ENG-204 Engineering Mechanics 2
Lecture 03
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Curvilinear Motions of Particles
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Outline
• General motions of a particle
• Rectangular (Cartesian) coordinates
• Projectiles
• Relative motion or translating frame
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Projectiles
Consider a motion of a particle under gravitational acceleration
only, i.e. no other external forces. This is called a projectile.
y
vx
(v y ) 0 v0
vy v
(v x ) 0 r
y
y0
x
x0
x
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Projectiles
Initial position = (x0 , y0), Current position = (x, y)
Gravitational acceleration ay = - 9.81 m/s2, ax = az = 0
y
vx
(v y ) 0 v0 v
vy
y (v x ) 0 r
y0
x
x0
x
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Projectiles
Without loss in generality. We have chosen the motion to
be in the x-y plane.
Proof:
Choose the x-y plane, with y being vertical to be the plane
which contain the initial velocity. Thus,
(vx )0 0, (v y )0 0, (vz ) 0 = 0
a z = 0 v z = (v z ) 0 + a z t = (v z ) 0 = 0
Hence, the motion always remains in the x-y plane.
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Projectiles
For constant acceleration (a = ac)
v = v0 + act
1
s = s0 + v0t + act 2
2
v = v + 2ac ( s - s0 )
2 2
0
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Projectiles
Horizontal motion:
v x = (v x ) 0 + a x t = (v x ) 0
1 2
x = x0 + (vx )0 t + axt = x0 + (vx )0 t
2
Vertical motion: +
v y = (v y )0 + a y t = (v y )0 - gt
1 2
y = y0 + (v y )0 t - gt
2
v y2 = (v y )02 - 2 g ( y - y0 )
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Projectiles
Motion in the vertical direction
is independent of the motion in
the x- direction.
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Projectiles
v0
θ
R
What is the angle θ which will maximize R?
(vx )0 = v0 cos
(v y )0 = v0 sin
x = (v0 cos )t
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Projectiles
v y = (v y )0 - gt = v0 sin - gt
y = y0 + (v y )0 t - gt 2 = (v0 sin )t - gt 2
1 1
2 2
0 = (v0 sin )t - gt 2
1
2
0 = t (2v0 sin - gt ) / 2 t = 0, (2v0 sin ) / g
R = (vx )0 t = (v0 cos )[(2v0 sin ) / g ] = (v02 sin 2 ) / g
dR
= (v02 2 cos 2 ) / g = 0
d
cos 2 = 0 2 = / 2
= / 4
Can you prove that maximum height occurs when θ = π/2, i.e. vertical motion?
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Sample Problem 11.10
A projectile is fired from the edge of a SOLUTION:
150-m cliff with an initial velocity of 180
• Consider the vertical and horizontal
m/s at an angle of 30°with the horizontal.
motion separately (they are
Neglecting air resistance, find (a) the
independent)
horizontal distance from the gun to the
point where the projectile strikes the • Apply equations of motion in
ground, (b) the greatest elevation above the y-direction
ground reached by the projectile. • Apply equations of motion in
x-direction
• Determine time t for projectile to
hit the ground, use this to find the
horizontal distance
• Maximum elevation occurs when vy=0
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Sample Problem 11.10
SOLUTION:
1
y = (v y )0 t - gt 2
2
9.81 2
-150 = (180sin 30 )t - t
2
t = 19.91 s
x = (vx )0 t = (180 cos 30 )t = 155.9(19.91)
x = 3100 m
v y = (v y )0 - gt = 180sin 30 - 9.81t
0 = 90 - 9.81t t = 9.174 s
1 9.81
y = (v y )0 t - gt = (180sin 30 )(9.174) -
2
(9.174) 2 = 413 m
2 2
Greatest elevation above the ground =150 m + 413 m = 563 m
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Concept Quiz
If you fire a projectile from 150 meters above the
ground (see Ex Problem 11.7), what launch angle
will give you the greatest horizontal distance x?
a) A launch angle of 45
b) A launch angle less than 45
c) A launch angle greater than 45
d) It depends on the launch velocity
2 gh 2 gh
cos 2 ( sin + 2 + sin ) - 2 sin = 0
2
v0 v0
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Problem 11.CQ3
Two model rockets are fired simultaneously
from a ledge and follow the trajectories
shown. Neglecting air resistance, which of
the rockets will hit the ground first?
