1.

Concrete
- is a mixture of portland cement or any other hydraulic cement, fine aggregate, coarse
aggregate and water, with or without admixtures.
- structural material consisting of a hard, chemically inert particulate substance, known as
aggregate (usually sand and gravel), that is bonded together by cement and water. 
- Concrete (Larga Masa, Konkreto) A very common and important structural element, are
constructed to provide flat, useful surfaces.

2. Cement
- generally refers to the powder component of concrete which, when mixed with water,
becomes the glue-like material, or binder, that allows concrete to set, harden and strengthen.
The cement content of concrete is normally in the range from 10-15% by volume.
- Cement (Semento) A cement is a binder, a substance used for construction that sets, hardens,
and adheres to other materials to bind them together.
 3. Aggregates
- is granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone and iron blast-furnace slag, and when
used with a cementing medium forms a hydraulic cement concrete or mortar.
- it is screened based on desired size (using wire-mesh)
-it is an inert material with paste made of cement po and water for making a concrete, ang alam ko po
most commonly used na aggregates are sand (fine aggregates) and gravel (course aggregates)
- Gravel (Graba) Gravel is a loose aggregation of small, variously sized fragments of rock. It has a wide
range of applications in the construction industry.

4. Admixture
- is material other than water, aggregate, or hydraulic cement used as an ingredient of concrete
and added to concrete before or during its mixing to modify its properties.
-another variety na inaadd po sa mixture ng cement na ang purpose niya po is for retardation of setting
or hardening po para makagawa ng concrete.

5. Lean Concrete
- A concrete with cement content less than about 10 % of the total contents can be called lean
concrete. More the aggregate to cement ratio, the leaner is the concrete. So, in this type of
concrete, less amount of paste is available to provide lubrication per surface area of the
aggregates.
- is used under the foundations. It is good for providing a flat bottom in uneven or dirt terrain.
Lean concrete has a lower level of cement in it, which is why it's mostly used for fillings or
under the foundations, to keep it protected from the soil.

What is the advantage from using lean concrete?

Lean concrete serves the purpose of providing a uniform surface to the concrete foundation. It also
helps prevent direct contact of foundation concrete with soil. This is a good option to provide a flat
floor for uneven or dirty areas.

6. Reinforced Concrete
- concrete in which steel is embedded in such a manner that the two materials act together in
resisting forces.
- is structural concrete reinforced with no less than the minimum amounts of prestressing
tendons or nonprestressed reinforcement
7. Reinforcing Bars
- A steel bar used in concrete construction (e.g., in a beam or wall) to provide additional
strength; also see deformed bar, reinforcing rod.
- Rebar, also known as reinforcement steel and reinforcing steel, is a steel bar or mesh of steel
wires used in reinforced concrete and masonry structures to strengthen and hold the concrete
in tension. To improve the quality of the bond with the concrete, the surface of rebar is often
patterned.
- Reinforcing Bars (Cabilla or Bakal)

8. Formworks
- Formwork is the term used for the process of creating a temporary mould into
which concrete is poured and formed. Traditional formwork is fabricated using timber, but it
can also be constructed from steel, glass fibre reinforced plastics and other materials.
What is the difference between formwork and scaffolding?
Formwork is arranged to support the structural members, whereas scaffolding is provided as a
worker’s platform around the building to work at heights, Scaffolding is a movable/fixed platform refer
below image for more details.

9. Concrete spacers (for concrete covering)

- are used to secure the reinforcement steel rebar in concrete structures as the rebar is
assembled in place prior to the final pour. Adequate cover is essential to prevent corrosive
agents from reaching the reinforcement steel through cracks and pervious concrete.

The spacers are left in place for the pour to keep the reinforcing in place, and becomes a permanent
part of the structure. Concrete spacers have the advantage of the same raw material which will
improve the watertightness and strength of the concrete.
10. Cast-in Place Concrete
- Cast-in-place concrete, also known as “site-cast” or “poured-in-place” concrete, is poured and
cured onsite in the concrete's finished position. 
- Cast-in-place concrete is also commonly used for small projects. Cast-in-place concrete is the
preferred choice for concrete slabs and foundations, as well as components such
as beams, columns, walls, roofs, and so on.
Precast concrete, sometimes called “prefabricated” or “pre made” concrete, is a concrete product that
is created offsite, then delivered to its project destination for final use. 
Precast concrete products, such as Pole Base®, are created by pouring a cement mixture into a mold
that can contain wire mesh, rebar or even prestressed cable. The filled mold is then cured in a
controlled environment to ensure greater control over material quality.
Because this all happens offsite, the delivered product is ready for use right away, which can save
crucial time on construction projects.
Because precast concrete is so customizable, it’s the ideal choice for a variety of applications, both
large and small, including:

 Light pole and sign bases

 Pillars and columns 
 Parking structures
 Culverts
 Retaining walls
 Building construction

11. Post and Lintel System

- is a simple method of construction involving the use of vertical and horizontal elements. The
verticals support the horizontals, creating one storey of a building. Additional verticals can be
placed atop the horizontals to create structures with more than one level.
- in building construction, a system in which two upright members, the posts, hold up a third
member, the lintel, laid horizontally across their top surfaces. All structural openings have
evolved from this system, which is seen in pure form only in colonnades and in framed
structures, because the posts of doors, windows, ceilings, and roofs normally form part of
the wall.

