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Earthworm and Frog
Earthworm Nervous system
• The common Indian earthworms are Pheretima and Lumbricus. • Represented by ventral paired nerve cord.
• Live in burrows • Sensory system does not have eyes but does possess light and
touch sensitive organs (receptor cells) to distinguish the light
Morphology intensities and to feel the vibrations in the ground.
• Divided into more than hundred short segments (metameres) • Worms have specialised chemoreceptors (taste receptors) which
• Dorsal surface: median mid dorsal line (dorsal blood vessel) react to chemical stimuli.
• Ventral surface: genital openings (pores)
Reproductive system
• Anterior end consists of the mouth and the prostomium,
• Earthworm is hermaphrodite (bisexual), i.e., testes and ovaries
• Prostomium
are present in the same individual
covering for the mouth
• Testes → vas deference → join the prostatic duct → opens to
open cracks in the soil
sensory in function. the exterior by a pair of male genital pores → Four
• first body segment is called the peristomium (buccal segment) pairs of spermathecae receive and store spermatozoa during
Segment 14-16 are covered by dark glandular tissue called copulation in the form of bundle called spermatophore
clitellum → function is to produce cocoon • Ovary → ovarian funnel → oviduct → single female genital pore
• Four pairs of spermathecal apertures - 5th -9th segments
• A single female genital pore - 14th segment Fertilization
• A pair of male genital pores- 18th segment • Two Earthworms exchange spermatophore during mating
• Hair like structure called setae in each body segment except the • Secretions of clitellum produce cocoon
first, last and clitellum → function is locomotion • Mature sperm and egg cells are deposited in cocoons
• Numerous minute pores called nephridiopores open on the • Fertilisation and development occur within the cocoons, thus
surface of the body → expel out the nitrogenous waste fertilization is external
• After about 3 weeks, each cocoon produces two to twenty baby
Anatomy worms with an average of four.
• Development is direct, i.e., there is no larva formed.
Body wall ✓ Friends of farmers
Outer layer : thin non-cellular cuticle ✓ The process of increasing fertility of soil by the earthworms is
Middle layer : epidermis, circular & longitudinal muscle layer called vermicomposting
Inner most : coelomic epithelium ✓ They are also used as bait in game fishing
• Epidermis is made up of a single layer of columnar epithelial
cells which contain secretory gland cells Frogs
• The most common species of frog found in India is Rana tigrina.
Alimentary canal • cold blooded or poikilotherms
runs between first to last segment of the body • hide them from their enemies (camouflage). This protective
• Mouth coloration is called mimicry
• Muscular pharynx • They deep burrows to protect them from extreme heat and cold.
• Esophagus This is known as summer sleep (aestivation) and winter sleep
• Muscular gizzard (grinding of soil particle and decaying leaves) (hibernation) respectively
• Stomach (Calciferous glands, present in the stomach, neutralize
the humic acid present in humus Morphology
• Intestine (starts at 15th segment) • skin is smooth and slippery due to the presence of mucus.
• A pair of short and conical intestinal caeca project from the • frog never drinks water but absorb it through the skin.
intestine on the 26th segment. • Body of a frog is divisible into head and trunk
• The characteristic feature of the intestine after 26 th segment a neck, tail is absent
except the last 23rd -25th segments is the presence of internal • Eye: covered by nictating membrane that protects them in water.
median fold of dorsal wall called typhlosole → increases • Ear: represented by tympanum, External ear is absent
absorption area • Limbs: Hind limbs – 5 digits, fore limbs – 4 digits
• Anus • Frogs exhibit sexual dimorphism
Male frog
Circulatory system ⬧ Have sound producing vocal sacs and
• Closed circulation ⬧ copulatory pad on the first digit of the fore limbs
• Haemoglobin is dissolved in blood plasma (Haemoglobin is
NOT contained in RBC) Anatomy
• Earthworms lack specialised breathing devices. Respiratory
exchange occurs through moist body surface into their blood Alimentary canal
stream • alimentary canal is short
• Mouth → buccal cavity → pharynx →stomach →intestine
Excretory organ →cloaca
• Excretory organs are coiled tubules called Nephridia (septal, • Liver – gall bladder—bile
integumentary, pharyngeal nephridia) • Pancreas
• Intestine – villi and microvilli
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Respiratory organ Sense organs
• In Water → skin organs of touch (sensory papillae), taste (taste buds),
• On land → buccal cavity, skin and lungs smell (nasal epithelium), vision (eyes) and hearing (tympanum
• During aestivation and hibernation gaseous exchange takes place with internal ears)
through skin. endocrine glands
Prominent endocrine glands eg pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid,
Circulatory system thymus etc found in frog
• Closed circulation
• Heart : three chambers, two atria and one ventricle Reproductive system
• Heart covering : pericardium.
• Special venous connection Testes
between liver and intestine hepatic portal system • Sperm produced in testes → vas efferentia → Vasa-efferentia
between kidney and lower parts renal portal system opens into the bidder’s canal in kidney → bidder’s canal
• Haemoglobin is contained in RBC communicates with ureter (carry urine and sperm both)
• RBCs are nucleated • Ureter act as urinogenital duct (carry both sperms and urine)
Excretory system Ovary
• ovaries are situated near kidneys
• Consist of kidneys, ureters, cloaca and urinary bladder • there is no functional connection with kidneys
• In male frogs, two ureters act as urinogenital duct (carry both • Ureter and oviduct opens separately into the cloaca
sperms and urine) which open into the cloaca.
• Ureter open in cloaca (not in urinary bladder) Fertilization
• In females the ureters and oviduct open seperately in the cloaca. • Fertilization is external
• The frog excretes urea and thus is a ureotelic animal. • Development involves a larval stage called tadpole. Tadpole
(Tadpole : excrete ammonia, adult frog : excrete urea ) undergoes metamorphosis to form the adult.
Nervous system
• Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord),
• Peripheral nervous system (cranial and spinal nerves)
• Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic).
• There are ten pairs of cranial nerves
Brain
• Forebrain: olfactory lobes, paired cerebral hemispheres and
unpaired diencephalon
• Midbrain: pair of optic lobes.
• Hind-brain: cerebellum and medulla oblongata
• The medulla oblongata passes out through the foramen magnum
and continues into spinal cord which is enclosed in the vertebral
column.
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