(a) A
(b) B
(c) They hit at the same time.
(d) The answer depends on h.
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Sample Problem 11.11
A projectile is fired with an initial velocity of 240 m/s at a target
B located 600 m above the gun A and at a horizontal distance of
3600 m. Neglecting air resistance, determine the value of the
firing angle α.
240 m/s
B
A α 600 m
3600 m
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Sample Problem 11.11
(vx )0 = 240 cos , (v y ) 0 = 240sin
240 m/s
15
x = (vx )0 t 3600 = 240(cos )t t =
O 240cosα cos
x 1 2
3600 m
y = (v y )0 t - gt = 240(sin )t - 4.905t 2 = 600
2
15 15 2
600 = 240sin - 4.905( )
cos cos
= 3600 tan - 1103.625(1 + tan 2 )
69.6
29.9
tan = 0.575, 2.69
= 29.9 , 69.6
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Group Problem Solving
A baseball pitching machine “throws” baseballs with a horizontal velocity
v0. If you want the height h to be 1.05 m, determine the value of v0.
SOLUTION:
• Consider the vertical and • Apply equations of motion in y-direction
horizontal motion separately • Apply equations of motion in x-direction
(they are independent)
• Determine time t for projectile to fall to 1.05 m.
• Calculate v0=0
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Group Problem Solving
Given: x = 12.2 m, y0 = 1.5 m,
y = 1.05 m.
Analyze the motion in the
y - direction Analyze the motion in the
y = y0 + (0)t - gt 2
1 x - direction
2
x = 0 + (vx )0 t = v0t
1
1.05 = 1.5 - gt 2
12.2 m = (v0 )(0.3029 s)
2
t = 0.3029 s v0 = 40.3 m/s = 145 km/h
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Relative motions (Translating Axes)
The pilot of a helicopter landing on a moving carrier must take into
account the relative motion of the ship.
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Relative motions (Translating Axes)
Vector summation:
A A = B+C
C
C = A- B
B
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Relative motions (Translating Axes)
rB = rA + rB / A rB / A = rB - rA
vB = v A + vB/ A vB/ A = vB - v A
aB = a A + aB / A aB / A = aB - a A
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Relative motions (Translating Axes)
rB = rA + rB / A , rB / A = rB - rA
rB = position (vector) of B
rA = position (vector) of A
rB / A = position (vector) of B seen from A.
vB = v A + vB/ A , vB/ A = vB - v A
v B = velocity (vector) of B
v A = velocity (vector) of A
v B / A = velocity (vector) of B seen from A.
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Sample Problem 11.14
Automobile A is traveling east at the constant speed of
36 km/h. As automobile A crosses the intersection
shown, automobile B starts from rest 35 m north of
the intersection and moves south with a constant
acceleration of 1.2 m/s2. Determine the position,
velocity, and acceleration of B relative to A 5 s after A
crosses the intersection.
SOLUTION:
• Define inertial axes for the system
• Determine the position, speed, and acceleration of car A at t = 5 s
• Determine the position, speed, and acceleration of car B at t = 5 s
• Using vectors (Eqs 11.31, 11.33, and 11.34) or a graphical approach,
determine the relative position, velocity, and acceleration
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Sample Problem 11.14
SOLUTION: • Define axes along the road
At t = 5 s
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Sample Problem 11.14
At t = 5 s
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Sample Problem 11.14
SOLUTION:
We can solve the problems geometrically, and apply the arctangent relationship:
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Sample Problem 11.10
SOLUTION:
Or we can solve the problems using vectors to obtain equivalent results:
rB = rA + rB/ A v B = v A + v B/ A aB = a A + aB/ A
20 j = 50i + rB/ A -6 j = 10i + v B/ A -1.2 j = 0i + aB/ A
rB/ A = 20 j - 50i (m) v B/ A = -6 j - 10i (m/s) aB/ A = -1.2 j (m/s 2 )
Physically, a rider in car A would “see” car B travelling south and west.
