 1 x2
du 2 dv 2 du 2
  2
and 
dx 1  x dx 1  x 2 du dx 2
   1  x  1
dv dv  2
du 2 dx 1 x2
du dx 1  x 2
   1
dv dv 2 Example – 46
dx 1  x 2
If y = A cos (log x) + B sin (log x), prove that
(ii) When x 1,  
d2 y dy
We have, x2 2
x  y  0.
dx dx
x 1,   and x = tan 
Sol. We have,
   y = A cos (log x) + B sin (log x).
 1  tan          2  
4 2 2
On differentiating with respect to x, we get
 u = tan–1 (tan 2 ) = tan–1 {–tan ( – 2 )}
= tan–1 {tan (2 )} = 2 –  dy 1 B
  A sin  log x   cos  log x 
dx x x
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 29

dy d2 y a2x2
 x   A sin  log x   Bcos  log x  .  x3  [Multiplying both sides by x2]
dx dx 2 (a  bx) 2
On differentiating again with respect to x, we get
2
d 2 y  ax 
2
d y dy cos  log x  sin  log x   x3  
x   A B dx 2  a  bx 
2
dx dx x x
From (i) and (ii), we have
2
d y dy 2
 x2 x = – {A cos (log x) + B sin (log x)} d 2 y  dy 
dx 2
dx x3  x  y
dx 2  dx 
d2y dy Example – 48
 x2 2
x  y
dx dx

 x
d2 y
x
dy
y0
If y = sin–1 x  1  x   x 1 x2  then find dxdy .
dx 2 dx

Example – 47 Sol. We have y = sin–1 x  1  x   x 1 x2 

2 Putting x = sin  and x = sin 
 x  2
3 d y  dy 
If y = x log   , prove that x   x  y  then y = sin {sin  cos  – cos  sin } = sin–1 sin (– ) =
–1
 a  bx  dx 2  dx 
–

Sol. We have,  sin 1 x  sin 1 x

dy d d
 x    sin 1 x  sin 1 x
y  x log   dx dx dx
 a  bx 
1 1 d 1 1 1
 y = x [log x – log (a + bx)]   x  .
1  x 
2 1  x dx 1 x 2 1  x 2 x
y
  log x  log (a  bx)
x Example – 49
On differentiating with respect to x, we get
If u = f(x2), v = g (x3), f’(x) = sin x and g’(x) = cos x then find
dy du
x y
dx 1 1 d dv

   a  bx 
x x a  bx dx
Sol. Differentiating u = f(x2) and v =g(x3) w.r.t.x we get
dy 1 b 
 x  y  x2    du
dx  x a  bx   f '(x 2 ).2x  sin(x 2 ) . 2x
dx
dy ax
 x y  f '(x)  sin x  f '(x )  sin (x )
2 2

dx a  bx
dv
Differentiating both sides of (i) with respect to x, we get  g ' (x 3 ).3x 2  cos (x 3 ) . 3x 2
dx
d 2 y dy dy (a  bx) .a  ax (0  b) { g '(x)  cos x  g '(x 3 )  cos(x 3 )}
x   
dx 2 dx dx (a  bx)2
du
d2 y a2 du dx sin(x 2 ) . 2x 2 sin x 2
x 2      .
 dv dv cos (x 3 ) . 3x 2 3x cos x 3
dx (a  bx)2
dx
 30 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

Example – 50 Example – 51

Find the derivative of f (tan x) with respect to

If 1  x 2n   1  y2n   a  x n  yn  then prove that
g (sec x) at x = /4, if f ’(1) = 2, g '  2  4 .
dy x n 1  1  y 2n 
  .
dx y n 1 1 x
2n
 Sol. Let u = f (tan x)

du
  f '  tan x  .sec2 x ...(1)
dx
Sol. We have 1  x   1  y   a  x
2n 2n n
y n
 ...(1) and let v = g (sec x)
Putting x n  sin     sin 1 x n  ...(2) dv
  g '  sec x  .sec x tan x ...(2)
and y n  sin     sin 1 y n  dx
then (1), becomes cos  + cos  = a (sin  – sin ) From (1) and (2)
    
 2 cos  cos   a.2 cos  sin    du 
 2   2   2   2  du  dx  f '  tan x  .sec 2 x f '  tan x  1
   .
  dv  dv  g '  sec x  .sec x tan x g '  sec x  sin x
1  
 cot   a      2 cot a  dx 
 2 
 sin–1 xn – sin–1 yn = 2cot–1 a {from (2)}
du f ' 1 1 2. 2 1
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get   .  
1 1 dy
dv x  / 4 g'  2  1/ 2  4 2
.nx n 1  .ny n 1 0
1  x 2n  1  y2n  dx

dy x n 1  1  y 2n 
   2n  (Remember)
dx y n 1 1 x 
dy du
In general if y = f (u) then  f ' u .
Corollary : (i) For n = 1 dx dx

 1  y2  Example – 52
dy  
(1  x )  (1  y )  a x  y  then dx   1  x 2 
2 2
  If f, g, h are differentiable functions of x and

(ii) For n = 2 f g h
 (x)  (xf ) ' (xg) ' (xh) ' , prove that
(1  x 4 )  (1  y 4 )  a ( x 2  y 2 )
(x f )" (x g)" (x 2 h)"
2 2

dy x  1  y 4 
then dx  y  4  f g h
1 x  d (x)
 f' g' h'
(iii) For n = 3 dx
(x 3 f ") ' (x 3 g") ' (x 3 h ") '


(1  x 6 )  (1  y 6 )  a x 3  y 3  f g h
Sol. (x)  f  xf ' g  xg ' h  xh '
dy x 2  1  y6  2f  4xf ' x 2 f " 2g  4xg ' x 2 g" 2h  4xh ' x 2 h"
then dx  2  6 
y 1 x 
{ (x 2 f )'  2xf  x 2 f ' (x 2f )"  2(f  xf ')  2xf ' x 2f "}
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 31

Example – 53
f g h
 xf ' xg ' xh ' ,
2 2 2
Find the sum of
2xf ' x f " 2xg ' x g" 2xh ' x h "
sinx + 3sin 3x + 5sin 5x +...+ (2k –1) sin (2k –1) x.
R3  R3 – 2R1, R2  R2 – R1
Sol. Let S = cos x + cos 3x + cos 5x +...+ cos (2k–1) x.
f g h
Here the angles are in AP whose first term = x, common diff.
 xf ' xg ' xh ' , R 3  R 3  2R 2 = 2x.
x 2 f " x 2 g" x 2 h"
k . 2x
sin
 S 2 cos  x  (2k  1) x 
f g h 2x  
sin  2 
 f' g' h' , 2
x 3f " x 3g" x 3h"
sin kx sin 2kx
taking the common factor x from R2 to R3  cos kx 
sin x 2sin x
f' g' h'
d (x) sin 2kx
  f' g' h'  cos x + cos 3x + cos 5x +...+ cos (2k–1) x =
dx 2sin x
x f " x g" x 3 h "
3 3

Differentiating w.r.t.x,
f g h – {sin x + 3 sin 3x + 5 sin 5x +...+ (2k–1) sin (2k–1) x}
 f" g" h" 1 2k cos 2kx . sin x  sin 2kx . cos x
 .
x f " x g" x 3 h"
3 3
2 sin 2 x
 sin x + 3sin 3x + 5sin 5x +...+ (2k–1) sin (2k–1) x
f g h
1 1
 f' g' h'  2 [k{sin(2k +1)x – sin (2k–1) x}  {sin(2k+1)x +
2sin x 2
(x 3 f ") ' (x 3g") ' (x 3 h ") '
sin (2k –1)x}]

f g h 1
 [(2k+1) sin (2k–1) x – (2k –1) sin (2k+1) x]
3 4sin 2 x
 0  x f " g" h "
f " g" h " Example – 54

f g h x 3 sin x cos x
 f' g' h' Let f  x   6 1 0 , where p is constant then
2
3 3
(x f ") ' (x g") ' (x h ") ' 3 p p p3

d3
f g h find {f (x)} at x = 0.
dx 3
 0  x3  0  f' g' h'
(x 3f ") ' (x 3 g") ' (x 3 h ") '
Sol. We have

f g h x 3 sin x cos x
f  x   6 1 0
 f' g' h' 2
p p p3
(x 3 f ") ' (x 3 g") ' (x 3 h ") '
 32 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

  x  1  x  1  x  2    x  1
 
d3 3 d3 d3  tan 1    tan  
x sin x cos x
d3 dx 3 dx 3 dx 3  1  x  x  1   1   x  1  x  2  
dx 3
 f  x   6 1 0
p p 2
p3   x  3   x  2   1  x  4    x  3 
 
 tan 1    tan  
 1   x  2   x  3   1   x  3  x  4  
( All elements in second row and third row are constants)   x  n    x  n  1 
..........  tan 1  
 3   3   1   x  n  1  x  n  
3! sin  x   cos  x  
 2   2  = tan–1 (x + 1) – tan–1 x + tan–1 (x + 2) – tan–1 (x + 1)
 6 1 0 + tan–1 (x + 3) – tan–1 (x + 2) + tan–1 (x + 4) – tan–1 (x + 3)
p p2 p3 + ...... + tan–1 (x + n) – tan–1 (x + n – 1) = tan–1 (x + n) – tan–1 x
dy 1 1
   .
3 3
dx 1   x  n  2

1  x2 
6 sin cos
2 2 6 1 0
d3 Example – 56
f x  6 1 0  6 1 0  0
dx 3 x0 p p2 p3 p p 2 p3 If (a + bx)ey/x = x, show that x3 y” = (xy’ – y)2.

( first and second rows are identical). Sol. We have (a + bx)ey/x = x

Example – 55 x
 ey / x  ...(1)
 a  bx 
1 1 1 Taking logarithm of both sides, we have
If y  tan  tan 1
x 2
 x 1  x 2
 3x  3  y
 ln x  ln  a  bx 
x
1 1
 tan 1  tan 1  ... to Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
x 2
 5x  7  x 2
 7x  13  xy ' y 1 b
2
 
dy x x  a  bx 
n terms. Find .
dx ax
 xy ' y   ae y / x {from (1)}
 a  bx 
Sol. Since
Again taking logarithm of both sides, we have
1 1 1 1
y  tan  tan y
 x 2  x  1  x 2  3x  3 ln  xy ' y   ln a 
x
1 1 Again differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
 tan 1  tan 1  ... to n terms.
x 2
 5x  7  x 2
 7x  13   xy" y ' y'  0   xy' y.1

 xy' y  x2
2
Hence x 3 y"   xy ' y 
 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 33

EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Checking continuity at a point

1 1
6. The function f (x)  2
, where u  , is
1 tan x    u u2 x 1
1. Let f (x) = , x  , x  0 ,  . f (x) is
4x   4  2 discontinuous at the points

   1 1
continuous in  0,  , then f   is (a) x  2, 1, (b) x  , 1, 2
 2 4 2 2
(c) x = 1, 0 (d) none of these
(a) – 1/2 (b) 1/2
7. If f : R  R is defined by
(c) 1 (d) –1
2. If f(x) be a continuoes function and g(x) be discontinuous
 x2
function, then f(x) + g(x) is a  x 2  3x  2 , if x  R  {1, 2}
(a) continuous function (b) discontinuous function 
f (x)   2, if x  1 ,
(c) can’t say anything (d) none of these  1, if x  2

3. The point of discontinuity of the function 

1  cos 5x
f (x)  , is f (x)  f (2)
1  cos 4x
then lim 
x 2 x2
 (a) 0 (b) –1
(a) x = 2 (b) x 
6
(c) 1 (d) –1/2

(c) x =  (d) x 
4  1  sin 2 x 
 2
, x
 3 cos x 2
 1  
 ; x0 8. If f x   a, x  . Then f (x) is
4. The function f (x)   4 x  1 is continuous 2
 0 
 x0  b 1  sin x  
 2
, x
    2x  2
(a) everywhere except at x = 0 and x = 1
(b) nowhere
(c) everywhere continuous at x   , if
2
(d) everywhere except at x = 0
5. The function f (x) = (1+x)cot x is not defined at x = 0. The value 1 1 8
(a) a  ,b  2 (b) a  , b 
of f (0) so that f (x) becomes continuous at x = 0 is 3 3 3
(a) 1 (b) 0
2 8
(c) e (d) none of these (c) a  ,b (d) None of these
3 3
 34 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

Finding unknown when function is continuous

 A  3cos x
 , x0
  x 3  x 2  16x  20) x2
if x  2 14. If f (x)  