12. Flat Slab

- is a two-way reinforced concrete slab that usually does not have beams and girders, and the
loads are transferred directly to the supporting concrete columns.
-

-
 -

Where flat slab is used?

The function of this type of slab is to provide a plain ceiling surface, which will give the best diffusion of
light. They are commonly used in hotels, parking lots, commercial buildings or places where beam
projections are not suitable for height controls or even aesthetics view.

What is the difference between flat slab and normal slab?

The main difference between flat slab & conventional slab-beam system is that the one is directly
supported on the column while another system has a beam for support. The load is transferred directly
from slab to column in the flat slab.

13. Flat Plate

 - The flat plate is a two-way reinforced concrete framing system utilizing a slab of uniform
thickness, the simplest of structural shapes.
- is a reinforced concrete frame system with a uniform thickness that is supported directly over
the columns or the load-bearing walls. The flat plate floor system is a common floor
construction type employed in the construction of the building.

14. Ribbed Floor Slab

- are made up of wide band beams running between columns with narrow ribs spanning the
orthogonal direction. Normally the ribs and the beams are the same depth. A thin topping slab
completes the system.

Ribbed and waffle slabs provide a lighter and stiffer slab than an equivalent flat slab, reducing the
extent of foundations. They provide a very good form of construction where slab vibration is an issue,
such as laboratories and hospitals

Benefits

 Flexible
 Relatively light, therefore less foundation costs and longer spans are economic
 Speed of construction
 Fairly slim floor depths
 Robustness
 Excellent vibration control
 Thermal mass
 Good for services integration
 Durable finishes
 Fire resistance

15. Waffle Slab

- tend to be deeper than the equivalent ribbed slab. Waffle slabs have a thin topping slab and
narrow ribs spanning in both directions between column heads or band beams. The column
heads or band beams are the same depth as the ribs.

16. Lift Slab

- was developed to provide a fast and economical method of building construction in which the
reinforced concrete floor and foot-slab of a multi-storey structure is cast around its column at
ground level using a separating membrane between each slab and employing the ground floor
as the initial soffit form.
- is a precast method of construction of slab on the ground and then lifting it to the structure.
-

17. Span Stress floor system

-
 o

18. Slip Form Method

-
19. Tilt-Up Wall Panel System
- features series of concrete panels tilted up into place to form a building's exterior wall. These
panels are created at the work site using wood forms, rebar and concrete. The forms are
shaped and rebar cut to match final designs.
20. Prestressed Concrete
- is structural concrete in which internal stresses have been introduced to reduce potential
tensile stresses in concrete resulting from loads.
- is a form of concrete where initial compression is given in the concrete before applying the
external load so that stress from external loads are counteracted in the desired way during the
service period. This initial compression is introduced by high strength steel wire or alloys (called
‘tendon’) located in the concrete section.
21. Pre-tensioned Concrete
- is a method of prestressing in which tendons are tensioned before concrete is placed.
- is most commonly used for the fabrication of structural beams, floor slabs, hollow-core planks,
balconies, lintels, driven piles, water tanks and concrete pipes.
22. Post-tensioned Concrete
- is a type of prestressed concrete where the concrete is strengthened via an arrangement of
reinforcement held in tension.
- is a method of prestressing in which tendons are tensioned after concrete has hardened.
 x

Post-tensioned concrete is so called since the tendons are tensioned after the surrounding concrete
has been cast (but before the concrete structure is subjected to service loads). Unlike conventional
reinforced concrete, where the steel reinforcement bonds with the surrounding concrete, the post-
tensioned tendons are not in direct contact with the concrete. Rather, the tendons are encapsulated in
a protective sleeve that is cast into the concrete.

The large forces required to tension the tendons are transferred to the concrete, resulting in the
application of a permanent compression in the concrete element upon anchorage. This constant
compression increases the concrete’s flexural and shear strength, thus giving post-tensioned concrete
several advantages over standard reinforced concrete, including:

 The ability to span longer distances

 Better resistance to shrinkage cracking
 The ability to be used on softer and more expansive soils
 Construction with fewer joints
SOURCE:
https://theconstructor.org/concrete/difference-between-lean-concrete-rich-concrete-normal-
concrete/36998/#:~:text=A%20concrete%20with%20cement%20content,surface%20area%20of
%20the%20aggregates.
https://www.britannica.com/technology/reinforced-concrete
https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Formwork
https://www.ltm.com.sg/concretespacer
https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cast-in-place_concrete
https://www.texasdisposal.com/blog/precast-vs-cast-in-place-concrete-whats-the-difference/
https://www.britannica.com/technology/post-and-lintel-system
https://dailycivil.com/flat-slab-types-uses-advantages-disadvantages/
https://www.concretecentre.com/Building-Solutions/Floors/Ribbed-Waffle-Slabs.aspx
https://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-materials/concrete/225-pre-stressed-concrete
https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/5779/post-tensioned-concrete