Unit-3
Power Flow Analysis in AC/DC
Systems
• Power flow analysis is an essential component of system
studies carried out for planning ,design and operation of
power systems.
• The power flow or load flow analysis of AC systems has
been thoroughly investigated in terms of numerical
algorithms for obtaining the solution to the nonlinear
algebraic equations
Modelling of DC Links
DC Network :
• The DC network consisting of DC links, smoothing reactor and
converters can be viewed as a resistive network excited by
current or voltage sources in steady state.
• Depending on the series connection of converters ,it may be
appropriate to consider loop resistance or nodal conductance
matrix.
• The elements of the DC network can be separated into tree
branches and links.
• radial DC networks, there is no loss of
generality in assuming that all the resistances
form a subset of tree branches.
• The converters can be divided into either tree
branches or links.
The equations describing the DC network are
-[g] vg = ig
ig = -BLg IdL
idT = -BLT IdL
VdL = BtLg Vg + BtLT VdT
= BtLg [g]-1BLgIdL+ BtLT VdT
DC Converter:
• It is assumed that N converters can be put into
m groups, the AC converter bus is identical.
• The number of converters in ith group is ni
• The voltage equation for the converter ‘j’ in
group ‘σ’ is
Xcj is the leakage reactances of the transformer
referred to secondary in ohms
Npj and Nsj are the nominal turns of primary and
secondary winding
Tj is the off nominal turns ratio of the
transformer
Controller Equations :
Control equation of converter is
Fd - stands for DC voltage (or current) in series
(or parallel) connected converters in a station
• If the N converter DC system is connected to
the AC system at m stations(buses),it is
obvious that the power can be specified only
at (m-1) stations at the most.
Controller Equations :
• At each converter the angle (α or 𝛾) and the
transformer tap (T) can be controlled directly
within limits to achieve
(i) current control
(ii) DC voltage control
(iii) Power control
(iv) Control of reactive power
SOLUTION OF DC LOAD FLOW
• There are four basic variables per converter,
Vd , Id , α (𝛾) and T
• If the voltages at all the converters that form
tree branches are specified, currents at the
remaining converters are specified, then it is
possible to solve or the remaining variables.
• The power and reactive power at each
converter station are obtained.
• The specification of power instead of current
at a converter requires an iterative solution of
the variables using say Gauss - Siedel method.
• The inclusion of limits on control and
dependent variables does complicate the
solution to some extent.
• A simple approach to the load flow analysis of
a parallel connected multiterminal DC system
and which is also applicable for a two terminal
system.
• Choosing the last converter as the reference
converter with voltage control
[R]=[G]-1 is the bus resistance matrix
• If power is specified at converter j, the initial
estimate of current at that converter is
obtained from
Pdj is positive for the rectifier and negative for the inverter
• The violation of control angle may require
mode shift with the converter having the
angle limit violation taking over voltage
control.
• This is indicated when at a converter j,
The converter with the largest absolute value of dj
is set at voltage control with minimum angle
control
SOLUTION OF AC-DC POWER FLOW
The solution methodology for AC –DC power flow can
be classified as
1. Simultaneous or unified
2. Sequential or alternating
In the Simultaneous method the AC and DC
equations are solved together.
• The simplest implementation of this approach
is to consider all the equations for DC and AC
systems combined into one set of nonlinear
algebraic equations.
• A Jacobian matrix is then constructed and
Newton’s method is used to solve this set of
equations.
• A variation of this approach is to use ‘Fast
Decoupled’ method of solution for the AC
system equations.
• In Sequential or alternating method the Ac
and DC system equations are solved
separately and sequentially .
• The AC system is solved to some degree of
convergence using a simple model for the DC
system based on its solution.
• The DC system is then solved using a
simplified representation of the AC system.
• Represent the AC system as a constant voltage,
constant angle model at every converter and
the DC system as a constant active and reactive
power source during the AC solution.
• Represent the AC system by an uncoupled or
coupled Thevenin’s equivalent model during DC
solution.
Flow chart of AC/DC Load Flow
• Represent the DC network as a P-Q load model
with a Jacobian term contribution that will adjust
the expected injection from the DC system for
variations in the converter bus AC voltages during
AC solution.
• If the taps are continuous and unlimited, then
there is no need for iteration between AC and DC
solutions.
• The initial calculations of P and Q at each
converter are final and used for the AC solution.
• The voltages calculated from the AC power
flow are then used to calculate the
transformer taps.
• If the taps are fixed or discrete and limited,
the power flow solution has to be carried out
for the DC system to recompute P and Q
which is then used for the AC solution.