9. Let f (x)   (x  2)2  B tan  , x  0
 k if x  2  [x  3]

where [.] represents greatest integer function is
If f (x) is continuous for all x, then k =
continuous at x = 0. Then,
(a) 7 (b) 2
(c) 0 (d) –1 3
(a) A  3, B   3 (b) A  3, B  
2
 x 2  (A  2)x  A
10. If the function f (x)   x2
, for x  2 is
3 3
 (c) A  3, B   (d) A   , B  3
 2 , for x  2 2 2
continuous at x = 2, then
(a) A = 0 (b) A = 1  1 cos 4x
(c) A = –1 (d) None of these  , x0
 x2

ln(1  ax)  ln (1  bx) 15. Let f(x)   a , x 0
11. The function f (x)  is not defined
x 
 x
at x = 0. The value which should be assigned to f at x = 0 so , x 0
(16  x)1/2  4
that it is continuous at x = 0, is
(a) a – b (b) a + b
The value of ‘a’ for which f (x) becomes continuous at 0
(c) ln a + ln b (d) None of these
must be
(a) 2 (b) 4
 tan x  cot x 
 , x (c) 6 (d) 8
 4
 x
12. Let f (x)   4
 2x  sin 1 x
 16. The value of f(0) so that the function f (x) 
 a, x 2x  tan 1 x
 4
is continous at each point on its domain is

 1
Then the value of a so that f(x) is continuous at x  is (a) 2 (b)
4 3
(a) 2 (b) 4
2 1
(c) 3 (d) 1 (c) (d) 
3 3

ax 2  b, 0  x  1 1
 17. F(x)  (x  1) 2  x is not defined at x = 2. If f(x) is continuous,
13. F(x)   4, x  1 then the value of (a, b) for
 x  3, 1  x  2 then F(2) is equal to

(a) e (b) e–1
which f(x) cannot be continuous at x = 1.
(c) e–2 (d) 1
(a) (2, 2) (b) (3, 1)
(c) (4, 0) (d) (5, 12)
 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 35

23. The function f (x) = 1 + | sin x | is

  (a) continuous no where
 x  a 2 sin x, 0x
4
 (b) continuous every where and no differentiable at x = 0
  
18. If the function f (x)   2x cot x  b, x (c) differentiable no where
 4 2
  (d) differentiable at x = 0
a cos 2x  bsin x, 2  x  
 cos x
24. For the function f (x) = ( – x) ; x  , f () = 1, which
| sin x |
is continuous in the interval [0, ], then
of the following statements is true ?
    (a) f (– 0) = –1 at f (+ 0) = 1
(a) a  , b  (b) a   , b 
6 12 6 12
(b) f (x) is continuous at x = 
    (c) f (x) is differentiable at x = 
(c) a   , b   (d) a  ,b
6 12 6 12 (d) None of these

| 2x  3 | .[x], x  1
 x4 
 | x  4 |  a, x  4 25. The function f (x)    x 
  sin  2  , x 1
19. Let f (x)   a  b, x  4 then f (x) is continuous   
| x  4 |
  b, x  4 (where [x] denotes greatest integer  x)
 x  4
(a) continuous at x = 2
at x = 4, when (b) differentiable at x = 1
(a) a = b = 0 (b) a = b = 1 (c) continuous but not differentiable at x = 1
(c) a = –1, b = 1 (d) a = 1, b = –1 (d) None of these

 Ax  B, x 1   x  1
  , x 1
20. If the function f (x)   3x, 1 x  2 be 26. If f (x) =  x 1 , where [x] denotes greatest
 Bx 2  A,  0, x 1
 x2 

continuous at x = 1 and discontinuous at x = 2, then integer < x. then f (x) is

(a) A = 3 + B, B  3 (b) A = 3 + B, B = 3 (a) continuous as well as differentiable at x = 1
(c) A = 3 + B (d) none of these (b) differentiable but not continuous at x = 1
(c) continuous but not differentiable at x = 1
2  (256  7x)1/8
21. If f (x)  (x  0); then for f to be (d) neither continuous nor differentiable at x = 1
(5x  32)1/ 5  2
continous everywhere, f(0) is equal to  3x , 1  x  1
27. If f (x)   , then f (x) is
(a) –1 (b) 1  4  x, 1  x  4
6
(c) 2 (d) none of these (a) continuous as well as differentiable at x = 1
Mixed Problems of Continuous Differentiability (b) continuous but not differentiable at x = 1
22. The function f (x) = sin–1 (cos x) is (c) differentiable but not continuous at x = 1
(a) discontinuous at x = 0 (d) none of the above
(b) continuous at x = 0 28. The set of points where the function f (x) = |x–1| ex is
differentiable is
(c) differentiable at x = 0
(a) R (b) R–{1}
(d) None of these
(c) R – {–1} (d) R – {0}
 36 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

x x  | x  3 |, x 1
29. If f (x)  x    ... to , then at x = 0, f (x) 
1  x (1  x) 2 35. For the function f (x)   x 2 3x 13 which of
   , x 1
4 2 4
(a) lim
x 0
f (x) does not exist
the following is incorrect ?
(b) is discontinuous
(a) continuous at x = 1 (b) continuous at x = 3
(c) is continuous but not differentiable
(c) derivable at x = 1 (d) derivable at x = 3
(d) is differentiable
36. The number of points at which the function
30. Let f (x + y) = f (x) f (y) for all x, y R.
f(x) = |x – 0.5| + |x–1| + tan x does not have a derivative in
Suppose that f (3) = 3 then, f’ (3) is equal to interval (0, 2) is
(a) 22 (b) 44 (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 28 (d) none of these (c) 3 (d) 4
3
31. If f (x) = x sgn x, then
37. [cos x], x  1 , then f(x) is where [.] denotes
(a) f is derivable at x = 0 F(x)  
 | x  2 |, 2  x  1
(b) f is continuous but not derivable at x = 0
greatest integer fraction.
(c) LHD at x = 0 is 1
(a) discontinous and non-diff. at x = –1 and x = 1
(d) RHD at x = 0 is 1
(b) continuous and differentiable at x = 0
32. The set of points where the function
f (x) = [x] + |1 – x|, –1  x  3 1
(c) discontinuous at x 
where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, is not 2
differentiable, is (d) cont. but & t not diff. at x = 2
(a) {–1, 0, 1, 2, 3} (b) {–1, 0, 2} 38. A function is defined as follows :
(c) {0, 1, 2, 3} (d) {–1, 0, 1, 2}
x 3 ; x 2  1
f (x)   The function is
33. Let f (x) = nlim (sin x)2n. Then, which one of the following is 2
  x; x  1
incorrect ?
(a) dis continuous at x = 1
(a) continuous at x = /2
(b) differentiable at x = 1
(b) discontinuous at x = /2
(c) continuous but not differentiable at x = 1
(c) discontinuous at x = –/2
(d) none of these
(d) discontinuous at infinite number of points.
 x(3e1/ x  4)
 | x2|  ; x0
 ; x  2 39. If f (x)   2  e1/ x then
34. If f (x)   tan 1 (x  2) then f (x) is 
  0; x0
  2; x   2

(a) continuous at x = –2 (a) lim f (x)  1

x 0
(b) not continuous at x = –2
(b) f (x) is continuous at x = 0
(c) differentiable at x = –2
(c) f (x) is differentiable at x = 0
(d) continuous but not diff. at x = –2
(d) None of these
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 37

40. If f (x) = 1  1  x 2 then f (x) is x 2x–1 dy

46. If y = 2 . 3 , then is equal to
dx
(a) continuous on [–1, 1] and differentiable on (–1, 1)
(a) (log 2) (log 3) (b) (log 18)
(b) continuous on [–1, 1] and differentiable on (–1, 0) (0, 1) 2 2
(c) (log 18 ) y (d) (log 18) y
(c) continuous and differentiable on [–1, 1]
Questions Based on Chain Rule
(d) None of these x
47. If f be a polynomial then, the second derivative of f (e ) is
Questions Based on Basic Differentiation x x x x
(a) f (e ) (b) f (e ) e + f (e )
(Product Rule, Quotient Rule) x 2x x x 2x x x
6 x (c) f (e ) e + f (e ) (d) f (e ) e + f (e ) e
41. Derivative of x + 6 with respect to x is
(a) 12x (b) x + 4  
5
(c) 6x + 6 log 6
x 5
(d) 6x + x6
x–1 48.  
If f (x) = 1+cos2 x 2 , then the falue of f   2  is
 

a  bx 3/2
42. If y = and y = 0 at x = 5, then the ratio a : b is  
x 5/4 (a) (b) 
6 6
equal to
1 
(a) 5 :1 (b) 5 : 2 (c) (d)
6 6
(c) 3 : 5 (d) 1 : 2
d2y
dy 49. If y = etan x, then cos2 x 
43. If y = loga x + logx a + logx x + loga a, then is equal to dx 2
dx
dy dy
1 log a x (a) (1 – sin 2 x) (b) –(1 + sin 2x)
(a)  x log a (b) x  log a dx dx
x
dy
1 log a (c) (1 + sin2 x) (d) None of these
1 dx
(c) x log a  x log a (d) x log a  2
x  log x 
1
50. If g is the inverse of f and f '  x  then g' (x) is
–1  sin x + cos x  dy 1  x3
44. If y = tan   , then dx is equal to equal to
 cos x  sin x 

1  1
(a) (b) (a) 1 + [g (x)]3 (b) 3
2 4 1   g  x  
(c) 0 (d) 1
(c) [g (x)]3 (d) None of these
2 –1 dy
45. If y = (1 + x ) tan x – x, then is equal to n 2

–1
dx
–1
51. 
If y = x  1  x
2
 , then 1  x  dxd y  x dxdy is
2
2

(a) tan x (b) 2x tan x

(a) n2y (b) –n2y
–1 2x (c) – y (d) 2x2y
(c) 2x tan x – 1 (d)
tan 1 x
 38 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

52. If f (x) = logx (loge x), then f  (x) at x = e is Questions Based on Parametric Functions

1 1 t 2 2t
(a) e (b) 59. If x = and y = , then dy is equal to
2
e 1 t 2
1 t dx

2 y y
(c) (d) 0 (a)  (b)
e x x
x
53. If f (x) = e g (x), g (0) = 2, g (0) = 1, then f  (0) is
x x
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c)  (d)
y y
(c) 2 (d) 0
Questions Based on Impticit Function 4 4 dy 3
60. If x = a cos , y = a sin , then at  = is
dx 4
x y x+y dy
54. If 2 + 2 = 2 , then the value of at x = y = 1, is (a) –1 (b) 1
dx 2 2
(c) –a (d) a
(a) 0 (b) –1 –1 3
61. If t  (0, ½) and x = sin (3t – 4t ) and
(c) 1 (d) 2

55.
y
If x = e , then
dyx–y
is equal to
y = cos
–1
 1 t  , then dxdy is equal to
2

dx
–1 –2 (a) 1/2 (b) 2/5
(a) (1 + log x) (b) (1 + log x)
–2 (c) 3/2 (d) 1/3
(c) log x . (1 + log x) (d) None of these
d y
y d2 y 62. If y = A cos nx + B sin nx, then 
56. If e + xy = e, then the value of
dx 2 for x = 0, is dx2
2
(a) 1/e (b) 1/e
2 (a) –n y (b) –y
2
(c) 1/e
3
(d) e (c) n y (d) none of these

dy d2 y
57.
2 2
If 2x – 3xy + y + x + 2y – 8 = 0, then  63. If x = a sin  and y = b cos , then is equal to
dx dx 2

3y  4x 1 3y  4x  1 a b
(a) sec 2  2
(b)  sec 
(a) 2y  3x  2 (b) 2y  3x  2 b a

b b
3y  4x  1 3y  4x  1 (c) sec3  (d)  sec3 
(c) 2y  3x  2 (d) 2y  3x  2 a a

1 1 dy 2 d2 y dy
64. If x = cos , y = sin 5, then (1–x ) x 
58. If x + y = t + and x4 + y4 = t2 + 2 , then
2 2
is equal to dx 2 dx
t t dx
(a) –5y (b) 5y
y y
(a) (b) – (c) 25y (d) –25y
x x

x x
(c) (d) –
y y
 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 39

Questions based on Differentiation of a function w.r.t. another Logarithmic Differentiation

function.
3/4
 d   x  x  2  
71. log e    is equal to
65. The derivative of f (tan x) w.r.t. g (sec x) at x = , where dx    x  2  
4   

f ’(1) = 2 and g’  2  = 4, is
x2 1
(a) 1 (b)
1 x2  4
(a) (b) 2
2
x 2 1 x x 2 1
(c) 1 (d) None of these (c) (d) e .
x2  4 x2  4
x3
66. The derivative of e with respect to log x is 1n x
72. The derivative of y = x is
3 3 1n x 1n x–1
(a) e x (b) 3x 2 2e x (a) x 1n x (b) x 1n x
1n x–1 1n x–2
(c) 2x 1n x (d) x
3 x3 2 x3 2
(c) 3x e (d) 3x e  3x
(x) dy
2 73. If y = {f (x)} , then is
67. The derivative of log10 x with respect to x is dx