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Concept Quiz
If you are sitting in train B looking
out the window, it which direction
does it appear that train A is moving?
a) 25o c)
b) 25o d)
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Problem 11.118
The three blocks shown move with constant velocities. Find the velocity of each
block, knowing that the relative velocity of A with respect to C is 300 mm/s
upward and that the relative velocity of B with respect to A is 200 mm/s
downward.
y A + yD = L1
+ y
v A + vD = 0 yD
( yB - yD ) + ( yC - yD ) = L2 yA yB yC
vB + vC - 2vD = 0
v A/ C = v A - vC = -0.3m/s
vB / A = vB - v A = 0.2 m/s
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Problem 11.118
The three blocks shown move with constant velocities. Find the velocity of each
block, knowing that the relative velocity of A with respect to C is 300 mm/s
upward and that the relative velocity of B with respect to A is 200 mm/s
downward.
v A = vC - 0.3
+ y
vD = -v A = -(vC - 0.3)
yD
vB = v A + 0.2 = vC - 0.1
yA yB yC
(vC - 0.1) + vC + 2(vC - 0.3) = 0
vC = 0.175 m/s
v A = -0.125 m/s
vB = 0.075 m/s
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Work problem 11.102
Milk is poured into a glass of height 140 mm and inside diameter 66
mm. If the initial velocity of the milk is 1.2 m/s at an angle of 40
with the horizontal, determine the range of values of the height h for
which the milk will enter the glass.
0.244 m < h < 0.386 m
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Work problem 11.103
A volleyball player serves the ball with an initial velocity v0 of
magnitude 13.40 m/s at an angle of 20 with the horizontal.
Determine (a) if the ball will clear the top of the net, (b) how far
from the net the ball will land.
yc > 2.43 m (height of net) ball clears net.
7.01 m from the net.
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Work problem 11.109
The nozzle at A discharges cooling water with an initial velocity v0 at
an angle of 6 with the horizontal onto a grinding wheel 350 mm in
diameter. Determine the range of values of the initial velocity for
which the water will land on the grinding wheel between points B
and C.
0.678 m/s < v0 < 1.211 m/s
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Work problem 11.97
An airplane used to drop water on brushfires is flying
horizontally in a straight line at 315 km/h at an altitude of 80 m.
Determine the distance d at which the pilot should release the
water so that it will hit the fire at B.
d = 353 m
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Work problem 11.98
A helicopter is flying with a constant horizontal velocity of 180 km/h
and is directly above point A when a loose part begins to fall. The
part lands 6.5 s later at point B on an inclined surface. Determine (a)
the distance d between points A and B. (b) the initial height h.
d = 330 m, h = 149.9 m
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Work problem 11.114
A worker uses high-pressure water to clean the inside of a long
drainpipe. If the water is discharged with an initial velocity v0 of 11.5
m/s, determine (a) the distance d to the farthest point B on the top of
the pipe that the worker can wash from his position at A, (b) the
corresponding angle .
d = 4.98 m, = 23.8
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Work problem F12–23 (Hibbeler)
Determine the speed at which the basketball at A must be thrown at
the angle of 30 so that it makes it to the basket at B.
t = 0.9334 s,
vA = 12.4 m/s
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Work problem F12–24 (Hibbeler)
Water is sprayed at an angle of 90 from the slope at 20 m/s.
Determine the range R.
t = 5.10 s
R = 76.5 m
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Thank You
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