1 2
(a) log e 10 (b) log10 e (x)log f(x)  (x) d f(x) d (x) 
2x 2
x2 (a) e   log f(x). 
 f(x) dx dx 

1
(c) log10 e (d) None of these (x)  df (x)  d(x)
2x 2 (b) f(x)  dx   dx log f(x)
 

1 x dy
68. If y  esin and u = log x, then is  (x)log f(x)  f (x) 
du (c) e (x)  (x) log f (x) 
 f(x) 
1 x
esin (d) None of these
1 x
(a) (b) x esin
1 x 2 dy
74. If y = logcos x sin x, then is equal to
dx
1 x 2
x esin esin
1 x (a) (cot x log cos x + tan x log sin x)/ (log cos x)
(c) (d) 2
1 x2 x (b) (tan x log cos x + cot x log sin x)/ (log cos x)
2
2 2
(c) (cot x log cos x + tan x log sin x)/ (log sin x)
69. The derivative of sin x with respect to cos x is
2
(d) None of these
(a) tan x (b) tan x
x x x

(c) – tan x (d) None of these 75. Let f (x) =  x x  and g (x) = x then

(x  1)2 (x  1) (a) f (1)  1 and g(1)  2

70. Let f (x)  , then f (0)is
(x  2)3
(b) g(1)  2 and f (1)  2
9 11 (c) f (1)  1 and g(1)  0
(a)  (b) 
8 8
(d) f (1)  1 and g (1)  1
13
(c)  (d) None of these
8
 40 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

Differentiation of Infinite Sereis

2 dy
81. For |x| < 1, let y = 1 + x + x + ... to , then equal to
dy dx
76. If y  sin x  sin x  sin x  ... , then is equal to
dx
x x2
(a) (b) 2
cos x  cos x y y
(a) 2y 1 (b) 2y  1
x 2
(c) (d) xy + y
sin x  sin x y2
(c) 1  2y (d) 1  2y
Differentiation Based on Trigonometric Substitution

dy  2x 
–1
77. If y  x  y  x  y  ...  , then
dx
is equal to 82. If x  (0, 1)The derivative of sin  2 
 with respect
 1 x 

yx y3  x –1
 1 x 2 
(a) (b) to cos  2 
 is
y 2  2x 2y 2  2xy 1  1 x 
(a) –1 (b) 1
y3  x
(c) (d) None of these (c) 2 (d) 4
2y 2  x
 2x 
83. Let f (x) = sin 1   , find f (1/ 2)
...  1 x
2

xx dy
78. If y  x x , then x (1 – y log x)
dx
2 2 5 6
(a) x (b) y (a) (b)
2
8 7
(c) xy (d) xy
8 7
1 dy (c) (d)
79. If y  x  , then find 5 6
1 dx
x
1
x  2x 
x  .....  84. Find the derivative of y  tan 1  2 
at x = 0
1 x 

y x 1
(a) 2y  x (b) 2x  y (a) 0 (b)
4

y x 1
(b) (d) None
(c) y  x (d) 2
xy

 1 x  1 x 
sin x 85. Let f (x)  tan 1   , then f (0) is
 1 x  1 x
80. If y  cos x then y(0) is  
1
sin x
1 1
cos x (a) 0 (b)
1 .....  2
1 sin x
(c) 1 (d) 2
(a) 1 (b) 0

1
(c) (d) 2
2
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 41

 2x  d2 y
x  y  y  x  c then is
 . Then. If
–1 –1 92.
86. Let f (x) = 2 tan x + sin  2  dx 2
 1 x 
(a) f  (2) = f  (3) (b) f  (2) = 0 2x 2
(a) (b)
c2 c3
 1  16
(c) f     (d) All the above
2 5 2 2
(c)  (d)
c2 c2
 1 x2 
87.
–1 –1
If f (x) = 2 tan x + cos   , then
 1 x
2
 d2 y
93. Let x = sin (l nt) and y = cos (l nt) then is
dx 2
4
(a) f   2   1 1
5
(a)  y2 (b)  y3
(b) f   1   1
1 1
(c) f   x   0 for all x  0 (c) y 2 (d) y3

(d) None of these 94. If y = a cos (log x) + b sin (log x) where a, b are parameters,
2
the x y + xy is equal to
–1
 2 cos x  3sin x   dy
88. If y = cos   ; 0  x  , then is (a) y (b) –y
 13  2 dx
(c) 2y (d) –2y
(a) zero (b) constant = 1
Problems Based on Existence of Differentiation
(c) constant  1 (d) none of these
Problems Based on Higher Order Derivatives 95. If f (x) = x 2  10x  25 , then the derivative of f (x) on the
89.
2 2
If y = ax + bx + c where a, b, c are constants, then interval [0, 7] is
(a) 1 (b) –1
3 d2 y
y , is equal to (c) 0 (d) Does not exist
dx 2
(a) a constant 96. If f (x) = x 2  6x  9 , then f (x) is equal to
(b) a function of x (a) 1 for x < – 3 (b) –1 for x < –3
(c) a function of y (c) 1 for all x  R (d) None of these
(d) a function of x and y both 97. If f (x) = | (x – 4) (x – 5) |, then f  (x) is equal to

d2 x (a) –2x + 9, for all x  R (b) 2x – 9 if 4 < x < 5

x
90. If y = x + e , then is (c) –2x + 9 if 4 < x < 5 (d) None of these
dy 2
dy 2
98. If y = | cos x| + | sin x | then at x  is
ex dx 3
(b) 
x
(a) e 3
1  e x
1 3
(a) (b) 0
2
ex
 1 1
(c) x 2 (d) (c) ( 3  1) (d) none of these
1  e  1 e  x 2 2
2 2 99. If f (x) = log |x|, x  0 then f (x) equals
91. If x + y = 1, then
2 2
(a) yy – 2(y) + 1 = 0 (b) yy + (y) + 1 = 0 1 1
2 2 (a) x (b)
(c) yy + (y) – 1 = 0 (d) yy + 2(y) + 1 = 0 x
1
(c)  (d) None of these
x
 42 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

107. A triangle has two of its vertices at P (a, 0), Q (0, b) and the

100. If f (x) = sin   x   x 2  where [x] denotes the greatest third vertex R (x, y) is moving along the straight line y = x.
 3 
dA
If ab < (a + b) x and A be the area of the triangle, then =
integer less than or equal to x, then f   
 / 3 is equal dx
to a–b a–b
(a) (b)
(a) (b)   2 4

ab ab
(c)   (d) None of these (c) (d)
2 4
Misc. Problems 108. If f (x) = cos x . cos 2x . cos 4x . cos 8x . cos 16x, then the

 xa 
a b
 xb 
bc
 xc 
ca 
101. If f (x) =  b  then f (x) is equal to value of f    is
 c  a 4
x  x  x 
(a) 1 (b) 0 (a) 1 (b) 2
a+b+c
(c) x (d) None of these 1
(c) (d) 0
1 1 1 2
102. If y =  
1  x  x  1  x  x 1  x    x  
 2x  1  2 dy
109. If y = f  2  and f (x) = sin x , then is equal to
dy  x 1  dx
then .  
dx
(a) 0 (b) 1 2 
 2x 1   x 2  2x  2 
(c) ( + +) x + + –1 (d) None of these (a) sin  2   2 

m n np pm

 x  1   x 2 1 
  
 sin m x   sin n x   sin p x 
103. If f (x) =  n   p   m  , then
 sin x   sin x   sin x  2 
f  (x) is equal to  2x  1   2  2x  2x 2 
(b) sin  2   2 
(a) 0 (b) 1  x 1   x 2  1
  
 
m+n+p
(c) cos x (d) None of these
2  2
n dy  2x  1   2  2x  x 
104. If y = (1 + x) (1 + x2) (1 + x4) ... 1  x 2  , then at x = 0 is (c) sin  2   
dx
   x 1   2

 x  1 
(a) –1 (b) 1
(c) 0 (d) None of these (d) None of these

dy  1 1 1
105. If y = (1 + x1/4) (1 + x1/2) (1–x1/4), then = 110. If y   tan 2
 tan 1 2 
dx  1  x  x x  3x  3
(a) 1 (b) –1
1 
(c) x (d) x  tan 1 2
 ....upto n terms  then y(0) equals
x  5x  7 
dy
106. If f’ (x) = 2x 2  1 and y = f (x2) then dx at x = 1 is 1 n 2
(a) 2 (b)
n 1 n2 1
(a) 2 (b) 1
(c) –2 (d) none of these n2
(c) (d) None of these
n2 1
 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 43

EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAINS QUESTIONS

7. Let f (x) be a polynomial function of second degree. If
f  x  1 f (1) = f (–1) and a, b, c are in AP, then f ’ (a), f ’ (b) and f ’(c)
1. If f (1) = 1, f ’ (1) = 2, then lim is (2002)
x 1 x 1 are in (2003)

(a) 2 (b) 4 (a) AP

(c) 1 (d) 1/2 (b) GP

(c) HP
2 n d2 y dy
2
(d) Arithmetico-Geometric Progression
2. If y  (x  1  x ) , then (1  x ) 2  x is (2002)
dx dx
8. Let f (a) = g(a) = k and their nth derivatives f n(a), gn(a) exist
(a) n2y (b) –n2y and are not equal for some n. Further if
(c) –y (d) 2x2y
f (a)g(x)  f (a)  g(a) f (x)  g(a)
lim  4,
dy x a g(x)  f (x)
3. If sin y = x sin (a + y), then is (2002)
dx
then the value of k is equal to (2003)

sin a sin 2 (a  y) (a) 4 (b) 2

(a) 2
(b)
sin (a  y) sin a (c) 1 (d) 0

sin 2 (a  y)    1  1 
  |x| x  , x  0,
2
(c) sin a sin (a + y) (d) 9. If f (x)   xe then f (x) is (2003)
sin a  0, x0

dy (a) continuous as well as differentiable for all x

4. If xy = ex – y, then is (2002)
dx
(b) continuous for all x but not differentiable at x = 0

1  log x (c) neither differentiable nor continuous at x = 0

1 x
(a) (b)
1  log x 1  log x (d) discontinuous everywhere

y  ... dy
log x 10. If x  e y  e , x > 0, then is (2004)
(c) not defined (d) dx
(1  log x) 2

5. If f (x + y) = f (x) . f (y)  x, y and f (5) = 2, x 1

(a) (b)
f ’ (0) = 3, then f ’ (5) is (2002) 1 x x

(a) 0 (b) 1 1 x
1 x
(c) (d)
(c) 6 (d) 2 x x
n
6. If f (x) = x , then the value of
1  tan x   
n
11. Let f (x)  , x  , x   0,  . If f (x) is
f ' (1) f '' 1 f '' 1 n
 1 f 1 is (2003) 4x   4  2
f (1) –    ... +
1! 2! 3! n!

n –1 continuous in 0,   , then f   is (2004)
(a) 2 (b) 0  2 4
n
 
(c) 1 (d) 2
(a) 1 (b) 1/2
(c) –1/2 (d) –1
 44 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

12. Suppose f (x) is differentiable at x = 1 and

 1
1 (x  1) sin , if x  1
lim f (1 + h)=5, then f ’ (1) equals 18. Let f (x)   x 1
(2005)
h 0 h  0, if x  1
(a) 6 (b) 5
Then which one of the following is true ? (2008)
(c) 4 (d) 3
(a) f is differentiable at x = 1 but not at x = 0
13. If f is a real-valued differentiable function satisfying
(b) f is neither differentiable at x = 0 nor at x = 1
| f (x) – f(y)| (x – y)2, x, y R and f (0) = 0, then f (1) equals
(2005) (c) f is differentiable at x = 0 and at x = 1
(a) 1 (b) 2 (d) f is differentiable at x = 0 but not at x = 1
(c) 0 (d) –1 19. Let f (x) = x |x| and g(x) = sin x
Statement I gof is differentiable at x = 0 and its derivative
dy
14. m n
If x y = (x + y) m+n
, then is (2006) is continuous at that point.
dx
Statement II gof is twice differentiable at x = 0. (2009)
xy (a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.
(a) (b) xy
xy (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
Statement II is a correct explanation for Statement I.
x y
(c) y (d) (c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true,
x
Statement II is not a correct explanation for Statement I.

x (d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false

15. The set of points, where f (x)  is differentiable, is
1 | x | 20. Let y be an implicit function of x defined by
x2x – 2xx cot y – 1 = 0. Then, y’ (1) equals (2009)
(2006)
(a) –1 (b) 1
(a) (–, –1) (–1, ) (b) (–, )
(c) log 2 (d) –log 2
(c) (0, ) (d) (–, 0) (0, )
21. If f : (–1, 1)  R be a differentiable function with
16. Let f : R  R be a function defined by
f (0) = – 1 and f ’(0) = 1. Let g (x) = [f (2 f (x) + 2)]2. Then g’(0)
f (x) = min {x + 1, |x| + 1}. Then, which of the following is
is equal to (2010)
true ? (2007)
(a) 4 (b) –4
(a) f (x)  1 for all x R
(c) 0 (d) –2
(b) f (x) is not differentiable at x = 1
(c) f (x) is differentiable everywhere d2x
22. equals (2011)
(d) f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0 dy 2
17. The function f : R/{0} R given by
1 3 2
 d 2 y   dy   d 2 y   dy 
1 2 (a)   2    (b)  2   
f (x)   2x  dx   dx   dx   dx 
x e 1
can be made continuous at x = 0 by defining f (0) as 3 1
(2007)  d 2 y   dy   d2 y 
(c)   2    (d)  2 
(a) 2 (b) –1  dx   dx   dx 

(c) 0 (d) 1
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 45

23. The values of p and q for which the function 26. Consider the function, f (x) = |x – 2| + |x – 5|, x R.
Statement 1 f’ (4) = 0
 sin (p  1) x  sin x Statement 2 f is continuous in [2, 5], differentiable in (2, 5)
 , x0
 x and f (2) = f (5). (2012)
f (x)   q , x0 (a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.
 2
 xx  x (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
, x0
 x 3/ 2 Statement II is a correct explanation for Statement I.
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true,
is continuous for all x in R, are (2011)
Statement II is not a correct explanation for Statement I.
5 1 3 1 (d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
(a) p  , q  (b) p   , q 
2 2 2 2
 d 2 y  d 2 x 
1 3 1 3 27. If y = e then  2 
nx
 2  is equal to:
(c) p  ,q (d) p  , q    dx  dy 
2 2 2 2
24. Define F (x) as the product of two real functions (2014/Online Set–1)
f1(x) = x, x IR, (a) nenx (b) ne-nx
(c) 1 (d) -ne-nx
 1
sin , if x  0 28. Let f(x) = x|x|, g(x) = sin x and h(x) = (gof) (x). Then
and f 2 (x)   x as follows
 0, if x  0 (2014/Online Set–2)
(a) h(x) is not differentiable at x = 0.
f (x).f 2 (x), if x  0 (b) h(x) is differentiate at x = 0, but h (x) is not continuous
F(x)   1
 0, if x  0 at x = 0.

Statement I F (x) is continuous on IR. (c) h (x) is continuous at x = 0 but it is not differentiable at
Statement II f1(x) and f2(x) are continuous on IR. (2011) x = 0.

(a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true. (d) h (x) is differentiable at x = 0

(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; 29. Let f, g : R  R be two functions defined by
Statement II is a correct explanation for Statement I.  1
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true,  x sin   , x  0
f x   x and g(x) = xf (x)
Statement II is not a correct explanation for Statement I.  0, x 0

(d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
Statement I : f is a continuous function at x = 0.
25. If f : R  R is a function defined by f (x) = [x] cos
Statement II : g is a differentiable function at x = 0.
 2x  1 
  , where [x] denotes the greatest integer (2014/Online Set–3)
 2 
(a) Both statements I and II are false.
function, then f is (2012)
(b) Both statements I and Ii are true.
(a) continuous for every real x
(c) Statement I is true, statement II is false.
(b) discontinuous only at x = 0
(d) Statement I is false, statement II is true.
(c) discontinuous only at non-zero integral values of x
30. Let f and g be two differentiable functions on R such that
(d) continuous only at x = 0
f   x   0 and f   x   0, for all x  R. Then for all x:
(2014/Online Set–3)
(a) f(g(x)) > f (g(x-1)) (b) f(g(x)) > f (g(x+1))
(c) g(f(x)) > g(f(x-1)) (d) g(f(x)) > g(f(x+1))
 46 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

(a) 125 y (b) 224 y2

 2  cos x  1 
 , x   (c) 225y2 (d) 225 y
2
f x     x  is
31. If the function 1 1
  
k , x   37. If 2x  y 5  y 5 and
continuous at x = , then k equals:
d2 y dy
(2014/Online Set–4) (x 2  1) 2
 x  ky  0, then   k is equal to :
dx dx
1 (2017/Online Set–2)
(a) 0 (b)
2 (a) –23 (b) –24
1 (c) 26 (d) –26
(c) 2 (d)
4 38. Let f be a polynomial function such that
2
32. Let f : R  R be a function such tht |f(x)| < x , for all x  R. f (3x) = f (x)  f (x), for all x  R. Then :
Then at x = 0 is: (2014/Online Set–4)
(2017/Online Set–2)
(a) continuous but not differentiate
(b) continuous as well as differentiate (a) f (2)  f (2)  28 (b) f (2)  f (2)  0
(c) neigher continuous not differentiate (c) f (2)  f (2)  4 (d) f (2)  f (2)  f (2)  10
(d) differentiable but not continuous. 39. The value of k for which the function
33. If the function.
tan 4x

k x  1 , 0  x  3  4  tan 5x 
g(x)   is differentiable, then the   , 0x
 mx  2 , 3  x  5 5
f (x) =   2
 2 
value of k + m is: (2015)  k , x
 5 2
10
(a) (b) 4
3 
is continuous at x = , is : (2017/Online Set–2)
2
16
(c) 2 (d)
5 17 2
(a) (b)
34. The distance, from the origin, of the normal to the curve, 20 5

 3 2
x = 2 cos t + 2t sin t, y = 2 sin t – 2t cos t at t = , is : (c) (d) 
4 5 5
(2015/Online Set–1)
(a) 4 (b) 3 40. Let 
S  {t  R : f  x   x   . e  1 sin x
x
 is not

(c) 2 (d) 2 2 differentiable at t}. Then the set S is equal to: (2018)

35. For x  R, f (x) = |log 2 – sin x| and g(x) = f(f(x)), then : (a) 0,  (b)  (an empty set)
(2016) (c) {0} (d) { }
(a) g’(0) = cos (log 2)
1

(b) g’(0) = – cos (log 2)
Let f  x  =   x - 1  2- x ,x > 1,x  2
(c) g is differentiable at x = 0 and g’(0) = –sin (log 2) 41.
 k ,x = 2
(d) g is not differentiable at x = 0
The value of k for which f is continuous at x = 2 is:
15 15
36. If y   x  x  1    x  x  1  ,
2 2
then (2018/Online Set–2)
   
(a) 1 (b) e
d2 y dy (c) e -1
(d) e-2
 x2 1 
dx 2
x
dx
is equal to : (2017/Online Set–1)
 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 47

EXERCISE - 3 : ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Single Type Questions 6. Let f be a function defined and continuous on [2, 5].
1. 2
The function f (x) = x – |x – x |, – 1  x  1 is continuous on If f (x) takes rational values for all x and f (4) = 8 then the
the interval value of f (3.7) is
(a) [–1, 1] (b) (–1, 1) (a) 0 (b) 8
(c) [–1, 1] – {0} (d) (–1, 1) – {0} (c) –1 (d) None of these
7. If f (x) = |3 – x| + (3 + x) where (x) denotes the least integer
4 ,  3  x  1 greater than or equal to x, then
5  x ,  1  x  0 (a) f (x) is continuous as well as differentiable at x = 3

2. If   
f x  , then f |x| is
5  x , 0  x  2 (b) f (x) is continuous but not differentiable at x = 3
 x 2  x  3, 2  x  3 (c) f (x) is differentiable but not continuous at x = 3

(d) f (x) is neither differentiable nor continuous at x = 3
(a) differentiable but not continuous in (–3, 3)
(b) continuous but not differentiable in (–3, 3)  x , when x is rational
8. If f  x   
(c) continuous as well as differentiable in (–3, 3) 1  x , when x is irrational , then
(d) neither continuous nor differentiable in (–3, 3) (a) f (x) is continuous for all real x
|x| 2
3. Let f (x) = a [x] + b e + c |x| , where a, b and c are real (b) f (x) is discontinuous for all real x
constants. where [x] denotes greatest integer < x. If f (x) is (c) f (x) is continuous only at x = 1/2
differentiable at x = 0, then
(d) f (x) is discontinuous only at x = 1/2
(a) b = 0, c = 0, a  R (b) a = 0, c = 0, b  R
(c) a = 0, b = 0, c  R (d) None of these

 x 3e1 / x  4

,x  0
9. If f (x) =  2  e1 / x , then f (x) is
1 cos  x n 1 , 
4. If f (x) = nl
im then 0 ,x0
1 cos  x n 1
(a) f (1 + 0) = 1 (a) continuous as well as differentiable at x = 0

(b) f (1 – 0) = 2 (b) continuous but not differentiable at x = 0

(c) f (x) is continuous at x = 1 (c) differentiable but not cotinuous at x = 0

(d) f (x) is not continuous at x = 1 (d) None of these

tan 2 2x
  x  1 10. The function f (x) =  sin 2x  is not defined at
 , x 1
5. If f (x) =  x 1 , where [x] denotes greatest x = /4. The value of f (/4) so that f is continuous at
 0, x 1 x = /4 is

integer < x. then f (x) is (a) e (b) 1 / e
(a) continuous as well as differentiable at x = 1 (c) 2 (d) None of these
(b) differentiable but not continuous at x = 1 11. If f is a periodic function, then
(c) continuous but not differentiable at x = 1 (a) f  and f  are also periodic
(d) neither continuous nor differentiable at x = 1 (b) f  is periodic but f  is not periodic
(c) f  is periodic but f  is not periodic
(d) None of these
 48 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

12. Let f (x) = [n + p sin x], x (0, ), n I, p is a prime number 18. Let f (x + y) = f (x). f (y) and f (x) = 1 + x g (x) G (x) where
and [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
lim g (x) = a and lim G (x) = b. Then f  (x) = k f (x), where
The number of points at which f (x) is not differentiable is x 0 x 0

(a) p – 1 (b) p k is equal to

(c) 2 p + 1 (d) 2 p – 1 (a) a/b (b) 1 + ab
(c) ab (d) None of these
 x3 
  , 2
13. If f  x    1 where [.] denotes the greatest integer 19. Let f (x) = Sgn (x) and g(x) = x(x – 5x + 6). The function
function, then f (g(x)) is discontinuous at

(a) f (x) is discontinuous for x = n1/3, where n I (a) infinitely many points (b) exactly one point

(b) f (3/2) = 1 (c) exactly three points (d) no point

(c) f  (x) = 0 for –1 < x < 1  2  1 

20. The function f (x) =  x  2   , x  0, is ([x] represents the
(d) None of these   x 
14. Let f : R  R be a function such that greatest integer < x)
(a) continuous at x = 1
 x  y  f  x   f  y
f  , f  0   0 and f  (0) = 3. Then (b) continuous at x = –1
 3  3
(c) discontinuous at infinitely many points
(a) f (x) is a quadratic function
(d) continuous everywhere
(b) f (x) is continuous but not differentiable
(c) f (x) is differentiable in R 21. The function f (x) = maximum  
x  2 – x  , 2 – x is
(d) f (x) is bounded in R non-differentiable at x equal to :
f  h   f  0 (a) 1 (b) 0, 2
15. If f is an even function such that l im has
h 0 h (c) 0,1 (d) 1, 2
some finite non-zero value, then 22. Let f (x) = [n + p sin x], x  (0, ), n Z, p is a prime number
(a) f is continuous and derivable at x = 0 and [x] is greatest integer less than or equal to x. The
number of points at which f (x) is not differentiable is
(b) f is continuous but not derivable at x = 0
(a) p (b) p –1
(c) f may be discontinuous at x = 0
(c) 2p + 1 (d) 2p – 1
(d) None of these
16. If a function f : R  R be such that f (x + y) = f (x) . f (y) for 
23. The derivative of f (tan x) w.r.t. g (sec x) at x = , where
all x, y  R where f (x) = 1 + x  (x) and l im  (x) = 1, then 4
x 0

(a) f  (x) does not exist (b) f  (x) = 2 f (x) for all x f ’(1) = 2 and g’  2  = 4, is
(c) f  (x) = f (x) for all x (d) None of these
1
17. 4
Let f (x) = a + b |x| + c |x| , where a, b and c are real constants. (a) (b) 2
2
Then f (x) is differentiable at x = 0 if
(a) a = 0 (b) b = 0 (c) 1 (d) None of these

(c) c = 0 (d) None of these –1  1  sin x   dy

24. If y = tan   ,  x  , then dx equals
 1  sin x  2

(a) –1/2 (b) – 1

(c) 1/2 (d) 1
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 49

 2x 1  x 2  3 dy
31. Let y = x – 8x + 7 and x = f (t). If = 2 and x = 3 at
25. The differential coefficient of tan 1   w.r.t. dt
 1  2x 2 
 
dx
t = 0, then at t = 0 is given by
–1
1 1 dt
sec 2x 2  1 at x = is equal to
2
19
(a) 1 (b)
1 1 2
(a) (b) –
2 2
2
(c) –1 (d) None of these (c) (d) None of these
19
tan x 2 d2y 32. If f (x) = | x–3 | and  (x) = (fof) (x), then for x > 10,
26. If y = e , then cos x 
dx 2 ’ (x) is equal to
(a) 1 (b) 0
dy dy (c) –1 (d) None of these
(a) (1 – sin 2 x) (b) –(1 + sin 2x)
dx dx
33. Let f (x) = sin x, g (x) = 2x and h (x) = cos x.

dy 
(c) (1 + sin2 x) (d) None of these If  (x) = [go (f h)] (x), then  "   is equal to
dx 4
27. Let f (x) be a polynomial function of second degree. If (a) 4 (b) 0
f (1) = f (–1) and a, b, c are in AP, then f  (a), f  (b) and
(c) –4 (d) None of these
f  (c) are in
(a) AP 
34. If f (x) = sin   x   x 5  ,1  x  2 and [x] denotes the
(b) GP 2 
(c) HP
 
(d) Arithmetico-Geometric progression greatest integer less than or equal to x, then f '  5  is
 2
x2  x df 1  x  equal to
28. If f (x) = with codomain = R – {1}, then
x 2  2x dx
4/5 4/ 5
 
is equal to (a) 5   (b)  5  
2 2
3 3
(a) – 2
(b) 2 (c) 0 (d) None of these
1 – x  1 – x 
35. If f (x) = |x –1| and g (x) = f [f { f (x) }], then for x >2, g' (x) is
1 equal to
(c) 2 (d) None of these
1 – x  (a) –1 if 2 < x < 3 (b) 1 if 2 < x < 3
(c) 1 for all x > 2 (d) None of these
29. If y = f (x) is an odd differentiable function defined on
36. Let f (x) be a polynomial of degree 3 such that f (3) = 1,
(–) such that f  (3) = –2, then f  (–3) equals
f  (3) = – 1, f '' (3) = 0 and f '''(3) = 12. Then the value of
(a) 4 (b) 2
f ' (1) is
(c) –2 (d) 0
(a) 12 (b) 23
30. If f (x) = log | 2x |, x  0, then f  (x) is equal to
(c) –13 (d) None of these
1 1
(a) (b) –
x x

1
(c) (d) None of these
|x|
 50 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

37. Let f & g be differentiable functions satisfying

dy
g' (a) = 2, g (a) = b & fog = I (Identity function). Then f '(b) is 42. If sin y = x sin (a + y), then is
equal to dx

2 sin a sin 2  a  y 
(a) 2 (b) (a) (b)
3 sin 2  a + y  sin a
1
(c) (d) None
2 2 sin 2  a  y 
(c) sin a sin (a + y) (d)
sin a
38. Let f (x) =   x    x    x  for all real x, where

  x  ,   x  and   x  are differentiable functions of x. If 2 2 d2 y

43. If ax + 2hxy + by = 1, then is equal to
dx 2
f '(2) = 18 f (2),  '  2   3  2  ,  '  2   4  2  and

 '  2   k  2  , then the value of k is ab  h 2 h 2  ab

(a) 3 (b) 3
 hx  by   hx  by 
(a) 14 (b) 16
(c) 19 (d) None of these h 2  ab
(c) 3 (d) None of these
ax  b  hx  by 
39. If y = 2 , where a, b, c are constants then (2xy’ + y) y’’’
x c
is equal to 2 2 1 4 4 2 1 dy
44. If x + y = t + and x + y = t + 2 , then is equal to
t t dx
(a) 3 (xy’’ + y’) y’’ (b) 3 (xy’ + y’’) y’’
(c) 3 (xy’’ + y’) y’ (d) None of these y y
(a) (b) –
x x
2

–1 1   log x 

40. If f (x) = cos  2 
then f ' (e) = x x
(c) (d) –
1   log x   y y

2 45. If f (x) = x 2  10x  25 , then the derivative of f (x) on the

(a) does not exit (b)
e interval [0, 7] is
1 (a) 1 (b) –1
(c) (d) 1
e (c) 0 (d) none of these
2
46. If y = P(x), a polynomial of degree n  3, then
 ax  b  dy d 3 y
41. If y =   , then 2 . is equal to
 cx  d  dx dx 3 d  3 d2 y 
2 y 2 
dx  dx 
2
 d2 y  d2 y
(a)  2  (b) 3 (a) – P (x) . P’’’ (x) (b) P (x) . P’’’ (x)
 dx  dx 2
(c) P (x) . P’’ (x) (d) None of these
2 47. If fr (x), gr (x), hr (x), r = 1, 2, 3 are polynomials in x such that
 d2 y  d2x
(c) 3  2  (d) 3 fr (a) = gr (a)=hr(a), r = 1, 2, 3 and
 dx  dy2
f1  x  f2  x  f 3 (x)
F(x) = g1  x  g 2  x  g3  x  , then F ' (a) is equal to
h1  x  h2  x  h3  x 

(a) a (b) –a
(c) 0 (d) None of these.
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 51
ax bx
48. If y = ksinpx, then the value of the determinant 53. Suppose f(x) = e + e , where a  b, and that
f ”(x) – 2f ’ (x) –15f(x) = 0 for all x. Then the product ab is
y y1 y2
(a) 25 (b) –15
y3 y4 y5 is equal to
(c) 9 (d) –9
y6 y7 y8
2
(a) 1 (b) 0 54. Let f (x)  e x  e  x  2 sin x  x 3 , then the least value
3
(c) –1 (d) None of these.
dn
where yn denotes nth derivative of y w.r.t. x. of n for which f (x) x  0 is non-zero
dx n

(a) 4 (b) 5
xn n! 2 (c) 7 (d) 3
n
49. If f (x) = cos x cos 4 then the value of 55. Let f (x)  x[x] , x  I where [.] denotes the greatest
2
n integer function, then f (x) is equal to
sin x sin 8
2 (a) 2x (b) [x]
(c) 2[x] (d) None of these
n
d
 f  x   x 0 is d 1
dx n  56.
3
Let f(x) = (2x – ) + 2x – cos x. The value of f (x)
dx x 
(a) 0 (b) 1
is
(c) –1 (d) None of these 2
(a) 3 + 2 (b) – 2
sin x cos x sin x
dy 1 1
50. If y = cos x  sin x cos x , then is equal to (c) 2
(d)
dx 3  2 3
x 1 1
57. Let f (x)  x n , n  W . The number of values of n for
(a) 1 (b) –1
which f (p  q)  f (p)  f (q) is valid for all +ve p & q is
(c) 0 (d) None of these
(a) 0 (b) 1
x b b (c) 2 (d) None of these
x b
51. If 1  a x b and  2  are given, then 58. f (x), g(x), h(x) are functions having non-zero
a x
a a x derivatives. The derivative of f (x) w.r.t g(x) is (x) and
derivative of g(x) w.r.t h(x) is (x). Then derivative of
d h(x) w.r.t f (x) =
2
(a) 1  3   2  (b) 1  3 2
dx (x)
(a) (x) .(x) (b) (x)
d 3/ 2
(c) 1  3( 2 ) 2 (d) 1  3(  2 )
dx
1 (x)
52. Let U(x) and V(x) are differentiable functions such that (c) (x)(x) (d) (x)

U (x)  pq
U(x)
 7 . If   p and  V(x)   q , then
V(x) V (x)  U(x)  pq

has the value equal to

(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) 7 (d) –7
 52 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

63. Function f : R  R satisfies the functional equation

x –x 2
59. Let f(x) = e – e – 2 sin x  x 3 , then the least value of n
3 f (x)
f (x  y) 
f (y)
dn
for which f (x) is non-zero is
dx n x 0
If f’(0) = p and f’ (a) = q, then f’ (–a) is

(a) 4 (b) 5 p2 q
(a) (b)
(c) 7 (d) 3 q p
60. Let f (x) = 2/(x+1) and g(x) = 3x. It is given that
(fog) (x0) = (gof) (x0). Then (gof)’ (x0) equals p
(c) (d) q
q
32
(a) – 32 (b) 64. Let f (x) = 2
x (x – 1)
for all x  1. Then (f
–1
)’ (4) is
3
(1/k) log2e where the value of k is
32 32 (a) 4 (b) 8
(c) (d)
9 3 (c) 9 (d) 12
65. If 0 < x < 1, then
sin ( x / 2) 3 –1 x
61. If (sin y)  Sec (2x) + 2 tan (log (x+2)) = 0 then
2 1 2x 4x 3 8x 7
    ... 
dy/dx at x = –1 is 1  x 1  x 1  x 1  x8
2 4

3 1 1 x
(a) (b) (a) (b)
2
 3  2  3 1 x 1 x

3 3 x 1 x
(c) (d) (c) (d)
  3 2 2
 3 1 x 1 x
66. If a function f (x) is continuous, f (1) > 0 and satisfies the
ax 2 bx c relation f(x) < f(y) whenever x < y for all positive x and y,
62. If y    1
(x  a) (x  b) (x  c) (x  b) (x  c) x  c then for x  1, f (x) = 0 has

then dy/dx is equal to (a) exactly one root (b) exactly two roots
(c) more than two roots (d) no roots
y  a b c 
(a)    
x  x a x b x c x10
67. Let g is the inverse function of f and f (x)  . If
(1  x 2 )
1 a b c  g(2) = a then g’ (2) is equal to
(b)    
x  x a x b x c
5 1 a2
(a) (b)
(c)
y a b c  210 a10
   
x  x a x b x c
a10 1  a10
(c) (d)
1 a b c  1 a2 a2
(d)     
x xa xb xc
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 53

68. A non zero polynomial with real coefficients has the Multiple Type Questions
property that f (x) = f’(x) . f’’ (x). The leading coefficient of
n
f (x) is 73. If f (x) =  a k | x 1|k , where a  R then
i
k 0
1 1
(a) (b) (a) f (x) is continuous at x = 1 for all ak  R
6 9
(b) f (x) is differentiable at x = 1, if a1 = 0
1 1 (c) f (x) is differentiable at x = 1, if a2k+1 = 0
(c) (d)
12 18
(d) f (x) is continuous at x = 1, if & only if a2k = 0
69. People living at Mars, instead of the usual definition of
derivative D f(x), define a new kind of derivative, D*f(x) by 1
74. If f  x   , where [.] denotes the greatest function,
the formula [sin x]
then
f 2 (x  h)  f 2 (x) 2 2
D * f (x)  lim where f (x) means [f (x)] .
h 0 h  
(a) Domain of f (x) is (2n + , 2n + 2)  2n  
If f (x) = xlnx then  2
D *f (x) x  e has the value where n  I

(a) e (b) 2e (b) f (x) is continuous when x  (2n + , 2n + 2)

(c) 4e (d) 8 e (c) f (x) is differentiable at x = /2

70. Suppose the function f(x) – f(2x) has the derivative 5 at (d) None of these
x = 1 and derivative 7 at x = 2. The derivative of the function 75. Let [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
f (x) – f (4x) at x = 1, has the value equal to If f (x) = [x sin  x], then f (x) is
(a) 19 (b) 9 (a) continuous at x = 0 (b) continuous in (–1, 0)
(c) 17 (d) 14 (c) differentiable at x = 1 (d) differentiable in (–1, 1)
–1
71. If y = cos cos (| x | – f (x)), where 76. The function f (x) = max. {(1 – x), (1 + x), 2}, x (–, ), is
(a) continuous at all points
 1, if x0
 dy (b) differentiable at all points
f (x)  1, if x  0, then is
 0, if dx x
5 (c) differentiable at all points except at x = 1 and x = –1.
 x0 4
(d) continuous at all points except at x = 1 and x = –1,
(a) –1 (b) 1 where it is discontinuous.
(c) 0 (d) Indetermine
77. If f (x) = | x 1| and g (x) = sin x, then
l n (x  h) ln x
(sin (x  h))  (sin x)
72. Let f (x)  lim (a) ( f og) (x) = 1 sin x for all x
h 0 h

  sin  
x 1 , if x  1
then f   is 
2 (b) (go f ) (x) = 
(a) equal to 0 (b) equal to 1
sin
  1 x  , if x  1

 (c) gof is differentiable at x = 1

(c) l n (d) non existent
2 (d) gof is not differentiable at x = 1
 54 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

78. A function f (x) satisfies the relation 83. If F(x) = f (x) g (x) and f ’ (x) g’ (x) = c, then
f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) + xy(x + y)  x, y  R.
 f g F" f " g " 2c
If f (0) = –1, then (a) F’ = c    (b)   
 f ' g ' F f g fg
(a) f (x) is a polynomial function
(b) f (x) is an exponential function F"' f "' g "' F"' f "' g "'
(c)   (d)  
F f g F" f " g "
(c) f (x) is twice differentiable for all x  R
(d) f  (3) = 8
–1  2x 
84. If f (x) = sin  ,
2  then
1 1 x 
79. Let f (x) = , ([.] denotes the greatest integer
sin x  (a) f is derivable for all x, with |x| < 1
function) then (b) f is not derivable at x =1
(a) domain of f (x) is (2n + , 2n + 2) {2n + /2}, (c) f is not derivable at x = –1
where n  I (d) f is derivable for all x, with |x| > 1
(b) f (x) is continuous, when x  (2n + , 2n + 2),
d
where n  I 85. If fn (x) = e fn1  x  for all n  N and f0 (x) = x, then {f (x)} is
dx n
(c) f (x) is differentiable at x = /2 equal to
(d) none of the above
–1 (a) fn (x).
d {f (x)} (b) fn(x) . fn–1 (x)
80. If f (x) = tan cot x, then n-1
dx
(a) f (x) is periodic with period 
n
(b) f (x) is discontinuous at x = /2, 3/2 (c) fn(x) . fn – 1(x)...f2(x) . f1(x) (d)  f x
i 1
i
(c) f (x) is not differentiable at x = , 99, 100
ax 2 ax
(d) f (x) = –1, for 2n < x < (2n + 1) 86. Let f (x) = e sin (bx + c) and f”(x) = r e sin (bx + ) then
2 2
2  ab x (a) r = a + b (b) r  a 2  b 2
1
81. If y = tan  tan  , a  b  0, –1 –1
(c)  = c + 2 tan (b/a) (d) = 2a tan (b/a)
a 2  b2  ab 2
87. Suppose f and g are functions having second derivatives
then
f” and g” everywhere, if f (x) . g (x) = 1 for all x and f’ and g’

dy 1 d2y b sin x f (x) g(x)

(a)  (b) 2
 2
are never zero, then  equals
dx a  b cos x dx  a  b cos x  f (x) g(x)

f (x) 2g(x)
dy 1 d2 y  b sin x (a) 2 (b) 
(c)  (d) 2
 2
f (x) g(x)
dx a  b cos x dx  a  b cos x 
f (x) f (x)
82. If f (x) + f (y) + f (z) + f (x) . f (y) . f (z) = 14 for all x, y, z  R, (c)  (d) 2
then f (x) f (x)

(a) f (0) = 2 d2 y
88. If x = (t) and y = (t) then is equal to
(b) f (x) = 0, for all x  R dx 2
(c) f  (x) > 0, for all x  R
         
(d) None of these (a) (b)
2 3

     . 
(c) (d) 
  2 3
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 55
3 2 2
89. If x – 2x y + 5x + y – 5 = 0 and y (1) = 1 then
(sin x  sin 2x  sin 3x)2
(a) y’ (1) = 4/3 (b) y’’ (1) = – 4/3 93. Let y  then which of the
(cos x  cos 2x  cos 3x)2
22
(c) y(1)  8 (d) y’ (1) = 2/3 following is correct ?
27
dy 
90. If f n (x)  efn 1 (x) for all n  N and f0 (x) = x, then (a) when x  is  2
dx 2
d
{f (x)} is equal to  3 5
dx n (b) value of y when x  is
5 2
d
(a) f n (x). {f n 1 (x)} (b) fn (x) . fn–1 (x)
dx  1 2  3
(c) value of y when x  is
12 2
n

(c) fn (x) . fn–1 (x)...f2 (x) . f1 (x) (d)  f (x)

i 1
i (d) y simplifies to (1 + 2 cos x) in [0, ]

1  x n 1 2 3 n n 1
91. Choose the correct statement : 94. Let f (x)  and g (x) = 1 –  2  .........+ (–1) .
1 x x x xn
d uu Then the constant term in f’(x) × g(x) is equal to
(a) If u(x) is differentiable then | u | , u0
dx |u|
n(n 2  1)
(b) If u(x) = sin bx then u” (x) + b u (x) = 0
2 (a) when n is even
6
2x  n dg a
(c) If g(x)  x (x  n) and a  , then  n (n  1)
2 dx g (b) when n is odd
2
(d) none of these
n
92. Which of the following statements are true ? (c)  (n  1) when n is even
xy 2
2
(a) If xe = y + sin x, then at y’ (0) = 1
2m + 1 2m 2m–1
(b) If f(x) = a0 x + a1 x + a3 x +.....+ a2m+1 = 0 (a0  0) n (n  1)
(d) when n is odd
is a polynomial equation with rational coefficients then 2
the equation f’(x) = 0 must have a real root. (m N) Paragraph Type Questions
(c) If (x – r) is a factor of the polynomial Passage–1
n n–1 n–2
f(x) = an x + an–1 x + an–2 x + .... + a0 repeated m times
where 1 m n then r is a root of the equation f’(x) = 0 A curve is represented parametrically by the equations
t
repeated (m–1) times t -l n (a )
x  f (t)  a l n (b ) and y  g(t)  b a, b > 0 and a  1,
–1 –1 –1 –1 dy b  1 where t R.
(d) If y = sin (cos sin x) + cos (sin cos x) then is
dx 95. Which of the following is not a correct expression for
independent on x. dy
?
dx

1 2
(a) (b) – (g (t))
f (t) 2

g(t) f (t)
(c) (d)
f (t) g(t)
 56 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

101. Assertion : Let p (x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + .... + anxn.

d2 y
96. The value of at the point where f (t) = g (t) is If |p (x) | < | ex–1 –1| for all x > 0 then
dx 2
|a1 + 2a2 + .... + nan| < 1.
1 Reason : | p (x)| < |ex–1 –1|
(a) 0 (b)
2  p (1) = 0 and
(c) 1 (d) 2
p 1 h  – p 1
p  1  l im
f (t) f ( t) f ( t) f (t) h0 h
97. The value of .  .  t  R, is
f (t) f ( t) f ( t) f (t)
(a) A (b) B
equal to
(c) C (d) D
(a) –2 (b) 2
(e) E
(c) –4 (d) 4
Passage – 2 1– cos 1– cos t 
102. Assertion : The function f (t) =
t4
A curve is represented parametrically by the equations
t t
x = e cos t and y = e sin t where t is a parameter. Then 1
is continuous every where if f (0) = .
98. The relation between the parameter ‘t’ and the angle  8
between the tangent to the given curve and the x-axis is
Reason : For continuous function
given by, ‘t’ equals.
f (0) = Lt f  t 
  t 0
(a)   (b)  
2 4 (a) A (b) B

 (c) C (d) D
 
(c)   (d)
4 4 (e) E
103. Assertion : Let f (x) = [cos x + sin x], 0 < x < 2,
d2 y where [x] denotes the integral part of
99. The value of at the point where t = 0 is
dx 2 x then f (x) is discontinuous at 5 points.
(a) 1 (b) 2  3 7  3
Reason : for x  , , , , , right hand
(c) –2 (d) 3 2 4 4 2
limit not equal to left hand limit.

100. If F (t) =  (x  y) dt then the value of F    F (0) is (a) A (b) B
2
(c) C (d) D
(a) 1 (b) –1
/2
(e) E
(c) e (d) 0
ASSERTION REASON d -1
104. Assertion : {tan (sec x + tan x)}
dx
(A) ASSERTION is true, REASON is true, REASON is a
correct explanation for ASSERTION.
d -1  
(B) ASSERTION is true, REASON is true, REASON is not = {cot (cosec x + cot x)}, x   0,  .
dx  4
a correct explanation for ASSERTION.
2 2 2 2
Reason : sec x – tan x = 1 = cosec x – cot x.
(C) ASSERTION is true, REASON is false.
(a) A (b) B (c) C
(D) ASSERTION is false, REASON is true.
(d) D (e) E
(E) Both ASSERTION and REASON are false.
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 57

is continuous function then b =

2 2    
105. Assertion : f (x) = cos x + cos  x   - cos x cos  x   (S) log |a|
 3  3
then f ’(x) = 0 (T) 0

Reason : Derivative of constant function is zero. 109. Column - I Column - II

(a) A (b) B (c) C (A) If f ’ (x) = 3x 2  6 & y = f (x )

3
(P) –2
(d) D (e) E
dy
then at x = 1, 
 2x  –1 dx
106. Assertion : Derivative of sin  2 
with respect to
1 x 
(B) If f be a diffr. fun. such that (Q) –1
2
–1  1  x  f (xy) = f (x) + f (y);  x, y  R
cos  2 
is 1 for 0 < x < 1.
1 x  then f (e) + f (1/e) =
(C) If f be a twice diffr. fun. such that (R) 0
2
 2x 
–1 –1  1  x 
Reason : sin  2  = cos  2  for – 1  x  1
f ”(x) = – f (x) & f ’ (x) = g(x);
1 x  1 x  2 2
If h (x) = (f (x)) + (g(x)) & h(s) = 9
(a) A (b) B (c) C then h(10) = ?
(d) D (e) E -1 -1
(D) y = tan (cot x) + cot (tan x), (S) 9

xy dy y  dy
107. Assertion : If e + In(xy) + cos(xy) + 5 = 0, then  .
dx x < x <  then
2 dx
d dy y Subjective Type Questions
Reason :  xy   0   
dx dx x 110. The function given by
(a) A (b) B (c) C
(d) D (e) E   – cos –1 x
 , x  –1
Match The Column  x 1
f x  
108. Column–I Column–II  1
 , x  –1
(A) If the function (P) 6  

The value of  for which the function f (x) is continuous at

 sin 3x
 x , x  0 x = –1 from the right, must be
f x  
 K, x0  36 x  9 x  4 x  1
 2  , x0
111. If f (x)   2  (1  cos x) is continuous at
is continuous at x = 0, then k = 
 , x0

x 2 – 10 x  25 x = 0, then    ln 2. ln 3 then the value of  must be

(B) If f  x   for x  5 (Q) 2 log |a|
x 2 – 7 x  10

& it is continuous at x = 5 then f (5) =  8x  4x  2x  1x

 , x0
(C) If f R  R defined by (R) 3 112. If f (x)   x2 is continuous at
e x sin x  x   ln 4, x  0

a 2 cos 2 x  b 2 sin 2 x  x  0 
f  x    ax  b x = 0, then the value of 1000 emust be
 e  x  0
 58 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

cos 1 (1  {x}) . sin 1 1  x  dn y 6y 4  16y 2  10

113. Let f (x)  , then the value of 116. If y = tan (x + y), then   n must be
2 {x} . (1  {x}) dx n y8
equal to
2008 2 lim f(x) must be (where {x} denotes the
x  0 117. Let f, g and h are differentiable functions. If f (0) = 1;

g (0) = 2; h (0) = 3 and the derivatives of their pair wise
fractional part of x). products at x = 0 are

x4 k 6 (f g)’ (0) = 6; (g h)’ (0) = 4 and (h f)’ (0) = 5

114. If the third derivative of is 4 +
 x 1 x  2  x  2  x  14 then compute the value of (fgh)’ (0).

then the numerical quantity k must be equal to 118. Let P (x) be a polynomial of degree 4 such that
P(1) = P(3) = P (5) = P’ (7) = 0. If the real number x  1, 3, 5
1 1 is such that P (x) = 0 can be expressed as x = p/q where ‘p’
115. If f(x) = – then
sin x  sin a  x  a  cos x and ‘q’ are relatively prime, then find (p + q).

d 1 2
lim f  x  sec a – sec a tan a.
da x a k
The numerical quantity k should be equal to
 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 59

EXERCISE - 4 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

Single Answer Type Questions
1
1. For real number y, let [y] denotes the greatest integer less 6. If f (x)  x  1, then on the interval [0, ] (1989)
2
than or equal to y. Then the function.
(a) tan [f (x)] and 1/f (x) are both continuous
tan   x –    (b) tan [f (x)] and 1/f (x) are both discontinuous
f x  2 is. (1981)
1  x (c) tan [f (x)] and f–1 (x) are both continuous
(d) tan [f (x)] is continuous but 1/f (x) is not continuous
(a) discontinuous at some x
(b) continuous at all x, but the derivative f  (x) does not  2x  1 
7. The function f (x) = [x] cos   , [.] denotes the
exist for some x.  2 
(c) f (x) exist for all x but the derivative f (x) does not greatest integer function, is discontinuous at (1993)
exist for some x. (a) all x (b) all integer points
(d) f (x) exists for all x. (c) no x (d) x which is not an integer
8. Let [.] denotes the greatest integer function and
G(x)  G(1) f (x) = [tan2 x], then : (1993)
2. If G (x) = – 25  x , then lim
2
x 1 x 1 has the value
(a) lim f (x) does not exist x  0
(1983) x 0

1 (b) f (x) is continuous at x = 0

1
(a) (b) (c) f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0
24 5
(d) f  (0) = 1
(c)  24 (d) None of these
tan x dy
9. If y = (sin x) , then is equal to (1994)
log (1  ax)  log (1  bx) dx
3. The function f (x)  is not tan x 2
x (a) (sin x) (1+sec x log sin x)
defined at x = 0. The value which should be assigned to f tan x–1
(b) tan x (sin x) cos x
at x = 0, so that it is continuous at x = 0, is (1983) tan x 2
(c) (sin x) sec x log sin x
(a) a – b (b) a + b tan x –1
(d) tan x (sin x)
(c) log a + log b (d) None of these

4. If f (x) = x ( x  (x  1), then (1985) x3 sin x cos x

10. Let f (x) = 6 1 0 where p is a constant. Then
(a) f (x) is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
p p2 p3
(b) f (x) is differentiable at x = 0
(c) f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0 d3
(f (x) ) at x = 0 is (1997)
(d) None of the above dx 3
2
5. The set of all points where the function, (a) p (b) p + p
3
x (c) p + p (d) Independent of p
f (x) = is differentaible, is (1987)
1  x 
(a) (–, ) (b) [0, )
(c) (–, 0) (0, ) (d) (0, )
 60 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

11. The function f (x) = [x]2 – [x2] (where [x] is the greatest 18. The domain of the derivative of the functions
integer less than or equal to x), is discontinuous at
(1999)  tan 1 x, if | x |  1
 (2002)
f (x)   1 is
(a) all integers  (| x | 1), if | x | 1
2
(b) all integers except 0 and 1
(c) all integers except 0 (a) R – {0} (b) R – {1}
(d) all integers except 1 (c) R – {–1} (d) R – {–1, 1}
12. The function f (x) = (x2 – 1) |x2 – 3x + 2| + cos (|x|) is not
differentiable at x : (1999)
19. l im

f 2h  2  h 2  f  2   , given that f  (2) = 6 and
(a) –1 (b) 0 h 0 f hh 2
 1  f 1
(c) 1 (d) 2
f  (1) = 4 : (2003)
13. Let f (x) be defined for all x > 0 and be differentiable.
(a) does not exist (b) is equal to –3/2
x + (c) is equal to 3/2 (d) is equal to 3
f (x) satisfy f   = f (x) – f (y)  x, y R and f (e) = 1,
y
  20. If y is a function of x and log (x + y) – 2xy = 0, then the
then (1999) value of y’ (0) is equal to (2004)
(a) 1 (b) – 1
1
(a) f (x) is bounded (b) f   0 as x 0 (c) 2 (d) 0
x
21. If y = y (x) and it follows the relation
(c) x f (x) 1 as x 0 (d) f (x) = 1n x
x cos y + y cos x = then y’’ (0) (2005)
14. Let f : R  R be any function. Define g : R  R by
g (x) = | f (x)| for all x. Then g is : (2000) (a) – 1 (b) 

(a) onto if f is onto (c) – (d) 1

(b) one-one if f is one-one 22. Let f (x) = | |x| – 1|, then points where f (x), is not differentiable
is/(are) : (2005)
(c) continuous if f is continuous
(a) 0 (b) 1
(d) differentiable if f is differentiable
(c) ± 1 (d) 0, ± 1
15. Let f : R  R be a function defined by f (x) = max {x, x3}. The
set of all points where f (x) is not differentiable is : 2 2
  x    x 
(2001) 23. If F (x) =  f      g    where f (x) = – f (x) and
  2    2 
(a) {–1, 1} (b) {–1, 0} g(x) = f (x) and given that F(5) = 5, then F (10) is equal to
(c) {0, 1} (d) {–1, 0, 1} (2006)
16. The left hand derivative of f (x) = [x] sin ( x) at x = k, k is an (a) 5 (b) 10
integer is (2001) (c) 0 (d) 15
(a) (–1)k (k – 1)  (b) (–1)k–1 (k – 1) 
(c) (–1)k k (d) (–1)k–1 k sec2 x

 f (t) dt
17. Which of the following functions is differentiable at x = 0? 2
24. lim equals (2007)
(2001) x
 2
2
4 x 
(a) (cos |x|) + |x| (b) cos (|x|) – |x| 16

(c) sin (|x|) + |x| (d) sin (|x|) – |x|

8 2
(a) f (2) (b) f (2)
 

2 1
(c) f  (d) 4 f (2)
 2
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 61

d2x  2 
25. equals (2007)  x cos , x  0, x  R,
dy 2 28. Let f (x)   x then f is (2012)
 0, x0
1 1 3

 d2 y   d 2 y   dy 
(a)  2  (b)   2   
 dx   dx   dx  (a) differentiable both at x = 0 and x = 2
(b) differentiable at x = 0 but not differentiable at x = 2
2 2 2 3
 d y   dy   d y   dy  (c) not differentiable at x = 0 but differentiable at x = 2
(c)  2    (d)   2   
 dx   dx   dx   dx  (d) differentiable neither at x = 0 nor at x = 2
26. Let g(x) = log f (x) where f (x) is a twice differentiable 29. Let f1 : R R, f2 : [0, ) R, f3 : R R and f4 : R [0, )
positive function on (0, ) such that f (x + 1) = x f (x). be defined by
Then, for N = 1, 2, 3, ......., (2008)
| x | if x  0,
f1(x) =   e x if x  0;
 1 1 
g ''  N    g ''   
 2 2
f2(x) = x2 ;

 1 1 1  sin x if x  0,
f3(x)  
(a) – 4 1    ...  2
 9 25  2N  1   x if x  0

and
 1 1 1 
(b) 4 1    ...  2   f (f (x)) if x  0,
 9 25  2N  1  f 4 (x)   2 1 (2014)
f (f
 2 1 (x))  1 if x  0.

List I List II
 1 1 1 
(c) – 4 1    ...  2 P. f4 is 1. onto but not one-one
 9 25  2N  1 
Q. f3 is 2. neither continuous nor one-one
R. f2 of1 is 3. differentiable but not one-one
 1 1 1 
(d) 4 1    ...  2 S. f2 is 4. continuous and one-one
 9 25  2N  1 
P Q R S
27. Let f be a real-valued function defined on the interval (–1,1) (A) 3 1 4 2
x (B) 1 3 4 2
such that e  x f (x)  2   t 4  1dt, for all x (–1, 1) and (C) 3 1 2 4
0

let f –1 be the inverse function of f. Then (f –1)’ (2) is equal to (D) 1 3 2 4

(2010) Multiple Answers Questions
30. If x + |y| = 2y, then y as a function of x is (1984)
1
(a) 1 (b) (a) defined for all real x
3
(b) continuous at x = 0
1 1 (c) differentiable for all x
(c) (d)
2 e
dy 1
(d) such that  for x < 0
dx 3
 62 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

31. The function f (x) = 1 + |sin x| is (1986)

 1
(a) continuous no where  x sin , x  0
36. Let g(x) = x f (x), where f (x) =  x .
(b) continuous everywhere  0, x  0

(c) differentiable at x = 0
At x = 0 (1994)
(d) not differentiable at infinite number of points
(a) g is differentiable but g is not continuous
32. Let [x] denote the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
If f (x) = [x sin x], then f (x) is (1986) (b) g is differentiable while f is not

(a) continuous at x = 0 (b) continuous in (–1, 0) (c) both f and g are differentiable

(c) differentiable at x = 1 (d) differentiable in (–1, 1) (d) g is differentiable and g is continuous

37. The function
 | x  3 |, x 1 f (x) = max {(1 – x), (1 + x), 2}, x  (–, ) is (1995)

33. The function f (x)   x 2 3x 13 is (1988)
   , x 1 (a) continuous at all points
4 2 4
(b) differentiable at all points
(a) continuous at x = 1 (b) differentiable at x = 1 (c) differentiable at all points except at x = 1 and x = –1
(c) discontinuous at x = 1 (d) differentiable at x = 3 (d) continuous at all points except at x = 1 and x = –1,
34. The following functions are continuous on (0, ) (1991) where it is discontinuous
(a) tan x 38. Let h(x) = min {x, x2} for every real number of x. Then
(1998)
x 1
(b)  t sin dt (a) h is continuous for all x
0 t
(b) h is differentiable for all x
 3 (c) h (x) = 1, for all x > 1
 1, 0  x 
4 (d) h is not differentiable at two values of x.
(c) 
2
 2sin x, 3
x 39. If f (x) = min {1, x2, x3}, then (2006)
 9 4
(a) f (x) is continuous  x  R

 (b) f (x) > 0,  x > 1


 x sin x, 0  x  2 (c) f (x) is continuous but not differentiable  x  R
(d) 
  sin (  x),   x   (d) f (x) is not differentiable at two points.
 2 2
40. Let f : R  R be a function such that f (x + y) = f (x) + f(y),
 x, y R. If f (x) is differentiable at x = 0, then (2011)
 0, x  0 (a) f (x) is differentiable only in a finite interval containing
35. Let f (x) =  2 then for all x (1994)
 x , x  0 zero
(b) f (x) is continuous  x R
(a) f  is differentiable (b) f is differentiable
(c) f  is continuous (d) f is continuous (c) f’(x) is constant  x R
(d) f (x) is differentiable except at finitely many points
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 63

Then (2014)
   (a) g (x) is continuous but not differentiable at a
 x  2 , x
2
 (b) g (x) is differentiable on R
  cos x,    x  0,
41. If f (x)   then (2011) (c) g (x) is continuous but not differentiable at b
 2
 x  1, 0  x 1 (d) g (x) is continuous and differentiable at either a or b
 ln x, x 1 but not both.

45. Let g : R  R be a differentiable function with g(0) = 0,
g(0) = 0 and g(1)  0.

(a) f (x) is continuous at x  
2 x
 x g  x, x  0
(b) f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0 Let f (x) =  (2015)
0, x 0
(c) f (x) is differentiable at x = 1 

3 (a) f is differentiable at x = 0
(d) f (x) is differentiable at x  
2 (b) h is differentiable at x = 0
42. For every integer n, let an and bn be real numbers. Let (c) foh is differentiable at x = 0
function f : R  R be given by (d) hof is differentiable at x = 0

 a  sin x, for x  [2n, 2n  1]  1   1 

f (x)   n , for all 46. Let f :  ,2   and g:   ,2   be functions
b n  cos x, for x  (2n  1, 2n)  2   2 
integers n. defined by f (x) = [x2  3] and g(x) = |x| f(x) + |4x  7| f(x),
If f is continuous, then which of the following hold(s) for where [y] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal
all n ? (2012) to y for y   . Then (2016)
(a) an–1 – bn–1 = 0 (b) an – bn = 1
(c) an – bn + 1 = 1 (d) an–1 – bn = –1 (a) f is discontinuous exactly at three points in   1 ,2
 2 
43. For every pair of continuous functions f, g: [0,1]  R
such that (b) f is discontinuous exactly at four points in
(c) g is NOT discontinuous exactly at four points in
max{f (x) : x  [0,1]} = max{g (x) : x  [0,1]},
the correct statement(s) is(are): (2014) (d) g is NOT discontinuous exactly at five points in

(a) (f (c)) 2 + 3 f (c) = (g (c))2 + 3 g (c) for some c  [0,1] 47. Let a, b   and f :   , be defined by f(x) = a cos
(b) (f (c))2 + f (c) = (g (c))2 + 3 g (c) for some c  [0,1] (|xx|) + b |x| sin (|x3 + x|). Then f is (2016)
(c) (f (c))2 + 3 f (c) = (g (c))2 + g (c) for some c  [0,1] (a) differentiable at x = 0 if a = 0 and b = 1

(d) (f (c))2 = (g (c))2 for some c  [0,1] (b) differentiable at x = 1 if a = 1 and b = 0

(c) NOT differentiable at x = 0 if a = 1 and b = 0
44. Let f : [a, b]  [1,  be a continuous function and let g :
(d) NOT differentiable at x = 1 if a = 1 and b = 1
R  R be defined as
48. Let f :   , g :   , and h :   , be
differentiable functions such that
 f (x) = x3 + 3x + 2, g(f(x)) = x and h (g(g(x))) = x for all x   .
0 if x  a,
 x Then (2016)
g  x     f (t) dt if a  x  b,
a
 b 1
 f (t) dt if x  b (a) g   2  (b) h(1) = 666
 a 15
(c) h(0) = 16 (d) h(g(3)) = 36
 64 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

Assertion and Reason 54. A discontinuous function y = f (x) satisfying x2 + y2 = 4 is

(A) If both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the given by f (x) = ... . (1982)
correct explanation of assertion.
 x
(B) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not  1
, x0
the correct explanation of assertion. 55. For the function f (x) = 1+ e x ;

(C) If assertion is true but reason is false.  0 , x 0
(D) If assertion is false but reason is true.
the derivative from the right f  (0+) = ...........
49. Let f and g be real valued functions defined on interval
(–1,1) such that g”(x) is continuous, g(0)  0, g’ (0) = 0, and the derivative from the left f  (0–) = .......... (1983)
g’’(0)  0, and f (x) = g (x) sin x.
f (x)  3
56. If f (9) = 9, f’(9) = 4, then lim equals ... .(1988)
Assertion : lim
x 0
[g(x) cot x – g (0) cosec x] = f’’ (0). x 9 x 3

and 57. Let f(x) = x |x|. The set of points, where f (x) is twice
Reason : f’ (0) = g (0). (2008) differentiable is ... . (1992)

Match the Columns   

50. Match the conditions/expressions in Column I with 58. Let f (x) = [x] sin   ; where [.] denotes the greatest
  x 1 
statement in Column II. (1992)
Column I Column II integer function. The domain of f is ............ and the points
of discontinuity of f in the domain are ........... . (1996)
(A) sin ([x]) (p) differentiable everywhere
(B) sin {(x–[x])} (q) nowhere differentiable x2
 cos 2 t dt
0
(r) not differentiable at 1 and –1 59. lim  (1997)
x 0 x sin x
51. In the following, [x] denotes the greatest integer less than
or equal to x. (2007) Subjective/Integer Type Questions
Column I Column II
 x 1
(A) x |x| (p) continuous in (–1, 1)  2x 2  7x  5 , when x  1
60. Find f’ (1) if f (x)   (1979)
(B) |x| (q) differentiable in (–1, 1)  1
 , when x  1
 3
(C) x + [x] (r) strictly increasing (–1, 1)
(s) not differentiable at least at 61. If f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) for all x and y. If the function f is
(D) | x – 1| + | x + 1| one point in (–1, 1) continuous at x = 0, then show that f is continuous for all x.
(1981)
Fill in the Blanks :
62. Determine the values a, b, c, for which the function
3 2 2
(x  x  16x  20) / (x  2) , if x  2
52. Let f (x)  
 k, if x  2  sin (a  1) x  sin x
 , for x  0
 x
If, f(x) is continuous for all x, then k = ... (1981) f (x)   c, for x  0
 2 1/ 2 1/ 2
 2  1   (x  bx )  x , for x  0
 x – 1 sin  – x if x  1  bx 3/ 2
53. Let f (x) =   x –1 
 –1 if x 1
 is continuous at x = 0. (1982)

be a real valued function. Then the set of points where

f (x) is not differentiable is............ (1981)
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 65

63. Let f be a twice differentiable function such that 71. Draw the graph of the function y = [x] + |1 – x|, –1  x  3.
f (x) = – f (x) and f (x) = g (x) Determine the points, if any, where this function is not
differentiable, where [x] denotes greatest integer < x.
h(x) = [ f (x)]2 + [g (x)]2
(1989)
find h (10) if h (5) = 1 (1982)
72. Find the values of a and b, so that the function
1  x, 0  x  2
64. Let f (x)   ;  x +a 2 sin x , 0 x  / 4
3  x, 2  x  3 
f  x   2 x cot x + b,  / 4 x  / 2
Determine the form of g(x) = f [f (x)] and hence find the a cos 2x – bsin x ,  / 2  x  
points of discontinuity of g, if any. (1983) 
is continuous for 0  x  . (1989)
 x2 73. n n
If x = sec – cos  and y = sec  – cos , then show that
 , 0  x 1
65. Let f (x)   2 2
 dy 
2x 2  3x  3 , 1  x  2 (x2 + 4)   = n2(y2 + 4) (1989)
 2  dx 

Discuss the continuity of f, f’ and and f’’ on [0, 2].


(1983) 1– cos 4x , x0
66. Let f (x) = x3 – x2 – x + 1 and  x2

74. Let f  x    a , x0
  max {f (t); 0  t  x} 0  x  1 
g(x)   2
, x0
  3  x, 1  x  2  16  x  4

Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the function
g (x) in the interval (0, 2). (1985) Determine the value of a, if possible, so that the function
67. Let f (x) be defined in the interval [–2, 2] such that is continuous at x = 0 (1990)

 –1, – 2  x  0  a / sin x 
f x  
x – 1, 0  x  2 1+ sin x  , – x0
6

75. Let f  x    b , x0
g (x) = f (|x|) + | f (x)|  
Test the differentiability of g (x) in (–2, 2) (1986) e tan 2x/tan 3x , 0x
 6
68. Let g (x) be a polynomial of degree one and f (x) be defined
Determine a & b so that f is continuous at x = 0 (1994)
 gx x0
 1/ x
by f  x     1  x      1  1 
x0   |x| x  , x  0
  76. Let f (x)   xe Test whether
   2  x    0, x0
Find the continuous functions f (x) satisfying. (a) f (x) is continuous at x = 0
f  (1) = f (–1) (1987) (b) f (x) is differentiable at x = 0 (1997)
69. Let f (x) be a function satisfying the condition 77. Determine the values of x for which the following function
f (–x) = f (x)  x. If f  (0) exists, find the value. (1987) fails to be continuous or differentiable
70. Let R be the set of real numbers and f : R  R be such that
for all x and y in R in R |f(x) – f(y)|  (x – y)3. Prove that f (x)  1  x, x 1

is a constant. (1988) f (x)  (1  x) (2  x), 1  x  2 Justify your answer..
 3  x, x2

(1997)
 66 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

78. Let  R. Prove that a function f : R R is differentiable

at if and only if there is a function g : R R which is  1  x  c  1
continuous at and satisfies f (x) – f () = g (x) (x–) for all b sin  2  ,  2  x  0
  
x R. (2001)
 1
81. f (x)   , x0
 x  a if x0  2
79. Let f  x     eax / 2  1 1
 x – 1 if x0  , 0x
 x 2

 x  1 if x0
and g  x    2 ,
1
 x – 1  b if x0 If f (x) is differentiable at x = 0 and |c| <, then find the
2
where a and b are non-negative real numbers. Determine value of a and prove that 64b2 = (4 – c2). (2004)
the composite function gof. If (gof ) (x) is continuous for
all real x determine the values of a and b, is gof differentiable 1
82. If f : [–1, 1]  R and f (0) = 0 then f  (0)  lim n f  
at x = 0 ? Justify your answer. (2002) n  n
80. If a function f : [–2a, 2a]  R is an odd function such that
2 1
f (x) = f (2a – x) for x  [a, 2a] and the left hand derivative Find the value of lim  n 1 cos –1   – n
at x = a is 0 then find the left hand derivative at x = –a. n   n
(2003)
1 
Given that 0  l im cos –1    (2004)
n  n 2

83. If two functions ‘f ’ and ‘g’ satisfying given conditions for

 x, y  R, f (x – y) = f (x) g (y) – f (y) . g (x) and
g (x – y) = g (x) . g (y) + f (x) . f (y). If right hand derivative
at x = 0 exists for f (x) then find the derivative of g (x) at
x=0 (2005)
84. Let f : R  R and g : R  R be respectively given by f
(x) = |x| + 1 and g (x) = x2 + 1. Define h : R  R by

max  f (x), g(x) if x  0,

h x   (2014)
 min  f (x), g(x) if x  0.

The number of points at which h(x) is not differentiable is

 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 67

ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (a)
21. (d) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (c) 26. (d) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (d)
31. (a) 32. (c) 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (d) 36. (c) 37. (c) 38. (c) 39. (b) 40. (b)
41. (c) 42. (a) 43. (d) 44. (d) 45. (b) 46. (d) 47. (d) 48. (b) 49. (c) 50. (a)
51. (a) 52. (b) 53. (b) 54. (b) 55. (c) 56. (b) 57. (a) 58. (b) 59. (c) 60. (a)
61. (d) 62. (a) 63. (d) 64. (d) 65. (a) 66. (c) 67. (c) 68. (c) 69. (d) 70. (d)
71. (c) 72. (c) 73. (a) 74. (a) 75. (d) 76. (a) 77. (d) 78. (b) 79. (a) 80. (c)
81. (d) 82. (b) 83. (c) 84. (d) 85. (b) 86. (d) 87. (c) 88. (b) 89. (a) 90. (b)
91. (b) 92. (d) 93. (b) 94. (b) 95. (d) 96. (b) 97. (c) 98. (c) 99. (b) 100. (b)
101. (b) 102. (a) 103. (a) 104. (b) 105. (b) 106. (a) 107. (c) 108. (b) 109. (b) 110. (b)

EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAINS QUESTIONS

1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (c)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (a)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (d) 25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (d) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (b)
31. (d) 32. (b) 33. (c) 34. (c) 35. (a) 36. (d) 37. (b) 38. (b) 39. (c) 40. (b)
41. (c)

EXERCISE - 3 : ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (c)
21. (d) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (a)
31. (c) 32. (a) 33. (c) 34. (b) 35. (a) 36. (b) 37. (c) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40. (c)
41. (c) 42. (b) 43. (b) 44. (b) 45. (d) 46. (b) 47. (c) 48. (b) 49. (a) 50. (a)
51. (b) 52. (a) 53. (b) 54. (c) 55. (b) 56. (d) 57. (c) 58. (c) 59. (c) 60. (d)
61. (c) 62. (a) 63. (a) 64. (d) 65. (a) 66. (d) 67. (b) 68. (d) 69. (c) 70. (a)
71. (b) 72. (a) 73. (a,b,c) 74. (a, b) 75. (a, b, d) 76. (a, c) 77. (a, b, d) 78. (a,c,d) 79. (a,b) 80. (a,c)
81. (a,b) 82. (a,b) 83. (a,b,c) 84. (a,b,c,d) 85. (a,c,d) 86. (b,c) 87. (b,d) 88. (b,d) 89. (a,c) 90. (a,c,d)
91. (a,b,c) 92. (a,c,d) 93. (a,b) 94. (b,c) 95. (d) 96. (d) 97. (b) 98. (c) 99. (b) 100. (c)
101. (a) 102. (a) 103. (a) 104. (b) 105. (a) 106. (c) 107. (a) 108. (A  P, B  T, C  Q)
109. (A–S; B–R; C–S; D–P) 110. 0002 111. 0512 112. 2000 113. 1004 114. (0096) 115. (0002) 116. (0003)
117. (0016) 118. (100)
 68 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

EXERCISE - 4 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (d)
11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (a)
21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (d) 26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (a,b,d)
31. (b,d) 32. (a,b,d) 33. (a,b) 34. (b,c) 35. (b,c,d) 36. (a,b) 37. (a,c) 38. (a,c,d) 39. (a,b,c) 40. (b,c)
41. (a,b,c,d) 42. (b,d) 43. (a,d) 44. (a,c) 45. (a, d) 46. (b,c) 47. (a,b) 48. (b,c) 49. (a) 50. A–p; B–r
51. A – p,q,r; B–p,s; C–r,s; D–p,q 52. 7 53. {0}

 4  x2 ;2 x  0
54. Although many such piecewise discontinuous functions are possible, one of them is f (x)  
2

 4x ;0x2

55. 0, 1 56. (4) 57. x R – {0} 58. ( – , –1)  [0, ), I – {0} where I is the set of integer n except n = –1

2 3 1
59. (1) 60. f (1)   62. a   , c  and b  R  0 63. 1
9 2 2

 4  x, 2  x  3

64. g(x)   2  x, 0  x  1, discontinuous at x = {1, 2} 65. f and f ’ are continuous and f ” is discontinuous at x = {1, 2}
 2  x, 1  x  2


66. Continuous and differentiable on (0, 2) – {1} 67. not differentiable at x = 0, 1

 2 2 1 
  3 ln 3  9  x , x  0
   –
68. f  x    1/ 2 69. (0) 71. x = 0, 1, 2, 3 72. a  ,b
 1 x  , 6 12
 2  x x 0
  

2
74. not possible 75. a  , b  e2 / 3 76. (a) Yes (b) No
3
77. f is continuous and differentiable at all points except at x =2

 x  a 1 if x–a
 2
 x  a – 1  b if a  x 0
79. g  f  x     2 a = 1, b = 0, gof differentiable at x = 0
x  b if 0  x 1
 2
 x – 2   b if x 1

2
80. 0 81. a = 1 82. 1 – 83. 0 84. (3)


Dream on !!
